ATP Draw 5 - User Manual Updates (2007) PDF
ATP Draw 5 - User Manual Updates (2007) PDF
ATP Draw 5 - User Manual Updates (2007) PDF
1. Introduction
Header,
project file Circuit
name map
Circuit
windows
Scroll
bars
Component
Current action Status bar with
selection menu
mode menu option hints
Fig. 1.1 - The Main and Circuit windows, Map, and the popup Component selection menu in version 5.3.
Fig. 1.1 shows the main window of ATPDraw containing two open circuit windows.
ATPDraw supports multiple documents and offers the user to work on several circuits
simultaneously along with the facility to copy information between the circuits. The size of
the circuit window is much larger than the actual screen, as is indicated by the scroll bars of
each circuit window. The Main window consists of the following parts:
Header + Frame:
As a standard Windows element, it contains the system menu on the left side, a header text
and minimize, maximize, exit buttons on the right side. The main window is resizable.
System menu: Contains possible window actions: Close, Resize, Restore, Move,
Minimize, Maximize or Resize and Next. The last one exists only if
multiple circuit windows are open.
Header text: The header text is the program name in case of the main window and the
current circuit file name in case of the circuit window(s). To move a
window, click in the header text field, hold down and drag.
Minimize button: A click on this button will iconize the main window.
Maximize button: A click on this button will maximize the window. The maximize button
will then be replaced with a resize button. One more click on this button
will bring the window back to its previous size.
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Corners: Click on the corner, hold down and drag to resize the window.
Main menu:
The main menu provides access to all the functions offered by ATPDraw. The menu items are
explained in detail in the Reference part of this Manual:
File: Load and save circuit files, start a new one, import/export circuit files, create
postscript and metafile/bitmap files, print the current circuit and exit.
Edit: Circuit editing: copy/paste/delete/duplicate/flip/rotate, select, move label, copy
graphics to clipboard and undo/redo etc.
View: Tool bars, status bar and comment line on/off, zoom, refresh and view options.
ATP: Run ATP, make and edit ATP-file, view the LIS-file, ATP-file settings
(miscellaneous, file format, file sorting etc.), assign data to variables for
$PARAMETER usage and specify RECORD for MODELS output requests.
Library: Edit support files (default values, min/max limits, icon and help file), create new
files for MODELS and User Specified Objects. Update (synchronize) the project
icons.
Tools: Icon editor, help file editor, text editor, setting of various program options.
Window: Arrange the circuit windows and show/hide the Map window.
Help: About box and ATPDraw help file system.
Zoom and node size:
In these menus you can type in zoom and node size in [%] or select predefined values in the
popup box.
Circuit window:
The circuit is built up in this window. The circuit window is the container of circuit objects.
From the File menu you can load (or import) projects from disk or simply create an empty
window to start building a new circuit. When you start to use a new circuit you first of all
have to specify a folder where the ATP results will be stored. This folder is called the
ResultDir and its default value is set under Tools|Options/Directories as the ATP-folder. If
several projects share the same ResultDir folder some complications can arise for components
using $Include (LCC and User Specified), but data will never be lost. You need to have
writing access to ResultDir. Circuit objects include standard ATP components, user specified
elements, MODELS and TACS components, and connections. To move around in the circuit,
you can use the window scrollbars, or drag the view rectangle of the Map window to another
position.
Component selection menu:
This menu pops-up immediately when you click with the right mouse button in an empty
space of the Circuit window. In this menu you select the circuit objects. After selecting an
object in one of the sub-menus, the object is drawn in the circuit window in marked and
moveable mode. Appendix A lists all available components in the component selection menu.
MAP window:
This window gives a bird's eye view of the entire circuit. The size of a circuit is 10000x10000
pixels (screen points); much larger than your screen would normally support. Consequently,
the Circuit window displays only a small portion of the circuit. The actual circuit window is
represented by a rectangle in the Map window.
Press and hold down the left mouse button in the map rectangle to move around in the map.
When you release the mouse button, the circuit window displays the part of the circuit defined
by the new rectangle size and position. The map window is a stay-on-top window, meaning
that it will always be displayed on the top of other windows. You can show or hide the map
selecting the Map Window option in the Window menu, or pressing Ctrl+M character,
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To select and move an object, simply press and hold down the left mouse button on the object
while moving the mouse. Release the button and click in an empty area to unselect and
confirm its new position. The object is then moved to the nearest grid point (known as grid
snapping). If two or more components overlap as a consequence of a move operation, you are
given a warning message and can choose to proceed or cancel the operation. You are also
warned about this in the process of making the ATP file and given the chance to find and
select the overlapping objects in Edit|Select|Overlapped.
Selecting a group of objects can be done in three ways: 1) Holding down the Shift key while
left clicking on the objects successively. 2) Pressing and holding down the left mouse button
in an empty area enables the user to drag a rectangular outline around the objects of interest.
3) And finally, double-clicking the left mouse button in an empty area enables the definition
of a polygon-shaped region by repeatedly clicking the left mouse button in the circuit
window. To close the region, click the right mouse button. Objects that are defined to fall
within the indicated region or rectangle become members of the group. For components this
means that the centre point of a component icon must lie within the defined region or
rectangle. For connections the region or rectangle must surround both end-points. To move
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the selected group of objects, press and hold down the left mouse button inside the group
while moving the mouse. Unselect and confirm the new position by clicking in an empty area.
Any overlapping components will produce a warning. To move objects outside of the visible
part of the circuit, use the window scrollbars or the view rectangle in the map window. Any
selected objects or group will follow the window to its new position. Objects or a group can
be rotated by clicking the right mouse button inside the selected object or group. Other object
manipulation functions, such as undo/redo and clipboard options can be found in the Edit
menu. Additionally, the most frequently used object manipulation functions can be accessed
by holding down the Shift key while clicking with the right mouse button on an object or on a
selected group of objects. This will display and activate the circuit window shortcut menu.
Components and component nodes can be opened for editing by a right-click (or left double-
click) on an unselected component, connection or node. The Node data or Component dialog
box will appear, allowing the user to change object attributes and characteristics. The
Component dialog box shown in Fig. 1.2 has the same layout for most circuit objects. In this
window the user must specify the required component data. The number of DATA and
NODES menu fields are the only difference between input windows for standard objects. The
nonlinear branch components have a Characteristic page too, in addition to the normal
Attributes page, where the nonlinear characteristics and some include file options can be
specified. Some of the advanced components like transformers, lines&cables etc. have special
dialog boxes for input.
The Component dialog box shown in Fig. 1.2a) consists of a Data part and a Node part. In the
Data part the user can specify values using ‘.’ as the decimal symbol. A variable name (6-char
text string) can also be specified and given a global value under ATP|Settings/Variables.
Specifying a variable is only possible if the Param property in the definitions is set to unity.
The Copy/Paste buttons allows copying the entire data set via the Windows clipboard. Node
names (6 or 5 characters) can be specified in the right grid. Node names drawn in a red color
are already given a name by the user while black names are inherited. If the user wants to
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change a node name the red names/nodes should be preferred, otherwise name conflict
warnings could appear. Node data are also given in the Node dialog box by clicking on the
nodes. Multi-phase nodes can only take a 5 character name, and the phase sequence extension
A..Z is added automatically.
Nonlinear components also have a Characteristic page as shown in Fig. 1.2b). The user can
add points manually by first clicking the Add button and then enter data in the string grid.
Data can also be pasted in from the clipboard via the Paste button. It should be possible to
select a two column characteristic in any text editor and copy it to the clipboard. The user can
also choose to add an external characteristic from a file. This is done via the Edit button
which will bring up a text editor where the user then can open a file or paste text in. The
Include characteristic button has to be checked in this case. The Data source name is just for
information of the original source of the external characteristic, since all data are stored
locally in memory.
The nodes given a name by the user are marked as red. There is no need to give names to all
nodes, only those of particular interest (for monitoring). ATPDraw will give the same name to
all connected nodes automatically. A node can hold up to 26-phases (A..Z extension), but
only three phase nodes can be transposed.
Components are connected if their nodes overlap or if a connection is drawn between the
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nodes. To draw a connection between nodes, click on a node with the left mouse button. A
line is drawn between node and the mouse cursor. Click the left mouse button again to place
the connection (clicking the right button cancels the operation). The gridsnap facility helps
overlapping the nodes. Connected nodes are given the same name by the ‘compile circuit’
procedure used in the Run ATP, Make Node Names and Make ATP File options in the ATP
menu. Nodes can be attached along a connection as well as at connection end-points. A
connection should not unintentionally cross other nodes (what you see is what you get). A
warning for node naming appears during the ATP-file creation if a connection exists between
nodes of different names, or if the same name has been given to unconnected nodes. To resize
a connection, click on its end-point with the left mouse button, hold down and drag. If several
connections share the same node, the desired connection to resize must be selected first.
