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What is Solid Waste?

Solid waste comprises of all wastes arising from human and
animal activities that are normally solid or semisolid and are
discarded as useless or unwanted.

Types of Solid Waste: • MUNICIPAL

– Garbage
– Rubbish
– Inerts
• INDUSTRIAL
– HAZARDOUS
– NON HAZARDOUS
• BIOMEDICAL
• E WASTES

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“Municipal solid waste”

• includes commercial and residential
wastes generated in a municipal or
notified areas in either solid or semi-solid
form excluding industrial hazardous
wastes but including treated bio-medical
wastes

MSW Rules (2000) - Definitions

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Municipal Solid Waste Management

(MSWM) is the generation,
separation, collection, transfer,
transportation, processing and
disposal of waste in a way that takes
into account public health,
economics, conservation, aesthetics
and the environment, and is
responsive to public demands.

Technically feasible;

Environmentally effective;

Economically affordable;

Socially acceptable.

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Residential

Commercial

Institutional

Industrial

Agricultural

Treatment Plants

Open Areas (streets, parks, etc.)

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Food Wastes

Greenwaste

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Wastes from a Vegitable market

Waste from a Supermarket

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Waste from an IT Park

Waste or Resource???

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End of life Vehicles and scrap

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Septic tank Sludge

EMERGING ISSUES

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Street Sweepings,
Catch Basin Sediments, and
Stormwater Pond Sediments

CONSTRUCTION AND
DEMOLITION WASTES

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Nature of MSW
• Organic
• Inorganic
• Putrescible
• Combustible
• Recyclable
• Hazardous

Solid Waste Management - India

CLASS -1 CITIES (WITH POPULATION MORE THAN
1 LAKH) ALONE CONTRIBUTE MORE THAN 72% OF THE
TOTAL MSW GENERATED IN URBAN AREAS

Waste Generation in Class-1 Cities with

TYPE OF TONS/ % OF TOTAL
Population above 1 Lakh
CITIES DAY GARBAGE
388 Class-1
28 Metro Cities Towns 37%
7 MEGA 21000 18.35
17% CITIES
28 METRO 19643 17.08
CITIES
7 Mega Cities
18% 388 CLASS-1 42635 37.07
TOWNS
Others 28%
TOTAL 83378 72.5

There are 4378 cities and towns in India out of which 423 cities are class-1 above
100000 population

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URBAN MSW SCENERIO

ULBs spend Rs. 500 to 1500 per ton on waste

collection and transportation, leaving very little funds
for disposal and treatment
ALMOST ALL THE MSW IS SIMPLY ‘DUMPED’.
NO MODERN ENGINEERED SANITARY LANDFILL
EXISTS ANYWHERE IN INDIA!

Street
Market/ Waste to
sweeping/
Street Unauthorised
Collection by
wastes dumpsites
Civic body

Waste to Transfer
Station

Household/ Waste Storage in

Waste for
Commercial Community bins
Land dumping
Waste and collection by
by Civic body
generators Civic body

Recovery Recovery Rag-picking

by by at Dump
Recycling
Household & Rag pickers Transfer pickers
Dealers
Itinerant/ from station
Buyers Dustbins

SCHEMATIC OF CURRENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE IN INDIA

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Kurian Joseph, Centre for Environmental Studies,Anna University, Chennai -600 025 ; E mail:[email protected]

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SCAVENGING???

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Uncollected Wastes in Urban Areas and

Waste Littering by Street Animals

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Why Need of Solid Waste Management?

Yesterday

Small population, people used to
live in scattered area

Solid waste generation was small,
spacious land area

Natural assimilation (acceptance)
capacity within limit

Today
TOMORROW ?

Rapid increase in population,
development of urbanization, and
industrialization

Large volume of solid waste, limited
land space

Natural assimilation capacity exceeded

Population Trend
Rapid increase in population in many Asian countries pose a threat for
solid waste disposal and management

20 150
Population (Million)
Population (Million)

20 Sri Lanka 145 Bangladesh

20
140
20
135
19
19 130
19 125
19 120
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year Year

165
Population (Million)

1,100
Population (Million)

1,080 India 160 Pakistan

1,060 155
1,040 150
1,020 145
1,000 140
980 135
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year Year

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NEED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Blockage of drains
– Mosquito breeding
– Overflows
• Breeding of flies
– Spreading of pathogens
• Breeding of rats
– Plague/Dengu fever
– Economic loss

NEED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Open burning
– Air Pollution
– Dioxin
• Aesthetic Nuisance
– Odour and Appearance
– Plastic Carry Bags
• Occupational hazards to
workers
• Leachate Pollution
• Landfill Gas
– Global Warming

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Key Environmental and Health Issues

Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Greenhouse effect

Eutrophication
Ozone depletion

Heavy metals
Acid rain

Short Term WASTE Soil Pollution

Heavy metals

Long Term

Aesthetic

Odour

Leachate

Birds

Landfill gas

Fires

Deadly Facts
Cholera Outbreak in Patan (Nepal) – 1994

Local authorities recruited 650 sweepers to carry out a clean-up

campaign, paid for by government funding

Dump site collapse Epidemic of Plague Plague in Surat,

in Manila - 2000 “The Black Death” - India - 1994
14th Century
Shanty houses lie
below the mountain Killed half of 14th
of rubbish, more century European
than 300 people died population

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What is Hazardous Waste?

