Efficiency of Carbon Activated Palm Leaves as Water Filter

By:

Abasolo, Janel Therese M.

Aninipot, Alian T.
Bernardo, Andrea Joshe G.
Castaneda, Richelle Monette B.

A Quantitative Research Paper

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
subject Practical Research 2,
SHS Department, St. Paul University Manila

October 2018

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 ABSTRACT

The reason for the present paper is to ponder the execution of Activated Carbon in water
filtering system. Activated Carbon is regularly utilized in water treatment to expel water
contaminants from tap water and well water. Activated Carbon is utilized in home water sifting
framework because of its magnificent assimilation limit. Sanitization limit of a spigot mounted
compose water channel for home utilize was to assessed especially with respect to
microbiological execution under various conditions. Biofilms were framed inside the channel
influencing the microscopic organisms nature of the proficient water. Low stream rate, long
stagnation period and high channel temperature were discovered great for microscopic organisms
development inside. By commercial analytical profile index (API) freshwater test kit was being
tried utilizing handled water after the polluted water was being utilized.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Sincere gratitude is hereby extended to the following who never ceased in helping the
researchers until this paper is structured.

First, Mr. Melvin Macuha, RPsy, for his unwavering support, guidance, and insight
throughout this research study.

The researchers would also like to thank their parents, who provided the monetary help and
moral support, with which the researchers carried out this study.

Above all, utmost appreciation to the Almighty God for the divine intervention to this
academic endeavor.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables v
List of Appendices v

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction 6
1.2 Background of the Study 7
1.3 Statement of the Problem 9
1.4 Significance of the Study 10
1.5 Review of Related Literature 10
1.6 Hypotheses 14
1.7 Theoretical Framework 15
1.8 Conceptual Framework 15
1.9 Scope and Limitation 16
1.10 Operational Definitions 17

CHAPTER II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1. Research Design 18
2.2. Respondents of the Study and Sampling Techniques 18
2.3. Data Collection Methods and Instruments 19
2.4. Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment 22
2.5. Ethical Consideration 23

CHAPTER III PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

3.1. Purpose of the Study 23
3.2. Demographics 24
3.3. Presentation of Findings 24

CHAPTER IV SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Summary of Findings 27
5.2. Conclusion 27
5.3. Recommendations 29

Bibliography

Appendices
LIST OF FIGURES

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CHAPTER 1
Figure 1.1: [Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isothern equation] 15
CHAPTER 3
Figure 3.3: [Effiecieny of Carbon Activated Palm Leave as Water Filter] 23

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER 3
Table 3.1: [TDS Pre-Test and Post-Test Control Sample] 19
Table 3.2: [Nitrate Pre-Test and Post-Test for Experimental Sample] 22
Table 3.2: [TDS Pre-Test and Post-Test for Experimental Sample] 23

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A. Survey Questionnaire

B. Transcription of Interview
C. Statistical Computations
D. Gallery

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 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction
Water continues to be as one of the basic needs of the people. It does not only limit for
drinking purposes but also for cooking. According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, water is
listed as one of the basic needs of people. Water needs to be clean in order for the people to
avoid being contaminated. This means that, water must not have unnecessary materials,
vague pigment and unnecessary content. An article by Frost, B. (2014) once stated that dirt in
the water may cause harm to one’s health. Throughout the history, researches from various
fields such as Adeleye (et al.) entitled Engineered nanomaterials for water treatment and
remediation: Costs, benefits, and applicability; Fedorak (et al.) named Self‐Propelled
Activated Carbon Janus Micromotors for Efficient Water Purification and many more have
been conducted to be able to look for an alternative way of producing water that is safe to
drink. With the limited sources that our country has, various ways have been proposed to be
able to address the said problem. According to Water.org (2018), Out of 101 million
Filipinos, 9 million of them rely on unfiltered water whereas 19 million from them lacks
access from enhanced sanitation.
Water filtration has been the way to create clearer water for the people. With the
increasing number of unfiltered water, people are left with less resource to be able to create
water that is safe to drink and consume. Based on the research conducted by Eftekhar (et. al),
water filtration is considered as a breakthrough in means of improving the system of the
public health and concerns on water contamination. In addition, water filtration is now
considered as a way to consume water without threatening our health.
Health has always been the priority of people in their lives. As the world advances, several
ways have been proposed with regards to creating water that cannot be considered as harm to
our health. Activated Carbon is a way of filtering water by removing chemicals from tap
water. It is proved that activated carbon helps a lot in removing unnecessary residue from
unfiltered water. A research conducted by Atabaki (et. al), carbon activated water filters are
efficient way to absorb the unnecessary chemicals that contaminated water has.

