This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what

changes have been made to the previous version. Because

it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.

Designation: D 996 – 024

Standard Terminology of
Packaging and Distribution Environments1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

INTRODUCTION

The terms and definitions in this standard are grouped into related areas under principal concepts.
The broad descriptor term for each group is followed in alphabetical order by narrower terms and
related terms. Cross-references are included where the concept group is not obvious.

1. Scope
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the packaging and distribution environments.
Terms that are generally understood or adequately found in other readily available sources are not included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in discussions.
1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with
the name of the organization or ASTM committee.
1.4 The definitions in this terminology are grouped into related areas under principal concepts. The broad discriptor term for
each group is followed in alphabetical order by narrower terms and related terms. Cross-references are included where the concept
group is not obvious.

1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.11 on Terminology (Definitions).
Current edition approved April 10, 20024. Published June 20024. Originally published approved in 1948 as D 996 – 48 T. Last previous edition aprpoved in 2002 as
D 996 – 9902.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 996 – 024
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
D 907 Terminology of Adhesives
D 1596 Test Method for Dynamic Shock Cushioning Characteristics of Package Materials
D 3288 Test Methods for Magnet Wire Enamels
E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards
G 15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Testing
2.2 Federal Standard:
PPP-F-320 Fiberboard, Corrugated and Solid, Sheet Stock (Container Grade), and Cut Shapes3
2.3 Other Standards:
Uniform Freight Classification Rule 304
National Motor Freight Classification 5
3. Terminology
absorbent packing—See packing .
adhesive, n—a substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment.
DISCUSSION—Adhesive is the general term and includes among others, cement, glue, mucilage, and paste. All of these terms are loosely used
interchangeably. Various descriptive adjectives are applied to the term adhesive to indicate certain characteristics as follows: (1) Physical form, that
is, liquid adhesive, tape adhesive, (2) Chemical type, that is, silicate adhesive, resin adhesive, ( 3) Materials bonded, that is, paper adhesive,
metal-plastic adhesive, can label adhesive, and (4) Conditions of use, that is, hot-setting adhesive (D 907, D14).2

contact adhesive, n—an adhesive that is apparently dry to the touch and that will adhere to itself instantaneously upon contact;
also called contact bond adhesive or dry bond adhesive (D 907, D14).
aerosol package—See package .
ampoule, n—a hermetically sealed, small bulbous glass or plastic vessel. Opening is achieved by breaking the stem. (Also
ampuleor ampul.)
anchor, v—to secure firmly (Webster).
anti-skid plate—See loading.
available program, n—a qualifying term which can be used in the definition of recyclable, reusable, refillable, returnable,
compostable, establishing limits; for example, by population and access within geographic area.
DISCUSSION—This term is an essential component of recyclable, reusable, refillable, returnable, and compostable. Manufacturers should refer to FTC
Guidelines to ensure claims are not deceptive. Claims should be qualified with appropriate phrases such as the following:
“Recyclable where facilities exist. Check to see if recycling facilities exist in your community.”
“Recyclable where facilities exist. Collection programs have been established in x % of the country. Check to determine if they exist in your
community.”
“Compostable in centralized facilities. Check to see if composting programs exist in your community.”
“Compostable at home. May be composted in as part of your composting pile at home.”

bag, n—a preformed container of tubular construction made of flexible material, generally enclosed on all sides except one
forming an opening that may or may not be sealed after filling. (See also pouch.)
DISCUSSION—A bag may be made of any flexible material, or multiple plies of the same, or combination of various flexible materials. The term bag
is used as a synonym for sack, but the term sack generally refers to the heavier duty or shipping sacks. It is made in various standard styles and may
be open-mouth or valve type. The five basic standard types of bags are: (1) grocery bag, (2) merchandise paper, (3) industrial, ( 4) textile, and (5) paper
shipping sack.

paper multiwall-sack—a flexible container made of several plies, usually of kraft paper. The various plies may be specially
treated, such as waxed paper, glassine, greaseproof, polyethylene, wet strength paper, or other specialty sheets. The particular
nature of the sack depends upon the material to be packed and the type of transportation to be employed.
bag liner—See liner.
bail, n—the usually arched handle of a pail or can.
bale, n—in packaging a shaped unit, bound with cord or metal ties under tension, and containing compressed articles or materials.
It may be wrapped.