• Any solid, liquid, or gas
waste material that may
pose substantial
hazards to human
health and the
environment if
improperly treated,
stored, transported, or
disposed of.

Physical Hazard
• Explosive: abruptly expands, releasing
gas; often accompanied by heat
• Flammable: burns or combusts; this is
rapid oxidation by combination with the
oxygen in the air resulting in release of
heat
• Corrosive: dissolves or chemically
reacts with other materials e.g. skin,
plastic, metal etc.
• Reactive: chemically reacts with
certain other materials resulting in
explosion, excessive heat, etc.

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Health Hazards

• Toxic: poisonous; interferes with the

normal physiological function of living
things so as to cause ill health or death
• Infectious: a living biological organism
that interferes with the normal
physiological function of living things so
as to cause ill health or death
• Radioactive: spontaneously emits
ionizing (high energy) radiation

Bioaccumulative Substances
• Substances that are very slowly
metabolized or excreted by living
organisms and thus increase in
concentration within the organisms as the
organisms breathe contaminated air, drink
contaminated water, or eat contaminated
food.

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Biological magnification
• Refers to the process whereby certain substances
such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the
food chain, work their way into a river or lake, and
are eaten by aquatic organisms such as fish, which
in turn are eaten by large birds, animals, or humans.
• The substances become concentrated in tissues or
internal organs as they move up the chain.

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• Love Canal, New York, began in 1892 when William T. Love

proposed digging a canal to connect the upper and lower parts of
the Niagara River. The canal was never completed. However,
from 1920-1953, the canal was used to dump hazardous wastes.
• In 1953, the canal area was covered with dirt and presumed
safe. When area residents started reporting health problems,
officials began to investigate the dumping of the hazardous
wastes. They decided that Love Canal was a health hazard and
evacuated the area.
• Love Canal became the first man-made disaster to receive such a
designation

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Story of Love Canal

• A ditch 20m wide, 3m deep and 1km long
• 1890: Built near Niagara falls for hydro-power
• 1905: Hooker Electrochemical established
• 1942: Hooker buys the site for waste disposal, 20,000 tons of toxic
chemical dumped in 10 yr
• 1953: site bought by Niagara School board for $1, Hooker absolved
of any future damage
• 1977: study shows toxic effects in adjoining homes,>40 toxic
chemicals identified
• 1978: Health advisory, 100 families to be shifted
• 1980: remedial measures taken, EPA study shows chromosome
defects in residents, President Carter declares emergency, provides
federal aid
• 1981: Over 500 families moved out, hundreds waiting for aid
• EPA estimate: 30,000 hazardous waste sites in US, only 10% of
hazardous wastes properly disposed, 300 million tons generated
each year

BHOPAL
Union Carbide and Bhopal
• Citizens were not informed of proper
actions in the case of a disaster
– 4,037 died
– 60,000 injured
• Covering face with wet cloth would have
prevented most injuries and deaths

Half a million people were exposed to the gas and

about 20,000 have died as a result of their exposure.

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Hindustan Lever, Kodaikanal

• Mecury bearing waste was generated between 1984 and
2001 at a mercury-thermometer plant operated in the
southern Indian town of Kodaikanal by Unilever’s
subsidiary, Hindustan Lever.
• Dozens of tons of elemental mercury were released into
local forests and rivers, and even dumped in the town
itself, polluting the area and leaving its people to deal
with an enduring health and environmental crisis.
• On May 29, 2003, a ship carrying 290 tons of mercury-
contaminated glass waste owned by Unilever was sent to
New York from India.

Environmental Protection Act (1986)

NOTIFICATIONS

• Hazardous Substances Management

– S.O.594(E), [28/7/1989] - The Hazardous Wastes

(Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
– S.O.24(E), [6/1/2000] - The Hazardous Wastes (Management
and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2000 and 2003
– S.O.630(E), [20/7/1998] - The Bio-Medical Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
– S.O.966(E), [27/11/1989] - The Manufacture, Storage and
import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 [
– S.O.57(E), [19/1/2000] - The Manufacture, Storage and Import
of Hazardous Chemical (Amendment) Rules, 2000
– S.O.763(E), [14/9/1999] - Dumping and disposal of fly ash
discharged from coal or lignite based thermal power plants
on land

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Environmental Protection Act (1986)

NOTIFICATIONS
• Hazardous Substances Management
– S.O.432(E), [16/5/2001] - The Batteries (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2001
– S.O.908(E), [25/9/2000] - The Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
– S.O.705(E), [2/9/1999] - The Recycled Plastics Manufacture
and Usage Rules, 1999
– S.O.243(E), [26/3/1997] - Prohibition on the handling of
Azodyes
– G.S.R.347(E), [1/8/1996] - The Chemical Accidents
(Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response)
Rules, 1996
– G.S.R.1037(E), [5/12/1989] - The Rules for the Manufacture,
Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous micro-
organisms Genetically engineered organisms or cells