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 In this research, palm leaves were considered by the researchers due to its accessibility and
practicality. Since the researchers aim to create a water filtration system that is easily
accessible and low priced, palm leaves were used as a medium of water filtration. Palm
leaves are available all year round which means that it is easily accessible and can be a big
help to a lot of people who needs filtered water. Moreover, palm leaves are believed to be
absorbent in nature which means that it is a great material to absorb unnecessary residue
from the water that will be filtered.
With the help of this research study, the researchers will know the efficiency of palm
leaves with activated carbon as a water filtration system for the people. Additionally, the
researchers will take note of any physical and chemical components that can be used to
further know whether water has been filtrated or not. By the means of this research, an
alternative way of water filtration may be considered and may be of great help for the people
who need it.

1.2 Background of the Study

Clean, safe, and consumable water is one of the fundamental needs of people, it is an
integral and imperative part of living and without it mankind will die. This is the reason it is
puzzling and striking that not all people have access to clean and consumable water when it
is an essential need for living. As per the United Nations Human Development report (2015),
near 1.1 billion individuals in developing nations lack access to clean water and around 1.8
million children die every year because of diarrhea. In Sub-Saharan Africa, an estimated 40
billion hours a year are wasted in gathering water, generally the equivalent time of France's
whole workforce. The United Nations perceives water and sanitation as a fundamental human
right, something that ought to be made available to everyone. As a result, the care for this
need must be of importance to everyone and many laws and projects have been set to protect
natural resources of water. The sources of water however, may it from lakes, reservoirs,
canals, rain, or groundwater, isn't clean as it should be. This is why the opinions of people
from all over have changed over the years and they presently believe that any water,
wherever it may have originated from, should be purified or filtered.

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 In the report Food and Nutrition Institute: Filipinos' Nutritional Status (2015), water
sources for ingestion, cooking, and hygiene is essential in determining water safety, as well
as in controlling the prevalence of waterborne diseases. In fact, diarrhea is the second leading
cause of death in the country. Furthermore, the Philippine’s dependency towards bottled
water has also increased, rising from 11% to 22.8%. This implies two things; first on the
ideal thinking of the average Filipino towards drinking water, preferring to that of which is
treated, and on the increasing demand of purified water. Thus, the factor of affordability
comes into question.
Climate change has made Metro Manila more vulnerable to an intense water deficiency or
shortage. Also, the fact that Metro Manila is a congested area with a large number of
individuals to host each day, and the acknowledgment for the apparent issue occurs; that a
safe source of water is required. Metro Manila has a high danger of water shortage since it
just relies upon one water source. The urban populace will be the most affected because of
their limited water resources. A large amount of people also does not have access to clean
water, mainly those on and below the poverty line as they are most affected by the growing
needs of the community. The main goal of this study is to first reiterate the need for clean
water as this is one of the most basic needs of the Filipino, then the efficiency and
affordability of such.

1.2.1 Rationale

As climate change becomes a problem in our society it is important that people can also
taking care of our health. Climate change can threaten our health by affecting the food to eat,
water to drink, air that people breathe, and the weather experienced. In the Philippines,
underground water is being contaminated rather than treating the waste water. There are many
regions in the Philippines with unsatisfactory ratings for their water quality includes National
Capital Region (NCR), Region IV, Region III. Ilocos Region (Region I) was found to be one of
the highest contributors to nitrate contamination. Access to clean, fresh water is fundamental to
one’s health and well-being, and this can be achieved through filtration of water. Most water
filters remove harmful chemicals and bacteria, which if consumed can cause diseases and general
ill-health. There are various things that the researchers experience Chlorine is used in water-ways

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to eliminate harmful micro-organisms, but this can be detrimental to our health when over-
contamination and resulting consumption occurs. That is why some communities are being
required to use water filtration systems. Through these observations, the researchers were
inspired to create a product that will help people have a new affordable way of filtering water.

1.2.2 Objectives
This study aims to:
• To identify what is the cause and effect of water filtering in our health.
• To critically assess water filtering operations by local authorities, including types of
material arising and current problems in the community.
• To classify and evaluate the operation of water filtering nationally.
• To make recommendations to improve the operational effectiveness of water filtering to
the community.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study pursues to know the Efficiency of Carbon Activated Palm Leaves as a medium
for water filtration. Water has always been a need for everyone, which is why this research
focuses on looking for an alternative way to produce water that is purified, low-priced and
easily reached to people who needs it.

The study seeks to answer the following queries:

1. What are the qualities of contaminated water?
a. Leftover materials and;
b. Clearness of the water
2. How efficient is Palm Leaves as a medium of water filtration in terms of:
a. Salinity;
b. PH Level;
c. Total number of dissolved materials;
d. Clearness of water from before and after and;
e. Microbes and organisms present

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 f. Nitrate

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study pursues to know the Efficiency of Carbon Activated Palm Leaves as a material
for water purification. The research emphases on looking for an alternative way to produce
water that is purified, low-priced and easily reached to people who need it.

