CRANIUM POSITION CR STRUCTURES SHOWN

LATERAL SKULL -IOML is perpendicular to 2 INCH above TOEA The sella turcica, anterior clinoid processes,
the front edge of the IR . dorsum sellae, and posterior clinoid
-IOML also parallel to the long axis of IR. processes
-interpupillary line is perpendicular to IR.
PA/PA AXIAL -OML is perpendicular to the plane of IR -O exit nation for FRONTAL -orbits is filled of petrous pyramids (0)
PROJECTION -mjdsagittal plane perpendicular to IR . BONE -petrous ridges is projected on LOWER
(CALDWELL) -15 caudal exit nation 3RDS of ORBITS.(15)
-20-25 caudal for SOF Also demonstrates ethmoidal air cells
through midorbts (schuller 25 cauldal)
-25-30 caudad exit nation
for FORAMEN ROTONDUM
AP/AP AXIAL -OML is perpendicular to the plane of IR -0 or 15 CEPHALAD SAME AS PA CADLWELL BUT MAGNFIED
PROJETION -mjdsagittal plane perpendicular to IR .
(REVERSED CALDWELL)
AP AXIAL PROJECTION -OML perpendicular to IR if not IOML then 30 to OML or 37 to IOML. 2 -petrous pyramids, the posterior
( TOWNE METHOD) ADD 7 at ANGLE. ½ above glabella at lvl of portion of the foramen magnum,
For a localized image of the dorsum EAM through FORAMEN -the dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid
sellae and petrous pyramids, adjust the IR so
MAGNUM. processes projected within the foramen
that its midpoint coincides with the central ray.
This means that the I R is centered at or slightly magnum,
below the level of the occlusal plane. -the occipital bone, and the posterior
portion of the parietal bones
PATHOLOGIC DEMONSTRATE THE FORAMEN MAGNUM INCREASE 40-60 TO THE
CONDITION OR OML CAUDAL
TRAUMA
PA AXIAL PROJECTION -FOREHEAD and NOSE -25 cephalad to 1 ½ below -the occipital region of the cranium
( HAAS METHOD) -MSP perpendicular the external occipital -shows a symmetric image of the petrous
-sellar structures -OML perpendicular protruberance (INION) exit pyramids and the dorsum sellae and
the 1 ½ superior to nasion. posterior clinoid processes within the
foramen magnum
SUBMENTOVERTICAL -IOML as PARALLEL as POSSIBLE to t IR -IOML perpendicular CR -symmetric images of the petrosae,
PROJECTION -MSP PERPENDICULAR through SELLA TURCICA - mastoid processes,
(SCHULLER METHOD) -enters MID of ANGLES of -foramina ovale and spinosum (which are
MANDIBLE (GONION) best shown in this projection),
-passes ¾ inch anterior to - carotid canals,
EAM - sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses,the
mandible,
- bony nasal septum,
- dens of the axis, and the occipital bone.
- maxillary sinuses are superimposed
over the mandible
VERTICOSUBMENTAL FULLY EXTENDED CHIN ON THE TABLE Same as SMV but MAGNIFIED
PROJECTION
(SCHULLER METHOD)
OPTIC CANAL and
FORAMEN
PARIETOORBITAL -ZYGOMA, NOSE and CHIN on IR/TABLE -1inch SUPERIOR and -OPTIC CANAL “on end” and OPTIC
OBLIQUE PROJECTION AML PERPENDICULAR to the IR. POSTERIOT to the TEA FORAMEN lying INFERIOR and LATERAL
(RHESE METHOD) -MSP 53 to the IR - EXIT the AFFECTED SIDE quadrant of the PROJECTED ORBIT.
-ETHMIDAL, SPHENOIDAL and FRONTAL
SINUSES.
ORBITOPARIETAL -MSP 53 to the IR -UPPER MOST ORBIT at its SAME AS PARIETOORBITAL OBLIQUE
PROJECTION -AML PERPENDICULAR to IR INFERIOR and LATERAL PROJECTION
(RHESE METHOD) QUADRANT.
