INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

Philosophy
-Come from a Greek word “philo” and Partial Perspective is looking at the situation
“Sophia” only in one part not seeing the whole situation.
Philo = Love
Sophia = Wisdom Big Questions
Ex. What is my purpose?
Philosophy originally meant, “love of Wisdom” Small and Precise Questions
Ex. What is your name?
Philosophy – Is defined as the attitude of Particular Questions
mind that by natural light of reason studies Ex. What is the best ice cream flavor for
the first causes or the highest principles of all kids?
things.
Sages – wise men
Under this definition, four things are to be Thales of Miletus – First Philosopher
considered: Pythagoras of Croton- coined the term
Philosopher which means, Lover of wisdom.
1. Scientific Approach – it uses scientific
approach because the investigation is
systematic. It is an organized body of EMPTYING - Is suspending one’s judgment
knowledge just like any other sciences. and conclusion about a matter and mentally
2. Natural Light of Reason -It means that exploring the pros and cons, the characteristic
philosophy does not use supernatural revelation or and the purpose of an idea or situation.
faith to investigate something.
3. First Cause or Highest Principle, it is principle Branches of Philosophy
because everything in the world and every situation
has a starting point and beginning. 1. METAPHYSICS
-Is only an extension of the fundamental
The first Principle are: and necessary drive in every human being to
1. Principle of Identity know what is real.
-Whatever is, is; and whatever is not is not;
everything is what it is. Everything is its own being 2. ETHICS
and not being is not being. -Is the branch of Philosophy that
2. Principle of Non contradiction explores the nature of moral virtue and
-it is impossible for a thing to be and not to evaluates the morality and virtue of human
be at the same time. actions.
3. Principle of Excluded Middle
-a thing is either is or is not; Everything must ETHICS HAS FIVE MAIN
be either be or not be; between being and not being, FRAMEWORKS:
there is no middle ground possible.
4. Principle of Sufficient Reason 1. Divine Command
-Nothing exists without a sufficient reason What does God ordain us to do?
for its being existence. 2. Consequentialism or Utilitarianism
What has the most desirable
Holistic Perspective -is seeing the situation as a consequences?
whole by connecting its parts and looking What is the good for the greatest
through the bird's eye view. number of people is the best choice and moral
choice.
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 3. Deontological Ethics
-Whatever is my moral duty to do? / 5. AESTHETICS- Is the science of the
regardless of what people thinks or feels about beautiful in its various manifestations.
the situation.
Importance of Aesthetics:
4. Virtue Ethics
-What kind of person i ought to be? 1. It vitalizes our knowledge – It makes
our knowledge of the world alive and
5. Relativism useful
What does my culture or society think i 2. It helps us live more deeply and
ought to do? richly- A work of art—whether a book,
a piece of music, painting, or television
3. EPISTEMOLOGY – Deals with the nature, show—helps us rise from purely
Sources, Limitations, and Validity of physical existence into the realm of
knowledge. intellect and the spirit.
3. It brings us in touch with our culture
Epistemological Questions are: – Things about us change rapidly
1. How we know what we claim to know? nowadays that we forget how much we
2. How we can find out what we wish to owe to the past.
know
3. How we can differentiate truth from 6. POLITICS- is ethics applied to a group of
falsehood. people in the society. It tells us how a society
must be set up and how one should act within
How do we acquire Human knowledge? the society.

Induction – They believed that general ideas ----Attaining a comprehensive outlook in life---
are formed from the examination of particular
facts. A. Western and Non-Western Traditions
--------- Empiricism- view that knowledge can Three great original centers of
be attained only through sense experience. philosophy
Deduction- They believed that it is more  Greek / western
important to find a general law according to  Indian
which particular facts can be understood or  Chinese
judged.
---------Rationalist- is that real knowledge is During the First Centuries, East has more
based on logic, law, and methods that reason philosophical activity than the West.
develop.
Pragmatists – believed that value in use is the Western Tradition
real test of truth and meaning. The meaning and Reversal from the time of Greek Triumvirate
truth of an idea are tested by its practical 1. Socrates
consequences. 2. Plato
3. Aristotle
4. LOGIC- it means a treatise on matters
pertaining to the human thought. Logic
is not interested in what we know The western Thinkers started to indulge in
regarding certain subjects. Its concern, feverish philosophical speculation, whereas the
rather, is the truth or the validity of our Asian thinkers began diminishing philosophical
arguments regarding such objects. activity.
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 have died at a precise time and when he dies,
In the present Century, Almost all the major his life continues in another form.
philosophical ideas emanate from western
thinkers. This is indispensable to the understanding of
Samsara or Rebirth.
China x American = imitation.
The world in fact did not have an
Global Information absolute beginning but was merely a
-Cannot be understood by continuation of an earlier world in an earlier
oversimplification. “One size does not fit all” time, therefore a succession of worlds and a
There are Multiple cultures, and different types succession of lives.
of states in terms of recent economic
modernization. In the East, philosophy is a religion and
religion is philosophy.
“East” is very different from that of the West, The oriental does not separate
but that does not mean each culture is incapable philosophical thought from religion that is life
of Understanding certain features of the other. in action. They thought that it is philosophy in
Ex. OFW action.