To the Community, this study will be beneficial to the Filipino community by providing a
plausible and practical way of sanitizing water in various communities. This will help
residents to have an alternative and cheaper water filtration system that will help them have
better health.
To the Health Administrators, this study will benefit them by giving an easier, more
affordable, and usable water filter. Therefore, by providing a way of sanitizing the water it
would present a healthier environment and thus would help them by decreasing the risk of
health-related incidents like diarrhea and causing further harm.
To the Future Researchers, the outcome of the study may be used as a guide by future
researchers or people who need information or references about this study. The impact of this
research would give more content towards more practical and renewable ways of water
treatment since palm leaves is a widely accessible plant that may, in the future, be of
abundant use for the country.
1.5 Review of Related Literature
In this part of the study the Researchers are to discuss about different related studies and
literature that are related to Palm leaves as a substitute adsorbent in water treatment, either by
treating the leaves or utilizing its properties to do so. Furthermore, this part of the study
moves to show the Readers the uniqueness of the Carbon Activated Palm Leaves (CAPL)
model. This chapter also presents the related literature of the research study on water
purification with the use of agricultural by-products. This will also present the basic water
purification that the Researchers will base their CAPL model on, the conceptual framework
to fully understand the research to be done, and lastly the definition of terms for better
comprehension of the study.

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 The researchers realize that entrance to spotless, new water is essential to our wellbeing
and prosperity, and separating our water guarantees this is accomplished. Most water
channels evacuate hurtful synthetic concoctions and microscopic organisms, which if
expended can cause maladies and general sick well-being. Palm leaves are a type of
flowering plant original from tropical and subtropical regions. Palm leaves grow in a spinal
pattern from the trunks of the palm tree it has deep green color. They are known to be water
resistant and also firm and strong which is why it can be utilized to build materials. Palm
leaves are also used as an adsorbent that gather solute molecules from a liquid or gases. The
researchers believe that palm leaves are widely available for the whole year which is why
they are very accessible and cheap. Also, they believe that these are sturdy materials which
will help it become more reliable and usable. And according to Sohrabi et. al (2015), palm
leaves are low cost adsorbent for solid phase extraction and pre-concentration of bisophenol
A (BPA) in real water samples. The method of using palm leaves is known to be much better
than other methods. The researchers think that they are known to be better in adsorption
because they are inexpensive and reusable which can save money and time for those who
will utilize it. Also, palm leaves are very useful adsorbents to remove dangerous substance
like cadmium, a malleable ductile toxic with a bluish white color metal which is a highly
hazardous waste based on the study of Alavi, et al (2016). These leaves also evaluate the
efficiency of the palm leaves as an adsorbent to the removal of cadmium from a liquid
solution which resulted to proving that palm leaves have a high level of adsorption.
Activated Carbon has been defined as an adsorbent material that is very useful as filter for
water treatment systems. Böhler, M.A. et al. (2018), recently stated in their study that
activated carbon is a material currently used as a product for environmental technology and
as a medium in search for its various purposes such as removal of contaminants not only
from liquids but also from gas. With that being said, the researchers strongly believe that
using activated carbon as a medium of filtration will be a great help in creating a tool that
will ease the way of water decontamination. Meanwhile as activated carbon is currently seen
as valuable to the environment, a variety of techniques have been proposed to be able to
utilize its help to the environment. This is why the researchers believe that the function of
activated carbon does not only limit to removal of filtration or soil remediation which is
explained as elimination of contaminants from soil, sediments, etc. These are only few of the

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uses of activated carbon that helps in protecting the environment. The researchers rely on
carbon being utilized in many different ways to improve people’s daily lives. In fact, carbon
has not been only used as a raw material but is also reproduced as activated carbon for
production of various products needed to enhance processes such as filtration and
purification. On a study conducted by Fedorak, Y. et al. (2014), they have proposed a carbon
activated micro motors that aided the absorption process on the water purification. The said
study urged the researchers to use carbon activation to be able to create model that can help
in the environment and public health systems improve their water purification system.
Moreover, activated carbon does not only limit to the usage of generating an instrument of
water filtration system but also as an ingredient on removing unwanted residue on water that
can cause harm to the health. On a note, Bernardo, L. et al. (2013), conducted a study using
activated carbon as a medium to filter substances that may cause harm when consumed.
Through the experiment conducted on this study, it was stated that activated carbon was
shown efficient as a medium to filter out large number of unwanted chemicals on their water
sample. Using the study by Bernardo et. al (2013) the researchers was also able to find out
various functions that an activated carbon can accomplish which helped them figure out that
activated carbon is an efficient material that can be used for water filtration. As activated
carbon continues its use, more materials are being used as its associate in the water filtration
system. An article written by Li, H. et al. (2018) made use of produced activated carbon as a
way to treat wastewater from a cow farm. This article indicated in their results that activated
carbon was a favorable way for the cleaner production of farms. With that being said, the
researchers are certain that activated carbon does not only help in creating a healthy life for
humans but also in creating a cleaner environment for animals that helps in the production of
food for humans.
Based on a study by Faust, et al., (2018), the lack of safe water creates a tremendous
burden of diarrheal disease and other debilitating, life-threatening illnesses for people in the
developing world. Water treatment technology has emerged as an approach that empowers
people and communities without access to safe water to improve water quality by treating it
in the home. Several technologies are available, but, except for boiling, none have achieved
sustained, large-scale use. Sustained use is essential if household water treatment technology
(HWT) is to provide continued protection, but it is difficult to achieve. The most effective,

