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(Class – VI)

Exercise 5.2
Question 1:
What fraction of a clockwise revolution does the hour hand of a clock turn through, when
it goes from
(a) 3 to 9 (b) 4 to 7 (c) 7 to 10
(d) 12 to 9 (e) 1 to 10 (f) 6 to 3
Answer 1:
1
(a) or two right angles
2
1
(b) or one right angle
4
1
(c) or one right angle
4
3
(d) or three right angles.
4
3
(e) or three right angles.
4
3
(f)
4 or three right angles.

Question 2:
Where will the hand of a clock stop if it:
1
(a) starts at 12 and make of a revolution, clockwise?
2
1
(b) starts at 2 and makes of a revolution, clockwise?
2
1
(c) starts at 5 and makes of a revolution, clockwise?
4
3
(d) starts at 5 and makes of a revolution, clockwise?
4
Answer 2:
(a) At 6 (b) At 8
(c) At 8 (d) At 2

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(Class – VI)

Question 3:
Which direction will you face if you start facing:
1
(a) East and make of a revolution clockwise?
2
1
(b) East and make 1 of a revolution clockwise?
2
3
(c) West and makes of a revolution, clockwise?
4
(d) South and make one full revolution?
(Should we specify clockwise or anti-clockwise for this last question? Why not?)
Answer 3:
(a) West (b) West (c) North (d) South
(For answer (d), it is immaterial whether we turn clockwise or anticlockwise, because
one full revolution will bring us back to the original position)

Question 4:
What part of a revolution have you turned through if you stand facing:
(a) East and turn clockwise to face north?
(b) South and turn clockwise to face east?
(c) West and turn clockwise to face east?
Answer 4:
3 3 1
(a) (b) (c)
4 4 2

Question 5:
Find the number of right angles turned through by the hour hand of a clock when it goes
from:
(a) 3 to 6
(b) 2 to 8
(c) 5 to 11
(d) 10 to 1
(e) 12 to 9
(f) 12 to 6

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 (Class – VI)

Answer 5:
(a) One right angle (b) Two right angles
(c) Two right angles (d) One right angle
(e) Three right angles (f) Two right angles

Question 6:
How many right angles do you make if you start facing:
(a) South and turn clockwise to west?
(b) North and turn anti-clockwise to east?
(c) West and turn to west?
(d) South and turn to north?
Answer 6:
(a) One right angle (b) Three right angles
(c) Four right angles (d) Two right angles

Question 7:
Where will the hour hand of a clock stop if it starts:
(a) from 6 and turns through 1 right angle?
(b) from 8 and turns through 2 right angles?
(c) from 10 and turns through 3 right angles?
(d) from 7 and turns through 2 straight angles?
Answer 7:
(a) At 9 (b) At 2
(c) At 7 (d) At 7

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 KEY NOTESS
CHAPTER 5 UNDERSTANDING ELEMENTARY SHAPES
RIGHT ANGLE
If two lines intersect each other and make an angle of 90o, they are said to
make a right angle.
An angle of 180o is called a straight angle.
An angle of 360o is called a complete angle.
An angle greater than 0o and less than 90o is called acute angle.
An angle greater than 90o but less than 180o is called an obtuse angle.
An angle that is greater than 180o is called a reflex angle.
Lines which intersect at right angles are said to be perpendicular to each
other.
If a line segment intersects a line at a right angle in such a way that it divides
the line into two
equal parts, it is called the perpendicular bisector of the line.
TRIANGLES
A triangle with three unequal sides and three unequal angles is called a
scalene triangle.
A triangle with two equal sides and two equal angles is called an isosceles
triangle.
A triangle with three equal sides and angles is called an equilateral triangle.
If all the angles in a triangle are less than 90o, it is called an acute triangle.
If one angle of a triangle is a right angle, the triangle is called a right angled
triangle.
If one angle of a triangle is greater than 90o, the triangle is called an obtuse
angled triangle.
QUADRILATERALS
A polygon having 4 sides is called a quadrilateral

