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    Brain Anteriovenous Malformation

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    France Jannica Petallar - Orbeta
    An AVM is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels in the brain that can bleed and cause damage. AVMs are rare, occurring in less than 1% of the population. The cause is unknown but they may be present since birth. Symptoms include seizures, headaches, stroke-like symptoms, and bleeding in the brain. AVMs are diagnosed using cerebral angiography, MRI, or CT scan. Treatment aims to prevent bleeding, as bleeding can cause permanent disability or death in about half of severe bleed cases.

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    Brain Anteriovenous Malformation

    Uploaded by

    France Jannica Petallar - Orbeta
    64 views7 pages
    An AVM is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels in the brain that can bleed and cause damage. AVMs are rare, occurring in less than 1% of the population. The cause is unknown but they may be present since birth. Symptoms include seizures, headaches, stroke-like symptoms, and bleeding in the brain. AVMs are diagnosed using cerebral angiography, MRI, or CT scan. Treatment aims to prevent bleeding, as bleeding can cause permanent disability or death in about half of severe bleed cases.

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    AVM

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    An AVM is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels in the brain that can bleed and cause damage. AVMs are rare, occurring in less than 1% of the population. The cause is unknown but they may be present since birth. Symptoms include seizures, headaches, stroke-like symptoms, and bleeding in the brain. AVMs are diagnosed using cerebral angiography, MRI, or CT scan. Treatment aims to prevent bleeding, as bleeding can cause permanent disability or death in about half of severe bleed cases.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    64 views7 pages

    Brain Anteriovenous Malformation

    Uploaded by

    France Jannica Petallar - Orbeta
    An AVM is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels in the brain that can bleed and cause damage. AVMs are rare, occurring in less than 1% of the population. The cause is unknown but they may be present since birth. Symptoms include seizures, headaches, stroke-like symptoms, and bleeding in the brain. AVMs are diagnosed using cerebral angiography, MRI, or CT scan. Treatment aims to prevent bleeding, as bleeding can cause permanent disability or death in about half of severe bleed cases.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 7

    Brain Anteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

    What is AVM.?

    AVM stands for


    anteriovenous
    malformation. An
    AVM is a tangle of
    abnormal anf
    poorly formed
    blood vessels
    (arteries and veins).
    They have a higher
    rate of bleeding
    than normal
    vessels. AVM can
    occur anywhere in
    the body. Brain
    AVMs are of special
    concern because of the damage they cause when they bleed. They are
    very rare and occur in less than 1% of the general population. AVMs
    that occur in the coverings of the brain are called dural AVMs.

    What is the cause of AVM

    The cause is not known. AVM are thought to be due to abnormal


    development of blood vessels in utero and may be present since birth.
    Most AVMs are not inherited with the exception of a condition called
    H.H.T. An AVM is not a cancer, and does not spread to other parts of
    the body. Dural AVMs in adults are an acquired disorder that can occur
    following an injury.

    Who gets an AVM

    They can occur in people with any races and sexes in almost equal
    proportions. The typical time of discovery is between the ages of 20
    and 40 years.
    Why is it important to treat AVM

    Treatment is offered is to try to prevent bleeding from the AVM.


    Bleeding may injure the surrounding brain resulting in a stroke =, with
    possible permanent
    disability or even
    death. The risk of
    bleeding is 4% per
    year which means 4
    out of every 100
    people with an VM
    will have a bleed( hemorrhage) during any one year. AVMs may also
    produce headaches, seizures and progressive paralysis, and the
    reatment may alleviate these symptoms.

    What kind of symptoms do AVMs cause.?