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widely promoted and used HWTs are critically examined according to specified criteria for
performance and sustainability. Ceramic and biosand household water filters are identified as
most effective according to the evaluation criteria applied and as having the greatest potential
to become widely used and sustainable for improving household water quality to reduce
waterborne disease and death. Water purification systems for domestic use have drawn
significant attention over the past few years. This can be related to the improvement of public
health and concern for water contamination. Water purification systems for domestic use
have drawn significant attention over the past few years. This can be related to the
improvement of public health and concern for water contamination (Eftekhar, 2015).
In relation to this, a study by Spiegel, et al. (2015) said that over the last decade explosive
population growth in the world has led to water scarcity across the globe putting additional
pressure already scarce ground water resources and is pushing scientists and researchers to
come up with new alternatives to monitor and treat water for use by mankind and for food
security. Nearly 4 billion people around the world are known to lack access to clean water
supply. Systematic water quality data is important for the assessment of health risks as well
as for developing appropriate and affordable technologies for waste and drinking water
treatments, and long-term decision making policy against water quality management.
Traditional water treatment technologies are generally chemical-intensive processes requiring
extremely large infrastructural support thus limiting their effective applications in developing
nations which creates an artificial barrier to the application of technological solutions for the
provision of clean water. According to Dutta, et al, (2016), treated drinking water may
become contaminated while travelling in the distribution system on the way to consumers.
Elevated dissolved organic matter (DOM) at the tap relative to the water leaving the
treatment plant is a potential indicator of contamination, and can be measured sensitively,
inexpensively and potentially on-line via fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy.
Detecting elevated DOM requires potential contamination events to be distinguished from
natural fluctuations in the system, but how much natural variation to expect in a stable
distribution system is unknown. In this study, relationships between DOM optical properties,
microbial indicator organisms and trace elements were investigated for households connected
to a biologically-stable drinking water distribution system. This estimate confirms the
importance of improving water and sanitation in low‐ and middle‐income settings for the

13
 prevention of diarrhoeal disease burden. It also underscores the need for better data on
exposure and risk reductions that can be achieved with provision of reliable piped water,
community sewage with treatment and hand hygiene (Murphya, 2017).
There have been a lot of discoveries that concern water filtration and yet, the most
effective is yet to come. This research exemplifies a new way of creating an instrument by
using materials that are readily available to the market. The researchers have considered
factors such as availability, safety and consumption of the people who will benefit this
research. As previously stated, it has come to the idea of the researchers that using palm
leaves as a material for the CAPL (Carbon Activated Palm Leaves) model will make it
unique and easily consumed by anyone in the market. Furthermore, researchers Sohrabi et al.
(2015) has also stated that palm leaves are efficient in adsorbtion process and not to mention
that they are cost-effective and does not require a huge amount of time to get a sample. In
relation to that, activated carbon who has also made its name in the markets, have been easily
accessible and is also proved to be a great adsorbent material which is commonly used in
water filtration processes. Also, as previously stated, Bernardo et. al (2013) have proved in
their research that indeed activated carbon can filter out any residue from water and is an
efficient material in creating a water purification system.
Overall, it may be said that this CAPL (Carbon Activated Palm Leaves) model will help in
solving the problem that the researchers have presented earlier in this study. As researcher
Freeman, D.E., (2017) presented, water filtration systems does not only involve on how it
can benefit people but also practice management when it comes to protecting the
environment by using materials that are available. Which is why researchers considered both
materials: palm leaves and activated carbon. Provided with these two materials, the
researchers have come up to create a product that can be of help public health systems,
communities, etc. in creating water filtration system that is cost-efficient, readily available
and safe to drink.

1.6 Hypotheses
The Researchers believe that after the filtration the amount of pollutants or undesirable
material will lessen thus proving Carbon Activated Palm Leaves as efficient.

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 HO – Carbon activated palm leaves are not efficient as a water filter.

Ha – Carbon activated palm leaves are efficient as a water filter.

1.7 Theoretical Framework

Understanding how Adsorption works would enable the researchers to identify the
necessary components of Carbon Activated Palm Leaves and as well as its properties and
behavior. According to Hutson, N. D., & Yang, R. T. (1997) in the journal “Theoretical basis
for the Dubinin-Radushkevitch (D-R) adsorption isotherm equation” states the theoretical
equation that measures the pore size and empirical general mechanism of pores in adsorption.
Shown in the figure above is an isotherm that was produced when the Dubinin-
Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm equation was used. The D-R equation can be written as
where W is the total weight adsorbed at , representing the total weight adsorbed, E as the
characteristic energy, and n as a non-integer value that falls typically in the range of 1 – 3.
For the purposes of this research, the D-R equation is important to remember since the
Researchers are dealing with the Activated Carbon, a substance that is widely considered to
be one of the reasons for the development of the equation and a perfect match to it and also
due to the fact that data is readily available for Carbon Activated Palm Leaves.
According to Elhussien, et al. (2017) in the study “Preparation and Characterization of
Activated Carbon from Palm Tree Leaves Impregnated with Zinc Chloride for the Removal
of Lead (II) from Aqueous Solutions”, Carbon Activated Palm Leaves is part of Physical
adsorption wherein the maximum amount of adsorption was 82.75 ± 3.65 and the D-R
isotherm gave a value of R2 = 0.9260.