Society or Culture Orientals believe that life must be the

-Has its own ideas of itself a definition extension of thought, its fruit and its application.
of what is important in life, Its own notions of
what the world like in general terms; thus, each 3. The readiness to revert to extra logical if
society or culture can be said to have its own not illogical modes of thinking.
“philosophy” -The acceptance of the validity of
intuition and mysticism.
Three Attitudinal Imperatives that we must bear -The readiness to revert to extra logical
in mind if we are to appreciate either the if not illogical modes of thinking.
Oriental or Eastern and Occidental or Ex. Support (pagkakaisa)
Western thought.
B. Filipino Thinking: From Local to
In Contrast to the propensity (an inclination or Global
natural tendency to behave in a particular way) “Filipino thought”
of the West to
1. Think in a linear manner, that is, In Three Dimensions of Filipino Thought are:
terms of beginning and ending in a  Loob
straight line.  Filipino Concept of Time
Ex. Death in Us  Bahala na

Oriental thought runs in a circular manner in

which
2. The end conjoins the beginning in a
cyclic style.
Ex. Death and a new life in Asia

In a manner of Speaking, Nothing actually

begins absolutely or Ends absolutely. A man
may have been born at a precise time and may
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  Loob: Holistic and Interior
Dimensions At jan na nabuo yung idea na kinuha sa concept
ng India na
Kagandahang loob, kabutihang-loob and KARMA (what goes around comes back around)
kalooban – are terms that show sharing of one’s and Yin Yang thought in Chinese.
self to others.
Kaya, dapat maalam tayo makisama,
Loob – puts one in touch with his fellow beings.
(The values of loyalty, hospitality, Pakikisama- “living in harmony with nature”
pakikisama and respect to authority are such –japan philo
values that relate to persons) (Ex.marine,)
Filipino Time is mistakenly interpreted as
A Leader or Manager with always delayed in the committed time of arrival.
This notions can be misleading since the
MAGANDANG KALOOBAN – is not Filipino farmer are early risers to go to their
passive but plays an active role in economic field and waste no time for work.
development
Ex. Boss na pinoy, Ofw na minaltrato) Siesta time or Power naps – is also important
for Filipino culture that must not be necessarily
A good leader motivates people to achieve considered negative.
economic success giving them
 BAHALA NA
LAKAS NG LOOB- to regard themselves in a Filipino people believed in a Supreme Being,
positive light, amid misfortune, obstacles and “bathala” humans live with cosmic spirits or
unpredictability of the economy. presence.

 FILIPINO CONCEPT OF TIME BATHALA – is not an impersonal entity but

rather a personal being that keeps the balance in
“LIFE is like a wheel, sometimes you are up, the universe. (God)
and while sometimes you are down”
BAHALA NA (COME WHAT MAY) means
“A human being is like a bird who flies up and to leave everything to god who is bathala in the
goes downs” vernacular.
----------- It is one of the most outstanding
“gulong ng palad” or wheel of furtune Filipino Virtues
---------It is one aspect perceived as courage to
(Hoping, kung anong puno syang bunga) = take risks.
optimistic Ex. Working Abroad, pagpapasadiyos.
Lagi tayong hoping na kapag may
nangyayaring masama may magandang kapalit. C. Filipino thought and Values: Positive
and Negative Aspects
“the sun would shine and nature would heal
itself”  Utang na Loob – receives protection
“If one has reached the lowest ebb, there is no and other favors from above and should
way to go but up” be ready to do the same toward his ties
below.
Ilan lamang sa patunay na Time is considered
cyclic.
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The Filipino gives great value to endurance and ABUNDANCE IS A CHOICE
hard work as means to economic self- -Is a choice which translates into commitment,
sufficiency – refers not to individual self, but to determination and perseverance?
the family to which one owes a special debt of -Abundance is more of an effort of the heart
gratitude for having brought him life and than mind alone,
nurtured him.
Para ma achieve, one must commit. Kahit
BAYANIHAN – or helping others in times of gaano pa kapait ang mundo at kahit hilahin
need. It is another moving spirit of the Filipino tayo pababa dapat marunong tayo manindigan
people. kase, abundance is a choice.

