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    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

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    Vipin Kumar
    Mohandas Gandhi was one of the few leaders to fight on moral, religious, political, social, economic, and cultural fronts simultaneously. He developed his strategy of non-violence and civil disobedience while practicing law in South Africa. Upon returning to India, he led three major campaigns against British rule as the leader of the Indian National Congress, each time being arrested. Bhikhu Parekh's book analyzes both Gandhi's major philosophical insights as well as the limitations of his thought, considering his views on topics like oppression, non-violent action, and citizenship. Though Gandhi's principles were limited in some ways, his life and ideas had an enormous impact on India's independence movement.

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    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

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    Vipin Kumar
    74 views3 pages
    Mohandas Gandhi was one of the few leaders to fight on moral, religious, political, social, economic, and cultural fronts simultaneously. He developed his strategy of non-violence and civil disobedience while practicing law in South Africa. Upon returning to India, he led three major campaigns against British rule as the leader of the Indian National Congress, each time being arrested. Bhikhu Parekh's book analyzes both Gandhi's major philosophical insights as well as the limitations of his thought, considering his views on topics like oppression, non-violent action, and citizenship. Though Gandhi's principles were limited in some ways, his life and ideas had an enormous impact on India's independence movement.

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    Mohandas Gandhi was one of the few leaders to fight on moral, religious, political, social, economic, and cultural fronts simultaneously. He developed his strategy of non-violence and civil disobedience while practicing law in South Africa. Upon returning to India, he led three major campaigns against British rule as the leader of the Indian National Congress, each time being arrested. Bhikhu Parekh's book analyzes both Gandhi's major philosophical insights as well as the limitations of his thought, considering his views on topics like oppression, non-violent action, and citizenship. Though Gandhi's principles were limited in some ways, his life and ideas had an enormous impact on India's independence movement.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    74 views3 pages

    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

    Uploaded by

    Vipin Kumar
    Mohandas Gandhi was one of the few leaders to fight on moral, religious, political, social, economic, and cultural fronts simultaneously. He developed his strategy of non-violence and civil disobedience while practicing law in South Africa. Upon returning to India, he led three major campaigns against British rule as the leader of the Indian National Congress, each time being arrested. Bhikhu Parekh's book analyzes both Gandhi's major philosophical insights as well as the limitations of his thought, considering his views on topics like oppression, non-violent action, and citizenship. Though Gandhi's principles were limited in some ways, his life and ideas had an enormous impact on India's independence movement.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948) was one of the few men in history to fight

    simultaneously on moral, religious, political, social, economic, and cultural fronts.


    During his time as a lawyer in South Africa he developed his strategy of non-violence:
    the idea of opposing unjust laws by non-violent protest. He led the Indian National
    Congress party in three major campaigns against British rule, each culminating in his
    arrest.

    In Gandhi, a short introduction to Gandhi's life and thought, Bhikhu Parekh outlines
    both Gandhi's major philosophical insights and the limitations of his thought. Written
    with extensive access to Gandhi's writings in Indian languages to which most
    commentators have little or no access, Parekh looks at Gandhi's cosmocentric
    anthropology, his spiritual view of politics, and his theories of oppression, non-violent
    action, and active citizenship. He also considers how the success of Gandhi's principles
    were limited by his lack of coherent theories of evil, and of state and power. Gandhi's
    view of man as ascetic allows no room for expressions of the cultural, artistic, or
    intellectual. Furthermore, he was so hostile to modern civilization that he was unable
    to appreciate its complex dialectic or offer a meaningful narrative.

    Nevertheless, Gandhi's life and thought had an enormous impact on the Indian nation,
    and he continues to be widely revered--known before and after his assassination as
    Mahatma, the Great Soul.

    WHAT IS DANDI MARCH (SALT MARCH)?


    One of the most important events in India’s struggle for independence took place when
    Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement with his famous Dandi March,
    which began on 12th March 1930 and ended on April 6th, 1930. Dandi March or Salt
    Satyagraha was a non-violent means of protest led by Mahatma Gandhi which
    CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO DANDI MARCH
    ashram in sabarmati in today’s gujarat to small town of dandi near coastal surat to
    protest against the repressive salt tax imposed by the colonial government. This
    march covering the distance of roughly 385 km worked as a catalyst for india’s
    struggle for independence. the salt satyagraha (sanskrit word meaning ‘holding onto
    truth’) was based on gandhi’s principle of non-violence. Gandhi believed that non-
    violent means of protest with the means of ‘soul force’ was the right method to fight
    political and social injustice.
    CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO DANDI MARCH
    During colonial rule, salt production and distribution in India used to be controlled by
    the British government. Through a series of legislation, Indians were prohibited from
    producing and selling salt independently, instead, the general Indian population was
    required to buy heavily taxed imported salt. Majority of the population living in
    poverty at that time could not afford expensive salt. Therefore, salt taxation and
    production became a contentious issue in Colonial times. Gandhi through his Dandi March
    tried to protest against the regressive policies of the British Government and arouse
    the people of India to fight against the colonialism and its evils through non-violent
    means. This was the immediate reason for the Dandi March. However, it was a response
    to British governments increasing exploitations through various repressive laws and
    taxes and its inability to listen to the voices of the people suffering under the
    exploitative colonial regime. this march was supposed to demonstrate the ‘soul force’
    of the Satyagrahis against the Raj