1.8 Conceptual Framework

Treated Palm Leaves

(CarbonBasic
Activated Palm Leaves)
Wter Filtering

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 Salinity
PH Level
Total number of dissolved
materials
Microbes and organisms
Nitrate

Critical Value Dubinin-Radushkevich

(D-R) Isotherm Equation

Figure 1.2 Efficiency of Carbon Activated Palm Leaves as Water Filter

The Conceptual Framework shows the different variables in our research topic which is about
the effectiveness of Carbon Activated Palm Leaves as a water adsorbent in water filtration. The
Carbon Activated Palm Leaves will be used as a component in a basic filtration system. The
Model used as a water filtration system is the CAPL Model, (Carbon Activated Palm Leaves)
Model. The water used for the water filtration is from the Pasig River, which is common polluted
water source in the country. Through making a simple water filtration system and substituting the
Carbon Activated Palm Leaves as a component in a water filtration, the researchers will then
identify the effectiveness through measurement of the salinity, pH level, total number of
dissolved materials, microbes and organisms present, and the nitrate level of water. The critical
value is utilized to be able to determine whether the

1.9 Scope and Limitation

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 This study aims to determine the efficiency of palm leaves as an option for a water
filtration system with the aspects focusing on the quality of the palm leaves, and the structure
of the water filtration system. The general purpose of this research is to express the efficiency
of palm leaves as a medium for water filtration systems. The study is to give another
renewable resource towards water purification and learn its efficiency to so the researchers’
can affirm its effectiveness or failure on such. The study incorporates components such as
activated carbon and its modifications, quality of the palm leaves, and the structure of the
water filtration system.
This study not only aims to limit the model itself and its abilities, but also accumulate all
the information required for the research result. The only data results that the Researchers
will gather is that of those limited to the API freshwater testing kit and that of the Total
Dissolved solids meter. This includes Acidity, Ammonia, and Total Dissolved Solids. The
API freshwater test kit is limited in the way that the accuracy of data is just as precise as the
color created. The measurement is attained by comparing the fluid's color after testing to the
color palette and thus may not be as precise as some other scientific equipment. The digital
TDS meter, may still be inaccurate depending on the accuracy of the calibration inside the
pen. The Researchers will also not induce any of the liquids produced towards themselves or
other any life form of that matter. This includes during the testing period in which the
Researchers will take every needed precautionary measure in order to protect themselves and
others in its duration.

1.10 Operational Definition

Carbon Activated Palm Leaves. This is the model and material that was utilized as an
alternative water filter.
Water Filter. This refers to the efficiency of the CAPL model as an alternative water filter.

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 CHAPTER II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the discussions of the research design used in this study, the
location wherein the study was performed, the population and sample; research instruments used,
the Carbon Activated Palm Leaves (CAPL) device, the data gathering process and statistical
methods and techniques that were applied for the interpretation of data.

1.1 Research Design

This research utilizes the experimental design, specifically the quasi-experimental pre-
test/post-test design or classic controlled experimental design, as it focuses on creating a new
idea and will require the produced data to observe and analyze the filtration model, accounting
on its effectiveness as well as the fact that it takes two sets of data and randomly assigns the
sample into two, the experimental and control group. True Experimental design is also a basic,
straightforward, and efficient type of research because the results are manageable and repeatable,
which can be checked and verified in the process. Furthermore, the true experimental design is
the appropriate way for drawing causal conclusions which is significant in this research wherein
the hypothesis is either proven or disproven mathematically. Additionally, a true experimental
design has a control group and strictly one variable which are exactly fitting in this research
since it possesses those traits. The pretest-posttest design assumes that the two groups are
equivalent and the change to the scores of the two tests shows the value of the dependent
variable as it is exposed to the treatment. The Researchers are then to systematically analyze the
results and generate a decisive conclusion regarding the effectivity of the properties of pure
Carbon Activated Palm Leaves. This type of research design also leans towards a very empirical
approach in analyzation which is important to eliminate bias. For this research however, the
hypothesis is uniquely specified to five tests and each of the tests will be run through, accepting
or denying the hypothesis.