D. PHILOSOPHY: Transcending and Book: The secret by Rhonda bryne

Aiming for a life of Abundance Our dreams regardless of who we are,
the universe will answer our wishes. Our
Abundance –To overflow nonstop. (“siksik, wishes will come true because we attract them.
liglig at umaapaw na kasaganaan”) Cooperate with the power of dreams or God
himself. God will grant our wishes in his due
ABUNDANCE IS NOT WHAT WE KEEP time.
BUT WHAT WE GIVE AWAY
---- To live in an abundant life, one must pursue ABUNDANCE IS TO EVOLVE INTO A
one’s desires and inner self. One must go after HIGHER BEING
what fulfils, before making more money. It is -A deliberate or conscious desire to act
paradoxical because to be able to have, we upon what can make us happy and others happy
must first let go. Ex. Testimony – Nechelson Macaraig.

Aguilar, para ang buhay ay maging

masagana, dapat marunong tayo mag control. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
For they have impact on the other people.
Harsh words, pollution and eating unhealthy PHILOSOPHIZING – is to think or express
food where choices influence or effect not only oneself in a rational and logical manner.
ourselves but others as well. --- Karma
A. PHENOMENOLOGY : ON
EX. Masama lagi ang sobra, pagmamalabis, CONCIOUSNESS
babalikan tayo ng lahat ng ginagawa natin pag
tanda natin. Kapag suwait ka PHENOMENOLOGY- Study of reality and
the structures of consciousness,
ABUNDANCE IS NOT WHAT WE HOLD
BUT WHAT WE SHARE -Focuses on careful inspection and
----reminded us that money should not description of phenomena or appearances
matter much, for every moment is a blessing, defined as any object of conscious experience,
even if one does not have money. Abundance that is, that which we are conscious of,
comes to the one who has money and heart,
money and values, money and relationship, Edmund Husserl = founded phenomenology.
money and deeper happiness
“TRUTH IS BASED ON THE PERSON’S
Ex., kaya kapag may nakikita tayong mayaman, CONCIOUSNESS”
na patuloy yumayaman sinasabi natin kaya
ibinibless kase maalam sa tao at sa Panginoon, It refers to our ideas.
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 POSTMODERNISM- is more of an attitude
PHENOMENON = APPEARANCE and a reaction to modernism which is a
PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD- is a worldview of order, logic and authority based
series that continuously revises our perception on knowledge.
of reality. (it is accepted that truth is not absolute and in
Ex.manananggal/ si bella na. logic, truth is based on reasoning and critical
thinking)
B. EXISTENTIALISM: ON FREEDOM
Postmodernists – naniniwala na ang
Existentialism- one’s search for truth might be katutuhanan ay nasa tamang pagiisip at kasama
based on one’s attitude or outlook. ang spiritual na paniniwala (spiritual =
(Truth is based on exercising choices patakaran ng diyos)
and personal freedom) Ex. Transgender, make up. plastic
-It is supported by diverse doctrines surgery
centered on certain common themes include:
- founded by Soren Kierkegaard Post Humanism- advocates the use of science
and technology to alter human condition.
 The human condition or the relation Ex. anti-aging formula, death and even
of the individual to the world. giving birth.
(malayang makakapili ng gusto
nyang maging sa mundong ito, calling) D. ANALYTIC TRADITION
 The human response to that condition -Can language objectively describe truth?
(dapat ba akong maging mabait? Ex. Pogi mo eh.
Ano ba para sakin ang mabait?) -truth can change depending on what
 Human freedom people have decided it to be.
(sa mga ginagawa natin, diba hnd Ex. Puzzle, problem, mathematics
naman sa lahat ng pagkakataon
dinidiktahan tayo, kahit sa klase may E. LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING:
personal kang diskarte kahit sa nililigawan TOOLS IN REASONING
mo.)
 The significance (and unavoidability) LOGIC – centered on the analysis and
of choice and decision in the absence construction of arguments
of certainty and
(minsan may mga bagay na kaht CRITICAL THINKING- is distinguishing
mali na, patuloy padin tayo kagaya kapag facts and opinions or personal feelings.
nagmamahal ka Malaya ka mamili ng
mamahalin at walang sino man ang LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING
makakapagsabi ng para sayo) – serve as path to freedom from half-
 The concreteness and subjectivity of truths and deceptions.
life as lived, against abstractions and
false objectification. ---need of emptying – suspend beliefs and
(hindi tadhana ang gumagawa ng judgement until all facts have been gathered
kapalaran natin, tayo padin ang pumipili and considered.
kung sa anong paraan natin gusto mabuhay)
2 BASIC TYPES OF REASONING:
C. POSTMODERNISM: ON CULTURE Inductive reasoning = specific to
general (applied in prediction, forecasting or
behaviour)
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 Ex. Many people are holding their --- sa mga salita maaring mali ang mali ang
umbrellas, the ground is wet and the pagkakaintindi natin, kagaya ng pag sinabi
wind is strong so probably it is raining mong mahal, pwedeng tao pwedeng bilihin.