311
PARANASAL SINUSES
LATERAL PROJECTION -MSP PARALLEL to IR -½ OR 1inch POSTERIOR to -AP and SUPEROINFERIOR DIMENSION of
-INTERPUPILLARY LINE PERPENDICULAR to the OUTER CANTHUS the PARANASAL SINUSES
IR. -RELATIONSHIP to other SURROUNDINGS
-IOML PARALLEL to the IR. -THICKNESS of OUTER TABLE of FRONTAL
BONE

FRONTAL and -TIP of NOSE on the GRID DEVICE canter - demonstrate the frontal sinuses
ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL NASION to IR. lying superior to the frontonasal suture
 SIBUSES -OML 15 with the CENTRAL RAY - the anterior ethmoidal air cells lying on
-MSP PERPENDICULAR to IR each side of the nasal fossas and
PA AXIAL PROJECTION immediately inferior to the frontal sinuses;
(CALDWELL METHOD) - the sphenoidal sinuses projected through
the nasal fossas just inferior to or between
the ethmoida air cells
- The dense petrous pyramids extend from
the inferior third of the orbit inferiorly to
obscure the superior third of the maxillary
sinus.
PARIETOACANTHIAL -CHIN on the IR, MSP PERPENDICULAR -exiting ACANTHION -Parietoacanthial projection of MAXILLARY
PROJECTION -OML 37 to the IR SINUSES
(WATERS METHOD) - average skull MML PERPENDICULAR to IR -PETROUS RIDGES lying INFERIOR to the
FLOOR of the SINUSES.
-also used to DEMONSTRATE FORMEN
ROTUNDUM
PARIETOACANTHILA -CHIN on the IR, MSP PERPENDICULAR -exiting ACANTHION -sphenoidal sinuses projected
PROJECTION -OML 37 to the IR through the open mouth along with the
(OPEN-MOUTH -MML WILL NOT be perpendicular maxillary sinuses
WATERS METHOD) -slowly open the mouth wide open.
PETROMASTIOD
PORTION
AXIOLATERAL -INTERPUPILLARY PERPENDICULAR to IR -15 CAUDAD and -MASTOID CELLS
OBLIQUE PROJECTION -IOML and MSP PARALLEL to IR ANTERIORLY -lateral portion of PETROUS PYRAMID
(ORIG LAW METHOD) -2 inch POSTEIORLY and -SUPERIMPOSED IAM an EAM
Double tube UPPER MOST EAM -when present MASTOID EMISSARY VESSELS.
angulation -EXIT DOWNSIDE MASTOID
PROCESS

AXIOLATERAL -LATERAL , AFFECTED SIDE CLOSE to IR -15 CAUDAD to EXIT the -MASTOID CELLS
OBLIQUE PROJECTION -INTERPUPILLARY PERPENDICULAR to IR downside mastoid tip -lateral portion of PETROUS PYRAMID
(MODIFIED LAW -IOML PARALLEL to IR approximately I inch (2.5 -SUPERIMPOSED IAM an EAM
METHOD) -MSP 15 to IR cm) posterior to the EAM. -when present MASTOID EMISSARY VESSELS.
 -enter approximately
2 inches (5 cm) posterior to,
and 2 inches (5 cm)
superior to, the uppermost
EAM.
