Swimming, Table tennis,

Arnis & Laro ng Lahi

Padua, Eroll M.
BAPR II- 3D

Mr. Luis Palaganas

PE Instructor
Swimming
Swimming, in recreation and sports, the propulsion of the body through water by
combined arm and leg motions and the natural flotation of the body. Swimming as
an exercise is popular as an all-around body developer and is particularly useful in
therapy and as exercise for physically handicapped persons. It is also taught for
lifesaving purposes. For activities that involve swimming, see
also diving, lifesaving, surfing, synchronized swimming, underwater diving, and water
polo.

History of Swimming
Archaeological and other evidence shows swimming to have been practiced as
early as 2500 BCE in Egypt and thereafter in Assyrian, Greek, and Roman civilizations.
In Greece and Rome swimming was a part of martial training and was, with the alphabet,
also part of elementary education for males. In the Orient swimming dates back at least
to the 1st century BCE, there being some evidence of swimming races then in Japan. By
the 17th century an imperial edict had made the teaching of swimming compulsory in the
schools. Organized swimming events were held in the 19th century before Japan was
opened to the Western world. Among the preliterate maritime peoples of the Pacific,
swimming was evidently learned by children about the time they walked, or even before.
Among the ancient Greeks there is note of occasional races, and a famous boxer swam
as part of his training. The Romans built swimming pools, distinct from their baths. In the
1st century BCE the Roman Gaius Maecenas is said to have built the first heated
swimming pool.

The lack of swimming in Europe during the Middle Ages is explained by some
authorities as having been caused by a fear that swimming spread infection and
caused epidemics. There is some evidence of swimming at seashore resorts of Great
Britain in the late 17th century, evidently in conjunction with water therapy. Not until the
19th century, however, did the popularity of swimming as both recreation and sport
begin in earnest. When the first swimming organization was formed there in
1837, Londonhad six indoor pools with diving boards. The first swimming championship
was a 440-yard (400-metre) race, held in Australia in 1846 and annually thereafter. The
Metropolitan Swimming Clubs of London, founded in 1869, ultimately became
 the Amateur Swimming Association, the governing body of British amateur swimming.
National swimming federations were formed in several European countries from 1882 to
1889. In the United States swimming was first nationally organized as a sport by
the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) on its founding in 1888. The Fédération Internationale
de Natation Amateur (FINA) was founded in 1909.

Strokes
The breaststroke is believed to be the oldest of strokes and is much used in
lifesaving and recreational swimming as well as in competitive swimming. The stroke is
especially effective in rough water. As early as the end of the 17th century, the stroke
was described as consisting of a wide pull of the arms combined with a symmetrical
action of the legs and simulating the movement of a swimming frog, hence the usual
term frog kick. The stroke is performed lying face down in the water, the arms always
remaining underwater. The early breaststroke featured a momentary glide at the
completion of the frog kick. Later the competitive breaststroke eliminated the glide. In the
old breaststroke, breath was taken in at the beginning of the arm stroke, but in the later
style, breath was taken in near the end of the arm pull.

The butterfly stroke, used only in competition, differs from the breaststroke in
arm action. In the butterfly the arms are brought forward above the water. The stroke
was brought to the attention of U.S. officials in 1933 during a race involving Henry
Myers, who used the stroke. He insisted that his stroke conformed to the rules of
breaststroke as then defined. After a period of controversy, the butterfly was recognized
as a distinct competitive stroke in 1953. The frog kick originally used was abandoned for
a fishtail (dolphin) kick, depending only on up-and-down movement of the legs. Later
swimmers used two dolphin kicks to one arm pull. Breathing is done in sprint competition
by raising the head every second or third stroke.

The backstroke began to develop early in the 20th century. In that stroke, the
swimmer’s body position is supine, the body being held as flat and streamlined as
possible. The arms reach alternately above the head and enter the water directly in line
with the shoulders, palm outward with the little finger entering the water first. The arm is
 pulled back to the thigh. There is a slight body roll. The kick was originally the frog kick,
but it subsequently involved up-and-down leg movements as in the crawl. The
backstroke is a competition stroke, but it is also used in recreational swimming as a rest
from other strokes, frequently with minimum arm motion and only enough kick to
maintain forward motion.