DEFINITION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

•Household
Solid Waste
•Nuclear

Hazardous Waste

Listed
Hazardous Wastes
- Specific source
Exclusions
Schedule -I Characteristic

- Nonspecific source - Ignitable

(Schedule –II) - Corrosive

- Reactive •Biomedical
- For Import & Export
- Toxicity •Lead Acid
(Schedule – III) Batteries

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HW-India
 Generation of huge quantities as
per the Report of the HPC in 2000
about 4.4 million tonnes of HW
generated in the country (2000) As
per the latest data ~ 8.0 million T
(2007)
 States of Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
account for over 63% of total
hazardous waste generated.

Hazardous wastes at Mahesh Chemicals Mahad

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Tarapur hazardous wastes

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Where does hazardous

waste come from?
• Humans
• Industrial Waste
• Academic Laboratories
• Agricultural residues
• Household trash
• Automobiles
• Factories

Some common wastes and

industrial sources

• Flammable eg solvents - from chemical

manufacturers, laundries & dry cleaners, metal
plating, tanneries, print shops etc
• Corrosive eg acids and alkalis - from cleaning &
maintenance, equipment repair, vehicle body
shops etc
• Reactive eg bleaches and oxidisers - from
chemical manufacturers, laboratories etc
• Toxic and eco-toxic eg heavy metals,
pesticides, cyanides from metals
manufacturing, photographic processing,
pesticide end users etc

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Some types of waste associated

with different industries

Chemical Vehicle maintenance shops

manufacturers Paint wastes
Chemical process Used oils
wastes Spent solvents
Acids and alkalis Acids and alkalis
Spent solvents
Reactive wastes Furniture and wood
Discarded commercial manufacturing and
chemical products refinishing
Spent solvents
Construction industry Paint wastes
Paint wastes
Spent solvents
Strong acids and bases

Non-industrial waste sources

Some examples include:

• Used motor oils

• Used car batteries
• Redundant agricultural
pesticides and containers
• Surplus paints and solvents
• Medical and health care
wastes

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HOUSEHOLD
HAZARDOUS WASTES

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Heavy Metals in Household

Items

• Lead
– Consumer electronics (television sets, radios,
etc.), glass, ceramics, plastics, brass, bronze,
used oil
• Cadmium
– Nickel-cadmium batteries, plastics, consumer
electronics,appliances (dishwashers, washing
machines, etc.), pigments,glass, ceramics,
rubber, used oil
• Mercury
– Batteries, light bulbs, paint residues,
thermometers, pigments from inks and plastics

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E-Waste
• E-Waste is a term that
has been given to
electronic wastes by
the solid waste
community as well as
the public.
• This generic name
encompasses the many
types of electronic
devices that end up in
the municipal solid
waste stream.

Plastics are a major

Component of E-Waste
Many of these plastics
contain flame retardants

Brominated Flame Retardants

• Tetrabromobisphenol (TBBPA)
• PBDEs (Polybrominated diphenyl
ethers)
– Deca-BDE (decabromodiphenyl ether)
– Octa-BDE (Octabromodiphenyl ether)

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BIOMEDICAL WASTE
• "Biomedical waste" means any waste,
which is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment or immunization of human
beings or animals or in research activities
pertaining thereto or in the production or
testing of biologicals, and including
categories mentioned in Schedule I of the
Biomedical Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules (Second Amendment),
2000 of the Ministry of Environment and
Forests, India;

Why manage Biomedical Waste?

• Aesthetics
– Visual impact of open uncontrolled dumping and open
burning of wastes
• Health / Environment
– Respiratory diseases from air emissions due to open
burning of PVC, plastics, rubber are a common problem
– Health risks to community due to illegal recycling of
material scavenged from wastes
– Health risks to hospital staff in the form of infections due
to improper handling of wastes are on the rise
– Waterborne diseases due to groundwater contamination
from open dumping or improper burial of biomedical
wastes has been reported in many areas of the country

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Hazards of Bio-medical waste

 Types of hazards
 Infectious material
 Genotoxic
 Chemical&drugs
 Radio active
 Sharps
 Persons at risk
 Medical
 Paramedical-nurses,lab tech.
 Workers of support services
 workers of waste disposable facilities.

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Non hazardous Industrial

wastes
• SW generated by manufacturing or industrial
processes that is not a hazardous waste regulated.
• Such waste may include but is not limited to, wastes
resulting from the following manufacturing activities:
• electric power generation, fertilizer/agricultural
chemicals, food and related products/by-products,
inorganic chemicals, iron and steel manufacturing,
leather products, nonferrous metals, organic
chemicals, plastic and resin manufacturing, pulp and
paper

Treatment residues

• Municipal & industrial treatment

sludge
• Incinerator ash
• Tank bottoms
• Solvent still bottoms
• Filter cakes
• Leachate

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