PRACTICAL FILE

ON

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM LAB

B.COM(H)- 307
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of

Bachelor of Commerce [Bcom(hons)]

UNDER THE GUIDANCE SUBMITTED BY

Ms. Rekha Jain (IT) Himanshi

Associate Professor Bcom(hons) 5th sem

CPJ-CHS 50621588817

(SESSION 2017-2020)

CHANDERPRABHU JAIN COLLEGE OF HIGHER STUDIES

& SCHOOL OF LAW

AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED INSTITUTE (APPRPOVED BY GOVT. Of

NCT of Delhi)

Plot no.OCF Sector A-8 Narela New Delhi-40

 INDEX

S.NO TOPIC DATE SIGNATURE

 INTRODUCTION ABOUT DBMS
DBMS stands for Database Management System. Its file extension is
(.dbf). Database is a collection of data and management system which
is a set of programs to store and retrieve those data. It is general
purpose software that enables users to define, create and maintain a
database. It facilitates the processes of defining, constructing,
manipulating databases for various applications. It also helps in
sharing, protection and maintenance of databases. Database stores
information whereas DBMS is a system to manage database.
A database system is just a computerized record-keeping system. The
database is regarded as a kind of repository or container for a
collection of computerized data files where users can perform a
variety of operations.
It is any collection of data that is stored as a file or a set of files or
magnetic disk or some secondary devices. The information in the file
may be broken down into records. Each record consists of one or
more fields. We perform different types of command in a database to
retrieve or create report on particular data.
NEED FOR DBMS:-
Database systems are basically developed for large amount of data.
When dealing with huge amount of data, there are 2 things that
require optimization: storage of data and retrieval of data.
Storage: The data is stored in such a way that it acquires less space as
the redundant data (duplicate data) has been removed before storage.
Retrieval: Along with storing the data in an optimized and systematic
manner, it is also important that retrieve the data quickly when
needed.

Other are:-
 Database and DBMS have become essential for managing our
business, government, banks, universities and every other kind
of human endeavour.
 They are a critical element of today’s software industry to solve
the problems of managing huge amounts of data that are
increasingly being stored.
 A database system is a central depository in an organization’s
information system and is essential for supporting the
organization’s functions, maintaining the data for these
functions and helping users interpret the data in decision
making.

PURPOSE OF DBMS:-
The main purpose of database systems is to manage the data.
Consider a university that keeps the data of students, teachers, courses
& books etc. To manage this data we need to store this data
somewhere so we can add new data, delete unused data, update
outdated data, to perform these operations on data we need a Database
management system that allows us to store the data in such a way so
that all these operations can be performed on the data efficiently.
AREAS WHERE DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM IS USED:-
 Airlines: reservations, schedules etc
 Telecom: calls made, customer details, network usage etc
 Universities: registration, result, grades etc
 Sales: products, purchases, customers etc
 Banking: all transactions etc

COMPONENTS OF DBMS:-

 Users: Users may be of any kind such as Database

administrator, system developer or database users.
 Database application: Database application may be
departmental, personal, organization’s and/or internal.
 DBMS: Software that allows users to create and manipulate
database access.
 Database: Collection of logical data as a single unit.
USES OF DBMS:-
 To develop software applications in less time.
 Data independence and efficient use of data.
 For uniform data administration.
 For data integrity and security.
 For concurrent access to data, and data recovery from crashes.
 To use user-friendly declarative query language