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Vol 15.06. volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Annual Book
3
Available from Superintendent of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09. Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.02.
4
Available from Uniform Classification Committee, 222 South Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
5
Available from National Classification Board, 2200 Mill Road, Alexandria, VA 22314.

2
 D 996 – 024
banding—Use strapping .
barrel, n—a bulged cylindrical container of greater length than breadth, made of wooden staves bound together with hoops and
having two flat ends of equal diameter. (Compare drum.)
cask, n— a term used synonymously with barrel but usually of large size or capacity.
keg, n—a small slack or tight barrel of 30-gal capacity or less.
barrier material—
grease-resistant barrier—a material that prevents or retards the transmission of grease or oils.
water-resistant barrier—a material that retards the transmission of liquid water.
water-vapor-resistant barrier—a material that retards the transmission of water vapor.
basket, n—a semirigid container usually open at the top and provided with one or two handles for carrying. (Compare hamper.)
DISCUSSION—A basket is sometimes made of thin strips of wood, woven or stapled, or otherwise bound together, or it may be made of fiberboard
or combinations of wood and fiber, or plastic. (See stave.(2))
batten—See box.
biodegradable, adj—capable of undergoing decomposition into carbon dioxide, methane, water, inorganic compounds, or biomass
in which the predominant mechanism is the enzymatic action of micro-organisms, that can be measured by standardized tests,
in a specified period of time, reflecting available disposal conditions.
blister pack—See pack.
blocking—See loading.
body—See container.
bottle—See container.
bottom—See box.
box, n—a rigid container having closed faces and completely enclosing the contents. When this term is used in connection with
fiberboard boxes, such fiber boxes must comply with all the requirements of the carrier rules. (See carton.)
bottom, n— the face of a box on which it usually rests while filling.
DISCUSSION—In terms of fiberboard shipping boxes, the face created by the flaps of regular (or similar style) slotted boxes are the top or bottom,
regardless of loading or stacking.
box batten, n—a reinforcing member, (1) for a wood box internally or externally applied to the sides, top and bottoms. When
applied externally it should be applied in pairs; ( 2) in a wirebound box, a batten is a reinforcement used on the ends of the
container only.
cleated fiberboard box—a rigid container having five or six panel faces with wood strips fastened to them, the panels being
made of solid or corrugated fiberboard.
cleated plywood box—a rigid container having five or six panel faces with wood strips fastened to them, the panels being made
of plywood.
flange, n— in fiberboard boxes, an extension to a panel similar to a short flap that may be folded in or out, usually at angles
of 90 or 180° to the panel.
nailed wood box— a rigid container constructed of wood in several standard styles, assembled by fastening sides, top and
bottom to the ends with nails or other suitable fasteners.
skid box—a metal, wooden, or fiber box fastened to a platform raised on skid members or legs; it may or may not be collapsible.
(See also skid.)
wirebound box— a rigid container whose sides, top, and bottom are of rotary-cut lumber, sliced lumber, resawn lumber,
fiberboard, or combinations thereof, usually 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) or less in thickness, fastened to cleats and to each other by means
of binding wires and staples; and ends of similar material, plain or stapled to battens or liners, fastened in place by means of
nails or staples or wires stapled thereto.
DISCUSSION—The closure is made by twisting or looping together the ends of the binding wires.
boxboard—See paperboard.
bracing—See loading.
bubble packaging material—a material consisting of a flexible plastic film having uniformly spaced bubbles integrally molded
therein.
DISCUSSION—These bubbles may or may not be permanently affixed to a separate backing film to either seal the air within the bubbles or to add
dimensional stability to the structure. Bubble packaging is primarily used as a cushioning material.
buffer, n—a material or device, such as folded up corrugated fiberboard, placed in a container to position and protect the contents
from the forces of impact.
DISCUSSION—A buffer is usually made of a cushioning, or compressible material. It may be made in a variety of styles such as spring buffer, rolled-up
buffer, die-cut, and so forth. (See cushioning material.)
bulk packaging—see packaging.