The crawl, the stroke used in competitive freestyle swimming, has become the
fastest of all strokes. It is also the almost unanimous choice of stroke for covering any
considerable distance. The stroke was in use in the Pacific at the end of the 19th century
and was taken up by the Australian swimmer Henry Wickham about 1893. The
brothers Syd and Charles Cavill of Australia popularized the stroke in Europe in 1902
and in the United States in 1903. The crawl was like the old sidestroke in its arm action,
but it had a fluttering up-and-down leg action performed twice for each arm stroke. Early
American imitators added an extra pair of leg actions, and later as many as six kicks
were used. The kicks also varied in kind. In the crawl, the body lies prone, flat on the
surface of the water, with the legs kept slightly under the water. The arms move
alternately, timed so that one will start pulling just before the other has finished its pull,
thus making propulsion continuous. Breathing is done by turning the head to either side
during recovery of the arm from that side. Since 1896 the crawl has been used in more
races than any other stroke.

Table tennis
Table tennis, also called (trademark) Ping-Pong, ball game similar in principle
to lawn tennis and played on a flat table divided into two equal courts by a net fixed
across its width at the middle. The object is to hit the ball so that it goes over the net and
bounces on the opponent’s half of the table in such a way that the opponent cannot
reach it or return it correctly. The lightweight hollow ball is propelled back and forth
across the net by small rackets (bats, or paddles) held by the players. The game is
popular all over the world. In most countries it is very highly organized as a competitive
sport, especially in Europe and Asia, particularly in China and Japan.
History of Table tennis
The game was invented in England in the early days of the 20th century and was
originally called Ping-Pong, a trade name. The name table tennis was adopted in 1921–
22 when the old Ping-Pong Association formed in 1902 was revived. The original
association had broken up about 1905, though apparently the game continued to be
played in parts of England outside London and by the 1920s was being played in many
countries. Led by representatives of Germany, Hungary, and England, the Fédération
Internationale de Tennis de Table (International Table Tennis Federation) was founded
in 1926, the founding members being England, Sweden, Hungary, India, Denmark,
Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Wales. By the mid-1990s more than 165
national associations were members.

The first world championships were held in London in 1926, and from then until
1939 the game was dominated by players from central Europe, the men’s team event
being won nine times by Hungary and twice by Czechoslovakia. In the mid-1950s Asia
emerged as a breeding ground of champions, and from that time the men’s team event
has been won by either Japan or China, as has the women’s event, though to a lesser
extent; North Korea also became an international force. In 1980 the first World Cup was
held, and Guo Yuehua of China won the $12,500 first prize. Table tennis became
an Olympic sport in 1988, with singles and doubles competition for men and women.

Arnis
Arnis is the national martial art sport of Philippines. It is also known as Eskrima
and Kali. This sport actually emphasizes weapon based fighting which is done using
knives, bladed weapons, sticks and various improvised weapons. It also includes hand
to hand combat, grappling and weapon disarming methods. The primary weapon used in
this traditional martial art sport of Philippines is called a cane or a baton. The cane or
baron varies in sizes but the original length of it is 28 inches. The cane used in this sport
is also considered sacred by the Arnisadores practitioners, which is why the cane is hit
on the hand or forearm of the sparring partner and not at the latter’s cane during the
sport. This sport was known as the defensing sport in the past by the practitioners. The
Philippines is known all around the world for its blade culture which has originated from
this sport.
History of Arnis
The Philippines is an island nation rich in both culture and history. The Filipino
martial art of Arnis/Kali/Escrima has contributed to both the history and diversity of
the Philippines. There are an abundance of styles and systems of Arnis/Kali/Escrima
that are taught throughout the world to this day, that have survived and developed
throughout the different regions, families and teachers who have preserved what is
sometimes called a “complete” martial art. Arnis/Kali/Escrima was originally developed
by the people native to the islands using simple impact and edged weapons such as
kampilans, rattan, swords, daggers, spears and other assorted weaponry for combat
and self defense. These weapons were also sometimes used as farm implements.

