Jet Aircraft Propulsion

Prof Bhaskar Roy

Prof. A. M. Pradeep
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Lecture No. # 01
Intro and Development of Jet Aircraft Propulsion

Hello and welcome to this lecture series on jet aircraft propulsion. This is a new course that is
being offered under the NP-TEL phase two initiatives; and this is primarily a course meant
for the aerospace engineering students. And there are two of us who are offering this course
my name is Pradeep and along with me my collogue Professor Bhaskar Roy both of us from
the aerospace engineering department IIT Bombay would be offering this course. So over the
next few lectures, our aim, our intension is to educate you with some of the basic aspects of
jet aircraft propulsion. We would be primarily focusing on the aircraft propulsion mode that is
the air breathing mode of propulsion; we shall not be covering rocket propulsion in this
course. And so, this particular course that we are offering is primarily intended for aerospace
engineering students with some background and prerequisites that we shall which I shall
explain in a few minutes.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:40)

And so before we go into some of those details, let us take a very quick look at what does,
what are the contents of this particular course. So, basically these courses consist of these
broad areas or topics. And we shall begin this course with a brief introduction to this whole
course on aircraft jet propulsion, which will be primarily covered by Professor Bhaskar Roy.
Following this, I shall be covering the thermodynamic analysis of real cycles; I shall of
course also give some quick review of an ideal cycle of the jet engines followed by the real
cycle and its thermodynamic analysis. Subsequently, we shall be discussing about
compressors and turbines, basically we will be discussing the various components in which
constitute an aircraft engines. And the two main components of the aircraft engine are
compressors and turbines. And we also have combustion systems which we shall cover
subsequently. And then we shall be taking up intakes and propelling nozzles.

And then Professor Roy will also be covering aircraft engine install performance its sizing
and matching in detail. And then towards the end of the course, we will also be discussing in
brief about ramjets, scramjets, and pulsejets. And more details of the syllabus and the
contents are to be put up on to the NP-TEL website. So, you are requested to take a look at
the details of the course and the various topics that will be covered in this course through the
NP-TEL website.

So, the basic aim as I was mentioned in earlier of this course is to give you an overview or
and also, some in depth analysis of the different components; that constitute an aircraft jet
engine and what are different types jet engines that are prevalent and what makes these jet
engines different and what is the need for these different types of jet engines; what are that
components that are different in each of these engines. So, these are some of the topics that
we shall be covering. And we as a mentioned we will also be taking up the aircraft install
performance and how it is matched or the various components of the aircraft engine are
matched, so that all these individual components operate as a single unit, because though
these components are designed separately ultimately all these components have to fit into one
single engine and operate as more or less a single unit; so, it is important that there is a
matching between these different components.

Now, this course as a mentioned is made for aerospace engineers and as and aerospace
engineering students. And so, there are certain prerequisites that are expected from you,
regarding some basic courses that you need to have undergone to be able to understand and
appreciate various contents of this course.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:39)

So, there are couple of courses that we feel are prerequisites for this course, one is one of our
own course that is in on introduction to aerospace propulsion which we had offered under
NP-TEL phase two and so that is one of the courses that we strongly recommend that you
undergo before taking up this course or if you have undergone a course in engineering
thermodynamics as well as a course in basic fluid mechanics; as both these courses will be a
helpful in your understanding of the various topics which are to be discussed in this course.

So, we strongly recommend that you have undergone these courses before you start taking up
this course. So, that you are able to appreciate and understand the various aspects of a jet
aircraft propulsion. And so during the next several lectures we will be having about 42
lectures in total. And so during all these lectures we shall be discussing various topics and
what I shall do next is to take you through the contents which shall be discussed in the
subsequent lectures.
(Refer Slide Time : 05:49)

So before that let me also mentioned about the various text books that we recommend for this
course. One of the text books that we recommend for this course is by Michael and Thomas
on aircraft power plants, which was published the seventh edition of this book published by
Tata McGraw hill in 2010. And the second text book which has been there for quite some
time and is popularly followed in many colleges is a by hill and Peterson, which is mechanics
and thermodynamics of propulsion; there is an earlier version of this available that is
published way back in 1992 by Addison Wesley. And the third book that we would
recommend is by Mattingly.