3
 D 996 – 024
bundle, n—two or more articles held together with rope, wire, or strapping so as to form a shipping unit; it may be wrapped.
bung hole—in packaging, an opening in a barrel or drum through which material can be poured to fill, empty or vent.
bursting strength—See package testing.
bursting strength test—See package testing.
caliper—See package testing.
can, n—in packaging, a receptacle generally of 10-gal capacity or less, normally not used as a shipping container.
DISCUSSION—The body is made of lightweight metal or is a composite of paperboard and other materials having the ends made of paperboard, metal,
plastic, or a combination thereof.
Cady test—See package testing.
cap—See container (cover).
carboy, n—a container made of glass, ceramic, plastic, or metal, having a capacity of 5 to 15 gal (19 to 57 L) with the pouring
and filling opening at the top.
DISCUSSION—For shipment, carboys are generally encased in a protective rigid outer container.
carton, n—a folding box, generally made from boxboard for merchandising consumer quantities of products (for example, shelf
packages or prime packages).
case—See container.
case liner—See liner.
cask—See barrel.
child-resistant packaging—See packaging.
chime (chine), n— in packaging, the rim of a container, such as a drum, barrel, or can.
chipboard—See paperboard.
cleat, n—a wood or metal strip attached along the edge of a panel of a container for the attaching of an adjacent panel, or fastened
to the panel between the edges, or to barrel heads, for reinforcement and stiffening.
cleated fiberboard box—See box.
cleated plywood box—See box.
closure, n—in packaging, a means of closing a container to retain the contents.
plug, n—in packaging, a type of closure that is designed to be inserted into a container opening. It may be held by friction or
by screw threads. (See cap. )
cocoon, v—in packaging, to employ strippable, usually plastic, sometimes multi-layered films to encapsulate an item.
code, v—to assign numbers, letters, words, or symbols as identifying marks to containers, packaged materials, or articles to
convey information concerning the qualities of the container or its contents, date, place of manufacture, or other significant
identification. (Compare marking.)
collapsible tube—See tube.
compaction ratio, n—the measurement of the relationship of volume displacement of a package before and after simulated landfill
conditions as determined in standardized tests.
composite tube—See tube.
compostable, adj—capable of undergoing biological decomposition in a compost site as part of an available program, such that
the material (that is, feedstock) is not visually distinquishable and breaks down to carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds,
and biomass, at a rate consistent with known compostable materials.
DISCUSSION—See available program for further clarification. Also, manufacturers should indicate if composting at home or centralized facility is
appropriate.
Conbur test—See package testing.
constant load—See load.
contact adhesive—see adhesive .
container—a nonspecific term for a receptacle capable of closure (See also: bag, barrel, basket, box, can, carton, crate,
cylinder, drum, envelope, hamper, pail, tube.)
body, n—in packaging, the principal part of a container, usually the largest part in one piece containing the sides.
bottle, n— a rigid or semirigid container typically of glass or plastic, having a comparatively narrow neck or mouth, and usually
no handle (Webster).
case, n— a nonspecific term for a shipping container. In domestic commerce, case usually refers to a box made from
corrugated or solid fiberboard wood, or metal.
cover, n—in packaging, the top or bottom, or both of a container, usually the part that closes the filling and dispensing opening.
It is often called a cap when used with fiberboard containers. (See also shroud.)
cylinder, n— a rigid cylindrical metal container designed as a portable vessel for the storage and transportation of compressed
gases. Generally equipped with protected valve closure and suitable pressure-relief safety device.
die-cut, adj— (1) a method of preparation in which a part or container has been cut, slotted, and scored or any combination
of these by custom-made dies; (2) n, a part so made.