1.2 Respondents of the Study and Sampling Techniques

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 For this research, the researchers will not be using any respondents for this study in
accordance with the ethical consideration. This study will not be dealing with any tests on
humans due to the reason that this is an experimental research which is focused on the efficiency
of the carbon activated palm leaves as water filter. The water testing involved will only deal with
pH tests and API Freshwater Kit to determine the efficacy of the product.
The researchers will use pH level as their test to be able to know if the sample water used for
the study is drinkable or not. The ph level is used to know the acidity level of water to be able to
determine whether or not it is safe for the people to consume. Using ph level, researchers will be
able to measure the components of the water and label it as safe or unsafe. To be able to test the
pH level, the researchers will be using API Freshwater Kit. This instrument will be used to test
the water sample's pH level, along with its high range pH level, ammonia level, nitrite level, and
nitrate level which are all important factors that will help the researchers determine whether the
water filter model is effective or not. The researchers will be using the API Freshwater Kit on
both samples (one which is the clean water and the other is the unclean water) to determine the
components and know its difference before and after using the Carbon Activated Palm Leaves.
1.3 Data Collection Methods and Instruments
The researchers made a water filtration device out of plastic bottles, cloth, epoxy and
valve. The researchers gathered the needed components for the water filtration system,
specifically the filter paper, fine sand, the pebbles, a bucket of Pasig river water, and the treated
palm leaves. The Palm leaves were treated by activating their carbon by chemical means. First
the palm leaves were turned into charcoal, heating them to over 350 degrees Celsius for an hour
and a half. Following this the palm leaves were cooled down and crushed into granules, sifted
into a 20 mesh strainer. Following this a 50 % solution of Hydrochloric acid and water was made
as activating material. The powder was then mixed with the solution turning into a paste. After
30 minutes of exposing the powder to the chemical it was drained and run through with water to
remove any of the HCl (Hydrochloric acid) solution. Finally, the material was again heated in an
oven at 200 degrees for one hour then grounded once again into the powder form. The
researchers exposed the contaminated water to filtering and once done with the contaminated
water, the Researchers took samples for it to be tested through an API freshwater test kit. There
the control sample and the treatment group underwent several different types of tests including
Total Dissolved Solids, pH level, and Nitrate.

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A. pH test

The pH changes depending on how much acid will react and change thus creating the color.

1. For the pH measuring done in this research the Researchers used the API freshwater pH
test kit in which three drops of pH solution was mixed with a 5 ml sample of water in a
test tube.

2. After thoroughly turning the flask several times the chemical 7-hydroxyphenoxazone
should react with the water to show a color, that color is then put up to the light and
compared to the color chart showing the level of acidity.

Additionally, the Researchers used a digital pH meter. The digital pH meter works very
much like a volumetric meter. It has an electrode inside and it creates a smaller current whilst
submerged in the water. Now, logically, if the water is more acidic then it must have more
hydrogen inside its components. To start with, potassium chloride is present inside the electrodes
and we kno2w that potassium chloride has a pH of 7. knowing this we can make it into a basis
for the solutions outside by comparison. What the electrode does is to measure the difference in
pH between an orange solution, meaning inclined to basic, and a blue, meaning more acidic,
solution by measuring the difference in the voltages their hydrogen ions produce. Since we know
the pH of an orange solution, we can figure out the pH of the blue solution.

B. Nitrate

Nitrate cannot be detected in water unless tested because of its properties. Nitrite is
colorless, odorless, and tasteless which makes it incredibly dangerous for households
especially those pregnant and with infants.

1) For the Nitrate test, or Nitrate reduction test, it is performed by systematically adding
drops of iron sulfate to a solution of nitrate then this new substance is added to 5 ml of
water in a test tube. If the water contains organisms and the organism is able to change the
nitrate to nitrite then is should be able to create nitrous acid.

20
 2) Another substance, sulfanilic acid, will be added in order to further reduce the substance
into diazotized sulfanilic acid. This substance should then produce a color. This color will
be the signifier that the process was a success if the organism successfully changed nitrate
to nitrite. This is then compared to the color chart.

C. Total Dissolved Solids

Total dissolved solids are the amount of material floating in the background unseen by
the naked eye but still present and suspended.

1) The Researchers take a sample of the water inside a graduated cylinder.

2) The Researchers take the TDM meter, an electric meter that sends an electrical current
and comparing it to a substance inside, similar to the pH meter, and dips it into the
cylinder.

3) This process is done ten times and the results are listed down.

As the situation and conditions are similar to the study done by Elhussein, et al. (2017), as
the temperature and atmosphere are 25 °C and 1 atm respectively, the adsorption must therefore
be physical as well.

