HEAT ENGINE &

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Sohail Nawab
Lecturer,
Institute of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION

 Converting heat to work requires the use of

some special devices these devices are
called heat engines.

 Heat engines and other cyclic devices

usually involve a fluid to and from which heat
is transferred while undergoing a cycle. This
fluid is called the working fluid.

Figure: Work can always be converted

to heat directly and completely,
but the reverse is not true
 Heat Engine is the device which converts chemical energy of fuel into heat energy & this
heat energy is utilized converting it to
 mechanical work
 Or thermal energy

Chemical energy Mechanical

Heat Energy
of fuel energy

 A heat engine is a system that performs the conversion of heat to mechanical

energy which can then be used to do mechanical work.
■ A machine or device which derives heat from the combustion of fuel and converts
part of this energy into mechanical work is called a heat engine
Elementary Heat Engine

𝑄1 𝑄2
Source 𝑇1 WORKING SINK 𝑇2
SUBSTANCE

In example ? …
W
Characteristics of H.E

 Heat engines differ considerably from one another,.

but all can be characterized by the following Fig
1. They receive heat from a high temperature source
(solar energy, oil furnace, nuclear reactor, etc.).
2. They convert part of this heat to work (usually in
the form of a rotating shaft).
3. They reject the remaining waste heat to a
low‐temperature sink (the atmosphere, rivers,
etc.).
4. They operate on a cycle.
The heat received by a heat engine is
converted to work, while the rest is
rejected to a sink
Classification of Heat Engines

Heat engines may be classified into two main classes as follows

 External combustion engines
Sketch on board
 Also known as steam engines

 Internal combustion Engines

 Also known as automobile engines
Thermal Efficiency

■ Thermal efficiency: is the fraction of the heat input that is converted to the net work
■ output (efficiency = benefit / cost).
(efficiency = output / input)
= What you get / what you pay
Wnet , out
 th 
Qin
where
Wnet , out  Wout  Win
Qin  Qnet

The thermal efficiency is always less than 1 or less than 100 percent.
Example 1:

■ Example: A heat engine does 5000 J of work while producing 9000 J of heat. Find
the efficiency of this heat engine.
Example 2:

■ The exhaust temperature of that heat engine is 80°C. The maximum efficiency of a
heat engine working between the same temperature range is 60%. What must the
high temperature of that heat engine be?
Cycle types on basis of Phase

 Phase-change cycles
Examples ?
 Gas-only cycles
 Liquid only cycle
 Electron Cycle
 Magnetic Cycle
Common Heat Engine Cycles

 Carnot Cycles
 Rankine Cycle
 Otto Cycle
 Diesel Cycle
ICE
Introduction

■ An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of

a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an
integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.

■ The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created

by Étienne Lenoir around 1859 and the first modern internal combustion engine
was created in 1876 by Nikolaus Otto
ICE

 In this case, combustion of fuel with oxygen of the air occurs within the cylinder of
the engine.
 The internal combustion engines group includes engines employing mixtures of
combustible gases and air, known as gas engines, those using lighter liquid fuel or
spirit known as petrol engines and those using heavier liquid fuels, known as oil,
compression ignition or diesel engines.
 The important applications of I.C. engines are:
I. Road vehicles, locomotives, ships and aircraft,
II. Portable standby units for power generation in case of scarcity of electric power.
III. Extensively used in farm tractors, lawn movers, concrete mixing devices and motor
boats.
IC Engine

■ ENGINE
– Mechanical device which converts one form of energy into another form.

■ I.C. ENGINE
– Engine in which combustion take place inside engine cylinder is called IC engine.
■ E.g.-Aircraft engine, Automobile Engines
CLASSIFICATION OF I.C. ENGINE

■ 1. CYCLE OF OPERATION  4. NO. OF CYLINDERS

– Two stroke engine  Single
 Multi
– Four stroke engine  5. COOLING SYSTEM
■ 2. THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE  Air cooled
 Water cooled
– Otto cycle
– Diesel cycle
– Dual cycle (Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle) (also known as the mixed cycle,
Trinkler cycle, Seiliger cycle or Sabathe cycle)
■ 3. METHOD OF IGNITION
– S.I. ENGINE
– C.I. ENGINE
CLASSIFICATION OF I.C. ENGINE
■ 7. FUEL USED
– Petrol
– Diesel
– Gas

■ 8. SPEED depends on ??
– High speed
– Low speed cc ??
– Medium speed

■ 9. APPLICATION
– Automotive engines
– Aircraft engines
– Marine application
– Generator sets
CLASSIFICATION OF I.C. ENGINE

■ 10. ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS

– Vertical
– Horizontal
– V- engine
– Radial engine
– Opposed cylinder
– Opposed piston
 Cylinder layouts of
Internal Combustion Engines inline

– multi-cylinder -

flat

V TYPE
flat
„boxer”
inline

V
Radial
TERMINOLOGY

■ BORE
■ STROKE
■ TDC
■ BDC
■ CLEARENCE VOLUME
■ SWEPT VOLUME
■ COMPRESSION RATIO
Fig. Terms relating I.C. engines
Terms relating to I.C. Engines

■ The various terms relating to I.C. engines are elaborated in Fig.