    Symtoms of an AVM:

    A variety of symtoms may be produced which will depend on the


    location and size of the AVM. Common problems including:

    1. Seizures: and aAVM in te brain may act as an irritant resulting in


    abnormal electil activity. Seizure may develop as a result of this
    hyperactivity.
    2. Headache: headaches may be caused by the highblood flow
    through the AVM. These headaches may be similar to migraine or
    be actual migraines. They are mild to quite disabling. Sudden,
    severe headaches can be caused by bleeding. These headaches
    are often followed by nausea, vomiting, neurological problems or
    a decreasing level of consciousness
    3. Stroke- like- symptoms: Brain AVMs may cause stroke like
    symtoms by depriving the nerby brain tissue of oxygen and
    nutrients. The symtoms vary with the location of the AVM and
    include:
    a. Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body
    b. Numbness and tingling
    c. Problems with vision, hearing, balance, memory and
    personality changes
    4. Bleeding: this is the most serious complication of an AVM. It is the
    most reason for recommending treatment. Bleeding from an AVM
    will occur in about 1 out of 10 perople with a brain AVM every
    year. Sometimes, a bleed may be small and produce no noticeable
    symtoms. Approximately 50% of the bleeds are significant with
    permanent disability in half of these cases and death in the other
    half.

    How are AVMs diagnosed.?

    There are three main tests that are used to diagnose AVMs. These
    are:

    Cerebral Angiography (Angiogram): a thin tube is inserted into an


    artery in the groin. This thin tube is threaded up into the blood
    vessel from the groin toward the brain. Dye is injected into the blood
    vessels of the brain and pictures are taken. An AVM will show up as a
    tangle of blood vessels.

    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): is a method of producing highly


    detailed images of the body without the need for X-ray. MR
    angiography (MRA) utilizes “pulse sequences” specifically designed to
    show the arteries and veins of the brain as well as the AVM. MRI
    examination show in detail the AVM and it relationship to the brain.

    Computerized Tomography (CT scan): uses X-rays to image different


    parts of the body. CT scanning is an excellent method of detecting
    bleeding into the brain or the fluid spaces around the brain. The study
    of the brain may be done with or without dye. On the CT scan it may be
    possible to see an anteriovenous malformation of the brain, in
    particular after X-ray dye is given.
    Electrical Burns
    Electrical burn severity is determined by the voltage, current
    and type of current, duration of contact and resistance at
    contact points. High voltage electrical injuries (>1000 volts)
    meet the victorian State Trauma Systems Major Trauma
    criteria.
    Low voltage injuries are usually sustained in domestic (240
    voltssingle phase
    AC) or industrial
    (415 volts 3 phase
    AC) settings. In
    general, low
    voltage injuries are
    associated with
    localized areas of
    tissue destruction.
    High voltage
    electrical injuries
    occur as a result of
    contact with overhead powerlines and other sources of high
    voltage electrical currents. High Voltage Electrical injuries tend
    to be characterized by deep, extensive tissue damage with 3
    general pattern injury:

     True electrical injury caused by current flow


     Electrical arc injury caused by arc of current source to be
    object
     Flame injury from ignition of clothes etc.
    High Voltage injuries are commonly associated with other
    traumatic injuries.
    Medical Therapy
    Patients with electrical injury should be initially evaluated as a
    trauma patient. Airway, breathing, circulation, and inline
    immorbilization of the spine should be performed as a part of
    primary survey. Maintain a high index of suspicion and evaluate
    for hidden injuries. Intravenous access, cardiac monitoring and
    measurement of oxygen saturation should be started during
    primary survey. Fluid replacement is the most important aspect
    of the initial resuscitation. As with conventional thermal injury,
    electrical injuries caused massive fluid shifts with extensive
    tissue damage and acidosis, therefor monitoring patients
    hemodynamics is important. A foley catheter is helpful in
    monitoring urine output and therefore, tissue perfusion.
    Initial fluid resuscitation should aim for urine output of greater
    than 0.5 cc/kg/h if no signs of myoglobinuria are present and
    preferably greater than 1 cc/kg/h if myoglobinuria is present.
    Since lightning burns are superficial, using a stand formula such
    as the Parkland formula, may be helpful
    Cebu Institute of Technology University
    College of Nursing

    Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center


    Out Patient Department

    Submtted by:
    France Jannica G. Petallar
    Cebu Institute of Technology University
    College of Nursing

    Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center


    Out Patient Department

    Submtted by:
    Gio R. Cabuntala

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