4
 D 996 – 024
expendable container—a container for shipping or storage, or both, intended primarily for a single trip.
face, n—in packaging, any one of the plane surfaces of a container.
fast pack container—a standard size, reusable container with foam cushion inserts.
DISCUSSION—Some designs permit shipment of a large variety of items within certain limits of size, weight, configuration, and fragility.
fiberboard container—a box, package, or drum made of fiberboard. When the term box is used for classification purposes,
the structure must comply with all requirements of the carrier rules.
flap, n— one of the closing members of a fiberboard container.
glass container— any glass receptacle capable of holding a seal or closure for retention of contents.
intermodal container—a reusable shipping container manufactured to standard dimensions intended to unitize cargo or freight
for shipping by one or more modes of transportation without the need for intermediate handling of the contents.
jar, n—a widemouthed container made typically of glass, plastic, or earthenware.
jug, n—a large, deep, usually glass, plastic, or earthenware container with a narrow mouth and a handle.
manufacturer’s joint—that part of a fiberboard container where the ends of the box blank are joined together in the
manufacturing process by taping, stitching, or gluing.
modular container— a family of containers designed to be assembled into a unit load.
returnable container—a shipping container of any material designed to be used for more than one shipment.
reusable container—a shipping and storage container designed for reuse without impairment of its protective function.
DISCUSSION—It may be repaired or refitted to prolong its life, or to adapt it for items other than originally intended.
seam, n (when referring to a fiberboard container)—the lines of junction created by any free edge of a container flap or wall
where it abuts or overlaps another portion of the container (except the manufacturer’s joint).
DISCUSSION—A seam may be fastened by tape, stitches, or adhesive in the process of closing a fiberboard container.
shipping container—a container that is sufficiently strong to be used in commerce for packing, storing, and shipping
commodities. (See also barrel, crate, drum.)
containerboard—any paperboard made specifically for the manufacture of corrugated and solid fiberboard shipping
containers. Basis weight is expressed in pounds per 1000 ft2 (or grams per square metre). It is customarily shipped in rolls.
cylinder kraft—containerboard made from kraft pulp on a cylinder machine.
Fourdrinier kraft—containerboardmade from kraft pulp on a Fourdrinier machine, basically of single-ply formation, although
possibly with supplementary second-ply, with less prominent grain direction. The sheet is formed on a traveling endless-wire
screen which may also be vibrated to obtain more random orientation of fibers.
solid fiberboard— a solid board made by laminating two or more plies of containerboard .
containerization, n—( 1) a shipping method in which material (such as merchandise) is packaged together in one container.(2)
the use of transport containers to unitize cargo for transportation, supply, and storage.
core, n—in packaging, a cylindrical structure used as a carrier of flexible material that is wound around it.
corrosion, n—the chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a
deterioration of the material and its properties (G15, G01).
corrosion, inhibitor, n—a chemical substance or combination of substances that, when present in the proper concentration and
form in the environment, prevents or reduces corrosion.
volatile corrosion inhibitor (VCI)—a material that slowly releases vapor to inhibit corrosion within a packageby neutralizing
the effects of moisture-laden air.
corrugated box—See box.
corrugated fiberboard:
(1) single face—the structure formed by one corrugated member glued to the flat facing;
( 2) single wall—the structure formed by one corrugated inner member glued between two flat facings; also known as double
face;
(3) double wall—the structure formed by three flat facings and two intermediate corrugated members;
(4) triple wall—the structure formed by four flat facings and three intermediate corrugated members. (See also containerboard
.)
corrugating medium—paperboard used in forming the fluted portion of the corrugated board.
corrugation flute— one of the wave shapes formed in the inner member, that is, the corrugating medium, of corrugated
fiberboard. Flutes most commonly used are:
Number, per Span Between
Linear Adjacent Flutes,
ft mm Height, in. (mm)A,B
A-flute 36 6 3 7.9 to 9.1 3⁄16 (4.7)

B-flute 50 6 3 4.7 to 6.6 3⁄32 (2.4)

C-flute 42 6 3 6.8 to 7.8 9⁄64 (3.6)

E-flute 94 6 4 3.0 to 3.5 3⁄64 (1.2)