So, this text book discusses primarily about the cycle analysis in very much detail so
mattingly’s text book discusses cycle analysis in good detail and this is published by the
AIAA education series and published in 2006. Another text book that you could also refer to
is by Ahmed Sayed on aircraft propulsion in gas turbine engines published by Taylor and
Francis, CRC press in 2008. And one of the classical text books on gas turbine theory is by
Saravanamuttoo, Rogers and Cohen; and this is gas turbine theory 2001 Pearson education
series; and this book is primarily meant for land based gas turbine engines but, they do have
chapters for aircraft propulsion. There is also a text book which one of the instructors of this
course Professor Roy has written on aircraft propulsion published by Elsevier India in 2008;
so this also a text that I would strongly recommend that you can take up for this particular
course.
So, these are some of the text books and reference material that you should be referring
through while undergoing this course; and in addition if we come across some other
interesting text books or reading material we shall also discus those during the schedule of
this course. And so we shall now look at what are the different contents of the course in little
more detail lecture by lecture starting from today’s lecture.

(Refer Slide Time: 08:21)

And so today’s lecture is basically an introductory lecture, which both the instructors are
going to handle. So part of this course, part of this particular lecture will also be taken up by
Professor Roy. It is primarily to do with introduction and development of aircraft jet
propulsion with little bit of historical perspective.

The second lecture is to be taken by Professor Roy on how the jet aircraft engines make
thrust or how is thrust produced by the jet engines; so, this is a very fundamental concept that
you need to understand very well. And so, that will be discussed in detail during the second
lecture. The third lecture is on the basic performance parameters of jet engines the second
will be covered by Professor Roy. And subsequently, we shall look at the different types of
engines in detail starting with the turbo jet engine, the different forms of turbo jet, the turbo
jet with reheat, the multi spool engines, etcetera. And the lecture 5 will continue the
discussion on turbofans, turbo props and turbo shaft engines. In lecture 6 we shall take up the
ideal and real Brayton cycle joule Brayton cycle which I shall be taking on; and then we will
also discuss the differences between the ideal and real cycle and how is it that we can carry
out a cycle analysis of these cycles.

And then we shall take up the jet engine cycles for aircraft propulsion; the ideal joule bray
ton cycle is basically a closed cycle; and so, in aircraft engine as you know dose not really
operate in a close cycle mode; and there are certain differences between the ideal bray ton
cycle as applied to jet aircraft propulsion so we will discuss that in the seventh lecture. And
then we will also be take up the different components of the jet cycle thermodynamically and
how do you analyze the performance of these cycle components like the intake, the
compressors, combustion chamber, turbine, nozzle, etcetera that will be discussed in lecture-
8.

In lecture-9, we will have a tutorial session we will take up cycle analysis and we will solve
some problems from cycle analysis the real cycle analysis of some of the engines; and that
would give us some idea how we could carry out the cycle analysis given some of the
performance parameters. Lecture-10 will be detailed analysis of the real cycles followed by a
tutorial during lecture 11. And in lecture-12 onwards we will discuss about the components in
much more detail, we will start with the thermodynamics of compressors, which Professor
Roy will take up. In lecture-13, we will take up the thermodynamics of turbines.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:17)

Lecture-14 will be the axial compressors we will discuss about two dimensional analytical
models for axial compressors. Followed by in lecture-15 we will take up the cascade analysis
and how to estimate the loss and blade performance of cascades. Lecture-16, we shall devote
to what is known as the free vortex theory, and also about the single and multi stage
characteristics of an axial compressor. So, this will be followed by a tutorial on axial
compressors in lecture-17. Lecture-18 we shall devote for a centrifugal compressor, what are
the elements of centrifugal compressor. And then in lecture-19 we will take up centrifugal
analysis, its characteristics like surging, choking, etcetera in detail.

In lecture-20, we will take up the next component that is axial flow turbine and its 2 D
analysis, cascade analysis. Lecture-21 is multi staging of axial turbines, turbine cooling,
etcetera, which again will be handled by Professor Roy. Lecture-22 is radial turbine
aerodynamics and thermodynamics, estimation of losses and efficiency followed by tutorial
in lecture-23.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:35)

In lecture-24 will start with the combustion chambers, the mechanism of combustion and
what are the parameters involved in combustion chamber performance. In lecture-25, we will
discuss about pressure loss, combustion efficiency, combustion intensity. And then in lecture-
26, we will discuss the particle combustion system which is applied which is about it is in
aircraft engines the stability of combustion and fuel injection. In lecture-27 we will take up
another component of aircraft engine that is the intake and we will discuss the transport and
military aircraft intake separately. We will also discussing about different types of aircraft
intakes the subsonic intake, the transonic and the supersonic intake designs that will be in
lecture-28. Lecture-29, we will discuss about the nozzle, the different types of nozzle, the
fixed and variable geometry nozzles. And then in lecture-30, we will discuss about the
convergent divergent nozzle and their applications. Lecture-31 will be basically a tutorial
session on intakes and nozzles.

