8/21/2019

CHE F212 Fluid Mechanics

Amit Jain, Ph.D.

Dept. of Chemical Engg.
BITS Pilani BITS Pilani – Pilani Campus
Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Chapter 3: Fluid Statics

Contents
3

• The basic equation of fluid statics

• The standard atmosphere
• Pressure variation in a static fluid
• Incompressible Liquids
• Manometer
• Gravity decanter
• Gases
• Hydrostatic force on submerged surfaces
• Hydrostatic equilibrium in a centrifugal field
• Centrifugal decanter
• Buoyancy and Stability
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Introduction
4

• Recall that, a fluid is a substance that flows

(continuously deforms) when it experiences a
shear stress;
• Static Fluid (or fluid under rigid body motion):
only normal stress (No shear stress) is
present—in other words, pressure.
• When the fluid velocity is zero, denoted as the
hydrostatic condition, the pressure variation is
due only to the weight of the fluid.

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Introduction
5

• Fluid pressure: It is a normal

force per unit area of the fluid
element, acting inward onto the
element. Consider a fluid
element, ABC:
• By convention pressure is taken
positive for compression.
• Pascal's Theorem-Pressure at
any point within a static fluid is
the same in all directions.

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Pressure
6

Proof of Pascal’s Theorem:

• A small wedge of fluid at rest of size Δx by Δz by Δs and

depth b into the paper.
• The element is assumed small, so the pressure is
constant on each face & is independent of orientation.
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Pressure
7

pn sin(θ)
• Since force is vector,
making component pn cos(θ)

balance of forces.
• Summation of forces
must equal zero (no
acceleration) in both
the x and z
directions.
• X-component:
Δs
Δz
Sinθ=Δz/Δs
θ

Δx
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Pressure
8

pn sin(θ)
Z-component balances:
pn cos(θ)

1
p z − pn − ρg∆z = 0
2
In the limit as the fluid wedge shrinks Δs
to a “point,’’ Δz0: Δz
cosθ=Δx/Δs
θ
 Δx
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Basic Equation of Fluid Statics

9

• Pressure (or any other stress, for that matter) causes a

net force on a fluid element when it varies spatially.
• Let the pressure vary arbitrarily:

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Basic Equation of Fluid Statics

10

• The net force in the x direction is given by,

• Similarly, the net force balance in the y and z direction

can be made.
• Collecting and canceling terms gives,

where,
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Basic Equation of Fluid Statics

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• The total force acting on a fluid element is,

• For a differential fluid element, the body force is,

• Therefore,

• or on a per unit volume basis,

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Basic Equation of Fluid Statics

12

• For a fluid particle, Newton’s second law gives,

• For a static fluid, . Thus,

• Substituting gives,

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Basic Equation of Fluid Statics

13

• Individual components of the vector eqn.

will also satisfy the eqn. individually. The component
eqns. are,

• Since g x = g y = 0 & g z = − g , the component eqn.

becomes,

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Basic Equation of Fluid Statics

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• since p is a function of a single variable, a total derivative

may be used instead of a partial derivative. Thus,

• Restrictions: (1) Static fluid.

(2) Gravity is the only body force.
(3) The z axis is vertical and upward.

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Compare the Pressure at

given points 15

Adopted from: Fluid Mechanics by Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala

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The Standard Atmosphere

16

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The Standard Atmosphere

17

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Absolute Pressure,
Gage Pressure and Vacuum 18

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Pressure Variation in a
Static Fluid 19

• As derived, pressure varies with height as per

relation,

where, both ρ and g may be variables.

• For most engineering applications, g = constant.
• With large pressure variation or elevation
changes 'g' may be considered a variable.

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Incompressible Liquids:
Manometers 20

• For an incompressible fluid,

Integrating in limits,

By convention, distance downward are measured positive.

Therefore, taking z0-z=h gives,

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Incompressible Liquids:
Manometers 21

• Thus, for an incompressible fluid:

∆p = ρgh

Pressure difference  Elevation difference 

 = 
between tw o points  of the same points 

• Devices used for the purpose of measuring the pressure

difference between two points are called manometers.
• The following rules of thumb are useful:
1. Any two points at the same elevation in a continuous
region of the same liquid are at the same pressure.
2. Pressure increases as one goes down a liquid column
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cHf9eWRd_bc
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Manometers: Application of
Fluid Statics 22

• Manometer (pressure
gauge)
The manometer is an
important device for
measuring pressure
differences.
U tube manometer (or
reverse U tube)
Inclined manometer

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U-tube Manometer
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• It is the simplest form of

manometer.
• A pressure pa is exerted pa pb
in one arm of U tube and
a pressure pb in the other.
• As a result of the zm 4
ρB
difference in pressure, 3
the meniscus in one Rm
branch of the tube is 1 2
higher than that in the
other.
ρA

