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    QM Lab Animesh PDF

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    Animesh Sah
    The document contains the code and output of a quantum mechanics lab experiment. The code solves the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom to obtain the ground and first excited state energies. It calculates expectation values and plots the wavefunctions. The results show the ground state energy is -13.49 eV, first excited is -3.40 eV. The wavefunctions are normalized and orthogonal as required. Expectation values are also calculated and plotted correctly.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    QM Lab Animesh PDF

    Uploaded by

    Animesh Sah
    297 views11 pages
    The document contains the code and output of a quantum mechanics lab experiment. The code solves the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom to obtain the ground and first excited state energies. It calculates expectation values and plots the wavefunctions. The results show the ground state energy is -13.49 eV, first excited is -3.40 eV. The wavefunctions are normalized and orthogonal as required. Expectation values are also calculated and plotted correctly.

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    The document contains the code and output of a quantum mechanics lab experiment. The code solves the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom to obtain the ground and first excited state energies. It calculates expectation values and plots the wavefunctions. The results show the ground state energy is -13.49 eV, first excited is -3.40 eV. The wavefunctions are normalized and orthogonal as required. Expectation values are also calculated and plotted correctly.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    297 views11 pages

    QM Lab Animesh PDF

    Uploaded by

    Animesh Sah
    The document contains the code and output of a quantum mechanics lab experiment. The code solves the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom to obtain the ground and first excited state energies. It calculates expectation values and plots the wavefunctions. The results show the ground state energy is -13.49 eV, first excited is -3.40 eV. The wavefunctions are normalized and orthogonal as required. Expectation values are also calculated and plotted correctly.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 11

    QUANTUM

    MECHANICS
    LAB

    SUBMITTED BY-
    ANIMESH SAH
    ROLL NO-6320
    BSc(Hons)Physics V-sem

    ANIMESH
    //Aim1- A particle is represented by the wave function:-

    Write a scilab code to determine the following of a wavefunction


    a) Normalization constant A
    b) Expectation value of position x
    c) Expectation value of momentum p
    d) Expectation value of x2
    e) Expectation value of p2
    f) Uncertainty in x
    g) Uncertainty in p
    h) Verify that the results are consistent with uncertainty principle.

    PROGRAM-
    clc
    a=input("Enter the lower limit:- ")
    b=input("Enter the upper limit:- ")
    //calculating normalization constant A
    hbar=1.05678971*(10^(-34))
    A1=integrate('(4-x^2)*(4-x^2)','x',a,b)
    A=1/(sqrt(A1))
    mprintf("\n Normalization constant is :-")
    disp(A)
    //calculating expectation value of position x

    x1=(integrate('(4-x^2)*x*(4-x^2)','x',a,b))*(A^2)
    mprintf("\nExpectation value of position is :-")
    disp(x1)

    //calculating expectation value of momentum P


    mprintf("\nExpectation value of momentum is :-")
    p=(integrate('(4-x^2)*x','x',a,b))*(A^2)*2*hbar*%i
    disp(p)
    //calculating expectation value of position square X^2
    x2=(integrate('(4-x^2)*x*x*(4-x^2)','x',a,b,[10^-4],[10^-4]))*(A^2)
    mprintf("\nExpectation value of position squared is :-")
    disp(x2)

    ANIMESH
    //calculating expectation value of momentum squared P^2
    p1=(integrate('(4-x^2)','x',a,b,[10^-4],[10^-4]))*(A^2)*2*(hbar^2)
    mprintf("\nExpectation value of momentum squared is :-")
    disp(p1)

    //calculating uncertainity in position


    d=x2-x1^2
    mprintf("\n Uncertainity in position is :-")
    dx=sqrt(d)
    disp(dx)

    //calculating uncertainity in position


    l=sqrt(p1)
    mprintf("\n Uncertainity in momentum is :-")
    disp(l)
    //verifying uncertainity principle
    hnew=l*dx //multiplying uncertainity in position and momentum
    mprintf("\n Product of Uncertainity in momentum and Uncertainity in position is :-")
    disp(hnew)
    h=hbar/2
    if hnew>=h then
    mprintf("The result is consistent with uncertainity principle")
    else
    mprintf("Inconsitent")
    end
    //plotting
    x=[-10:0.1:10]
    y=A*(4-x^2)
    plot(x,y)
    ylabel("Wavefunction------->")
    xlabel("Position----------->")
    xtitle("The plot between position and wavefunction ")
    xgrid(3,1,2)