(Refer Slide Time: 13:46)

And in lecture 32, we have engine off design parameters and operation which will be discuss
by Professor Roy. Lecture 33, we will discuss about engine component matching and
dimensional analysis. And in lecture 34, this will be continued and we will discuss that in
more detail of component matching and sizing. Lecture 35 will be installed performance of
engines. And there will be a tutorial session which will be during lecture 36 on off design
performance and matching.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:21)

In lecture 37, we will discuss about use of ramjets pulsejets in aircraft propulsion; and you
might have already heard about ramjets and pulsejets for we will discuss that in and little
detail during that lecture. And take up some analysis thermodynamic analysis of ramjets in
lecture 38. And in lecture 39, we will discuss what flow in diffusers, combustors and nozzles,
as applied for a ramjet engine. Lecture 40 will be about design performance of ramjet
scramjet engines, and followed by a tutorial during lecture 41. And the last lecture that is
lecture 42 we shall be discussing about future of aircraft propulsion having discussed the
conventional propulsion as well as the propulsion concepts that are being used currently. We
will then discuss about where is that the aircraft propulsion is going in the future and what are
different concepts that will probably be used in future aircraft propulsion systems.

So, these were the lecture wise schedule and contents that we shall be discussing over this
lecture series. And so in today’s lecture as we as I mentioned we will discuss about
fundamental aspects of jet aircraft propulsion, introduction to jet aircraft propulsion and some
amount of historical prospective of that. So, I guess if you have already undergone the basic
course of introduction to aerospace propulsion that we have already taken up in NP-TEL; you
would have already had some idea about what are the different types of aircraft engines that
are jet engines that are currently in use. So, let me give you some overview of what are
different types of jet engines that are existing; and also what are the different basically the
differences between different types of these jet engines.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:27)

So, aircraft jet engines can be classified into many of these groups which I am sure you
would have already heard about. One of basic forms of the aircraft jet engines is the turbojet.
The turbojet engine can operate in two modes; it could operate with an afterburner or without
an afterburner. And afterburning is basically used to generate additional thrust, when the
aircraft has to cruse to super has to accelerate to supersonic Mach numbers and also cruse at
the same Mach number. So, it could operate either in the afterburning mode or the non
afterburning mode.

The other form of the aircraft jet engine is the turboprop. And turboprop is consists of a jet
engine one com one of the turbines of the jet engine drives a propeller and propeller generates
a substantial thrust in addition to the nozzle thrust itself. The turboprops are still used in
transport aviation, you might have seen some of the smaller jet engines which use turboprops;
and so turboprops can again be driven either by propeller it could be turboprops or the turbo
shaft; in fact they are also similar because turbo shaft is a engine used in helicopters; And in
helicopters as we know there is no jet thrust it is basically the thrust generated by the main
rotor blade. And in both these cases the propeller in the case of turboprop or the rotor blade in
the case of turbo shaft in driven by free turbine; and it is in some cases mounted on the
compressor shaft itself with a gear box.

Now, the other popular type of aircraft engine is the turbofan. We will discuss the
classification of turbofan in the next slide because, the many types of turbofans which are
prevalent. And then some of the advanced concepts like the unducted propfan and the ducted
fan engines; and these both of these could either have a single propeller system or a contra
rotating prop fan system. So, some of these will again be discussed in little more detail in
later lectures or it has already been discussed in the earlier course on introduction to
aerospace propulsion.

