R.Can Toklu 20021129 Jeoloji Mühendisliği

R.
Can Toklu
20021129
Jeoloji Mühendisliği
Name of the experiment: Steam Distillation

Purpose of the experiment: To determine the molecular weight of a liquid by using steam
distillation.
Theoretical Data:
Distillation: Distillation is a process of converting a liquid to gas by boiling and condensation
of the gas back to the liquid state by cooling. Distillation is frequently used both in industry
and laboratories purifying and separating the liquids.
The distilled liquid formed in a distillation process is called distillate and the residual
remaining in the flask is called residue. In general the distillate is the low boiling point
component and the residue is the high boiling point component.
Steam distillation: Separation by distillation involves differential vaporization of a liquid and
collection of the vaporized material by condensation. Among the various types of distillation
processes, single stage distillate is used for analytical separations and multi stage(fractional)
technical are effective industrial applications.
The component with a lower boiling point separated from the mixture by vaporization
and subsequent condensation is called the “distillate”. The component with a relatively high
boiling point left behind in the flask is the “residue”.
The vapor pressure of a system composed of immiscible components are equal to the
sum of the partial pressures of the components. The boiling point of such a system is lower
than boiling point of each component. Many substances with high boiling temperatures by
passing water vapor throughout the system. At the boiling temperature, the mole fractions of
the components in the vapor phase are directly proportional to their partial pressures. That is,
the vapor phase is richer in the volatile component. Collection of the vaporized material by
cooling and condensation the quantitative composition of the sample and thus the mole
fraction ratio of the components is obtained if the molecular weight of one the components is
unknown. It can be determined by this ratio.
Vapor pressure of solutions:
We find the vapor pressures of solutions to be important when we want to devise a
method of separating volatile liquid mixtures by distillation. Also they provide a springboard
for dealing with other important solution properties, such as boiling points and osmotic
pressure.
In our discussion we will consider solutions that contain only two components, a
solvent A and a solute B. In the 1880s the French chemist F.M. Raoult found that a dissolved
solute lows the vapor pressure of the solvent. Raoult’s law states that the particle pressure
exerted by solvent vapor above an ideal solution  and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent
at the given temperature Pao.
PA= Pao
Vacuum Distillation: Vacuum distillation is a kind of distillation which is made at a
pressure lower than barometric pressure.
Simple Distillation: Simple distillation a volatile liquid is separated from nonvolatile

solutes dissolved in it.
Mole Fraction: To relate certain physical properties (such as vapor pressure) to
solution concentration we need a concentration unit in which all solution components are
expressed on a mole basis. This we can do with the mole fraction. The mole fraction of a
component i, designated i is the amount of component i(in moles) per total amount of all
solution components(in moles)
i=amount of component i (in moles)/amount of all solution components(in moles)
Dalton’s Law of Particle Pressures:

John Dalton made an important contribution to the study gaseous mixtures. He proposed that
in a mixture each gas expand to fill the container and exerts the same pressure called it’s
partial pressure, that it would if it were alone in the contained Dalton’s law of particle
pressures states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the particle pressures
of the components of the mixtures of a mixture of gases A,B,…
Ptotal=Pa+Pb+…
The compositions of gaseous mixtures are often expressed in per by volume. In these
cases we sometimes find it helpful volume with particle volumes. The particle volume of a
component in gaseous mixture is the volume that component would occupy if it were present
alone at the total pressure of the mixture. The total volume of a gaseous mixture is the sum of
the particle volume it’s components.
Vtotal=Va+Vb+…
We can derive a particularly useful expression by taking the rate of partical pressure to
a total pressure.
nA n
XA  , XB  B
nT nT
nA
PA X A P n
  A  T
PB X B PB nB
nT
mA
PA nA P mw A PB .ma mwB
  A   mw A 
PB nB PB mB PA .m B
mwB
DATA:
Temperature of distillate=92oC dxylene=0,875g/cm3

Pbeytepe=676,2mmHg Pwater= from table= 566,99mmHg
mflask=m1=52,87g Volume of xy=Vxy=17ml
mflask+distillate=m2=67,32g Volume of water =Vw=12ml
mxylnee+flask=m3=62,17g mwwater=18,0g/mole
Calculations and Result:
1-Pxylene=Ptotal-Pwater
=676,2mmHg-566mmHg=109,21mmHg
2-Amount of water in the distillate
mH2O=m2-m3
=67,32g-32,17g
=5,15g
3-Amount of xylene in the distillate

mxylene=m3-m1
=62,17g-52,87g
=9,3g
4- Molecular weight of xylene
PH 2O .m xylene m wH 2O
m wxylene 
Pxylene .mwater
566,99mmHg.18,0 g / mole.9,3g
mwxylene 
109,21mmHg.5,15 g
 167,2 g / mole
The molecular weight of xylene is found as 167,2 g/mole by using the experimental
datas that we got from steam distillation.
Discussion:
We find the molecular weight of xylene as 167,2g/mole but the original value for the
xylene’s molecular weight is 106,7g/mole. Then we can find the deviation percent of the
experiment as
167,2  106,17
%deviation   100  %57,4
106,17
This error ratio may occur from wrong measuring of the distillation temperature.
Because by using the distillation temperature we get the vapor pressure of water. And we use
this date calculating the molecular weight of xylene.
Error also may occur from the wrong weighing the samples which were in flask. In
other conditions which are better we can get a result which is much near to the fact.
Questions
1- It is used to purify and to separate the liquids. We vaporize a liquid and collect the
vaporized material by condensation. And distillation is used for analytical separations
and multistage techniques are effective in industrial applications.
PA n
2- A)  A
PB nB
PA=0,6mole.494mmHg/0,2mole=1482mmHg
B)
PA+PB=Patm
494+ PA=760mmHg
PA=266mmHg
PA n
 A
PB nB
nA=0,11mole XA=nA/nA+nB=0,11/0,31=0,35
References:
1)General Chemistry Laboratory Texts
2)General Chemistry “Modern Applications and Principles”

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R.

Name of the experiment: Steam Distillation

Simple Distillation: Simple distillation a volatile liquid is separated from nonvolatile

i=amount of component i (in moles)/amount of all solution components(in moles)

Dalton’s Law of Particle Pressures:

Temperature of distillate=92oC dxylene=0,875g/cm3

3-Amount of xylene in the distillate

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