(i) Rectangle: Opposite sides of a rectangle are equal. All the angles in a rectangle are right
angles.
(ii) Square: All the sides of a square are equal. All the angles in a square are right angles.
(iii) Parallelogram: The opposite sides are parallel and equal to each other. None of the angles
are 900 but opposite angles are equal.
(iv) Rhombus: A parallelogram with all equal sides is called a rhombus.
(v) Trapezium: A quadrilateral having two parallel sides is called a trapezium.
POLYGONS : 3 sides: Triangle
4 sides: Quadrilateral 5 sides: Pentagon 6 sides: Hexagon 8 sides: Octagon
3-DIMENSIONAL SHAPES
Face: the flat surface is called a face./////////// Edge: The line segment formed where two
faces meet is called an edge. ////////// Vertex: The point where the edges meet is
called a vertex.
Examples of 3 dimensional shapes include: Sphere, Cuboid, Cube, Cone, Cylinder,
Pyramid,Prism,etc.
Exercise 5.1
Question 1:
What is the disadvantage in comparing line segments by mere observation?
Answer 1: There may be chance of error due to improper viewing.
Question 2: Why is it better to use a divider than a ruler, while measuring
the length of a line segment?
Answer 2: It is better to use a divider than a ruler, because the thickness of
the ruler may cause difficulties in reading off her length. However divider gives
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up accurate measurement.
Question 3: Draw any line segment, say AB. Take any point C lying in
between A and B. Measure the lengths of AB, BC and AC. Is AB = AC +
CB?

[Note: If A, B, C are any three points on a line, such that AC + CB = AB, then
we can be sure that C lies between A and B.]
Answer 3: Yes.
AB = 6.5 cm, AC = 3cm, CB = 3.5 cm
AC + CB = 3 cm + 3.5 cm = 6.5 cm = AB
Question 4: If A, B, C are three points on a line such that AB = 5 cm, BC =
3cm and AC = 8 cm, which one of them lies between the other two?
Answer 4: AC is the longest line segment, thus B is the point between A
and C.

CHAPTER 6 INTEGERS

POSITIVE NUMBERS : Numbers greater than zero are called positive

numbers.

NEGATIVE NUMBERS : Numbers less than zero are called negative numbers.

In the case of negative integers, greater the number, lesser its value. i.e. -6 < -
2

ADDITION : Numbers with the same sign are simply added and the sum has
the same sign as that of the numbers.
E.g. (+5) + (+7)= (+12) and (-5) + (-7)= (-12)

 Numbers with different signs are actually subtracted and the difference
has the sign of the greater number.

E.g. (+5) + (-7)= (-2) and (-5) + (+7)= (+2)

ADDITIVE INVERSE : If two numbers are added to each other and the
sum is zero, the numbers are said to be the additive inverse of each other.
E.g. (+5)+(-5) = 0 therefore (+5) and (-5) are additive inverse of each other.

CHAPTER 7 FRACTIONS

Fraction means a part of something. For e.g. 7/15 means 7 parts out of 15
equal parts. Here, 7 is the numerator and 15 is the denominator.

PROPER FRACTION
When the numerator is less than the denominator, the fraction is called a
proper fraction. E.g. 1/3, 9/12.
IMPROPER FRACTION
When the numerator is less than the denominator, the fraction is called
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improper fraction. E.g. 7/4, 12/9
MIXED FRACTION
A combination of a whole and a part is called mixed fraction. E.g. 3½
Converting mixed fraction to improper fractions: 3½ = ((3x2) +1)/2= 7/2

EQUIVALENT FRACTION
If the fractions, when simplified, represent same number of parts of the whole,
the fractions are called equivalent fractions.
E.g. 1/2, 3/6, 4/8
SIMPLEST FORM OF A FRACTION
If the numerator and denominator have no common factor except 1, the
fraction is said to be in its simplest form.
LIKE FRACTIONS
When two fractions have the same denominator, they are called like fractions.
For e.g. 7/8, 6/8
UNLIKE FRACTIONS
When two fractions have different denominators, they are called unlike
fractions. For e.g. 7/9, 8/10

COMPARING LIKE FRACTIONS

The fraction with greater numerator is the greater fraction.
COMPARING UNLIKE FACTIONS
 Same numerators: The fraction with a smaller denominator is the
greater fraction.
 Different numerators: First, we have to convert the unlike fractions to
like fractions.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
 For like fractions: The fractions are simply added and subtracted.
E.g. 2/3 + 5/3= 7/3
 For unlike fractions: First we have to convert them into like fractions
and then addition and subtraction can be done.
CHAPTER 8 DECIMALS :

TENTHS : When one block is divided into 10 equal parts, each part is one-
tenth of the whole.
E.g. 5.6 means 5 wholw parts and 6 parts of the 10 parts of the whole.