Deductive reasoning = conclusion 4. Composition

(broad to specific) -This infers that something is true of the
Ex. All philosophers are wise Confucius whole from the fact that it is true or some part
is a philosopher therefore, Confucius is of the whole.
wise.
Ex. Birds with the same feather flock together.
F. Fallacies
-Defect in an argument other than its having 5. Division
false premises. To detect fallacies, it is required -One reasons logically that something
to examine the argument content. true of a thing must be true of all or some of its
part.
Some committed errors in reasoning:
Ex. Kapag ang kamaganak ay magaling, or
1. Appeal to pity father mother ang tingin sayo magaling ka
-A specific kind of appeal to emotion in nadin kase kamag-anak ka ni ganto, or kapag
which someone tries to win support for an mayaman ang kamaganak, mayaman ka din.
argument or idea exploiting his or her
opponent’s feeling of pity or guilt 6. Against the person
-This fallacy attempts to link the
Ex. Umabsent sa klase, ang sinasabi para hnd validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief
sya mapagalitan masamang masama ang of the person advocating the premise.
pakiramdam. (nagpapaawa para matakluban
ang kasalanan) Ex. Bakla, sinungaling kase bakla.

2. Appeal to Ignorance 7. Appeal to force (argumentum ad

-Whatever has not been proven false baculum)
must be true and vise versa. -An argument where force, coercion, or
the threat of force is given as a justification for
Ex. Sa korte, kapag hnd pa napapatunayan na a conclusion.
may sala ka ikaw ay criminal pa din, at kapag
ikaw ay hnd nagawa ng kasalanan parang wala Ex. Kapag eexam = babagsak
ka ng kakayanan. Kapag sasakay ng eroplano = baka
bumagsak
3. Equivocation
-This is a logical chain of reasoning of a 8. Appeal to the people
term or a word several times, but giving the -An argument that appeals or exploits
particular word a different meaning each time. people’s vanities, desire for esteem, and
anchors on popularity.
Ex. Human beings have hands; the clock has
hands. Ex. Mother’s day celebration
He is drinking from the pitcher of water; Post lahat ng luto hindi naman pala sya ang
he is a baseball pitcher nagluto.

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 9. False cause Transcendence- convey the basic ground
-Since that event followed this one that concept of the word’s literal meaning of
event must have been caused by this one. This “climbing or going beyond”
fallacy is also referred to as coincidental
correlation or correlation not causation. Three main philosophies/major religion
1. Hinduism
Ex. Pag kakain sa restaurant, kahit 2. Buddhism
masarap yun pala’y mahal. 3. Christianity
-it focuses not only mental, emotional,
10. Hasty generalization physical aspects of humans but also on man`s
-One commits errors if one reaches an spirit and soul.
inductive generalization based on insufficient
evidence. This fallacy is commonly based on a Spirit and Soul – represent the deepest essence
broad conclusion upon the statistics of a survey of humanity.
of a small group that fails to sufficiently
represent the whole population. The Human person as an Embodied spirit.