Selected connection nodes are marked with squares at both ends of the selection rectangle. It
is possible to draw a connection between an n-phase node and a single phase node. In this
case the Connection dialog box will automatically appear and request the user to select which
phase to connect to the single phase node. More information about multi-phase nodes and
connections are given in chapter 3.
Selecting a single component and press the Crtl+F1 key combination (or clicking Help in the
Component dialog box) the component specific help is displayed. When double-clicking on a
selected group of objects, the Open Group dialog box will appear, allowing the user to change
attributes common to all components in that group, such as group number and hide state.
Default component attributes are stored in support files. Access to create and customize
support files is provided by the Library menu. The properties of the support file (icon, data
and node definitions) are inherited by the component when adding it to the circuit. To edit
these properties locally select the Edit definitions button in the Component dialog box.
Before trying to make simulations with ATP the proper ATP command must first be set under
Tools|Options/Preferences. The normal setup is to choose a batch file distributed with
ATPDraw for different ATP versions. The environment variable for ATP location must also
be set. The user also needs to specify the timestep and simulation time under
ATP|Settings/Simulation. ATP is then executed with ATP|Run ATP (shortcut F2). The first
time the circuit is simulated the user needs to specify a file name, which is kept for
subsequent runs. By default the file is stored in the ResultDir folder. The result file (PL4) will
get the same name in the same location. To change the name of the file the command
ATP|Sub-process|Make ATP File must be selected followed by F2. To plot the result a
plotting command must initially be specified under Tools|Options/Preferences. The plot
command (short cut F8) sends the current PL4 file as parameter to the call to the specified
plotting program. Plotting programs pften have a refresh option as well that automatically
reloads the current PL4 file.
files on disk is avoided (except for $Include files). A clear distinction is made between circuit
data and files in libraries on disk as shown in Fig. 2.1. The ATPDraw.ini file is now stored
under the environment variable APPDATA\ATPDraw (\Documents and settings\user\
application data\atpdraw (folder name depends on Windows version)) folder where the user
has writing privileges.
ATPDraw Library
Memory Disk
New/Import
Circuit ATPDraw.scl
project User specified /USP
Export/Save as
Models /MOD
Line&Cables /LCC
Bctran/XFMR /BCT
/ResultDir:
Make ATP file User Specified and
Run ATP Line&Cable include files
Fig. 2.1. Distinction between circuit project in memory and library files on disk.
The properties of components can be edited in two ways: 1) By editing the support file;
Library|Edit. This will affect all components created afterwards. 2) By editing the definitions
of the component locally (select Edit Definitions in the component dialog box). In both cases
the same dialog box is used as shown in Fig. 2.2.
The support file format is updated and some parameters added or extended. A 12 character
unit is added to all data with special support of the key words COPT, XOPT, and SOURCE.
COPT will result in a unit of μF or μS dependent on the user's choice of COPT value in the
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 11
ATP|Settings dialog. Node positions are extended from the default position 1-12 on the icon
border to relative coordinated Pos.x and Pos.y (-120..120 in steps of 10). The maximum
length Name of nodes and data are extended from 6 to 12 characters. This is of particular
importance for Models. The user can also change the icon mode from Bitmap to Vector
graphics, and this is explained more later on.
To avoid all this it was decided to simply avoid all files on disk. All previously external data
(lib-files for User Specified, mod-files for Models, optional include files for some non-linear
components, alc-, bct-, xfr-files for LCC, BCTRAN, and XFMR components respectively) are
now stored locally in memory for each component. A clear distinction is made between
library files on disk and component data in memory. All components with additional data
mentioned above must be given a name by the user. For User specified components, Models,
and LCC this name is important. Edited data will be copied to objects with the same name. If
the user copies a component (User specified, Models or LCC) the copy will get the same
name and data. When the user later changes the data in one of the copy the other is
automatically updated. This is required since all these components are either associated with a
lib-file on disk or by a Model definition in the ATP file. The two components can be
separated by giving them different names.
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For User specified components and LCC objects some library file have to be send to disk
since $INCLUDE is used in the ATP-file. In the case of User specified component the lib-file
is sent to disk when the ATP file is created (Run ATP selected). While for LCC the lib-file is
created from the ATP generated punch file in the editing process. The lib-files are sent to the
ResultDir folder. To avoid unnecessary conflicts between User specified and LCC a letter ’u’
is added in front of the User specified component’s name. BCTRAN data (punch file created
by ATP) is also sent to the ResultDir folder. The handling of $include and punch files has
been developed in several steps in version 5 of ATPDraw.
The user has the option to export the local data to an external library on disk. A new and
important feature is that UNDO/REDO now also handles the additional “external” data.
TAB. I. EDIT, FILES, DATA AND HELP FOR ATPDRAW COMPONENTS OF VARIOUS TYPES.
Com. type Edit data Name File on disk Data Help
Standard Component Not used No Standard ATPDraw.scl+
dialog (C) Definitions+
/HLP
Model C+Edit → MODEL <name> No Standard+ Sup-file+
Text editor in text editor Model text Definitions+
Write/import /HLP
USP C+Edit → $Include field Yes Standard + Sup-file+
Text editor ResultDir+’u’ Include file Definitions+
Write/import +Name+’lib’ /HLP
LCC LCC dialog Run ATP request Yes ALC data ATPDraw.scl+
Shown in header ResultDir Edit defin.+
+Name+’lib’ /HLP/lcc_n.txt
BCTRAN BCT dialog Run ATP request Yes BCT data ATPDraw.scl+
Shown in header ResultDir+’pch’ Edit defin.+
Time stamp test /HLP/bctran3.txt
XFMR XFMR dialog Not used No XFR data ATPDraw.scl+
Edit defin.+
/HLP/xfmr.txt
Group Compress Field in dialog No Standard Definitions +
Just for icon /HLP
ATPDraw version 5.3 has an updated help file system. The new help file ATPDraw.chm is on
the HTML platform supported as default in Windows Vista. This file replaces the old
ATPDraw.hlp and ATPDraw.cnt files. The ATPDraw.chm file is substantially updated as well
and the HTML standard allows the user to better search for information in the file.
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Fig. 3.2 illustrates the various options for (3-phase in this case) multiphase circuits in
ATPDraw. The flag DEF is set of the source node to the left this means that all connections
marked with 1 will carry the phase D and so on. The color of the connections is user
selectable as shown in Fig. 3.1, but as default the color and phase sequence are inherited when
the user clicks on one to connection to draw a new one. There is no check if the linked
connections really have the same phase sequence. Only the phase sequence of the last
connection into a component is used.
D
1
D E 1
E F
F D 3 F
E
F E
D
D
D E
F
E
2
Multi-phase nodes are first of all important for MODELS and GROUPS. An n-phase
connection could also be useful just to clear up the circuit drawing. As an initial example a 6-
phase connection is shown in Fig. 3.3 for communication between a 6-pulse thyristor bridge
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and its control circuit. This will make the drawing much easier to read. This example is also
used later on to show how the thyristor bridge and the control circuit could be split in two
parts.
POS1
1 3 5 Freq
Freq
4 6 2
Angle
180
4 6 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig. 3.3. Communicating a 6-phase signal between a thyristor bridge and its control circuit.
A 26-phase node will allow MODEL variables X[1..26] and this will allow much more
signals to be communicated with a model than the previous 3-phase nodes. A typical example
could be a model that calculates and output the harmonics of a signal by FFT as shown in Fig.
3.4. The current in phase A on the high voltage side is sent as input to a FFT model and some
harmonics (1, 5, 7, 11, and 13) are just recorded in this case. The example in Fig. 3.4 could
also to some extent have been handled in previous ATPDraw versions as well, but the FFT
result would then only be available as internal variables. Using the RECORD option would
made it possible to plot the result, but the harmonics could not be send as outputs and
communicated with other models or the circuit.
1 5 7 11 13
1
IMP
U
1
POS1 U
POS2
The multi-phase node and connection could also be useful to communicate more nodes to and
from a GROUP. If the GROUP has a component with an n-phase node, this node could be set
as an external connection point. A connection (bus) could not be specified as an external node
however. To overcome this limitation a new dummy component called COLLECT ( ) can
be created. This component will have no data and just a single 26-phase node. The actual
number of phases in use is not specified for this component, but the #Phases for Connections
in Fig. 3.1 could optionally be changed.