(Refer Slide Time: 19:06)

Now, turbofan as you knows is the engine that is used in a most of the transport aircraft and
the larger sized transport aircraft. The turbofan engines can as you can see constitute of
different types or different classes; it could either be broadly classified as forward fan system
and aft fan system or the other classification is the high bypass ratio system and the low
bypass ratio system. Now, let us take up the forward fan system which is how most of the
engines are in if the turbofan is a forward fan system; the turbofan could either be operating
in the mixed flow mode or in the unmixed flow mode; the unmixed flow mode the bypass air
does not makes with the core flow within the aircraft within the engine itself; in the mixed
engine flow mode, the bypass and the core flow mix within the engine before the exit the
nozzle; and therefore, they can operate in both the modes that is non afterburning mode or
with an afterburner mode.

And the other type or classification of the forward fan, turbo fan could be based on different
spools. These engines could either be a single spool system, two spool or three spool system;
and they could be operating with either a geared fan or an ungeared fan; that is with a gear
box which will reduce the speed of the fan or not. And depending upon bypass ratio the
engines could be classified as high bypass or a low bypass ratio engine. In a low bypass ratio
engine, which is a similar to that of a mixed flow engine; the engine could operate in non
afterburning or an afterburning mode; and with low bypass ratio the turbo fan approaches that
of a turbojet engine because, bypass ratios tend to be very low and they are sometimes use to
military engines.

Turbofans could also be operating let us say with a prop fan operating in the where the
propeller is or the prop fan is in the rear of the engine. So, it is operating in the aft fan mode,
that is the fan is located not in the initial part of the engine but, the later part of the engine,
that is the aft fan mode of the engine. So, these are different types of engines and their
classification and what are how these different types of engines operate etcetera will be
discussed in more detail as we proceed. And so what we shall now do is to discuss about the
development of aircraft jet engines so Professor Roy will now take up the development of
aircraft jet engines in with some historical perspective in much more detail.

My name is Bhaskar Roy; I am in aerospace engineering department of IIT Bombay along

with professor Pradeep; I will be participating in the lecture series on jet aircraft propulsion
talking about various aspects of jet propulsion. In today’s lecture Professor Pradeep has
already introduced to you, the various topics that we will be covering, the various aspects of
jet propulsion that we will be covering in the course of this entire lecture series over
approximately 42 lectures.

He has also introduced to you the various books, and the various prerequisites that are
required for this propulsion course. In today’s lecture in the remainder of the today’s lecture I
will try to introduce to you the various aspects of development of jet engine, with a certain
touch of the historical perspective. Jet propulsion has been around for nearly 60 years now or
little more than that. Over the period of this 60 or odd years, the jet propulsion has improved
and it has become one of the most glamorous field of engineering and technology the world
over. It makes the human being fly higher and faster takes them all over the world in a very
short space of time, meeting, both personal as well as business requirements of various kinds
of people.

However, the development of this jet aircraft propulsion has been going on long before the jet
propulsion actually came into being and started flying. Jet propulsion has a concept has been
around for quite some time, before they actually got materialized; and various aspects of jet
propulsion conceptually and technology have been in development for quite some time at
least for a period of 50 years before they actually flew. Today, we will try to take a look at
how this jet propulsion development took place, and where we are today, and the various
aspects of jet propulsion that make an aircraft engine such a fascinating technological marvel.

(Refer Slide Time: 24:58)

We will see that jet propulsion as a concept has been around for more than 100 years, if we
start with how it all started. Sir Isaac Newton, he theorized for the first time based on his own
laws of motion; that if you have an acceleration of flow rear-ward this could actually propel a
machine forward at a sufficient speed to make a body move. Now, this is the theory that
based on his own laws of motion; that started the whole thinking that one could possibly have
a jet propulsion.

And if you the working medium that he conceived and people later on have a theorized and
materialized, is the use of air. Now, this is an important aspect that you use air, that is bend
abundantly available atmosphere and you simply recycle the air to create jet propulsion. This
is an important aspect, in the sense that if you have to continuously depend on other kind of
material for creating propulsive force, then you are dependence of the other kind of material
could limit your propulsive activity.

Now that is exactly what is done in rocket propulsion, that the material that is used for
propulsion is completely generated by human beings and stored inside the rocket body. But,
in aircraft propulsion the material that is fundamentally used for a propulsive purpose is the
air itself. It is taking from the atmosphere and it is giving back to the atmosphere; it comes
into the engine and goes out of the engine back into the atmosphere; and this is what
Professor Pradeep mentioned as an open cycle that it of it occurs in a cycle, it is taken inside
the engine it goes through what we call thermo-dynamically a cycle, and we will discuss that
through the course of this lecture series in some detail. And at the end of this operation of
creation of propulsive force, the air is ejected out of the cycle into the atmosphere back into
the atmosphere.