Ex. Manloloko may nagsend lang ng merry A. HINDUISM

Christmas sasabihin nang bababae na -Brahman is Selfhood

11. Begging the question Brahman or Atman (absolute truth)

-This is a type of fallacy in which the – is what indians consider as the God
proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly from which all reality and all souls ultimately
or explicitly in the premise. came from and will return.
(eternal self: the spiritual essence of who you
Ex. Bilog and mundo, are)

LESSON 3 For Indians,

God first created sound and the universe arose
TRANSCENDENCE IN THE from it.as the most sacred sound called the
GLOBAL AGE TRANSCENDENCE
- (the quality or state of being) Aum (om)- is the root of the universe and
everything that exists, continues to hold
Is life in our contemporary world dictated by everything together
technology?
Who we are? for Indians, Sound is the basis of reality and
existence not sight.
According to Thomas Merton, (1948) a
therapist monk, 3’uo
According to Hinduism, Human being have a
“There is no other way for us to find who we dual nature:
are than by finding in ourselves the divine  Spiritual and immortal essence (soul)
image”  Empirical life and its traits
Ang soul daw ang pinakatotoo sa
The divine image he was referring to was the dalawang ito, ang soul daw ay hindi
design, purpose, and mission God made in our illusion ito daw ay katotohanan at ang
lives. person’s body ay ang illusion at
temporary at mawawala ng tuluyan.
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 Hindus believed that the soul is eternal achieve and escape from the cycle of deaths and
but us bound by the law of karma (action) to the rebirths
world matter. God allots reward and .
punishments to all beings according to their Ultimate Moksha
karma - leads the spirit out of the monotonous
(kapag gumawa ng kamaganda, he will cycle of life and death to a state of nothingness.
get good karma, and vise versa) (hindi na sya kalian man maghihirap at
mananalasa na sya as a reward galing kay
For this reason, humanities basic goal in brahman makakapamuhay na sya ng walang
life is the liberation (moksha) of spirit (jiva) kahirapan /suffering)