Figures 3.5 and 3.6 show an example where the thyristor bridge with control in Fig. 8 is split
in two more general parts; One for the Thyristor Bridge and one for the Control. This will
allow more general building blocks for future use.
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1 3 5
4 6 2
4 6 2
26-phase node
Freq
Freq
Angle
180
1 2 3 4 5 6
Putting these two GROUPS together will be straight forward as shown in Fig 3.7. Since the
CONNECT nodes are 26-phase the Connection between will also be 26-phase by default, but
this could optionally be changed to 6. The circuit in Fig. 3.7 looks more complicated than
when the Thyristor Bridge and Control are embedded in the same GROUP. The flexibility is,
however, increased and more user control is given to for instance the synchronization (zero
crossing detection).
26 phase connection
1 Optionally change to 6
3
U
Fig. 3.7. Creating a Thyristor Rectifier from the two GROUPS in Figs. 3.5 and 3.6.
over-written when new versions are installed. Consequently the user is advised not to modify
this global properties. 2) Global type-specific help can also be given in the /HLP directory in
files with the same name as the component CAP_RS.TXT and a txt extension. 3) Local help
can be given in the Component dialog box under the Edit definitions. When the Help button in
the Component dialog box is pressed all the three help texts are displayed.
Connections also have this Label property edited in the same way as for components.
The user can also add text strings directly in the circuit window. This is done by selecting
Edit|Edit text followed by a click in open circuit space. The text is then directly typed in the
appearing edit field. From ATPDraw version 5.3 multi-lined text (with no practical size limit)
is supported with font and color properties. These text strings are selectable, movable, and
editable (copy/paste, compress sec.) as any other objects, but not rotateable. The text can also
be compressed as part of a group. Click and hold to move, click and release to edit. Right
click to open the text property dialog. The default font of the texts is set under View|Set
circuit font. Multi-lined text from version 5.3 can not be displayed properly by older
ATPDraw versions which also limit the texts to 255 characters.
To edit an existing text the user just has to click on it with the left mouse button. This direct
edit option also work for labels and node names. Fig. 4.1 shows an example where texts
(black) are place on screen for illustrative purposes and the node name HVBUS is edited
directly on screen.
Fig. 4.1 Illustration of texts on screen and direct edit of node names.
5 Vector graphics
Circuit symbols represented by vector graphics are introduced in ATPDraw from version 5.0.
This was done to improve zooming capabilities and allow more dynamic symbol appearance.
Components in old projects will remain Bitmaps while new added components will be
Vectors. Old projects can be updated to Vector Graphics via Library|Syncronize|Reload icons.
This will update the standard components in the current project with the icons stored in
ATPDraw.scl. A component can have a bitmap or a vector icon but not both. The old bitmap
format is still fully supported, but its usage is a bit limited for larger components.
LCC; Overhead line, single core cable, or enclosing pipe appearance. Length LCC LCC
of transmission line optionally added.
5.09 km 50. km
All sources; current (rhomb) or voltage (circle) source appearance.
ω ω
Y A A
SAT
Each time a circuit component is edited a post-processing routine is called that checks if
certain hard coded parameters have changed and based on this sets the Visible parameter for
icon elements with certain tags.
Vector graphic icons can be individually magnified (×1, ×2, ...). The user has to select the
icon and move the mouse cursor to the icon border. Press ESC to go back to original size.
Customizing the automatically created icons is somewhat challenging. The main problem is
the node positions which can deviate from the traditional -20, -10, 0, 10, 20 locations in x and
y coordinates and with the position (0, 0) not necessarily in the centre of the icon. The reason
for the deviation is the need to allow more node positions than 12 (actually 16 predefined
positions are located on both the left and right sides of the automatically created icons). The
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link between node positions and icon appearance could be improved. In a future graphical
vector editor the nodes should preferably be a part of the icon and connection lines from the
nodes to the component symbol should moved with the nodes.
The LCC module is extended to 21-phase lines and the icon will adapt to the selection of
Overhead line, single core cable, or enclosing pipe. All these icons are predefined with the
option to switch between the types coded in the Layer parameter. The Length of the line/cable
is optionally added to the icon.
LCC
LC C
LCC
14-phase overhead line 21-phase single core cable 13-phase enclosing cable
Fig. 5.2. Examples of LCC object icons
5.3 Editor
Version 5.0 of ATPDraw had a text based vector editor as shown in Fig. 5.3. The user had to
type in values in a string-grid. This can be used for minor modifications, but requires
generally detailed knowledge. The sequence of the elements defines their order. The first
elements are drawn first and will thus appear in the back. The elements are divided in two
types: shapes and texts. The shapes are drawn first followed by the texts. Double clicking a
row enables to insert a row in front or delete the row.
From ATPDraw version 5.2/5.3 a graphical editor replaces this text based editor. The vector
icon is still based on the concept of elements, divided in shapes and text. The content of next
sub-chapters is therefore also relevant for the new editor.
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Visible: Is a flag that tells if the element should be initially visible. ATPDraw uses this flag at
runtime to turn on/off elements in response to user selections. The graphical routines will only
draw elements marked with Visible>0.
Tag/Layer: This is used to identify and group various elements and ATPDraw uses this at
runtime to set the Visible flag. The handling of Tag/Layer is hard coded in ATPDraw.
Colors: Colors are described by 8-bits. For the standard icons only the old bitmaps colors are
used. These are given values from 240 to 255. ATPDraw 5.3 offers mouse click shortcuts to
the standard colors (left click on the palette selects pen color and right click selects brush/fill).
5.3.2 Shapes
These can be of the types; line, rectangle, ellipse, polyline, polygon, arc, Bezier curve, and pie
(added from version 5.3). Each shape is described by a maximum of four points. Lines,
rectangles and ellipses require only two points, and polylines, polygons (as well as arcs,
Bezier, and pie) must always use four points (repeat the last point if necessary).
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The pen is used to draw the enclosure of a shape, and brush is used to fill it. Only Rectangle,
Ellipse, Polygon, and Pie use the Brush. The Pen and Brush color (pc and bc) follow the color
coding shown above. The Pen and Brush style (ps and bs) are selected in combo boxes
appearing when the grid is clicked as shown in Fig. 5.5. These are the standard windows style
types. The pen style is only well reproduced on screen if the brush style is set to clear. The
same type of dropdown lists is also available in the new graphical editor.
5.3.4 Texts
Visible, Tag, and Color attributes have the same meaning as for Shapes. The point P defines
the middle point of the text (not the lower left corner).
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Font:
0,1: 'Arial'; 2: 'System'; 3: 'MS Sans Serif'; 4: 'Arial Narrow';
5: 'Comic Sans MS'; 6: 'Courier'; 7: 'Times New Roman'; 8: 'Symbol';
Size: The height of the font in pixels (normal zoom). 5 is barely readable in 100 % zoom.
Style: 0: normal, 1: bold, 2: italic, 4: underline, 8: strike out. Any combination 0..15 possible.
Rotate: 1= rotate text with icon, 0= no rotation.
Angle: Initial rotation angle of text. 0, 90, 180 and 270 deg. supported.
Text: Up to 8 character text string.
Fig. 5.5 New Vector graphic editor. From version 5.2. Fig. 5.6 The Tools menu.
The benefit is visual feedback of the data entered in the properties grids. In addition better
support of the colors is introduced. The color menu to the right is a short cut to the standard
ATPDraw colors (left click for pen and right click for brush color). The order of the elements
can be controlled by the user from the Edit|Bring/Send up/down menu items. The data is
entered manually in the properties grid similar to Fig. 5.3 for the selected element. An
element of the icon is selected either by the Edit element spin-edit box to the top-right or by
clicking the element in the icon window. Once selected Elements can also be moved and
resized by the mouse. Holding down the Shift enables using the arrow keys to move the
element one pixel at the time. Click on the black selection squares to resize. Individual points
can edited when selecting the Tool|Edit points mode. In this case the individual points are
marked with a lime color. Fine tuning can of course also be performed in the property grid.
The nodes can also be moved with the mouse by setting the drop-down list Show element to
all+nodes and choosing the Tool|Move nodes mode. The nodes only move in steps of the grid
snap size (10). Turn on the grid via Edit|Node grid. The node positions can also be edited
directly in the Nodes grid in the low-right corner of the editor.
All elements can also be moved simultaneously by selecting the Tool|Move all mode. This
applies also to nodes when they are visible.