CHARACTERISTICS OF DBMS:-
 Self describing nature of the database system:
The database system contains not only the database itself but
also a complete description of the database structure and
constraints. This definition is stored in the DBMS catalogue
and is called as metadata as it describes the actual structure of
database.
 Data isolation:
The structure of the DBMS files is stored in the DBMS
catalogue separately from the access programs. This property is
also known as program-data independence.
 Support multiple views of data:
A database generally has many users each of which many
require a different view of the database. A view may be defined
as a subset of the database from the database files but is not
stored separately. A multiuser DBMS generally provides this
facility of providing multiple views.
 Data sharing and multi user transaction processing:
Since DBMS provides multiple views at the same time, so it
must include concurrency control software to ensure that
several users trying to update the same data in do so in a
controlled manner.
PROPERTIES OF DBMS:-
 ATOMICITY:-
A database follows all transaction operations as one whole unit
or atom. There is no mid-way i.e. transactions do not occur
partially.
 CONSISTENCY:-
It ensures that only valid data or constraints in the database.
Consistency means the integrity constraints must be maintained
so that database is consistent before and after transactions.
 ISOLATION:-
This property ensures that multiple transactions can occur
concurrently without leading to inconsistency. Transactions
occur independently without interference.
 DURABILITY:-
This property ensures that once the transactions have completed
he execution update, modification in that situation DBMS
works smoothly. The effects of the transactions are never lost.

ADVANTAGES OF DBMS:-
 DATA CONSISTENCY:-
By controlling the data redundancy, the data consistency is
obtained. If a data item appears only once, any update to its
value has to be performed only once and the updated value is
immediately available to all users.
 EFFECTIVE DATA ACCESS:-
A DBMS utilize a variety of sophisticated techniques to store
and retrieve data efficiently. This feature is especially important
if the data is stored on external storage devices.
 SHARING OF DATA:-
In DBMS, data can be shared by authorized users of the
organization. The database administrator manages the data and
gives rights to users to access the data. Many users can be
authorized to access the same piece of information
simultaneously.
 IMPROVED DATA INTEGRITY:-
In Database management system, data in database is stored in
tables. A single database contains multiple tables and
relationships can be created between tables. This makes easy to
retrieve and update data.
 ECONOMY OF SCALE:-
Centralization of the entire organization’s operational data into
one database and creating a set of application programs running
on this source of data results in drastic cost saving.
 IMPROVED SECURITY:-
The more users access the data, the greater the risks of data
security breaches. Corporations invest considerable amounts of
time, effort and money to ensure that corporate data are used
properly. A DBMS provides a framework for better
enforcement of data privacy and security policies.

DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS:-
 COST OF HARDWARE & SOFTWARE:-
A processor with high speed of data processing and memory of
large size is required to run the DBMS software. It means that
you have to upgrade the hardware used for the file-based
system. Similarly, DBMS software is also very costly.
 COST OF DATA CONVERSION:-
When a computer filed-based system is replaced with a
database system, the data stored into data file must be
converted to database file. It is very difficult and costly method
to convert data of data files into database. You have to hire
database and system designers along with application
programmers.
 COST OF STAFF TRAINING:-
Most DBMS are often complex systems so that training for
users to use the DBMS is required. Training is required at all
levels, including programming, application development, and
database administration. The organization has to be paid a lot of
amount for the training of staff to run the DBMS.
 APPOINTING TECHNICAL STAFF:-
The trained technical persons such as database administrator,
application programmers, data entry operations etc. Are
required to handle the DBMS. You have to pay handsome
salaries to those persons. Therefore, the system cost increases.
 DATABASE DAMAGE:-
In most of the organizations, all data is integrated into a single
database. If database is damages due to electric failure or
database is corrupted on the storage media, then your valuable
data may be lost forever.
 Introduction to ER
ER Model is used to model the logical view of the system from data
perspective which consists of these components:
Entity, Entity Type, Entity Set –
An Entity may be an object with a physical existence – a particular
person, car, house, or employee – or it may be an object with a
conceptual existence – a company, a job, or a university course.
An Entity is an object of Entity Type and set of all entities is called as
entity set. e.g.; E1 is an entity having Entity Type Student and set of
all students is called Entity Set. In ER diagram, Entity Type is
represented as:

Attribute(s):
Attributes are the properties which define the entity type. For
example, Roll_No, Name, DOB, Age, Address, Mobile_No are the
attributes which defines entity type Student. In ER diagram, attribute
is represented by an oval.
1. Key Attribute –
The attribute which uniquely identifies each entity in the entity
set is called key attribute.For example, Roll_No will be unique
for each student. In ER diagram, key attribute is represented by an

oval with underlying lines.