5
 D 996 – 024
A
The values are approximate.
B
Height does not include thickness of facing.
V-board—a term adopted from the grade symbol of corrugated or solid fiberboard made to comply with the weather-resistant
class as defined in Federal Specification PPP-F-320, made of wet strength paperboard. Components are especially made to
exhibit high strength (against bursting, tearing, or rupturing) when wet.
W-board—same as V-board except the “W” grades are of lower test requirements and primarily for use as interior or intermediate
containers.
cover—See container.
crate, n—a rigid shipping containerof framed construction joined together with nails, bolts or any equivalent method of fastening.
The framework may or may not be enclosed with sheathing. It may be demountable (reusable) or nondemountable. (See also
rubbing strip, strut.)
open crate—a crate with exposed frame members and not enclosed by sheathing.
sheathed crate— a crate that is enclosed by having the frame members completely covered with sheathing boards or material.
creped duplex paper—See paper .
creped paper—See paper.
cube, n—in packaging, the volume of space occupied by the unit under consideration, computed by multiplying overall exterior
length, width, and height. For shipping purposes cube is expressed to the nearest 0.1 ft3 (2830 cm3). (Compare displacement.)
cushion, v—to use cushioning material to reduce shock and vibration transmitted to a packaged product from an externally
applied force.
cushioning material—a material used to isolate or reduce the effect of externally applied shock or vibration forces, or both. (See
also buffer, divider, molded shape.)
creped cellulose wadding—a material consisting of cellulose fibers produced by the sulfite process, loosely matted into sheet
form and then creped. It is available in single or multiple sheet form, either plain or embossed, and may be backed with various
papers. It is also available impregnated with asphalt for water resistance.
filler pad—in packaging, a pad used to fill space; sometimes applied to a soft flexible pad made with various loose filling
materials to provide cushioning effects. (Compare buffer .)
foam-in-place cushioning material, n—one formed by dispensing, usually into a box or mold, reactive chemical components that
expand to envelop items packaged or occupy void areas.
macerated paper— generally, waste paper torn up mechanically for use as a cushioning material.
cylinder—See container.
cylinder kraft—See containerboard .
dead load—See load.
density, n—mass per unit volume (D 3288, D09).
desiccant, n—a hygroscopic substance used to absorb water vapor from the air to maintain a low relative humidity in a container.
diagonal bracing—See loading.
die cut—See container.
dimensions, n—in packaging, the measurement of length, width (or diameter), and depth of containers, expressed in that order;
it should be stated as “inside” or “outside.”
DISCUSSION—For fiberboard and most other types of boxes, length is the larger of the two dimensions of the open face, width is the lesser of the
two dimensions of the open face, depth is the distance between the innermost surfaces of the box measured perpendicular to the length and width, and
are given as inside dimensions.

displacement, n— in packaging, the volume occupied by a container, calculated from its outside dimensions. (Compare cube.)
divider, n—a device, made of various materials, that separates the space within a container into two or more spaces, cells,
compartments, or layers.
DISCUSSION—A divider may be plain, interlocking, scored, horizontal, vertical, or diagonal. The primary purpose of a divider is to separate the
articles, or to furnish cushioning, or both. Also, it frequently adds stacking strength (Compare buffer, fiberboard partition, liner, pad, separator,
spacer.)

dolly, n—a low platform or structure mounted on wheels or casters, designed primarily for moving bulky loads for short distances.
(Compare pallet.)
drop test—See package testing.
drum, n—(1) a cylindrical shipping container having straight sides, and flat, convex or embossed ends, designed for storage and
shipment as an unsupported outer package that may be shipped without boxing or crating. It may be made of metal, or of
plywood, or of fiber with wooden, metal or fiber ends. Drums are also made of rubber or plastics (Compare barrel.); (2) in set-up
paper boxes, a shell or tube with paper or cellophane head, used for powder box. (See divider.)
dunnage—See loading.
dynamic load—See load.
edge protector—See loading.
Elmendorf test—See package testing.