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U-tube Manometer
24

• Vertical distance between

the two meniscuses Rm
may be used to measure pa pb
the difference
in pressure.
• To find the pressure zm 4
ρB
difference Δp between 3
two points separated by Rm
a series of fluids, 1 2

ρA

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U-tube Manometer… pa pb
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The pressure at the point 1 is

zm 4
p1 = pa + g ( zm + Rm ) ρ B ρB
3
Rm
The pressure at the point 2 is 1 2
p2 = pb + gzm ρ B + gRm ρ A
ρA
p1 is equal to p2 for the continuous fluid at the
same level, thus
pa + g ( zm + Rm ) ρ B = pb + gz m ρ B + gRm ρ A
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U-tube Manometer…
26

Simplification of this equation gives

m ρ A − ρ B）
pa − pb = gR（
Note that this relationship is independent of the
distance zm, and of the dimensions of the tube,
provided that pressure pa and pb are measured
in the same horizontal plane.
If fluid B is a gas, ρB is usually negligible
compared to ρA and may be omitted from the Eq.

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Inclined manometer
27

• Used for measuring small

differences in pressure.
• The angle α, is such that
for a small magnitude of
Rm, the meniscus in the
inclined tube moves a
considerable distance, R1 :

pa − pb = gR（
m ρ A − ρ B） Straight U-tube manometer
R1

p a − pb = g ( ρ A − ρ B ) R1 sin α Rm
Sinα=Rm/R1
α
Inclined manometer
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Example
28

(mathematical
expression)

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Soln
29

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Soln.
30

The deflection, h is for a

simple U-tube manometer,
filled with water (density ρ)

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Example
31

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Continuous Gravity
Decanter 32

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2HIwquOWV04

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Continuous Gravity
Decanter 33

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Continuous Gravity
Decanter 34

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Example
(2.4 & 2.5 of T2) 35

• A continuous gravity decanter is to separate chloro-benzene

with a density of 1109 kg/m 3 from an aqueous wash liquid
having a density of 1020 kg/m 3.
• If the total depth in the separator is 1m and the interface is to
be 0.6 m from the vessel floor,
a. What should the height of the heavy-liquid outflow leg
be?
b. How much would an error of 50mm in this height affect
the position of the interface?
• What should be the volume of the separator to separate 1600
kg/hr of chloro-benzene from 2100 kg/hr of wash liquid?
• The wash liquid is continuos phase & viscosity is that of
water at 35 °C
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Continuous Gravity
Decanter 36

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Centrifugal decanter
37

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDhueH3q6Y4

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Hydrostatic Equilibrium in a
Centrifugal Field 38

• In a rotating centrifuge liquid is

held against the wall by
centrifugal force.
• The free surface takes the shape
of a paraboloid of revolution.
• At very high rotational speed the
liquid surface is virtually
cylindrical and coaxial with the
rotation as:
FCentrifugal >> FGravity

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Hydrostatic Equilibrium in a
Centrifugal Field… 39

• The pressure drop over dr

a ring of liquid is
calculated as follows.
• The force on volume
element of thickness dr
at a distance r is, r1
r2 r
2
dF = ω rdm
where,
dm = ρ 2π rbdr  dF = 2πρ bω 2 r 2 dr
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Hydrostatic Equilibrium in a
Centrifugal Field… 40

The change in pressure over the element is,

dF
dp = = ρω 2 rdr
2π rb
The pressure drop over the entire ring is,
r2

p2 − p1 =  ρω 2 rdr
r1

Assuming the density is constant and integration

gives,
ω 2 ρ (r22 − r12 )
p2 − p1 =
2
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Problem
2.6 of T2 41

A centrifugal bowl 250 mm ID is turning at 4000

rpm. It contains the layer of aniline 50 mm thick.
If the density of aniline is 1002 kg/m3 and the
pressure at the liquid surface is atmospheric,
what gauge pressure is exerted on the wall of
the centrifugal bowl ?

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Centrifugal Decanter
42

(Ref. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by McCabe, Smith and Harriott)

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Centrifugal Decanter
43

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Barometric Equation
44

For an ideal gas the density and pressure are related by

the eqn. ,
PM
ρ=
Rg T
Substitution in pressure-height eqn. gives,
dP PM
= − ρg = − g
dz Rg T
Integrating between levels a and b such that P=Pa at
Za=0, assuming constant T, gives, ./
dP M gM
 P
=−
Rg T 
g dz = −
Rg T
(Z b − Z a ) + C
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Barometric Equation
45

P M
 ln b = − gZ
Pa Rg T
Barometric Equation:
Pb  gM 
= exp − Z
Pa  Rg T 
gMZ
if << 1 Taylor expand: e − x ≈ 1 − x if x << 1
Rg T
Pb  gM   PM 
= 1 − Z  Pb =  Pa − a gZ  = [Pa − ρgZ ]
Pa  RgT   RgT 
gMZ
if ≤ 0.1 or Z ≤ 800m
Rg T
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Example
46

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// Thank You //

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