Hinduism holds the humanity’s life is a Oneness of Reality

continuous cycle, (samsara) - a concept common to all expressions
The body on the other hand goes of Hinduism.
through a transmigatory series of births and *this is found in Bhagavad Gita*
deaths.
This means, all physical realities we see
Transmigration or metempsychosis and the souls we feel in our hearts are all
- is a doctrine that adheres to the belief connected and ultimately will return to one
that a person`s soul passes into other creature, place or reality.
human or animal.
Si Brahman lang ang totoo lahat na ay
Transmigration of soul manifestation. Ang sarili natin ay illusion
– means a person’s soul moves from lamang at ang totoong sarili ay may isang
animals to human or human to animal after brahman.
dying and getting born again depending on the Ito ay isa lamang patuna na ang paniniwala
persons good karma or bad karma. nila, kahit gaano ka kaganda, o kht sino ka man
illusion ka lang, wala kang halaga.
If the person led a good life, the soul goes (ang punto)
upward the scale. The soul of an evil person on
the other hand may pass into the body of an Four primary values in order of increasing
animal. importance common to all hindu:
(can break away or liberate ones spirit from
monotonous cycle thru good deeds to one`s 1. Wealth
family) 2. Pleasure
3. Duty
Different views about the method of release 4. Enlightenment
from this transmigration
Wealth and pleasure: good and desirable
Ultimate Liberation The spiritual value of Duty or
– freedom from rebirth is achieved the righteousness: refers to patience, sincerity,
moment the individual attains that stage of life fairness, love honesty and similar virtues.
emancipation, from which inevitably arises a The spiritual value though, is
total realization by the individual of spiritual enlightenment: by which one is illuminated
nature as well as the transient character of the and liberated and most important, finds release
body. from the wheel of existence.
-meaning after a long series of good acts (and repeated existence is the destiny of those
done over a long period of time, can person who do not achieve enlightenment.
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--- law of karma, the law of sowing and reaping. discipline whereby bodily desires would be
channelled in the right directions.
B. BUDDHISM
Naniniwala sila na para makaescape ka sa
Dharsanas lahat ng pasakit, at kalungkutan kailangan daw
– School of thought (doctrines) tenets of ay you have no earthly desire for money,
buddhism are diffenitely one of the most ambition, wealth or sexual feelings.
widespread.
Wherever it has spread Buddhism has “FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS” Gautama
adapted itself to its environment with the thought
generous flexibility. India itself absorbed it into 1. Life is full of suffering
Hinduism. 2. Suffering is caused by passionate desires,
Taoism in china, Shintoism in japan, in Tibet, It lust and craving caused by the bodies and
was greatly altered into faith called Lamaism. It emotion to people
was practiced in its purest form in Burma and 3. Only as these emotions, desires and wants
Ceylon. are obliterated will suffering cease;
4. Such eradication of desire may be
From tears to enlightenment. accomplished only by following the
Nothing exist without a cause, more Eightfold path of earnest endeavour.
important, there is no independent, categorical
and permanent self. All beings have a Buddha a. Right belief in and acceptance of the
nature. fourfold truth
Lahat ng individual ay may potential b. Right aspiration for one’s self and for
Buddha and kaya matuto ng patas at others
pagkakakapatiran bilang isang tao. c. Right speech that harms no one
d. Right conduct, motivated by goodwill
Siddharta Gautama or Buddha – founder of toward all human beings
Buddhism e. Right means of livelihood or earning
one’s living by honourable means
At lahat ng natutunan nya ay nagmula sa buhay f. Right endeavour or effort to direct
at life experience ng kagalang galang na si one’s energies toward wise ends
Prince Gautama of the sakya clan in the g. Right mindfulness in choosing topic
kingdom of Magadha who lived from 560- of thought
477bc h. Right meditation or concentration to
the point of complete absorption in the
Gautama began searching for answer to the mystic ecstasy.
riddle of life’s sufferings, disease, oldage and
death. He explored brahminic philosophies EIGHTFOLD PATH – to perfect character or
then tried rigors of asceticism, pero wala artmanship which gives assurance of entrance
syang nakuha, habang sya ay nagpapahinga sa to nirvana at death.
tabi ng puno nagkaron sya ng malinaw na
realisation na ang sulusyon nya sya problema Kung gagawin natin ito lahat, kung maniniwala
nya ay sya lang pala ang makakaisip. tayo, kung kaya natin labanan lahat ng
From here on, Gautama’s life was devoted to masamang kaisipan at emosyon kung kaya
sharing his dharma or way of salvation – a natin madisiplina ang ating utak at katawan at
simple presentation of inner cultivation of right mahalin ang lahat nga bagay bagay sa mundo
spiritual attitudes, coupled with a self-imposed don na masasabi na ready ka na pumunta sa
ipinangakong Nirvana (enlightened wisdom) of