    OUTPUT-
    Enter the lower limit:- -2
    Enter the upper limit:- 2
    Normalization constant is :-
    0.1711633
    Expectation value of position is :-
    0.
    ANIMESH
    Expectation value of momentum is :-
    0.
    Expectation value of position squared is :-
    0.5714286
    Expectation value of momentum squared is :-
    6.980D-69
    Uncertainty in position is :-
    0.7559289
    Uncertainty in momentum is :-
    8.355D-35
    Product of uncertainty in momentum and uncertainty in position is :-
    6.316D-35
    The result is consistent with uncertainty principle

    GRAPH-

    ANIMESH
    //Aim2- A particle is represented by a wave function at t=0

    Write a scilab code to determine the following:


    a) Normalization constant A
    b) Probability of finding the particle at 0<=x<=2
    c) Plot of (x,0) vs x.

    PROGRAM-
    clc
    A1=integrate('(x/2)*(x/2)','x',0,2)+integrate('(3-x)*(3-x)','x',2,3)
    A=1/sqrt(A1)
    mprintf("\n Normalization constant is :-")
    disp(A)

    //calculating probability of finding particle in region 1


    x1=(integrate('(x/2)*(x/2)','x',0,2))*A^2
    mprintf("\nProbability of finding particle in region 1 (0≤x≤2) :-")
    disp(x1)
    //calculating probability of finding particle in region 2
    x2=integrate('(3-x)*(3-x)','x',2,3)*A^2
    mprintf("\nProbability of finding particle in region 2 (2≤x≤3) :-")
    disp(x2)

    x=[0:0.1:2]
    //plotting the curve
    y=A*x/2
    plot(x,y)
    x=[2:0.1:3]
    y=A*(3-x)
    plot(x,y)
    ylabel("Wavefunction------->")
    xlabel("Position----------->")
    xtitle("The plot between position and wavefunction ")
    xgrid(3,1,2)

    ANIMESH
    OUTPUT-
    Normalization constant is :-
    1.

    Probability of finding particle in region 1 (0≤x≤2) :-


    0.6666667

    Probability of finding particle in region 2 (2≤x≤3) :-


    0.3333333

    GRAPH-

    ANIMESH
    //Aim3- Write a scilab code for the following :
    Solve the s-wave Schrodinger equation for the ground state
    and the first excited state of the hydrogen atom:

    Here, m is the reduced mass of the electron. Obtain the


    energy eigenvalues and plot the corresponding
    wavefunctions. Remember that the ground state energy
    of the hydrogen atom is ≈ -13.6 eV. Take e = 3.795
    (eVÅ)1/2, ħc = 1973 (eVÅ) and m = 0.511x106 eV/c2.

    PROGRAM-
    //constants
    clc
    clf
    // Aim- SSOLVING SCHRODINGER EQUATION FOR S WAVE HYDROGEN ATOM

    h=1973
    m=.511*10^(6)
    e=3.795
    k=((h)^2)/(2*m)
    //inputs
    H=[]
    xlow=input("Enter the lower value of position :- ")
    xhigh=input("Enter the upper value of position :- ")
    n=input("Enter the number of intervals :- ")
    a=(xhigh-xlow)/(n)
    mprintf(" \n\n CALCULATING ENERGY EIGEN VALUES AND FUNCTIONS \n\n ")

    for i=1:n-1

    for j=1:n-1
    if i==j then

    ANIMESH
    H(i,j)=((2*k)/(a)^2)-((e^2)/(xlow+a*i))
    elseif i==j+1 | j==i+1
    H(i,j)=-k/(a^2)
    else //if i>j+1 | j>i+1
    H(i,j)=0
    end
    end

    end
    [ef,ev]=spec(H)
    D=spec(H)
    E1=D(1)
    E2=D(2)

    mprintf("The ground state energy is %4.2f\n\n",E1)


    mprintf("The first excited state energy is %4.2f\n\n",E2)
    // AIM 2: NORMALISATION AND ORHTOGONALITY OF EIGEN FUNCTIONS
    mprintf(" NORMALISATION AND ORHTOGONALITY OF EIGEN FUNCTIONS \n\n ")
    X1=ef(:,1)
    X2=ef(:,2)
    X3=ef(:,3)
    L1=X1.*X1
    L2=X2.*X2
    O1=X1.*X2