    DANDI MARCH: gandhiji’s LEADERSHIP


    Gandhiji brilliantly conceived the moral and political implications though few
    realized its importance when it was first announced. Gandhiji, along with a group of 78
    members of the Sabarmati Ashram, among whom were men belonging to almost every
    region, caste, creed, and religion of India, was to march from his headquarters in
    Ahmedabad (Sabarmati Ashram) through the villages of Gujarat for 240 miles. On
    reaching the coastal town of Dandi, he would break the salt laws by collecting salt
    from the beach in Dandi. The novel way of protest was to prove surprisingly effective.
    Even before the march started, the enthusiasm could be seen as thousands began to
    throng the Sabarmati Ashram in anticipation of the dramatic events that lay ahead.
    One of the major contributions of Dandi March led by Gandhi was the overwhelming
    participation of women in March. This newness of women participation in the freedom
    movement led many scholars to argue that Dandi March made women visible in the
    freedom movement.

    AFTERMATH OF DANDI MARCH (SALT MARCH)


    gandhiji’s salt satyagraha led to series of similar movement across the country,
    defiance of salt laws started everywhere. C. Rajagopalachari in Tamil Nadu led a
    movement in defiance of salt laws, similar movements took place in Bengal, Andhra,
    and other places. government’s initial decision to not arrest gandhi for breaking the
    salt laws let to the formation of a popular opinion that government was afraid of
    such movements. Jawaharlal nehru’s arrest on 14th April 1930, for defiance of salt
    laws, led to massive protest and demonstration in all major cities at that time. The
    arrest of Congress leaders in North-West Frontier Province led to a mass
    demonstration in Peshawar. Finally, Gandhi was arrested on the midnight of 4-5 May.
    News of his arrest stirred thousands of people to join the movement. Leaders like
    Sarojini Naidu continued the movement where they had to suffer police brutality. The
    Satyagraha continued for a year until Gandhi was released from jail. Finally, Gandhi
    was released in January 1931 and began negotiations with Lord Irwin regarding the
    Satyagraha. Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed on 5th March 1931, this led Gandhi to attend
    the second round table conference in London.

    non corporation movement


    The Non-cooperation movement was launched on 1 August 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi with
    the aim of self-governance and obtaining full independence as the Indian National
    Congress withdrew its support for British reforms following the Rowlatt Act of March
    1919, and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of April 1919. [1][2]

    The Rowlatt Act in March 1919, suspended the rights of defendants


    in sedition trials, was seen as a "political awakening" by Indians and as a "threat" by
    [1]

    the British. Although it was never invoked and declared void just a few years
    [3]

    later, the Act motivated Gandhi to conceive the idea of satyagraha (truth), which he
    [2]

    saw as synonymous with independence. This idea was also authorised the following
    month by Jawaharlal Nehru, for who the massacre also endorsed “the conviction that
    nothing short of independence was acceptable”. [1]

    Gandhi's planning of the non-cooperation movement included persuading all Indians to


    withdraw their labour from any activity that "sustained the British government and
    economy in India", including British industries and educational institutions. In addition
    [4] [4]

    to promoting “self-reliance” by spinning khadi, buying Indian made goods only and doing
    away with english clothes, gandhi ‘s non-cooperation movement called for
    the restoration of the Khilafat in Turkey and the end to untouchability. The resulting
    public held meetings and strikes (hartals) led to the first arrests of both
    Jawaharlal Nehru and his father, Motilal Nehru, on 6 December 1921. [5]

    It was one of the movements for Indian independence from British rule and ended, as
    [6]

    Nehru described in his autobiography, "suddenly" in February 1922 after the Chauri
    Chaura incident. Subsequent independence movements were the Civil Disobedience
    [7]

    Movement and the Quit India Movement. [6]

    impact and suspension


    The impact of the revolt was a total shock to British authorities and a massive
    encouragement to millions of Indian nationalists. Unity in the country was
    strengthened and many Indian schools and colleges were made. Indian goods were
    encouraged. [6]

    On 5 February 1922 a clash took place at Chauri Chaura, a small town in the district of
    Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. A police officer had attacked some volunteers picketing a
    liquor shop. A whole crowd of peasants that had gathered there went to the
    police chowki (pron.-chau key) (station). The mob set fire to the police chowki with some
    22 police men inside it.
    Mahatma Gandhi felt that the revolt was veering off-course, and was disappointed
    that the revolt had lost its non-violent nature. He did not want the movement to
    degenerate into a contest of violence, with police and angry mobs attacking each
    other back and forth, victimizing civilians in between. Gandhi appealed to the Indian
    public for all resistance to end, went on a fast lasting 3 weeks, and called off the non-
    cooperation movement.

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