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New elements are added to the icon from the Tools menu shown in fig. 5.6.
After selecting on of the tools the user has to click in the icon grid to place the points (click
and release). Remember that the polyline, Bezier, arc, and pie require 4 points (double click to
place two points). See Tab. III to understand how the point locations (P1..P4) are related to
the shape. Drawing arcs, curves, and pies requires some training.
Rectangles and Ellipses can also be rotated by specifying an angle -90..90 in P3.x position if
the Property grid. Unrotated rectangles can also be rounded by specifying the P3.y value.
Rotated elements are represented by Bezier curves and polygons internally and moving such
elements towards the border can result in some unexpected behavior. Rotated
ellipses/rectangles also behave a bit strange under resize.
The Frame specified in the middle grid consists of a Rectangle characterized by TopLeft and
BottomRight and an External point. The rectangle is the selection area the user has to click
inside to select the component in the circuit window and that also encloses the component
when it is selected. The External point is used to attach the branch output request indicators.
Note:
• Positioning of text is somewhat imprecise and a problem with alignment seems to exist. +- 1
pixel adjustments are often required. Rotation of texts is possible only by 90, 180, and 270
degrees. A single text can hold only one color and one font, but mixing several different
texts is possible.
• Working with arcs, pies and bezier curves very often requires the Edit point mode. For arcs
and pies the first and second points control the top-left and bottom-right of the enclosing
ellipsis while the third and forth point controls the cutting. The end result is not shown until
the last point is placed. For a bezier curve the first and forth poins are the endpoints while
the second and third point control the end point slopes.
• When converting from a bitmap icon to a vector icon, the vector icon is initially filled with
empty elements. To empty the icon you have to go to the last element (the number of
elements is listen in the control bar at the bottom) and manually delete all elements by
pressing and holding down CTRL+X. The frame must also be set to reasonable values.
Important: If the frame has no extension it is not possible to select the icon in the circuit.
• The icon does not necessarily have to be placed in the centre of the icon window. Nodes at
any grid position are accepted.
• When turning on the node names and frame (Layer: All+Nodes) the node names are
oriented outwards from the frame. If the frame is set to strange values the node name
orientation and position could be awkward. The best result is obtained if the nodes are
placed on the frame border.
A typical example is shown in Fig. 6.1. This is a single phase rectifying bridge distributed
with ATPDraw as Exa_1.adp. It consists of 4 diodes with snubber circuits. The RC values
of these snubbers are identical for all diodes in the practice and can be specified with text
variables RES and CAP respectively. When the user specifies a variable name for the first
time, a message box appears and the user is requested to confirm the operation before the new
entry were added to the global list of variables. If you try to enter special characters in this
field, an error message prevents this.
Fig. 6.1 - Specifying text variables RES and CAP in the component dialog box for an RLC object
Numerical values can be assigned to variables on the Variables page under main menu
ATP | Setting as shown in Fig. 6.2Feil! Fant ikke referansekilden.. Variable names are
declared in the left column and you can specify data values or a text string in free format in
the right column on this page. Sorting the declarations is possible with the arrow buttons.
Deleting declarations is also supported.
If variables RES and CAP are declared twice with different precision settings, i.e. $Vintage,1
is checked in a component dialog box and unchecked in another, it will be declared twice with
3 and 13 underscore characters added in the $Parameter declaration. This process is hidden,
however, but the result is seen in the final ATP-file.
If you change the names in the left side column this will affect the text strings (variables)
specified in the components and you will be requested about what action to take (see Fig. 6.3).
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 24
Available actions are: reset the variable to zero or the default value (from the support file), or
select parameter and then decide which variables should replace the no longer defined one.
/REQUEST
$PARAMETER
RES_____________= 33.
RES___= 33.
LOAD__= 20.
CAP_____________= 1.
CAP___= 1.
BLANK $PARAMETER
7 Basic components
The component dialog box is a bit updated. All data now has a UNIT field and it is possible to
Copy/Paste the entire data grid. Instead of the icon-editor symbol in the lower left corner, the
Component dialog has an Edit definitions button instead. Clicking this button displays the
Edit support file dialog, but now only the local definitions are edited. Of most importance are
the icon and help buttons as well as the UNIT field. The special keywords XOPT, COPT and
SOURCE are supported for the UNIT.
For nonlinear components the Component dialog has a second page called Characteristics. In
this page you can specify individual points in a string grid or enter a formatted text by
clicking the Edit button. This will bring up the text editor where you can enter your points or
import an existing file. Remember to complete the points by ‘9999.’ Since ATPDraw now
supports up to 64 data for each component the need for the formatted text is reduced. It is
possible to select data points from any text file editor followed by Ctrl+C and paste it into the
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 25
standard characteristics by clicking the Paste button. The Copy button can be used to copy to
other components or a text file.
8 User specified components
User specified components are based on the Data Base Module feature of ATP. It is in
principle a stripped ATP file with the option to pass in parameters (node names and data),
much like a procedure. It is this communication of parameters that makes User Specified
components hard to use. The end result of a Data Base Module execution in ATP is a text file
that consists of the original ATP file, a header explaining where the parameters should be
inserted, and a trailer listing the arguments. This text file (called library file) must be created
externally (unless the user is an expert in the library file format). In addition a support file
must be created via Library|New|User specified|Sup. This file must give the number of nodes
and data as well as the component icon (and help file). Fig. 8.1 shows the support file dialog
for the controlled HVDC Thyristor Bridge from ex_4.acp. 3 data and 5 nodes are specified
which must match the trailer in the library file. Also note that the node positions are specified
as xy-coordinates relative to the icon (rounded off to 10 pixels). Left side (1-3): (-20,-10),(-
20,0),(-20,10), Bottom (4-6): (-10,20),(0,20),(10,20), Right side (7-9): (20,10),(20,0),(20,-10),
Top (10-12): (10,-20),(0,-20),(-10,-20)…etc. Version 5.3 of ATPDraw introduce short cut
keys Atl+F1..F12 for the old border positions (1..12).
To add a User specified component to the circuit the Files item in the Fig. 8.2 should be
selected. The Library item results in a predefined component without parameters.
Fig. 8.3 shows the Component dialog box for the above specified and selected HVDC_6.SUP
component. The library file must next be loaded into this component. This is done under by
clicking the Edit button in Fig. 8.3 which will bring up the embedded text editor as shown in
Fig. 8.4. A predefined library file (usual case) is loaded by selecting File|Import. The file is
loaded into memory and can be modified in the text editor without affecting the original file
on disk. Select Done when finished. The $Include field in Fig. 8.3 visualize the original name
of the file but the user is free to specify a new name here (.lib is not important). The specified
name becomes the name of the new library file created in the ResultDir folder when the final
ATP file is created. Actually, the letter ‘u’ is added in front of the final lib-file name to avoid
name conflicts with Lines&Cables (LCC) which uses the same lib-file principle. If two or
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 26
more User Specified components share the same $Include name the lib-file data is copied
between the components when one of them is edited. The Send parameter button is checked
to tell ATPDraw to send the node and data parameters in the $Include call. And the Internal
phase seq. button tells that n-phase nodes should be sent as a single 5 character node name
without the A..Z node name extensions that are added internally in the library file.
Fig. 8.3 Component dialog box for User Specified component HVDC_6.
Fig. 8.4 shows the header of the library “file” (Data Base Module data). The first argument
KARD tells the line number after the header the argument should be inserted. The second
argument KARG tells the argument number to be inserted where a negative number means a
dymmy argument (used for internal node names). The third and fourth argument tell the first
(KBEG) and last (KEND) column numbers of the argument. The sixth and last argument tells
if the argument is a text string (node name part) or a data parameter. The trailer looks as
follows:
$EOF User-supplied header cards follow. 01-Dec-95 20.11.59
ARG,U____,POS___,NEG___,REFPOS,REFNEG,ANGLE_,Rsnub_,Csnub_
NUM,ANGLE_,Rsnub_,Csnub_
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 27
DUM,PULS1_,PULS2_,PULS3_,PULS4_,PULS5_,PULS6_,MID1__,MID2__,MID3__
DUM,GATE1_,GATE2_,GATE3_,GATE4_,GATE5_,GATE6_,VAC___,RAMP1_,COMP1_
DUM,DCMP1_,DLY60D
ARG lists all the arguments sent in the $Include call. NUM list which of these arguments are
data parameters. DUM lists additional dummy arguments. The special request in the ATP file
$DUMMY, XYZ000 tells ATP to replace all DUM declared arguments to be replaced by
XYZ fooled by a three digit number incremented sequentially. In this way internal node name
is avoided to be duplicated when the same User Specified component is used several time.