1. Composite Attribute –
An attribute composed of many other attribute is called as
composite attribute. For example, Address attribute of student
Entity type consists of Street, City, State, and Country. In ER
diagram, composite attribute is represented by an oval
comprising of ovals.

2. Multivalued Attribute –
An attribute consisting more than one value for a given entity.
For example, Phone_No (can be more than one for a given
student). In ER diagram, multivalued attribute is represented by
double oval.

3. Derived Attribute –
An attribute which can be derived from other attributes of the
entity type is known as derived attribute. e.g.; Age (can be
derived from DOB). In ER diagram, derived attribute is
represented by dashed oval.

The complete entity type Student with its

attributes can be represented as:
Relationship Type and Relationship Set:
A relationship type represents the association between entity types.
For example,‘Enrolled in’ is a relationship type that exists between
entity type Student and Course. In ER diagram, relationship type is
represented by a diamond and connecting the entities with lines.

A set of relationships of same type is known as relationship set. The

following relationship set depicts S1 is enrolled in C2, S2 is enrolled
in C1 and S3 is enrolled in C3.
Degree of a relationship set:
The number of different entity sets participating in a
relationship set is called as degree of a relationship set.
1. Unary Relationship –
When there is only ONE entity set participating in a relation,
the relationship is called as unary relationship. For example, one
person is married to only one person.

2. Binary relationship –
When there are TWO entities set participating in a relation, the
relationship is called as binary relationship.For example, Student
is enrolled in Course.

3. n-ary Relationship –
When there are n entities set participating in a relation, the
relationship is called as n-ary relationship.

Cardinality:
The number of times an entity of an entity set participates in a
relationship set is known as cardinality. Cardinality can be of
different types:
1. One to one – When each entity in each entity set can take
part only once in the relationship, the cardinality is one to one.
Let us assume that a male can marry to one female and a female
can marry to one male. So the relationship will be one to one.
 Using Sets, it can be represented as:

2. Many to one – When entities in one entity set can take part only
once in the relationship set and entities in other entity set can
take part more than once in the relationship set, cardinality is
many to one. Let us assume that a student can take only one
course but one course can be taken by many students. So the
cardinality will be n to 1. It means that for one course there can be
n students but for one student, there will be only one course.

Using Sets, it can be represented as:

In this case, each student is taking only 1 course but 1 course has
been taken by many students.
3. Many to many – When entities in all entity sets can take part
more than once in the relationship cardinality is many to many.
Let us assume that a student can take more than one course and one course
can be taken by many students. So the relationship will be many to many.
 Using sets, it can be represented as:

In this example, student S1 is enrolled in C1 and C3 and Course

C3 is enrolled by S1, S3 and S4. So it is many to many
relationships.
Participation Constraint:
Participation Constraint is applied on the entity participating in the
relationship set.
1. Total Participation – Each entity in the entity set must
participate in the relationship. If each student must enroll in a
course, the participation of student will be total. Total
participation is shown by double line in ER diagram.
2. Partial Participation – The entity in the entity set may or may
NOT participate in the relationship. If some courses are not
enrolled by any of the student, the participation of course will be
partial.
The diagram depicts the ‘Enrolled in’ relationship set with
Student Entity set having total participation and Course Entity set
having partial participation.
 Using set, it can be represented as,

Every student in Student Entity set is participating in relationship

but there exists a course C4 which is not taking part in the
relationship.
Weak Entity Type and Identifying Relationship:
As discussed before, an entity type has a key attribute which uniquely
identifies each entity in the entity set. But there exists some entity
type for which key attribute can’t be defined. These are called
Weak Entity type.
For example, A company may store the information of dependants
(Parents, Children, Spouse) of an Employee. But the dependents don’t
have existence without the employee. So Dependent will be weak
entity type and Employee will be Identifying Entity type for
Dependant.
A weak entity type is represented by a double rectangle. The
participation of weak entity type is always total. The relationship
between weak entity type and its identifying strong entity type is
called identifying relationship and it is represented by double
diamond.