Now this is an important concept and because of the success of this concept, the jet aircraft
propulsion has became such an all pervading technological use in our life. Now, let us look at
various aspects of how the propulsive devices are developed.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:44)

Surprisingly, in the 1920s immediately after the world war one in US, under the high
powered committee working under NACA, which was the National Administrative Council
for Aspects, various aspects of Aeronautical developments, and they actually concluded that a
jet engine was not a feasible proposition at that point of time after going through various
aspects of science and technology that is required to make a jet engine work.

And because of this high powered committee’s recommendation, very little work was done in
US on jet engine development. Now, we all of course know, that most of the jet engine
development have been going on for last 50 years a big chunk of it is actually in US, but quite
surprisingly prior to that prior to world war two, very little work was going on in US because,
this particular committee had decided that jet engine was not a feasible proposition. However,
Frank Whittle had later on Sir Frank Whittle, he went ahead quietly and patented his concept
of jet engine and we will have a look at his jet engine in few minutes from now and he did
that in England in 1930.

And this patent is what is normally considered the first patent of a jet engine or first patent
granted to jet engine in the whole world. Later on after the world war two, Sir Frank Whittle
actually migrated to US; and he spent most of his developments, developing years in US,
developing various forms of jet engine, starting of course from his own concept of jet engine.

Doctor Hans Von Ohain working independently in Germany, along the same time as Frank
Whittle also went ahead, and patented in Germany, his concept of jet engine in 1936. Now,
these two are independent development they had no connection with each other and those
days remember, the communication channels were not very easily established. So, they did
their work independently, developed the concept independently and went ahead and patented
them independently, in their own countries. And this engine developed by Doctor Hans Von
Ohain actually flew with the Heinkel aircraft in 1939; and this was indeed the first jet engine
to fly. So, the jet engine developed in Germany by Doctor Von Ohain was indeed the first jet
engine to fly before Sir Frank Whittle’s engine.

Now after the world war two we know that the world was in term all, and after the world two
Doctor Von Ohain also migrated to US, and he also developed many of his later
developments in USA. So, both the further figures of the jet engine development the mode in
jet engine development later on did most of their work in US; and that also explains why after
the world war two many of the jet engine were indeed developed in US. Of course, we have
seen lot of development also going in England and Germany and many other countries in
Europe.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:12)

Let us take a quick look at the fundamental concept of how a jet propulsion device indeed
creates a propulsive force. Now, as I mention the typical aircraft actually uses air, now what
we see in this simple hand sketch is that air comes into the to propulsive device from the
front; and this air comes in with a certain velocity let us say Va; and this is the scenario you
would have when the aircraft is indeed flying; so, when the aircraft is flying it is coming in
with a certain velocity which is matching with the flight speed of the aircraft; so, the flight
speed of the aircraft makes a certain amount of air come inside the jet propulsion device; and
then the propulsive device does its propulsive work on this air; and then lets it out through the
rear with another velocity which is V e. And the Newton’s laws quite clearly tell us that if you
are to get a positive amount of force created out of this device, it is necessary that V e should
be substantially higher than V a; and then the amount of mass that is activated; so, the
product of the mass that is activated; and the acceleration or the change of velocity that takes
place over this propulsive device indeed creates the propulsive force.

Now this is the simple concept based on which the propulsive devices have been created; so,
all jet aircraft engines that we will be talking about over the period of this lecture series will
indeed be operative based on this fundamental concept. Now, let us see how the whole
concept have indeed developed.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:22)

You see the key to a practical jet engine was the gas turbine from which it indeed derives its
name. The basic jet engine is technically also referred to as a gas turbine engine; and the key
to this is actually the operation of a turbine or gas turbine, which is used to extract energy
from the engine itself; and you will need this gas turbine to drive a compressor.

So you have a coupling of a turbine and a compressor, which is an absolute necessity for
working of this kind of an engine. And you need a combination of turbine and compressor,
which then creates a loop energy loop inside the engine and this energy loop, is the key to the
development of practical jet engine. Now, gas turbine is an old concept; it is been around for
a very long time. The development actually practical development started in 1930s;
compressor development started actually a little later, but the patent for a stationary turbine
was granted to John Barber in England way back in 1791; that is a little more than 200 years
back.