The main challenge with User Specified components and Data Base Modules in ATP is the
strict rules on the number of columns and insufficient error messages from ATP on this point.
Fig. 8.4 The embedded text editor and the library “file”.
Every time the number of phases is changed the original icon is reloaded. If the user has
modified the icon (Edit defin. button in Fig. 9.2) he risks loosing his artwork if this is not kept
in a copy (Undo should be possible though). Fig. 9.2 shows that the Order and Label edit
boxes as well as the Hide button has been added during the development of ver. 3. The
Comment is now written to the ATP file.
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 28
Support of multi-section Pi-models for cable constants was improved in ver. 3.7. This
involved a substantial update of the procedure that converts punch files to data base module
files. Semlyen models are now supported in cable constants. Version 5.1 introduced a choice
of how the surge impedance of a Bergeron cable model should be calculated.
Fig. 9.1. Selecting the LCC comp. Fig. 9.2. The LCC dialog box where the number of phases is changeable.
From ATPDraw version 5.3 a Nodes page is available where the user can give node names
and more important; assign conductor numbers to terminal nodes. This could be useful for
larger cable systems where the user otherwise has little control of the nodes. For cables, as
default, the sequence rule of ATP is followed; the cables are sorted so that the one with most
conductors comes first (the user should try to follow this rule as well). All cores are then
numbered first followed by the sheaths and the armors.
The LineCheck feature in ATPDraw supports up to 3 circuits. ATPDraw suggests the default
quantities. The leftmost nodes in the circuit are suggested as the input nodes, while the
rightmost nodes become the output. The circuit number follows the node order of the objects.
For all standard ATPDraw components the upper nodes has the lowest circuit number. The
user also has to specify the power frequency where the line/cable is tested. Finally, the user
can check the Exact phasor equivalent button which will result in a slightly better results for
long line sections.
Fig. 9.3 Selecting a line. Fig. 9.4 Selecting the input and output.
The series impedances are obtained by applying 1 A currents on the terminals and the output
ends are grounded (the other circuits are left open and unenegized). For mutual coupling, 1 A
is applied at both circuits. On the other hand the shunt admittances are obtained by applying a
voltage source of 1 V at one terminal leaving the output end open. For mutual coupling, 1V is
applied at one circuit while a voltage of 1E-20 is applied at the other.
Special attention must be paid to long lines and cables. This applies in particular to PI-
equivalents. Usage of Exact phasor equivalent is recommended, but is no guarantee of
success. No attempt is made in ATPDraw to obtain a better approximation since the line/cable
system to be tested in general is unknown. The mutual coupling in the positive sequence
system is in symmetrical cases very small and vulnerable to the approximations made.
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 30
10 Transformers
10.1 Saturable transformer
A new component called SATTRAFO is introduced in ATPDraw from version 4.0. This is a
general 3-phase saturable transformer component with 2 or 3 windings. The component
completely replaces the old GENTRAFO and that component is automatically replaced by
SATTRAFO when loading an older circuit. The new SATTRAFO component supports all
phase shifts between Y- and D- windings (not just Y, Dlead, Dlag, Y180 as in GENTRAFO)
as well as Autotransformers and zigzag windings. For a zigzag winding the user can specify
the phase shift <-60,0> and <0,60> degrees and the voltage and short circuit impedance
distribution is automatically calculated by ATPDraw. The phase shift is specified related to a
Y-winding. ATPDraw does not recalculate the magnetizing branch and zero sequence
reluctance. This must be done manually by the user. The internal 3-phase node of the zigzag
winding is given a name Txxxx where the number xxxx is the incremented transformer
number. Several zigzag windings are supported in a single transformer. The dialog box of the
new SATTRAFO component is shown in Fig. 10.1.
The data specified in Fig. 10.1 will produce an ATP-file as shown below:
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 31
10.2 XFMR
The Hybrid Transformer XFMR is an advanced model with a topologically correct core with
individual saturation of legs and yokes based on relative core dimensions and the Frolich
equation. The model can be based on Design parameters, Test reports and Typical text book
values. The input dialog of this component is shown in Fig. 10.2.
The name Hybrid model comes from the fact that the model is modular with separate handling
of leakage inductance, winding resistance, capacitance and core. The source of data could be
Design, Test report and Typical values. Using the Test report input with no capacitance (click
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 32
with right mouse button) and a Triplex core should give results comparable to BCTRAN. The
XFMR component gets its default settings from the XFMR.sup file stored in ATPDraw.scl.
The XFMR component has a 3-phase node for each winding and a single phase node for the
neutral. The notation primary, secondary, tertiary, and core winding is used, called PSTC
from now on. The identities and the positions of the nodes are specified in the standard
component support file XFMR.sup. Note that the core actually has an external node (where
the main flux could be measured). This support file also contains 21 data parameters which
mainly serves as initial values for the transformer rating, two-winding test report, yoke and
limb relative lengths and areas.
The externally connected winding resistances require additional nodes. This is solved by
using 3-phase nodes with index ‘OPQ’, ‘RST’, ‘UVW’, and ‘XYZ’ in addition to the standard
extension ‘ABC’/’DEF’.
The overall node structure of the XFMR component in the final ATP file is shown in Fig.
10.3.
A O R U X
B P S V Y
C RDC Q T W Leq Z
Foster Foster P, S, T
1 2 C Core
Y/D/A
A-matrix model
C/2- Phase-
matrix shift C’
P’, S’, T’
In order to establish the artificial core winding the user must specify the sequence of the
windings from the core. Normally the winding with the lowest voltage is the inner. The
connection point of the core winding is established based on the leakage channel between the
inner winding and the core.
When the user exits the XFMR dialog box ATPDraw calculates the required transformer
model data (matrices and core elements) based on the user input (design, test report, typical
values, or none) and stores the result in the *.xfr data file also containing the input data. No
calculations are performed when the final ATP-file is written.
The A-matrix is written to the ATP file with the AR notation with the resistances set to zero.
The matrix has dimension (nw+1)⋅np where nw is the number of physical windings, and the
core is connected to the nw +1 winding, and np is the number of phases. In ATPDraw the
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 33
coupling and phase shift is produced directly when writing the A-matrix. All possible phase
shifts are supported. The A-matrix has the following structure for a three phase transformer
P S T C
A B C ⎡ a11 a12 a13 a14 ⎤
⎡ w
A 0 0 ⎤ ⎢a
⎥ a 22 a 23 a 24 ⎥⎥
A = ⎢⎢ 0 Aw 0 ⎥ where Aw = ⎢ 21
for a 3-winding transformer (1)
⎢ a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 Aw ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣a 41 a 42 a 43 a 44 ⎦
The A-matrix is assumed to have no mutual coupling between the phases. The entire zero-
sequence system is modelled in the core part. The Aw-matrix is established according to the
BCTRAN approach from the EMTP RuleBook and section 5.2.4 p. 31 in MTU7 [4].
Typical values
The leakage reactance is established from table 1, p. 28 in MTU7 [4] (from J.J. Graininger &
W.D. Stevenson: Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill 1994) using the lowest value in the
typical range. If the type of cooling is unknown forced-air cooling is assumed. In the case of a
three-winding transformer the leakage reactance between the inner and outer winding is
approximated as the sum of the other two.
Test report
The leakage reactance is calculated from the standard test report data (positive sequence).
X [ pu ] = Z [%]2 − ( P[kW ] /(10 * S [ MVA])) 2 / 100 (3)
In the case of an autotransformer the reactances are scaled according to the TheoryBook [7].
XST =1/(UP-US)*(XST*UP*US/(UP-US)+XPS*UP-XPT*US); (4)
XPS =XPS*sqr(UP/(UP-US));
Design data
The leakage reactances are calculated according to MTU7 [4]. Pancake windings can be
arranged in various ways, but the simple layout illustrated in MTU7 [4] Fig. 9 and 10 is
assumed. The reactances are scaled to per unit based on the voltage across the PST windings.