The researchers used their own instrument and named it “CAPL model”, which stands for
Carbon Activated Palm Leaves. The researchers then conducted the water filtration by, first,
cleaning all the materials and the PLAC model itself. Second, the researchers conducted a mock
test by putting all the needed materials in its proper layers; fine cloth on all four plastic bottles
with valves, carbon activated palm leaves on the first plastic bottle layer, commercial negative
ceramic ions on the second plastic bottle layer, commercial resin on the third plastic bottle layer,
commercial granite on the fourth plastic bottle layer, and tap water is poured inside. When the
water mock test was finished, the researchers then conducted the test with the Pasig river water.
The researchers used API freshwater test kits to the filtered and unfiltered water, and the results
were used as instruments. The pre-test and post-test samples of the water with the API test kit
were also used as an instrument. It also shows the changes in the contents of the two samples,

21
which is the river water that is filtered with carbon activated palm leaves, and the unfiltered river.
The results of the API freshwater test kits to the water used also help in identifying the
effectiveness of the carbon activated palm leaves as water adsorbent in water filtration.
Furthermore, the API freshwater test kit, which includes a pH test (Normal range and
high range), Nitrate test, Nitrite test, and Ammonia test, was used as a medium to extract the
components needed to prove the effectiveness of the product. Lastly, a thermometer was used to
measure the temperature of a substance in order to know the standard temperature of the water.
1.1. Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment
Since the researchers are trying to discover the efficiency of Carbon Activated Palm
Leaves, it is imperative that the statistical treatment be one that shows significant difference
between the control group and the experimental group. Adhering to this research’s model of a
true experimental pretest-posttest, the researchers settled for the Student’s t-test statistical
analysis method. This method allows the researchers to follow through a critical value that will
determine the acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis through showing if there is a
significant difference between the pretest and the posttest results. Furthermore, this analytical
method is perfect for studying two groups that yield different results but at the same time accepts
the probability that the results are random. This test assumes that the null hypothesis is true
unless proven otherwise and as such this test takes away any bias from the Researchers since the
mathematical formula itself dictates the inclination or not of the results to the desired direction.
Hence, the degree of confidence, which is determined by the t-test formula, that we have on the
probability that the results is random is affected by the population, and this population
determines the critical value that needs to be attained to show the significant difference.
To attain this data, the Researchers first took the mean of the two sets, pretest and
posttest, and calculated its variance and standard deviation. The researchers the promptly
followed the student’s t-test formula in which X1 and X2 are the two mean values, and are the
variance, and finally the n_1 and n_2 the population. This equation is basically a ratio between
the signal and noise of information and shows the t-value attained in the pretest and posttest. This
data is then compared to the table of critical values using the degrees of freedom take from the
total population subtracting two. For this research the Researchers used a 0.05 confidence
baseline in order to be sure that the randomness of the results is 5% at most. The critical value
arising from the degrees of freedom and was then used to compare with the t-value.

22
 The process involving the use of the t-test was used by integrating the pretest-posttest
design and systematically obtaining the value by comparing the different values given by the
controlled group and experimental. This was done by taking the pretest values and conducting a
t-test between the unfiltered controlled group and experimental. The t-test was then conducted
individually between the two groups by taking the values of the filtered and unfiltered water and
compared. Finally, the posttest values for both the experimental and controlled groups were
taken and the t-test was conducted in order to find the final verdict. The null hypothesis must be
the one accepted in order for there to be a positive conclusion.
1.2. Ethical Consideration
For this research the Researchers settled that no human testing nor any type and form of
ingestion during the time of the research will be done. All safety precautions needed whilst
performing the tests and the acquisition of data was done. This includes wearing complete
laboratory protective gear and as well as take avoid all contact on the skin and as well as
inhalation of any fumes.

CHAPTER III
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

2.1 Purpose of the Study

The researchers aimed to create an alternative medium for water filtration. This research
was made by gathering materials in order to create a water filter that is economical and easily
accessed by people. Furthermore, this research study aimed to address the efficiency of the palm
leaves as it is known to be an absorbent material which can help the contaminated water filter the
unwanted residue and produce clean and drinkable water.
In addition to that, this study also targets to create a substitute for water filtration to help
other people who are in need of it and does not have the enough materials to produce one. This
research promotes the appropriate use of environment by producing materials that can be of great
help to the humanity while using the less resources.
Lastly, this research is created in resolve of filtering water without using unnecessary
chemicals that can cause harm to the people who consume it. With the use of carbon activated

23
palm leaves, it can be a great way to create a innovative medium of water filter without using
unnecessary materials while being cost-effective at the same time.

2.2 Demographics
For this research, the researchers will not be using any respondents for this study in
accordance with the ethical consideration. This study will not be dealing with any tests on
humans due to the reason that this is an experimental research which is focused on the efficiency
of the carbon activated palm leaves as water filter. The water testing involved will only deal with
pH tests and API Freshwater Kit to determine the efficacy of the product.
The researchers will use pH level as their test to be able to know if the sample water used
for the study is drinkable or not. The pH level is used to know the acidity level of water to be
able to determine whether or not it is safe for the people to consume. Using pH level, researchers
will be able to measure the components of the water and label it as safe or unsafe. To be able to
test the pH level, the researchers will be using API Freshwater Kit. This instrument will be used
to test the water sample's pH level, along with its high range pH level, ammonia level, nitrite
level, and nitrate level which are all important factors that will help the researchers determine
whether the water filter model is effective or not. The researchers will be using the API
Freshwater Kit on both samples (one which is the clean water and the other is the unclean water)
to determine the components and know its difference before and after using the Carbon Activated
Palm Leaves
2.3 Presentation of Findings

TDS - Control vs. Control

Unfiltered Filtered

Mean 212.3 176

Variance 1.566666667 0.222222222

Observations 10 10

Alpha 0.05

Degrees of Freedom 9

24
 t Stat 108.35955

P(T<=t) one-tail 1.23218E-15

t Critical one-tail 1.833112933

(Table 3.1 TDS Pre-Test and Post-Test Control Sample)

This Table shows the filtered and unfiltered control values comparing and attaining the
difference between the two sets of data. This data table states that with 0.05 alpha-level of confidence,
there is a significant difference between the unfiltered experimental values and the filtered one.
Meaning that the Nitrite before filtering was higher than after, showing that this difference is crucial and
should be taken into consideration. The probability that this result is random is extremely low as per the
P(T<=t).