AXIOLATERAL -MSP PARALLEL to IR -exit the EAM closest to the -HENSCHEN 15 mastoid cells, mastoid
PROJECTION -INTERUPILLARY LINE PERPENDICULAR to IR IR at the fol lowing caudal antrum, lAM, and EAM
(HENSCHEN, SCHULLER -IOML is parallel with the transverse axis of angles: -SCHULLER 25 pneumatic structure of the
and LYSHOLM) the IR. -HENSCHEN method- 1 5 mastoid process, the mastoid antrum, the
degrees caudad Lam and EAM, the sinus and dural plates,
-SCHULLER method-25 and, when present, the mastoid emissary
degrees caudad vessel
-LYSHOLM method-35 -35-degree method, I sometimes referred to
degrees caudad as the Runstrom Il method,
-mastoid cells,
mastoid antrum, EAM, labyrinthine area,
and carotid canal
AXIOLATERAL -FOREHEAD, NOSE, CHEEK to IR with -12 CEPHALAD -PETROMASTOID PORTION closest to the IR .
OBLIQUE PROJECTION AFFECTED SIDE -3-4 inch PORSTERIOR ½ - When the patient is correctly positioned,
(STENVERS METHOD) -IOML PARALLEL to TRANSVERSE AXIS of IR Inch INFERIOR to EAM the PETROUS PYRAMID of interest
-MSP 45 to IR -EXITS 1 inch ANTERIOR to is PAARALLEL with the plane of the IR
EAM
resultant i mage demonstrates
the petrous ridge, the cel lular
structure of the mastoid process, the
mastoid antrum, the area of the tympanic
cav ity, the bony labyrinth, the i n ternal
acoustic canal, and the cell ular structure
of the petrous apex.
AXIOLATERAL -SUPINE -45 degrees caudad -An axiolateral oblique projection of the
OBLIQUE PROJECTION -MSP 45 to IR to exit the EAM closest to PETROSA in the direction of its long axis
(MAYER METHOD) -SIDE OF INTEREST CLOSE to IR the IR . demonstrates the EAM,
-place the PETROUS PYRAMID -tympanic cavity and ossicles, epitympanic
 PERPENDICULAR to IR recess, aditus, and mastoid antrum closest
IOML PARALLEL to TRANSVERSE AXIS of IR. to the IR

ZYGOMATIC ARCHES HYPEREXTEND -IOML and entering the -Bilateral symmetric SMV images of the
-IOML NEARLY PARALLEL to IR midsagittal plane of the zygomatic arches are shown, projected free
-MSP PERPENDICULLAR to IR throat at a level of superimposed structures
approximately I inch (2.5
cm) posterior to the outer
canthi .
MANDIBULAR RAMI
PA PROJECTION -FOREHEAD AND NOSE to IR -EXIT THE ACANTHION -shows MANDIBULAR RAMI and BODY
-OML PERPENDICULAR to IR -EMPLOYED demonstrate medial or lateral
-MSP PERPENDICULAR to IR displacement of fragments in fractures of
the rami.
PA AXIAL PROJECTION -20-25 CEPHALAD EXIT
ACANTHION
MANDIBULAR BODY
PA PROJECTION -NOSE and CHIN on IR -PERPENDICULAR to LEVEL MANDIBULAR BODY
so that the anterior surface of the of the UPPER LIPS
mandibular symphysis is parallel with
the plane of the JR.
-This position places the
acanthiomeatal line (AML) nearly
perpendicular to the IR plane.
-MSP PERPENDICULAR TO IR
PA AXIAL ROJECTION B/W TMJ 30 CEPHALAD -MANDIBULAR BODY AND TMJ
MANDIBLE
AXIOLATERAL -lateral position INTERPUPILLARY LINE -25 CEPHALAD to pass -region of the mandible
OBLIQUE PROJECTION PERPENDICULAR to IR. directly through the that was parallel with the IR
Place the desired Mouth closed MANDIBLE of INTEREST
mandible parallel to ir. -MANDIBULAR BODY PARALLEL to IR.
Prevents superimposition of sine
SMV
VSM Ramus
• Keep the patient's head in a true lateral
position (Fig. 2 1 -60).
Body
• Rotate the patient's head 30 degrees
toward the IR (Fig. 2 1 -6 1 ).
Symphysis
• Rotate the patient's head 45 degrees
toward the IR ( Fig. 2 1 -62).