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 34
Cylindrical:
ωμ 0 N 2 Lmt ⎛ Lmt , H ⋅ b H Lmt , M ⋅ b M ⎞
X HM = ⋅ ⎜⎜ + + Lmt ,3 ⋅ a 3 ⎟⎟ (5)
h ⎝ 3 3 ⎠
ωμ 0 N 2 L mt ⎛ L mt , M ⋅ bM L mt , L ⋅ b L ⎞
X ML = ⋅ ⎜⎜ + + L mt , 2 ⋅ a 2 ⎟⎟ (6)
h ⎝ 3 3 ⎠
ωμ 0 N 2 Lmt ⎛ mt , H H
L ⋅ b L mt , M ⋅ b M ⎞
X HL = ⋅ ⎜⎜ + + L mt ,3 ⋅ a 3 + L mt , 2 ⋅ a 2 + Lmt , M ⋅ b M ⎟ (7)
h 3 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
The indexes H, M and L refer to the outer, middle, and inner winding respectively. h is the
average height of the two windings involved, Lmt is the equivalent circumference of the
winding or leakage channel (2π⋅r), a and b is the width of the leakage channel and winding
respectively.
Pancake:
ωμ 0 N 2 Lmt ⎛b b ⎞ ωμ 0 N 2 Lmt ⎛b b ⎞
X HM = ⋅ ⎜⎜ H + M + a 3 ⎟⎟ , X LM = ⋅ ⎜⎜ M + L + a 2 ⎟⎟ (8)
2nW ⎝ 6 6 ⎠ 2nW ⎝ 6 6 ⎠
ωμ 0 N 2 L mt ⎛b b b ⎞
X HL = ⋅ ⎜⎜ H + L + M + a 2 + a 3 ⎟⎟ (9)
2nW ⎝ 6 6 2 ⎠
W is the average width of the two windings involved. a height of the leakage channel and b is
the total height of the winding.
The core winding is related to the leakage channel between the inner physical winding and the
core. A parameter K=a1/a2 is used in MTU6/7 [3,4] with a1 is the width of the inner leakage
channel and a2 is the width of the leakage channel between the inner and the outer/middle
winding. Various values are used in the MTU reports, but a fixed value K=0.5 is used in
ATPDraw. If the pu leakage reactances XML, XMH, and XHL (L=inner, M=middle, H=outer) for
a three winding transformer are given then the leakage reactances to the core winding are
assumed to be
X LC ≈ K ⋅ X ML , X MC ≈ X LC + X ML = ( K + 1) ⋅ X ML , and
X HC ≈ X MC + X HM = ( K + 1) ⋅ X ML + X HM (10)
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 35
If the user selects a frequency dependent winding resistance the resistance is approximated by
a two-cell Foster equivalent. A negative compensating (minimizing the imaginary part)
inductance Leq is added in series.
Typical values
The typical winding resistances (at power frequency) are in principle based in the MTU7 [4]
table 5 at page 53 (from A. Greenwood: Electrical Transients in Power Systems, Wiley 1991).
However, since the kV and kVA values tabulated are rather limited (up to 50 MVA and 230
kV) a simple interpolation approach as used for the reactance can not be utilized here. Instead
a function Rw is established that takes in the parameter u [kV] and s [MVA] and returns the
resistance in %. Data for a 290 MVA/ 430 kV transformer was used along with table 5 to
calibrate the function:
0.0859
⎛u⎞
Rw = 0.7537 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ s − 0.2759 [%] (11)
⎝ 15 ⎠
Test report
The test report data are given at power frequency. The per unit short circuit resistances are
calculated from the test report data (positive sequence)
RPS=PPS[kW]/(1000*SPS[MVA]) [pu]
RST=PST[kW]/(1000*SST[MVA]) [pu] (12)
RPT=PPT[kW]/(1000*SPT[MVA]) [pu]
The winding resistance is assumed to be equally shared between the windings in the case of a
two-winding transformer (RP=RPS/2 and RS= RPS/2. In the case of a 3-winding transformer the
traditional star-equivalent approach is used:
RP=(RPS+RPT-RST)/2 [pu]
RS=(RPS+RST-RPT)/2 [pu] (13)
RT=(RPT+RST-RPS)/2 [pu]
In the case of an auto-transformer the short circuit resistances are scaled according to eq. (51)
in MTU7 [4]. The approach used for reactances (from the Theory Book [7]) did not work out
for the resistances.
Design data
The user can specify the winding conductivity σ, the equivalent cross section of each turn A,
the average length of each turn L, number of turns of the inner winding, and the rated voltages
of all windings. The DC resistance is then simply calculated as in eq. (36) p. 51 of MTU7 [4]
and scaled to the power frequency using the frequency dependency below (with nl=1). The
user has to specify the conductor height and width and the number of conductors in parallel.
In the resistance is assumed to be frequency independent only the total area matters (product
of width, height and #parallel).
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 36
N ⋅L
R DC = where N is the number of turns, L is the average length per turn, wt and ht
σ ⋅ ( wt ⋅ ht ⋅ np)
is the width and height of each conductor respectively, and np is the number of parallel
conductors.
Frequency dependency
The typical values and test report resistances are assumed to follow R( f ) = R0 ⋅ f / f 0 where R0
is the resistance at the power frequency f0. This expression results in considerably lower
values that suggested in Fig. 27 in MTU7 [4]. This needs to be further investigated. In version
5.3 it was realized that the imaginary part of the Foster cells needs to be minimized as well.
This resulted in poorer fitting for the real part.
The design data resistances are assumed to follow eq. (37) is MTU7 [4] that in ATPDraw is
formulated as (Delphi does not support complex numbers) (is there a sign mistake
somewhere?):
u = wt ⋅ π ⋅ f ⋅ σ ⋅ μ 0
⎡ sinh(u ) ⋅ cosh(u ) + sin(u ) ⋅ cos(u ) 2 sinh(u ) ⋅ cosh(u ) − sin(u ) ⋅ cos(u )
R ( f ) = RDC ⋅ u ⋅ ⎢ + ⋅ +
⎣ cosh 2 (u ) − cos 2 (u ) 3 sinh 2 (u ) + cos 2 (u )
(14)
2 sinh(u / 2) ⋅ cosh(u / 2) − sin(u / 2) ⋅ cos(u / 2) ⎤
⋅ nl 2 ⋅ ⎥
3 sinh 2 (u / 2) + cos 2 (u / 2) ⎦
Here wt is the width of a single conductor. Further nl is the number of layers in the winding
which should be set to unity for a disk winding. The above expression approaches ~ f at
frequencies higher than approximately twice the power frequency.
The eleven R(f) and f value pairs are fitted to the function (two-cell Foster equivalent)
R1 ⋅ ω2 ⋅ L12 R ⋅ ω2 ⋅ L22
R(ω) = R0 + + 22 with the resistances R1 and R2, and inductances L1 and L2
R1 + ω ⋅ L1 R2 + ω2 ⋅ L22
2 2 2
10.2.3 Capacitance
The C-matrix is split in two halves and connected to each terminal of the transformer. The
type 1, 2 … PI-equivalent is used with the series resistance set to infinity (1e8 Ω) to
accomplish this. The capacitance matrix C is based on the following two matrices
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 37
Typical values
A capacitive coupling factor Kc can be specified by the user with a default value of 0.3. The
MTU reports use the concept of transient recovery voltage (TRV) to obtain the effective
capacitance when the inductance is known. The IEEE standard C37, Fig. B2 is used to obtain
the frequency of the TRV for a known voltage level and fault current. In order to use these
curves in ATPDraw a fitting function had to be established. The function is on the form
f 3⋅ I
Ceff (U , S , X pu , f ) = ⋅ [μF] (16)
2π U ⋅ ( fTRV (U , I ) )2
S
with U in [kV], S in [MVA] and I = [kA]
3 ⋅ U ⋅ X pu
In the case of typical values the Cp matrix (between phases) is always set to zero in lack of
any better choice.
For a three winding transformer the typical capacitance is more complicated. Here a simple
approach is used and the two other coupling factors used in MTU7 [4], p. 34 are avoided.
Instead the following relations are used (This approach could be further discussed):
C w [1,3] = C PT = 0
C w [2,3] = C ST = C eff (U S , S , X ST , pu , f ) − C [2,2] (19)
C w [3,3] = CTT = C eff (U T , S , X ST , pu , f ) − C [2,3]
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 38
TRV [KV]
4.8
23
100 69
138
345
765
ftrv [kHz]
10
Test report
In the test report the capacitances between each winding and ground and between all windings
is assumed to be directly specified while the Cp matrix is set to zero. All values must be
specified per phase. An option for specifying Cp is built into the code, but this is hidden at the
moment due to lack of a test case.
Design data
The calculation of design data capacitances are based on MTU7 [4] chapt. 5.3, p. 33-42. The
user has to specify the winding geometry as well as the various equivalent permittivities of
insulation system. The same configuration as given in Fig. 10.4 is used here.