Nitrate - Experimental vs. Experimental

Unfiltered Filtered

Mean 12 3

Variance 34.44444444 6.666666667

Observations 10 10

Alpha 0.05

Degrees of Freedom 9

t Stat 4.323460153

P(T<=t) one-tail 0.000961706

t Critical one-tail 1.833112933

(Table 3.2 Nitrate Pre-Test and Post-Test for Experimental Sample)

The table above shows the Unfiltered and Filtered experimental values comparing and figuring

25
out the difference between the two sets of data. This data table states that with a 0.05 alpha-level of
confidence, there is a significant difference between the unfiltered experimental set of values and the
filtered one. Meaning that the Nitrate before the filtering is higher than after, showing that the
difference is crucial. The probability that this result is random is 0.09 percent.

TDS - Experimental vs. Experimental

Unfiltered Filtered

Mean 212.8 197.9

Variance 3.288888889 54.1

Observations 10 10

Alpha 0.05

Degrees of Freedom 9

t Stat 6.459294779

P(T<=t) one-tail 5.84327E-05

t Critical one-tail 1.833112933

(Table 3.3 TDS Pre-Test and Post-Test for Experimental Sample)

The table above shows the Unfiltered and Filtered experimental values comparing and figuring
out the difference between the two sets of data. This data table states that with a 0.05 alpha-level of
confidence, there is a significant difference between the unfiltered experimental set of values and the
filtered one. Meaning that the Nitrate before the filtering is higher than after, showing that the difference
is crucial. The probability that this result is random is 0.09 percent

Each of the values provided various results in showing both the difference in the mean of the
control group and the experimental group. The results in the tables says three things; the difference
whether significant or not, the probability that the results are random, and finally the overall effectiveness
of the Carbon Activated Palm Leaves in adsorption. Now, since each of the tests yielded different results,
the products vary in their implications. This result is only based on the means of each test which may not

26
be perfectly true all the time. The induction of the t-test to this study was done specifically to address that
problem and to have a reliable test to accept or reject the hypothesis. Student’s t-test measures the
difference and the percentage of the results to be reliable and not random. Results in each test provide a
remarkable result that is moved into either ends of the spectrum. For there to be a reliable result, the
Researchers choose the 0.05 degree of confidence, a 5% chance of random result, a degree of confidence
that is perfectly acceptable and commonly used in scientific and behavioral research.

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

3.1 Summary of Findings

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aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum
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deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut
labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut
aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum
dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia
deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut
labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut
aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum
dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia
deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut
labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut
aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum
dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia
deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

3.2 Conclusion

27
 The aim of the study is to test the efficiency of Carbon Activated Palm leaves as medium
water filter. The researchers followed the procedure that was being said in the previous chapter.
The researchers used API Fresh Water test kit.
The researchers divided the experiment into three (3) categories. First is the Acidity Pre-
Test and Post-Test for Experimental Sample. As a result, there is no significant changes in the
level of acidity in the water. Second is the Nitrate for Pre-Test and Post-Test for Experimental
Sample it shows on the table above the values and the differences of the two sets of data. It states
that the alpha-level of confidence is 0.05 that there is a significant difference between the set of
values. Basically, the Nitrate before the filtering is higher than after, showing that the result is
crucial. The probability of the result is 0.09 percent. And lastly, Unfiltered and Filtered control
experimental values and differences of the two sets of data. It is also stated that the alpha-level of
confidence is 0.05 and it proves that there is a significant difference between the two sets of data.
It means that the Total Dissolved Solids before filtering is higher than the result, showing that the
result is crucial. The probability of the result is 0.09 percent.
Based on the findings, assuming that the alpha-level confidence is 0.05 since the p-value is
higher that the alpha-level confidence. Therefore, the researchers decided not to reject their null
hypotheses.

.
3.3 Recommendations
This study was conducted to address this to the community that they should choose and
provide a cheaper filtration system to help them to maintain their health. This was also provided
in the health administrations to focus more on the primary health of the patients specially in
drinking water. The study that was being conducted by is recommended for further
experimentations in the future. The water filter created on this research is a great alternative. This
study is the best way to show people how to reuse water waste and give knowledge to people on
how important to not consume water. This study also shows us the safest way to determine what
water is safe and clean to drink.

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