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complete elflessnes- means obliteration and
total removal of the self the distinct and unique This section is considered to be the most
individuality that each person possesses influential in the early medieval period. This
disappers, becoming spirit. Nawala na ang law period focus on the rationality of belief in
of karma, nabreak mo na ang cycle Malaya ka God’s existence. “God Exist” = theistic
na sa mundong ito, makakapagpahinga ka na hypothesis
at hnd ka na muli pang mahihirapan sa langit (ibig sabhin, paniniwala na ang lahat ay sya
walang beer. :D ang naglikha, sya ang gumawa lahat ng
nageexist sa mundo)
Shangha or order of monks and later the nuns
also. The religious problem reflected in the Old
= self-purification in total loyalty to the Buddha, Testament
or pagsunod sa mga alituntunin nya.
1. Atheism = not the denial of God but the
The following precepts represent the first worship
steps that one can take after reading, hearing 2. Polytheism = to worship too many God
and pondering Buddhist teaching and
establishing some confidence in it. New testament = nagkatawang tao lalang ng
spirit santo, namuhay sya sa mundo kasama ng
1. Refrain from destroying life tao, nagsimula ang mga early missionary na
2. Refrain from talking what is not given ibalita ang mabuting balita ng diyos at unang
3. Refrain from a misuse of the senses; naniwala ang mga jews, at si paul naman ang
4. Refrain from wrong speech (do not lie or nagbalita sa mga non-jews pero para sa kanila
deceive) and napakahirap iexplain ng mga bagay bagay na
5. Refrain from talking drugs or drinks that walang patunay at para sa kanila ang
tend to cloud the mind(abstain from paniniwala ay iba iba at nababase sa tao, so
intoxicants; eat moderately and not after parang bumuo lang ng argument.
noon; do not look on dancing, singing or
dramatic spectacles; do not affect the use For Augustine,
of garlands, scents or ornaments; do not Philosophy is amor sapiential, the love
use high or broad beds and do not accept of wisdom; its aim to produce happiness,
gold or silver. kakontentuhan sa buhay, mayroong panata at
paninindigan sa isip, maging sa financial at
FOUR STATES OF SUBLIME relayon sa kapwa. Para sa knya, hindi lng ito
CONDITION: ang dapat paniwalaan ang pilosopiya daw
1. Love dapat natin ay isabuhay bilang isang relihiyon,
2. Sorrow of others ito ang pinagmulan ng away nila Augustine,
3. Joy in joy of others and Aquinas at St. Anselm of Canterbury.
4. Equanimity as regards one’s own joy and
sorrow. (Ang pagmamahal daw pala ay faith of his
existence, goodness and commands and in his
C.CHRISTIANITY plans to bring salvation and good among
human beings.)
Augustine of hippo
“Faith believe what you do not see; the reward Simula nung nailathala ang tunay na Kristo ito
of this faith is to see what you believe” na ang tanging katutohanan, ito na ang simula
Thomas Aquinas at paniniwala =philosopiya
“Love follows knowledge”
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Where does the knowledge of God came from? EVALUATING ONE’S OWN LIMITATION
-It begins with faith and made perfect by AND THE POSSIBILITIES FOR THEIR
understanding. TRANSCENDENCE.
Kung hindi ka padin sigurado may mga bagay
na dapat iconsider, ang mga bagay bagay sa Evaluating One’s own limitation and the
mundo na maari mong pagbasehan. possibilities for their Transcendence.
Pag summer sobrang init talanag ang citrus
fruits a. Forgiveness
For Sebatu, negative minds, feelings and
FAITH = is the motivation and guide that attitudes are signs of masochism. They are our
points reason to the right places to gain own enemies. Hatred is a form of anger
knowledge about the world and people. directed inward.
Dapat natin syang paniwalaan dahil sya lang It is a suicidal act.
ang meron tayo sa huli, lahat ng yaman lahat Sebatu recommended different methods of
ng talino achievements at pinaghirapan mo sa forgiveness and healing:
mundo ay hindi mo madadala sa langit.  Counselling
–requires active listening.
As John 15:5 “I am a vine; you are the Allowing the counselee will let him
branches, if you were remain in me and I in you, go all the hurts and negative feeling.
you will bear much fruit; apart from me, you
can do nothing.”  Talking to god
--Includes short inhale and long
Psalms 95: 5-6 exhale breathing. Asking forgiveness by
“Thy thoughts are very deep! The dull man talking to god is a healing process
cannot know, the stupid cannot understand this”
 Emmaus method
God is experience in the depths of the soul as --Jesus opened the eye of the
well as in the realm experience. apostle on the way to Emmaus. This is
about establishing self-identity.
Only the pure heart shall see God.
 Forgiveness method
For Thomas Aquinas -Emptying the mind by starting to
-all creatures, human beings have the look back at what one has done and what
unique power to change themselves and things is happening at present is realized.
for the better. He considers human being as a Forgiveness is difficult but at the end of
moral agent. May spirit at katawang element; the day. If hatred overcomes us.
the spiritual and material the spiritual seperates
us from the animals; it differentiates the moral
dimension of our fulfilment in action. Thru our
spirituality, we have conscience. Good or evil
becomes our responsibility.