Cylindrical windings:
Capacitance between two windings:
2πε r ⋅ ε 0 ⋅ (h + Δh)
C H −L = (20)
⎛ d H ,i ⎞
ln⎜ ⎟
⎜ d L,o ⎟
⎝ ⎠
The subscript syntax is H=outer, L=inner (the capacitance between the inner and outer in a
three-winding situation is assumed to be zero). Where h is the average height of the two
windings involved and Δh is the width of the leakage channel between them (added to
compensate for end effects). dH,i is the inner diameter of the outer winding, while dL,o is the
outer diameter of the inner winding. The capacitance between the inner winding and the core
is approximated the same way, but with Δh set to the width of the inner leakage channel (the
capacitance between the other windings and the core is ignored).
πε r ⋅ ε 0 ⋅ (h + Δh)
C HA− HB = (21)
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ p ⎛ p ⎞ ⎟
ln⎜ + ⎜ ⎟ −1 ⎟
⎜ d H ,o ⎟
⎜ d H ,o ⎝ ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Where p is the phase distance and dH,o is the outer diameter of the outer winding. In this case
the end effect factor becomes Δh = p- dH,o.
The remaining capacitances considered are the one between the outer winding and the tank.
The capacitance between the end phase (outer winding) and the tank is calculated from (20)
replacing dH,i and dL,o by dH,o and t, respectively, where t is the tank diameter. The capacitance
is further multiplied by a factor 0.75 to account for a non-circular tank. The capacitance
between the middle phase (outer winding) and the tank is calculated from (21) replacing p by
t, setting Δh to the distance between the outer winding surface and the tank wall Δh =(t-
dH,o)/2. In this case the capacitance is multiplied by a factor 0.25.
Pancake windings:
Capacitances between all windings and the core are calculated by (20) replacing h by the
winding width b, and Δh by the width of the inner leakage channel, a1.
The capacitance between the adjacent phases is assumed to be between windings 1 (L=inner)
and this can be calculated by (22) replacing a by the distance between the outer parts of the
windings.
Capacitances between windings and the tank are approximated by (20) replacing h+Δh by the
total winding width b. (the number of pancakes is included in b). Further dH,i is replaced by
the tank width t, and finally a reduction factor 0.25 is applied. In addition the winding 1
(L=inner) of the outer phases will have a capacitance to the end tank wall. This can be
approximated by (22) replacing a by the distance to the tank wall q, and by setting 2⋅np to
unity.
The capacitance matrix Cw is built up like a nodal admittance matrix consisting of those
capacitances that are equal for all phases. The capacitance matrix Cp consists of the quantities
that are unique for each phase. Thus Cp contains the capacitances between the outer windings
on adjacent legs and between these windings and the tank. The concept ‘outer winding’ will
be different for pancake and cylindrical windings.
10.2.4 CORE
The core model is connected to the 3-phase node C in Fig. 10.3. This node is also available
externally for measurement of the voltage and flux linkage.
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 40
Only stacked cores with three and five legs are supported at this point as shown in Fig. 10.6.
Basically the inductive and resistive core parts are treated independently. The core losses are
at this point assumed to be linear and the nonlinear inductances are modelled by the Frolich
equation. Each part of the core is modelled with its own core loss resistance and nonlinear
inductance using information about their relative cross section and length to scale the values.
Fig. 10.6) 3-legged stacked core. Fig. 10.6b) 5-legged stacked core.
Fig. 10.7 shows the fit of the specific losses and DC-magnetization curve of ARMCO M4
steel. The Frolich fitting is not very good, and in Fig. 7b) fitting around the knee point
(nominal flux) was preferred at the sacrifice of high field fitting (B=1.9 T). Similar fitting is
performed for the other core materials.
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 41
4 10000
ARMCO M4 60 Hz ARMCO M4
3 Fit 1000 Fit Frolich
p [W/kg] = (f/50)1.5*(0.339*B2+0.00125*B10) H = 5.284*B/(1-0.542*B)
p [W/kg]
H [A/m]
2 50 Hz 100
1 10
0 1
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
B [T] B [T]
Fig. 10.7a) Core loss curves Fig. 10.7b) DC-magnetization curve
As explained in the MTU7 [4] report the essence of the inductive core modelling is to obtain
the two values a’ and b’ in the Frolich equation for the λ−i characteristic by an optimization
technique. The measured or assumed rms value of the magnetizing current is compared with a
calculated quantity and iterated until a best fit is found. A method called Golden Search was
originally implemented in ATPDraw, but replaced by a Genetic Algorithm from version 5.1.
This method is robust and relatively simple to implement, but the optimization process takes a
few seconds. An important part of the work was to establish effective constrains for the a’ and
b’ values.
Inductance modelling:
H
The basic Frolich equation for the magnetic fields is B = . The flux linkage is
a +b⋅ H
λ = B ⋅ A ⋅ N and the current is i = H ⋅ l / N where N is the number of turns of the inner winding,
A is the cross section of the core, and l is the length of the core.
As a result of this the Frolich equation for the fluxlinkage-current relationship is defined as
a'⋅λ / Ar
i = lr ⋅ where lr and Ar are the relative core length and cross section related to the leg.
1 − b'⋅λ / Ar
lL 1
The constants to be determined in the optimization process are a' = a ⋅ and b' = b ⋅
N 2 ⋅ AL N ⋅ AL
based on the absolute length and cross section of the core leg.
If we assume that the core loss is proportional to the volume of the core we can set the outer
leg (Ro) and yoke resistances (Ry) proportional to the leg resistance (Rl):
Ro = Rl /( Arl ⋅ lrl ) and R y = Rl /( Ary ⋅ lry ) where lr and Ar are the relative dimensions.
Typical values
The estimation of the magnetizing current (Im) is based on table 9 in MTU7 [4] (from A.
Greenwood: Electrical Transients in Power Systems, Wiley 1991). Some fitting of the data is
performed which results in
0.2933 −0.2154
⎛ BIL ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
I m = 0.73 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟ [%] when the basic insulation level (BIL) is known and (28)
⎝ 350 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠
0.2283 −0.2134
⎛ u ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
I m = 0.855 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟ [%] when BIL must be estimated. (29)
⎝ 150 ⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠
BIL is in [kV], u is the rated voltage in [kV] and s is the rated power in [MVA].
For a typical core model the user has to specify the maximum B-field (normally 1.5-1.7 Tesla)
and the maximum core loss density. First a core material has to be guessed and this gives the
a and b values in the Frolich equation (and possibly also the c and d values that would replace
pmax).
Test report
The user specifies the excitation voltage in [%], the current in [%] and the core loss in [kW].
The core loss is used directly as explained above to obtain the core resistances. At the moment
the core resistances are assumed to be linear and the core loss value at 100 % excitation is
used (interpolation implemented if this point is not available).
Design data
For design data the user specifies the core material directly with is B/H relationship (a and b
values in the Frolich equation). The absolute core dimensions and the number of inner-
winding turns N are known, so the inductances can be found directly as
i i
λl = for the leg, λ o = for the outer leg and
a ⋅ ll b a ⋅ lo b
+ ⋅i + ⋅i
Al ⋅ N 2
Al ⋅ N Ao ⋅ N 2
Ao ⋅ N
i
λy = for the yoke (35)
a ⋅ ly b
+ ⋅i
Ay ⋅ N 2
Ay ⋅ N
References
[3] F. Gonzalez-Molina, D. Ishchenko, B. Mork: Parameter estimation and advancements in transformer
models for EMTP simulations, MTU6: Parameter Estimation, December 23rd 2003.
[4] F. Gonzalez-Molina, D. Ishchenko, B. Mork: Parameter estimation and advancements in transformer
models for EMTP simulations, MTU7: Model Performance and Sensitivity Analysis, June 22nd 2004.
11 Electrical machines
The type 56 electrical machine is supported from version v5.
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 44
12 MODELS
The handling of Models has been fundamentally changed. In v5 of ATPDraw the user can edit
the Model from within ATPDraw. The icon will automatically adapt to changes in the
Model’s header (name, inputs, outputs, and data). No files are involved in the process of
working with Models, but the user can optionally base a Model on pre-existing support and
mod- files. The Model’s icon is preferably based on a default vector graphics symbol with
inputs on the left side and outputs on the right side. The default icon contains the text
MODEL and the name of the model. When a Model is copied the data (the Model’s text,
previously called the mod-file) is of course also copied. If data in one of the Model is
changed, this will also affect the copied data. Actually ATPDraw looks for Models having the
same name and copies data over to them after a warning to the user. The name of the Model is
written in grey in the component dialog box shown in Fig. 12.1. To actually edit the Model
the user clicks on Edit. This will bring up the text editor shown in Fig. 12.2. If the user
changes the number of inputs or outputs the icon is automatically updated to the default vector
graphic icon.