So turbine as a concept or gas turbine as a concept has been around for little more than
actually 200 years. Now, turbines have been around turbines have been around as a wind
turbines; they have been around as water turbines literally for hundreds of years; people have
been using the concept of using either water or air to rotate a turbine like rotor to develop
energy, to develop shaft power and to develop work; and this is how the wind turbines have
been developed; they have been around for centuries now; the water turbines have been
around for also centuries.
So the concept of using flowing fluid whether its water or air to run a turbine in a rotating
mode and to create shaft power and to get work out of it as a concept has been around for
literally centuries. Gas turbine as a concept has been around for now little more than 200
years. The first gas turbine was successfully run technologically proven was built in 1903
according to the documents that are available by a Norwegian engineer Egidius Elling; now
this is little more than 100 years back. The point is making a gas turbine work you need gas,
you need turbine material, that can with stand the gas temperature and pressure, and hence
there are certain technological requirements for making a gas turbine work.

So, in design and practical engineering and certain aspects of material requirement of
metallurgy quite often prevented actual manufacturing of these engines on large scale. So,
large scale use of gas turbine came off a little later even though it was proven way back in
1903; mark the date 1903 is also the year in which Wright brothers flew their first aircraft.

(Refer Slide Time: 38:25)

Now this is the engine, which was created by Sir Frank Whittle, and this particular engine
you are looking at is indeed the engine that flew. So the first patent he created was way back
in 1930, this it jet engine flew about 7 or 8 years after that, a little after Doctor Von Ohain’s
engine flew in Heinkel aircraft, now this engine is conceptually and in detail somewhat
different form Doctor Von Ohain’s engine. Now this consists of for example, a centrifugal
compressor a number of these cylinders that you see around that look like gas cylinders, they
are indeed the combustion chambers and on the side you can see a centrifugal compressor, we
will have a look at what a centrifugal compressor is later on in this course in some detail.

And on this one what you can see here is the back of the engine the jet nozzle; the nozzle
through which, the jet comes out a hot jet which is been gone through which is gone through
a process of compression in the centrifugal compressor or process of combustion in these
combustion chambers, which are wrapped around the engine they supply the hot gas, which is
been compressed; so, it goes into a turbine, which one is not able to see here very clearly, and
then it comes out through this jet for creation of jet thrust so, this is what Sir Frank Whittle’s
jet engine was that flew for the first time around 1938.

If on the other hand if you look at the Heinkel engine that was created by Doctor Von Ohain
that looks little a more like various kinds of jet engines that we see today. Now this is the
engine this is of course, a picture taken in a museum, and you can see the various modern
components of the jet engine, you can see the compressors over here, and then you have the
combustion chamber, and then you have the turbine, and it looks more like a modern jet
engine and the jet nozzle through which the jet hot jet finally, comes out. Now, this is Von
Ohain’s concept of jet engine and this is the kind of engine that indeed flew as Heinkel
engine. Heinkel was a business man who supported the work of Doctor Von Ohain who was
indeed a proper academician and a researcher, and this engine was as we now the first jet
engine that flew.

Now this is the kind concept that you would see you see what happens is if you look at Sir
Von Ohain’s engine it is a sleek long engine that takes in air from the front and lets out air
from the rear creating jet propulsion force.
(Refer Slide Time: 41:49)

If for example, if you put such a engine inside the body of the aircraft this is the scenario, you
would probably have with you the engine is good in proper buried inside the body of an
aircraft; and air has to be ingested into this engine; so, you would need rather long air intake
system; we will be talking about the intake system later on in this course.

And this intake system delivers the air into it takes from the atmosphere delivers it inside the
engine; the engine does it is various kinds of technological work on the air, and then the hot
air or gas is finally, let out through a long tail pipe creating a propelling jet. Now this is how
the jet thrust would indeed be created, if you have an engine that is buried inside an aircraft
and this is how the whole business indeed started that you have one engine buried inside
aircraft; in those days, in the early days, the aircraft were indeed small and one engine was
considered quite often sufficient to make the aircraft fly.

The typical components of the jet engine are for example, shown here and we will be looking
at them more and more as we go along in this lecture series you have you would indeed have
a rotary compressor, which we shall see is quite different from the piston compressor which
you would normally do in other courses and we have done a little bit of that in the
introduction jet propulsion course, this rotary compressor then actually moves in a rotary
shaft which is indeed to run by the turbine.

