Thermodynamics Review Sheet

Temperature Scales

T ( K ) T ( C ) 273.15 T ( R) T ( F ) 459.67 T (K ) T ( C ), T ( R) T( F)
T ( R) 9 5 T ( K ) 1.8 T ( K ) T F 1.8 T ( C ) 32 T ( C) T ( F ) 32 1.8
First Law Analysis for Closed Systems
V2
First Law: E2 E1 Qin,net Wout ,net , E U KE PE U m mg z
2
V2
Specific forms of first law and work e2 e1 qin,net wout ,net , e u gz
2
2 2
Boundary Work: Intensive (work per unit mass): w12 wout pdv Extensive: W12 Wout pdV
1 1
Isobaric: Wb p (V2 V1 ), p p1 p2 . ;
p2V2 p1V1
Polytropic Process: Wb ( for n 1) ( pV n constant) ;
1 n
V
Isothermal Process: Wb p1V1 ln 2 .
V1
Thermodynamic Properties
Compressed Liquid v(T , p) v f (T ) ■ u (T , p) u f (T ) ■ h(T , p) h f (T ) p psat (T ) v f (T ) h f (T )
correction generally negligible

Liquid-Vapor Mixtures
mg mf h hf u uf v vf s sf
Quality: x 1
m m hg hf ug uf vg vf sg sf
Properties: h hf x h fg , u uf x u fg , v vf x (vg vf )
Volumes: V m v Vf Vg mf vf mg vg . ■ mV 1 v, v V m 1
Ideal Gases

Ideal Gas Equation: P v R T , PV m RT, P RT

Ru
Gas Constant, R , where Ru : univ. gas const., M : molecular weight
M
Ideal Gas with Temperature-Dependent Specific Heats
T2 T2
u2 u1 u1 2 cv (T ) dT , h2 h1 h1 2 c p (T ) dT u1 2 R (T2 T1 )
T1 T1

Specific Heats and Specific Heat Ratio: c p cv R ■k c p cv

Constant Specific Heats (Narrow Range of Temperatures)
u2 u1 u1 2 cv (T2 T1 ) ■ h2 h1 h1 2 c p (T2 T1 )
Temperature-Averaged Specific Heats (Wider Range of Temperatures)
u2 u1 u1 2 cv ,avg (T2 T1 ), cv ,avg cv at T1 T2 2
h2 h1 h1 2 c p ,avg (T2 T1 ), c p ,avg c p at T1 T2 2
Specific Heats for Incompressible Substances (Liquids and Solids): c p cv c
Liquids and Solids: u2 u1 c (T2 T1 )
Liquids: h2 h1 c (T2 T1 ) v ( P2 P1 ), v v1 v2
Solids: h2 h1 c (T2 T1 )
Mass and First Law Analysis of Steady Flow Systems
 V2 V2
General Formulation: m m ; Qin Win m h gz Qout Wout m h gz
in out in 2 out 2
V1 A1 V2 A2 V12 V22
Single stream: m . ■ Qin Win m h1 g z1 Qout Wout m h2 g z2
v1 v2 2 2
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Cycles
Wnet ,out QL
Thermal Efficiency of a Heat Engine: th 1 , Wnet ,out QH QL .
QH QH
Coefficients of Performance for Refrigeration and Heat Pumps:
QL 1 QH 1
COPR , COPHP , Wnet ,in QH QL .
Wnet ,in QH Q L 1 Wnet ,in 1 QL QH
TL
Thermal Efficiency of a Reversible Cycle (the Ideal Carnot Cycle): th ,rev 1
TH
Coefficients of Performance for Reversible Refrigeration and Heat Pumps (Reversed Carnot Cycle):
1 1
COPR,rev , COPHP,rev .
TH TL 1 1 TL TH
Entropy Change
T2
Incompressible Substances (Solids and Liquids): s s2 s1 cavg ln
T1
T2 v2 T2 P2
Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats: s s2 s1 cv ,avg ln R ln c p ,avg ln R ln
T1 v1 T1 P1
P2
Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats: s s2 s1 s2o s1o R ln
P1
Isentropic Relations (s2=s1)
Incompressible Substances (Solids and Liquids) T2=T1
k 1 k 1 k k
T2 V1 P2 P V1
Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats: , 2 , where k c p cv
T1 V2 P1 P1 V2
o P2 P2 Pr 2 v2 vr 2
Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats: s2 s1o R ln , , ,
P1 P1 s constant
Pr1 v1 s constant
v r1
v T2 P2 T2 Pr1 vr 2
Definitions for Pr and vr: Pr exp(s R); 2
v1 T1 P1 T1 Pr 2 vr1
Steady Flow Work for a Reversible Process:
2
General Form: wrev vdP ke pe
1
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Processes (Entropy Balance)
Qk ,in
Closed System (Control Mass): S system S2 S1 S gen , S gen 0
Tk
Open System (Control Volume):
General Form:
Qk ,in dSCV Qk ,in
S2 S1 CV
mi si me se S gen , mi si me se S gen , S gen 0
Tk dt Tk
Qk ,in
Steady Flow: S gen me se mi si 0
Tk
Qk ,in
Steady-Flow, Single Stream: S gen m s2 s1 0
Tk