b. The beauty of nature

For Aquinas, the existence of god or the
unmoved mover(universe did not begin in
motion) originates change, and the fact that
there are degrees of excellence to infer the

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existence of a perfect being. (Everything that
exist must have had a source. In Buddhism, the move we love, the more risk
and fears there are in life.
c. Vulnerability
To be invulnerable is somehow inhuman, In Christianity, the soul is like a lover who
to be vulnerable is to be human longs to return to god. It instruct us to love
Ex. To work in the office, or study in others as we love ourselves.
school, without acknowledging the help of
others, is to live without meaning and direction. Lesson 4
For Aquinas,
Human being is considered as moral The human person in the Environment
agent. We are both the spiritual and body
elements, the spiritual and material, our Intro.
spiritual seperates us from animals; thru our What is the world made of? How did the world
spirituality we have conscience weather to be come into being? And how can we explain the
good or evil becomes our responsibility. It process of change?
means that he can rise above ordinary being or
self to a highest being or self and it is made Eastern sages probed nature’s depths intuitive
perfect by doing daily tasks. through the eyes of spiritual sages
The power of change cannot be done by
human beings alone, but achieved in Greek thinkers viewed nature through
cooperation with god. cognitive and scientific eyes.

d. Failure The speculation of the pre-socratic (represent

Our failure confronts us to confront our the first intellectual and scientific attempt to
weakness and limitation. (kung nagkamali tayo, understand the origings of the universe)
kung hnd sa atin ibinigay ng tadhana ang mga philosophers represent a
gusto natin ang tingin natin ang bigat ng Paradigm shift – a change from the mythical
mundo, pasan ko ang mundo, parang ako na explanation of the origins of the cosmos to a
ang pinakamalas na tayo. Ayon sa 4 noble truth, more rational explanation.
life is full of sufferings, and suffering is caused
by desire. Buddhism taught ‘ putting an end to Paradigm shift means a change in worldview a
desire’ = harm change in how reality, truth and facts are
viewed.
-laws and nature itself they wanted to
understand scientific progress not listening to
stories about god.
e. Loneliness
-Our loneliness can be rooted from our one of the most prominent philosopher of
sense of vulnerability and fear of death. nature(the physical world and its relationship
However it is our choice to live in an with men’s behaviour and with his fellowmen)
impossible world where we can always be is Lao Tzu- founder of taoist.
happy.
Lao Tzu compared the Tao or the way to water,
f. Love heaven, emptiness of a vessel, color, music and
-to love is to experience richness, flavour and even to weakness- he claimed that
positivity and transcendence. To love is to open weakness can overcome strength. (alon at bato,
strength and courage. hangin at wall)
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  Relaxation
Taoist Goal is to become one with all things  Satisfaction
and to coexist with heaven and earth.  Calm
 Peace
Chuang Tzu – the most eloquent representative  Social interaction
of the Taoist school, believed in nourishing  Growth toward holism and
nature, returning to destiny, and enjoying nature.
 Self-understanding
Chinese thinkers rejected this since fifth century.
Noticing Disorder in the Universe
There are different views or concept in nature
or the environment.
Humans, adopt an exploitative attitude
whenever nature is merely considered as an
Two main frameworks:
instrument for one’s profit or self interest.
Anthropocentric model – (is based on the
premise that human are essential and central to
Ex. Quarrying, or cutting age old trees.
the universe)
Ecocentric model – (highlights the ecological
Current researches by Zimmerman (1994)
or relation integrity of humans that provides
Elgin (2009)
meaning to our morals and value)
And pettman (2012)
“exposed the environment consequences of
Categories Included in an Antropocentric
international political-economic specialization
Model for specific countries and global regions”
 Human
 Culture Research shows the implications for both
 Individualism abuses of natural resources and of the
 Mind generation of wastes and emissions. =
 Calculative indicators to understand environmental impact
 Human over/against environments such as carbon footprint.
 Global/technological
The emission of greenhouse gasses such
Ecocentric Model as carbon dioxide, methane, fluoride and
nitrous oxide as part of production of good and
 Nature services consumed in many country. =climate
 Wild change
 Holism Carbon footprint has eight categories:
 Nature/cosmos  Construction
 Body  Shelter
 Relational  Food
 Earth/wisdom  Clothing
 Ecology over/against human  Mobility
 Manufactured goods
According to payne, classroom cannot set  Services
aside the importance of aesthetic as well as the  Trade
environment that suggest valuing that includes:
 Aesthetic appreciation Anthropocentric claims ownership or authority
 Enjoyment over the land.

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 to blindly follow the crowd because it is
familiar, easy and less stressful (existentialism)
The Ecocentric model puts the
ecosystem first and assues that the natural Caring for the environment
world has intrinsic value. Nature is not valued a. Deep ecology
for the future survival of human species, but is
invaluable in itself. Ecological crisis is an outcome of
Instead, love, respect, admiration for Anthropocentrism the controlling attitude of
nature, and a high regard for its value are human kind is extended to nature when in fact,
essential. humanity is part of nature. Deep ecology en-
(land for instance preserved with integrity, courages humanity to shift from anthropocen-
stability and beauty.) trism.

APPRECIATING THE BEAUTY OF b. Social Ecology

NATURE ecological crisis results from authoritarian
social structures.
One ancient thinker, Anaximander, employed
the term “boundless” – to convey the further c. Ecofeminism
thought that nature is indeterminate. / there is
no boundaries. Domination works by forcing the other to
conform to what is superior.
PYTHAGORAS
– described the universe as a living
embodiment of nature order, harmony, and
beauty.
Biophilia (love of other living things)
Cosmophilia (love of other living things)

b. Modern thinkers

IMMANUEL KANT
- expressed that beauty is ultimately a
symbol of morality
Herbert Marcuse – humanity has dominated
nature, there can only be change if we also
change our attitude toward our perception of
environment,

GEORGE MEAD
– as human beings we do not only have
rights but duties.

SOREN KIERKEGAARD
– insisted that the authentic self was the
personally chosen self, as opposd to public or
“herd” identity which is the tendency of people

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