So what just now I was saying is that you need a turbine to run the compressor so if turbine
compressor is a kind of a combination, which is buried inside this jet engine device, and this
is essential or key to the development of the jet engines, in the sense the turbine compressor
combination creates the high pressure air or working medium, which is then ingested with a
fuel and raise to high temperature, so that one finally creates high temperature and pressure
gas, which is used to create the propelling jet. So, quick key to the development of jet engine
was indeed development of turbine and immediately there after development of rotary
compressor and we shall see various kinds of compressors as we go along in this lecture
series.

(Refer Slide Time: 44:53)

Here, we look at a very simple schematic of a modern gas turbine based jet engine. Typically,
you would have the air coming in from the front ingested into this jet engine through this
opening that is available, and these are to be properly geometrically designed, and the air has
it comes in goes through a rotary compressor has we just saw, the rotary compressor or the
process of compression may be done in stages. The typically compression process we would
be studying in this course, effectively refers to what is also known as aerodynamic
compressor, as oppose to positive displacement compressor, which we you do in piston
engines.

Now this kind of compression, which is a rotary compressor uses rotary compressor uses
various laws of aerodynamics to create the compression of air. This compressed air is then
delivered into this combustion chamber in which fuel is indeed burned very small amount of
fuel is burnt and that is sufficient to raise the temperature of the air to very high temperatures;
so, what we have is air infused with a small amount of fuel and one may call it then gas;
fundamentally it is air; and then this hot highly compressed and high temperature gas is then
released on to the turbine, which is indeed also a rotary turbine and this rotary turbine
extracts work out of it as is required of a turbine all kinds of turbine, and this turbine then
through the shaft runs the compressor.

So, this what I was saying that you need a mechanical coupling of the turbine compressor,
and this turbine compressor coupling creates the high pressure gas inside of which is the
stomach of the engine and that is where the fuel is burnt, and the combination of turbine
compressor combustion chamber often referred to as a co engine creates the high pressure
high temperature gas, and this is then let out through the nozzle which creates the jet
propulsion thrust.

So, this the development that is taken place so, all the aircraft engine that we will be talking
about over the course of this lecture series will have some form of rotary compressor, it will
have some form of combustion chamber and some form of rotary turbine and we will be also
talking about various aspects of the intakes shapes and their geometries and various kinds of
nozzles that create the that help create the final thrust and their geometries. These are the
various things that we will be talking about over the course of this lecture series. We will take
a look at a very modern aircraft jet engine. You see if you just go back very quickly to the
earlier one discriminate schematic actually shows the line drawing or just a cutout lets us say
2D cut out of the rotary compressor combustion chamber turbine. It looks at this movement
reasonably a simple device.

(Refer Slide Time: 48:44)

The moment you look at a three-dimensional picture of a modern aircraft jet engine, and this
particular picture is indeed a picture of a actual modern jet engine. You can actually see inside
of this literally hundreds probably thousands of parts. This is the mechanical engineering that
goes into creation of a modern jet engine; the front parts or the parts that we referred to as the
rotary compressor, and then you have the combustion chamber here, and then you have the
rotary turbines over here; all these and then you have the shaft system along shaft system
which as you can in this engine and most of the engine that we will see later on are actually
hallow shafts.

And of course, they need to be hallow these parts need to be devised very carefully, because
they are going on an aircraft. In an aircraft one of the most important parameters that we will
see a later on in this course is the thrust to weight ratio; so, weight of these engine is a crucial
point in the development and design of these kind of jet engine. Every part will have to be
literally weighed in and should qualify to be on an aircraft engine so, these hundreds of parts
that go to it are very carefully designed and weighed in and their utility have to be completely
justified to be inside an aircraft engine.

Hence, you can see here that an aircraft engine indeed consists of literally hundreds and
thousands of parts, which actually finally make an aircraft engine that is worthy of putting on
an aircraft and flying on an aircraft various kinds of aircraft; whether it is large aircraft or
small aircraft; some of the basic requirements of aircraft are very similar; We shall have a
look at various kinds of engines that go into various kinds of aircraft, and over the course of
this lecture series we will have a look at all these parts that you are looking at, and how these
parts have been put in place to make up a whole aircraft jet propulsion system.