GAPB
Fig. 12.2. The text editor for the FLASH_1 model. The Model data when Edit is clicked in Fig. 12.1.
In Fig. 12.2 the user can edit the Model and also save it to an external library file for later use
(File|Export). Model data can also be imported.
After editing the Model header the user clicks on Done in Fig. 12.1 ATPDraw examines the
new header and replies with a message box given in Fig. 12.3 if some changes are discovered.
Fig. 12.3. Model identification message. Click on Yes to edit the definitions for the model
(icon, node positions etc.). Click on No to use the default vector graphic icon.
Changing the number inputs or outputs will affect the icon as is shown in Fig. 12.4. The new
added 12-phase output trip2 will appear on the right side of the new vector graphic icon.
Changing the variables and data will not affect the icon. Note that indexed data are supported
in ATPDraw v5.
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 46
GAPB
MODEL
flash_1
The component dialog box of the Model shown in Fig. 12.1 will immediately be updated as
shown in Fig. 12.5.
Fig. 12.5. New component dialog (data and node parts) as a response to Fig. 12.4.
When clicking on OK in Fig. 12.1 all occurrences of models with the same name will be
updated. If the user clicks on No in Fig. 12.6 he can go back into Edit to change the name of
the Model and thus avoid updating the other Models.
When selecting Library|Synchronize the Models’ icons are not updated. The same update
feature also applies to User Specified objects and Line&Cables (LCC).
13 TACS
Several new FORTRAN type components have been added to version 5, see appendix A.
There is also a change in how positive/negative inputs to summations are visualized. The blue
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 47
colouring of nodes is no longer used, and instead the icon connection is drawn as red for
positive, blue for negative and white for disconnected inputs.
Relations are used to visualize information flow into Fortran statements and are drawn as blue
connections, but have no influence on components connectivity. Relations are drawn in the
same way as drawing a short circuit connection between nodes, except that you have to select
the TACS|Draw relation option in the component selection menu to start the relation drawing.
You can then draw multiple relations until you click the right mouse button or press Esc key.
14 Grouping
A new feature in version 5 is Regroup of existing groups. It is possible to select an existing
group followed by Edit|Compress which will enable editing of the group (change the nodes
and data sources). The Group icon can be on bitmap or vector graphics formats.
The user selects the external/global data and nodes as in earlier versions. Note that if some
data share the same name they will be treated as one in the Component dialog box. Change
the name (in the Added to group fields) by double clicking on them. Make sure that the nodes
have unique positions (warnings are given). To locate a node outside the predefined 1-12
border positions specify position 0 and enter the co-ordinates directly. Vector graphic icons
enable automatic node positions.
The Keep icon button is convenient when Recompressing a group with a user designed
bitmap/vector icon.
Appendix A
List of Selection menu components
Selection Name Icon Selection Name Icon
Probes&3-phase Branch linear
Probe volt PROBE_V V Resistor RESISTOR
Probe Branch PROBE_B Inductor IND_RP
v
+
-
I
Probe Current PROBE_I Capacitor CAP_RS
Probe TACS PROBE_T T
RLC RLC
Probe MODELS PROBE_M M
RLC 3-ph RLC3
Splitter (3 ph) SPLITTER RLC –Y 3-ph RLCY3
ABC-CAB +
ABC-ACB
ABC Reference ABC ABC R(i) Type 92 NLRES92 R(i)
Lumped
RLC Pi-eq. 1.. LINEPI_1.. L(i) Type 98 NLININD
1..3 phase LINEPI_3
RLC Pi-eq. 1.. LINEPI3S L(i) Type 93 NLIND93
3 ph seq.
RLC Pi-eq. 1.. PI_CAB3S L(i) Type 96 NLIND96
3x1 ph. cable
RL Coupled 51.. LINERL_1.. L(i) Hevia 98- HEVIA98
1..3 phase LINERL_3 >96 H
RL Coupled 51.. LINESY_3 MOV Type 92 MOV MOV
3 ph. seq.
RL Coupled 51.. LINERL_6 MOV Type 3-ph MOV_3 MOV
6 phase
RL Coupled 51.. LINESY_6 R(TACS) Type TACSRES T
6 ph. seq. 91
Lines/Cables L(i) type 98, init NLIN98_I
Distributed
Transposed lines LINEZT_1.. L(i) type 96, init NLIN96_I
1..3 phase LINEZT_3
Transposed lines LINEZT6N LINE
Z-T
L(i) type 93, init NLIN93_I
6 phase (all 6 transp.)
Transposed lines LINEZT_6 LINE
Z-MT
Switches
6 phase mutual (0-seq. coupl)
Transposed lines LINEZT_9 LINE
Z-T
Switch time TSWITCH
9 phase (all 9 transp.) controlled
Untransp. lines LINEZU_2 Switch time 3 SWIT_3XT
2,3 phase LINEZU_3 ph.
Lines/Cables PI, Bergeron, Overhead, Switch voltage SWITCHVC + Vf -
LCC JMarti, Noda, single core, contr.
Semlyen Enclosing pipe
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 49
LCC LCC
Phase number set LCC_1.. Diode (type 11) DIODE
internally LCC_21
Lines/Cables Read pch file Identifies nodes Valve (type 11) SW_VALVE
Read PCH file create lib file and length
S
Phase number set LCC_L1..9 PCH Triac (type 12) TRIAC
PCH
from PCH file LCC_N1..9
C
Sources TACS switch SW_TACS
(type 13)
DC type 11 DC1PH Measuring SWMEAS M
Tamp type 12 RAMP Statistic switch SW_STAT
STAT STAT
Slope ramp type SLOPE_RA Systematic SW_SYST
13 switch SY ST SY ST
AC type 14 AC1PH Machines
Surge type 15 SURGE SM 59 SM59_NC
No/8 contrl. SM59_FC SM
SM
ω ω
Cigrè type 16 CIGRE C C UM 3 Induction UM_3
IM IM
ω ω
TACS source TACSSOUR UM 4 Induction UM_4
IM IM
ω ω
Empirical type 1 SOUR_1 UM 6 Single UM_6
phase SP SP
ω ω
AC 3-ph type 14 AC3PH UM 8 DC UM_8
DC DC
ω ω
AC ungrounded AC1PHUG + MODELS
DC ungrounded DC1PHUG + Default MODELDEF
MODEL
default
Transformers Files (sup/mod) In-memory
editable MODEL
fourier
Ideal 1 phase TRAFO_I n: 1 Type 94 TYPE94_1.. TYPE Type
P S 1..3 phase TYPE94_3 94 ss 94 ss
56
Multi switch DEVICE57 Math DIFF2 +
57
x-y -
Cont integ DEVICE58 Math SUM2 +
Gu x+y +
58
Simple deriv DEVICE59 Math MULTK K
du
G
dt x*K
if 59
Input IF DEVICE60 Math MULT2
*
x*y
60
Signal select DEVICE61 Math DIV2 x
x
x/y y
61 y
Sample track DEVICE62 Math ABS x
Sampl
|x|
T rack |x|
62
Inst min/max DEVICE63 Math NEG NEG
MIN
MAX -x
63
Min/max track DEVICE64 Math SQRT
MIN
MAX sqrt(t)
64
Acc count DEVICE65 Math EXP exp
ACC
exp(x)
65
Rms meter DEVICE66 Math LOG log
RMS RMS
log(x)
66 66
TACS Math LOG10 log10
Fortran log10(x)
statements
Trigonom SIN sin Math RAD RAD
sin rad(x)
Trigonom COS cos Math DEG DEG
cos deg(x)
Trigonom TAN tan Math RND RND
tan rnd(x)
Trigonom COTAN cotan TACS
cotan Fortran
statements
ATPDraw version 5 – User manual supplements 51
tanh > x y
y
Frequency Logic GE x
Component >= x y
y
HFS Source HFS_SOUR Logic EQ
=? x=y
HFS
Cigre load CIGRE_1 CIGRE CIGRE
User Specified
1 ph, 3 ph CIGRE_3 LOAD LOAD
Linear RLC RLC_F Library LIB LIB
RLC
(default without
parameter)
Kizilcay KFD F(s|z) Files… In-memory
F-Dependent editable