The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan’s force in 1521 was met in battle with a group
of islanders, led by Raja Lapu Lapu, who defeated Magellan using only a bladed
weapon. Magellan’s armored and musket bearing conquistadors were overpowered by
the fierce fighters and retreated. The Spanish returned in the 1570’s and this time the
Philippines came under Spanish rule unable to contend with the modern weaponry the
Spanish used. The practice of Arnis/Kali/Escrima was prohibited, but continued and
was preserved through native ritual dance, performance, and mock battles. Thus the
arts were passed down in families from generation to generation, honing their skill,
speed, accuracy and agility.

The terms Arnis, Kali and Escrima are all used to refer to the Filipino martial
arts. There has been some confusion as to what word refers to which part of the
martial art. It is believed that Arnis, Kali, and Escrima are all a part of the same art and
depending on the location, dialect and type of training taught. Also, any of the three
names may apply to a certain part of training. One interpretation is that Kali is the
mother art of Arnis and Escrima. Arnis focuses on the knife, including dagger, sword,
and any other form of bladed weapon. Escrima is based on the baston or stick. It has
also become very popular in the sport aspect of full contact stick fighting.
Laro ng Lahi or Traditional Filipino Games
Traditional Filipino Games or Indigenous games in the Philippines are
games commonly played by children, usually using native materials or instruments. In
the Philippines, due to limited resources of toys for Filipino children, they usually invent
games without the need of anything but the players themselves. Their games' complexity
arises from their flexibility to think and act.

Laro ng Lahi was coined and popularized by the Samahang Makasining (Artist
Club), Inc. (commonly known "Makasining") with the help of National Commission for
Culture and the Arts and being used by the other Philippine Local Government Unit,
other organizations and other institution. Imparting of these Filipino games to the youth
is one of the main objectives of the organization. The Makasining also created time
based scoring for five selected games (Patintero, Syatong, Dama, Lusalos and Holen).

These laro ng lahi challenge a child’s tactical intellect and teach a multitude of
values. It teaches them that life is bound by rules – and if they break them, they have to
pay the price. It also teaches the importance of meaningful strategy, planning ahead,
teamwork and communication.

But for the most part, our laro ng lahi are there for the laughs, excitement and
sheer fun. How do you play laro ng lahi games?

1. Patintero

Form 2 teams with equal number of players, at least 2 to 3 each. Each team is
either a free-roamer or a tagger. As a free-roamer, your objective is to cross a gauntlet
of parallel – sometimes, even perpendicular – lines of taggers as many times as you
can. If you’re tagged, you wait on the sidelines until the next round comes. On that next
turn, you’ll be the tagger out for revenge!

As a free-roamer, your objective is to cross a gauntlet of parallel – sometimes,

Tumbang preso means “fallen prisoner.” To play, a tin can is set upright on the
ground inside a drawn circle. The “it” will protect the can from the other players, who are
standing behind a line about 2 meters away and will strike it down using their rubber
slippers. Only when the can is down can players retrieve their thrown flip-flops without
getting tagged by the “it.” If a player is tagged while the can is upright and in its circle,
that person becomes the new “it.”

3. Agawan Base

Similar to the game Capture the Flag, the goal of Agawan Base is to take over
the other team’s base without getting captured. To begin, two teams are each assigned
a base, like a lamppost or a tree. One person guards the base and catches by tagging
any approaching opponent. Captured players stay at the opponents’ base, forming a line
with linked hands and outstretched arms. All of them may be saved by a free teammate
if he or she touches the line they’ve formed. A base is captured when any of its free
opponents touches it.

4. Langit Lupa

In choosing who’s “it” in this game of tag with a twist, kids chant: “Langit, lupa,
impyerno / Im-im-impyerno / Saksak puso, tulo ang dugo / Patay, buhay / Alis ka na
diyan!”while pointing at players one at a time with each syllable. The last syllable
determines who’s “it.” Langit-lupa means “heaven-earth.” So the “it,” who’s “on earth,”
cannot tag anybody “in heaven.” The game hones the players’ resourcefulness as they
scramble to find higher ground by standing on a bench or climbing a tree. Players can
only stay “in heaven” for 10 seconds. After which, they come down to “earth” where the
“it” can chase and tag the next “it.”