HUNDREDTHS : When one block is divided into hundred into 100 equal
parts, each part is one hundredth of the whole. E.g. 25.25 means 25 whole
parts and 25 parts of the 100 parts of the whole.

COMPARISON OF DECIMALS : The comparison is started from the whole

part. If the whole part is equal, we compare the tenths part and so on.

ADDITION OF DECIMALS : Addition is done the same way whole numbers

are added. E.g. 5.67+3.1= 8.77
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SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS : Subtraction is also donate same way whole
numbers are subtracted. E.g. 5.67-3.1= 2.57

CHAPTER 9 DATA HANDLING

Data is a collection of numbers which is gathered in order to give some

information.

BAR DIAGRAM : Representing data in the form of bars of uniform widths is

called a bar graph or bar diagram.
A scale can be used for the graph. E.g. 1 unit= 50 students

TABULAR FORM : Data can be represented in a tabular form using tally

marks.

PICTOGRAPH : It is used to represent data in one the form of pictures or

objects.
CHAPTER 10 MENSURATION

PERIMETER : The distance covered along the boundary of a closed figureis

called a perimeter.
 Perimeter of a rectangle= sum of the lengths of its sides= 2x (length +
breadth)
 Perimeter of a square= 4x (length of the side)
 Perimeter of an equilateral triangle= 3x length of a side

AREA : The surface enclosed by a closed figure is called its area.

 Area of a rectangle= length x breadth
 Area of a square= side x side
 Area of a triangle= ½ x base x height
CHAPTER 11 ALGEBRA

VARIABLE :The value of a variable is not fixed. It can take any value. Any
letter can be used aa a variable.
E.g. Let’s say that there are 50 mangoes in one box and there are ‘n’ number
of boxes. The total number of mangoes will be 50xn= 50n.

RULES FROM GEOMETRY

 Perimeter of a square:
Let l= length of a side. Perimeter= 4xl= 4l
Perimeter of a rectangle:
Let l= length, b=breadth. Perimeter= 2x(l+b)

RULES FROM ARITHMETIC :Commutative property:

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  Distributive property: ax(b+c)=(axb)+(axc)

EQUATION : An equation is a condition expressed using variables

There are two sides in an equation- LHS and RHS, having an equal (=)
sign between them.
CHAPTER 12 PROPORTION

RATIO : When two quantities are compared in terms of ‘how many times’, it
is known as ratio.
It is denoted by the symbol ‘:’.
E.g. In a class, say, the number of girls : the number of boys= 1:3 means that
for every 1 girl, there are 3 boys.
Note that two quantities can be compared only if they have the same unit.

EQUIVALENT RATIOS : When you multiply or divide the numerator and

denominator of a ratio by the same number, you get equivalent ratios.

PROPORTION : When two ratios are equal, they are said to be in proportion.
The symbol :: or = is used to denote proportion.
E.g. 35:70::2:4

UNITARY METHOD : In this method, we first find the value of one unit and
then the required value.
E.g. If 10 pencils cost Rs. 100, then how much will 40 pencils cost? 10 pencils
cost Rs 100. Therefore, 1 pencil costs Rs (100/10)= Rs. 10. Then 40 pencils
will cost 10x40= Rs 400.
APTER 13 SYMMETRY :
If a figure can be divided into two identical looking parts, it is said to have
symmetry and the figure is said to be symmetrical.
The line that divides the figure into two symmetrical parts is called the ‘line of
symmetry’.
A figure may have more than one line of symmetry or none at all.

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