An Analysis of The Distribution System Harmonics at Polytechnic University of The Philippines College of Engineering

An Analysis of the Distribution System
Harmonics at Polytechnic University of the

Philippines College of Engineering
Adrian E. Nuñez, John Denver V. Rey, Mark Ignacio C. Plaza III, and Danilo H. Morimonte Jr.*
 harmonic currents generated in one area can penetrate into the

Abstract—The linear customer loads are now being power grid and propagate into other areas, resulting in voltage
dominated by sensitive and sophisticated non-linear and current distortions for the entire system [1]. This
customer loads with the growth in the power electronics phenomenon has become a major concern for power quality
and control system industries. This have a catastrophic due to the ever-increasing usage of electronic devices and
impact on a power system and equipment: increasing equipment in power systems.
harmonics “pollution”. Even in the PUP College of A harmonic is defined as a sinusoidal component of a
Engineering Building, students use a lot of electronic periodic wave or quantity having a frequency that is an
loads which exhibits nonlinear characteristics. integral multiple of the fundamental frequency [1]. For
Individually, these loads are too small to cause any example, if a component frequency is twice of the
noticeable current distortion on a distribution system. If fundamental frequency is called the second harmonic [2].
these loads increase collectively, however, harmonic Thus, on a 50 Hz power system, a harmonic component h is
current levels will gradually increase and may become a a sinusoid having a frequency expressed in the figure 1.
significant problem for utilities. In this study, techniques The uses of nonlinear loads connected to electric power
used for analysis of harmonics are discussed. Also, the use systems include static power converters, arc discharge
of the software PSCAD is introduced in which the devices, saturated magnetic devices, and, to a lesser degree,
phenomena of power system harmonics can be easily rotating machines. Nonlinear loads change the sinusoidal
modeled and analyzed. nature of the ac power current (and consequently the ac
voltage drop), thereby resulting in the flow of harmonic
currents in the ac power system that can cause interference
Index Terms — Harmonics, frequency, computer with communication circuits and other types of equipment
simulations, techniques, powerstation harmonics software [2]. When reactive power compensation, in the form of power
factor improvement capacitors, is used with these nonlinear
loads, resonant conditions can occur that may result in high
I. INTRODUCTION levels of harmonic voltage and current distortion when the
The presence of harmonics in a power system can give rise resonant condition occurs at a harmonic associated with
to a variety of problems including equipment overheating, nonlinear loads.
reduced power factors, deteriorating performance of The PUP College of Engineering building uses Electronic
electrical equipment, the incorrect operation of protective loads (cornputers, televisions, stereos, compact fluorescent
relays, interference with communication devices, and in some light bulbs, etc.) exhibit nonlinear characteristics.
cases, circuit resonance to cause electric apparatus dielectric Individually, these loads are too small to cause any noticeable
failure and other types of severe damage. Even worse, current distortion on a distribution system. If these loads
increase coIlectively, however, harmonic current levels will
gradually increase and may become a signifiant problem for
utiIities.
II. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In this paper the effects of Harmonics in the Power System
are explained and also explained how Harmonic distortion is
one of the most important problems associated with power
quality and creates several disturbances to the Power System.
III. THE PROBLEM

To know the different methods to prevent and mitigate
*J. V. Rey is a Fourth Year student of the Department of Electrical M. C. Plaza III is a Fourth Year student of the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa Mesa, Manila Engineering, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa Mesa, Manila
Philippines 1016 (e-mail: [email protected]). Philippines 1016 (e-mail: [email protected]).
A. E Nuñez, is a Fourth Year student of the Department of Electrical D. H. Morimonte, Jr., is a Fourth Year student of the Department of
Engineering, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa Manila, Manila Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa
Philippines 1016 (e-mail: [email protected]). Mesa, Manila Philippines 1016 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Harmonics in the power systems in the PUP College of
Engineering building. Several methods are suggested to
evaluate the economic damage due to harmonic losses.
IV. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study addresses steady-state limitation. Transient
conditions exceeding these limitations may be encountered.
This paper sets the quality of power that is to be provided at
the point of common coupling and only in PUP College of
Engineering and might miss some electronic loads and such.
V. METHODOLOGY
Frequency scan. Simplest and most commonly used

technique for harmonic analysis. The input data requirements
are minimized. It calculates the frequency response of a Fig. 2 PSCAD Software
network seen at a particular bus or node. Typically, a 1 per
unit sinusoid current (or voltage) is injected into the bus of
interest and the voltage (or current) response is calculated. VI. CONCLUSION
This calculation repeated using discrete frequency steps
throughout the range of interest. Frequency scan analysis is In summary, the problem of harmonic analysis can be cast
the most effective tool to detect harmonic resonance mathematically as the solution of a network equation and a
conditions in a system. It has also been widely used for filter set of device equations at fundamental and harmonic
design [3]. frequencies. The network equation can be formulated in an
Mathematically, the process is to solve the following admittance matrix form or in a power flow equation form.
network equation at frequency: The PUP College of Engineering uses a lot of electronic loads
which exhibits nonlinear characteristics and by the help of
such program like PSCAD the phenomena of power system
harmonics can be modeled and analyzed and the problems
where [I .] is the known current vector (for current injection associated with harmonics, can be easily revealed. Causes to
scan) and [V ,,] is the nodal voltage vector to be solved. In a those problems can be identified and different mitigation and
typical frequency scan analysis, only one entry of [I ,] is corrective schemes can be tested and finally verified.
nonzero. In other analysis, a set of positive or zero sequence
currents may be injected into three phases of a bus
respectively [3]. The results are the positive or zero sequence REFERENCES
driving point impedance of the network. [1] Bayan, Nima & Windsor, Ontario (1999) “Harmonic Flow Analysis
in Power Distribution Networks”
[2] Symaan Das & Srijan Saha (2014) “Harmonic Analysis of Power
Computer Simulations. When the system being studied is Electronics Loads”
more complicated, computer simulations are usually
required. [3] Raneru Nageswara Rao, “Harmonic Analysis of Small Scale
Using computer simulation, the phenomena of power Industrial Loads and Harmonic Mitigation Techniques in Industrial
Distribution System”
system harmonics can be modeled and analyzed. The
PowerStation Harmonic Analysis program provides you [4] Siti Saleha Binti Abas, “Simulation of Harmonic Currents and
with the best tool to accurately model various power system Voltages Due to Power Electronic Equipments” May 2006.
components and devices to include their frequency
dependency, non-linearity, and other characteristics under the
presence of harmonic sources [4].
This program has two analytical methods, Harmonic Load
Flow and Harmonic Frequency Scan, which are the most
popular and powerful approaches for power system harmonic
analysis. By using those two methods in combination,
different harmonic indices are computed and compared with
the industrial standard limitations, existing and potential
power quality problems, along with security problems
associated with harmonics, can be easily revealed. Causes to
those problems can be identified and different mitigation and
corrective schemes can be tested and finally verified.

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An Analysis of the Distribution System

Harmonics at Polytechnic University of the

 harmonic currents generated in one area can penetrate into the

II. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

III. THE PROBLEM

IV. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Frequency scan. Simplest and most commonly used

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