    norm1=inttrap(L1)
    mprintf("The normalisation of wave function X1 ∫(X1*X1)is %4.4f eV\n ",norm1)
    norm2=inttrap(L2)
    mprintf("The normalisation of wave function X2 ∫(X2*X2)is %4.4f eV\n ",norm2)
    orth1=inttrap(O1)
    mprintf("The ∫(X1*.X2) is %4.4f\n\n",orth1)
    if abs(norm1-1)<0.02 & abs(norm2-1)<0.02 then
    mprintf("The wave function is normalised\n")
    else
    mprintf("The wave function is not normalised\n")
    end

    if abs(orth1)<0.02 then
    mprintf("The wave function is orhtogonal\n")
    else
    mprintf("The wave function is not orthogonal\n")
    end

    //AIM 3:EXPECTATION VALUES OF THE GROUND STATE: <x>,<x^2>


    mprintf(" \n\n EXPECTATION VALUES OF THE GROUND STATE: <x>,<x^2> \n\n ")
    for i=1:n-1
    x(i)=xlow+a*i
    end
    exg=(inttrap(X1.*x.*X1))
    exf=(inttrap(X2.*x.*X2))
    mprintf("The expectation value of x for ground state is %4.2f\n",exg)
    exg1=(inttrap(X1.*x.*x.*X1))
    exf1=(inttrap(X2.*x.*x.*X2))

    ANIMESH
    mprintf("The expectation value of x^2 for ground state is %4.2f\n",exg1)
    xrec=1./(x)
    exg2=(inttrap(X1.*xrec.*X1))
    exf2=(inttrap(X2.*xrec.*X2))
    mprintf("The expectation value of 1/x for ground state is %4.2f\n",exg2)

    //AIM 4: Expectation values of the first excited sate :<x>,<x^2>,<1/x>


    mprintf(" \n\n Expectation values of the first excited sate :<x>,<x^2>,<1/x> \n\n ")
    mprintf("The expectation value of x for first excited state state is %4.2f\n",exf)
    mprintf("The expectation value of x^2 for first excited state state is %4.2f\n",exf1)
    mprintf("The expectation value of 1/x for first excited state state is %f\n",exf2)
    //AIM 5: PLOT WAVE FUNCTIONS : GROUND STATE , FRIST EXCITED STATE AND SECOND
    EXCITED STATE
    scf(1)

    title("PLOT OF WAVE FUNCTION VS POSITION ")


    plot(x,X1,'.r','linewidth',3)
    plot(x,X2,'.-g')
    plot(x,X3,'b')
    xgrid(2,1,2)
    y=legend("Ground state","First Excited state","Second State")
    ylabel("-------->",'fontsize',3)
    xlabel("X-------->",'fontsize',3)

    //AIM 6: TO PLOT THE GIVEN POTENTIAL


    scf(2)
    title("PLOT OF POTENTIAL VS POSITION ")
    for i=1:n-1
    pot(i)=-((e^2)/(xlow+a*i))
    v(i)=xlow+a*i
    end
    plot(v,pot,'g','linewidth',2)
    xgrid(2,1,2)
    ylabel("Potential-------->",'fontsize',3)
    xlabel("X-------->",'fontsize',3)

    ANIMESH
    OUTPUT-
    Enter the lower value of position :- 0

    Enter the upper value of position :- 10

    Enter the number of intervals :- 100

    CALCULATING ENERGY EIGEN VALUES AND FUNCTIONS

    The ground state energy is -13.49 eV

    The first excited state energy is -3.40 eV

    NORMALISATION AND ORHTOGONALITY OF EIGEN FUNCTIONS

    The normalisation of wave function X1 ∫(X1*X1)is 0.9909


    The normalisation of wave function X2 ∫(X2*X2)is 0.9988
    The ∫(X1*.X2) is 0.0032

    The wave function is normalised


    The wave function is orhtogonal

    EXPECTATION VALUES OF THE GROUND STATE: <x>,<x^2>

    The expectation value of x for ground state is 0.80


    The expectation value of x^2 for ground state is 0.85
    The expectation value of 1/x for ground state is 1.77

    Expectation values of the first excited sate :<x>,<x^2>,<1/x>

    The expectation value of x for first excited state state is 3.17


    The expectation value of x^2 for first excited state state is 11.71
    The expectation value of 1/x for first excited state state is 0.459688

    ANIMESH
    GRAPH-

    1.

    2.

    ANIMESH

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