1. Bore – The inside diameter of the cylinder is called bore.
2. Stroke – As the piston reciprocates inside the engine cylinder, it has got limiting
upper and lower positions beyond which it cannot move and reversal of motion takes
place at these limiting positions. The linear distance along the cylinder axis between two
limiting positions, is called stroke.
3. Top Dead Centre (T.D.C.) – The top most position towards cover end side of the
cylinder is called “top dead centre”. In case of horizontal engines, this is known as inner
dead centre.
4. Bottom Dead Centre – The lowest position of the piston towards the crank end side of
the cylinder is called “bottom dead centre”. In case of horizontal engines it is called
outer dead centre.
5. CLEARENCE VOLUME - is a volume between the cylinder head and the piston top
when the piston is at top dead center (TDC). It can also be defined as the volume of
cylinder that is not swept by the piston. Each time the piston goes up, it compress the
fuel air mixture in the clearance volume before ignition takes place
6. SWEPT VOLUME - is volume between top dead centre and bottom dead centre. As
piston moves from one dead centre to another it sweeps this volume, so it is
called swept volume. It is also called displacement volume.
7. COMPRESSION RATIO - the ratio of the maximum to minimum volume in the cylinder
of an internal combustion engine.
Components of Four-Stroke Engines
Intake Valve
Exhaust Valve

Valve Cover
Spark Plug
Intake Port
Exhaust Port

Head
Piston

Connecting Rod
Coolant

Rod Bearings

Engine Block
Crankshaft

Oil Pan
Oil Sump
TWO STROKE ENGINE
Two Stroke Animation
 Internal Combustion Engines – two
stroke

1. Intake / Compression 2. Power / Exhaust

a. inlet port opens

a. ignition
b. compressed fuel-air mixture rushes into
b. piston moves downward compressing fuel-
the cylinder
air mixture in the crankcase
c. piston upward movement provides
c. exhaust port opens
further compression
Four Stroke Cycle Animation
Internal Combustion Engines
four stroke:

1. intake 2. compression
starting position
a. piston starts moving down a. piston moves up
b. intake valve opens b. both valves closed
c. air-fuel mixture gets in c. air-fuel mixture gets
compressed
Internal Combustion Engines
– four stroke

ignition 3. power 4. exhaust

a. air-fuel mixture explodes a. piston moves up
driving the piston down b. exhaust valve opens c.
exhaust leaves the cylinder
intake
exhaust
/intake

compression

ignition

exhaust
combustion
Four Stroke Cycle

■ Intake
■ Compression
■ Power
■ Exhaust
Intake Stroke

■ Intake valve opens.

■ Piston moves down, ½ turn of crankshaft.
■ A vacuum is created in the cylinder.
■ Atmospheric pressure pushes the air/fuel mixture into the
cylinder.
Compression Stroke

■ Valves close.
■ Piston moves up, ½ turn of crankshaft.
■ Air/fuel mixture is compressed.
■ Fuel starts to vaporize and heat begins to build.
Power Stroke

■ Valves remain closed.

■ Spark plug fires igniting fuel mixture.
■ Piston moves down, ½ turn of crankshaft.
■ Heat is converted to mechanical energy.
Exhaust Stroke

■ Exhaust valve opens.

■ Piston move up, crankshaft makes ½ turn.
■ Exhaust gases are pushed out polluting the
atmosphere.
 PETROL V/S DIESEL ENGINE
■ PETROL ENGINE (S.I.) ■ DIESEL ENGINE(C.I.)
■ Otto cycle ■ Diesel cycle
■ Air – fuel mixture suction stroke ■ Only air sucked during suction stroke
■ spark plug is needed ■ No spark plug needed
■ C.R.=6-12 ■ C.R.= 14-22
■ Low efficiency ■ High efficiency
■ Light weight ■ Heavy
■ Cheap ■ Costly
■ Less vibration & noise ■ More
■ Motor cycles, cars, light duty vehicles ■ Trucks, buses, gensets
 TWO STROKES V/S FOUR STROKES
■ TWO STROKES ■ FOUR STROKES
■ Cycle - 1 rev & 2 strokes ■ Cycle-2rev & 4strokes
■ 1 power stroke per Rev. ■ 1 Power stroke per 2 Rev
■ Ports ■ valves
■ Simple ,light weight , low cost ■ Complicated, heavy , costly
■ More power for same size engine ■ Less power
■ Piston shape –crown ■ Flat piston
■ Less efficiency ■ More efficiency
■ mopeds, scooters ■ Cars, bikes,trucks,buses