6
 D 996 – 024
end-grain nailing—nailing in such a way that the point of the nail follows the grain of the wood so that the shank is parallel, or
nearly parallel to the grain in that member holding the nail point. It is weaker than side-grain nailing in direct withdrawal.
envelope, n—in packaging, a container of flexible material having only two faces and joined at three edges to form a partial
enclosure. The nonjoined edge provides a filling opening which later may be closed or sealed.
equivalent product, n—provides the same amount of product or number of recommended uses as contained in the package being
replaced (as related to Subcommittee D10.46 package source reduction).
expendable container—See container.
expendable pallet—See pallet .
exterior pack—See pack.
face—See container.
facing, n—a form of linerboard used as a flat member of corrugated fiberboard (sometimes erroneously called a liner).
fastener, n—in packaging, a device that serves to secure one part to another; for example, nail, screw, staple, strapping, stitch,
or adhesive.
fast pack container— See container.
fiberboard—See containerboard .
fiberboard container— See container.
fiberboard partitions—a set of corrugated or solid fiberboard or paperboard pieces slotted so they will interlock when
assembled to form a number of cells into which articles may be placed for shipment. (See also divider.)
fiberboard tube—See tube.
filler pad—See cushioning material.
finish, n—See paperboard .
fire-retardant, adj—having or providing comparatively low flammability or flame spread properties (E 176, E05).
flange, n—See box.
flat—See container.
floating controlled load— See load.
flute—See corrugated fiberboard.
foam-in place cushioning material—See cushioning material.
Fourdrinier kraft— See containerboard.
friction, n—resistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact (Websters).
coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required to move one surface over another, to the total force applied normal to those
surfaces.
kinetic coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required to move one surface over another, to the total force applied normal
to those surfaces, once that motion is in progress.
static coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required to move one surface over another, to the total force applied normal
to those surfaces, at the instant motion starts.
G—symbol for the dimensionless ratio between an acceleration in length per time-squared units, and the acceleration of gravity
in the same units (D 1596).
g—symbol for the acceleration of gravity at the earth’s surface.
DISCUSSION—Its value differs slightly at different points on the earth, but the standardized value of 32.2 ft/s2 or 9.806 m/s2 is usually used.
glass container—See container.
grease-resistant barrier—See barrier material.
gummed paper tape—See tape.
hamper, n—a container (commonly used for shipping fruits and vegetables) circular, elliptical, or polygonal in horizontal cross
section, the tube dimensions being usually greater than the bottom. It has slotted sides and a bottom that may be loose, stapled,
or nailed in place. The top may or may not be open. (Compare basket.)
heat seal—See seal.
hermetic seal—See seal.
humidity indicator—an instrument or device that displays the approximate humidity condition within a package.
ID—inside dimensions or inside diameter.
incline impact (Conbur) test—See package testing.
inner packing—See packing.
insert, n—usually a thin filler or frame of wood, fiberboard, plastic, or other suitable material used to take up space, or separate
articles within a package. (Compare buffer, divider, separator.)
interior packing—See packing.
intermediate pack—See pack.
intermediate package—See package.
intermodal container—See container.
keg—See barrel.

7
 D 996 – 024
kraft, n—See paperboard.
label, n—a piece of paper or other material to be affixed to a container or article, on which is printed a legend, information
concerning the product, or addresses. It may also be printed directly on the container. (Compare tag.)
liner, n—in packaging, (1) generally, any linear material that separates a product within a container from the basic walls of the
container, (2) in fiberboard containers, a creased fiberboard sheet inserted in a container and usually fitting against the side
and end panels (liner is sometimes erroneously used for linerboard or facing). (Compare divider.)
case liner (bag liner)—a lining, usually paper, or treated materials placed inside a shipping container for the purpose of
preventing sifting, or entrance of moisture, dust, or dirt.
linerboard—See paperboard.
live load—See load.
load, n—(1) the force in weight units applied to a body; (2) the weight of the contents of a container or transportation device;
(3) a qualitative term denoting the contents of a container.
constant load, n—a load that is invariable or unchanging.
dead load, n— a constant load that, in structures (as a bridge, building, or machines) is due to the weight of the members, the
supporting structure, and permanent attachments or accessories (Webster).
dynamic load, n—an imposed force in motion; that is, one that may vary in magnitude, sense, and direction.
floating load— (1) a shipment, usually a unitized load (or loads), or a large individual article, so prepared that it may move in
the carrying vehicle, the movement being restricted or retarded by friction between the load and the vehicle; (2) a method of
packing in which the contents of the container are supported within the container by cushioning devices or materials; ( 3)
floating controlled load—a floating load within a vehicle in which the movement is retarded, snubbed, or restrained by suitable
devices.
live load, n— a moving load on a structure.
palletized load— a load made up of articles, loose or in containers placed on pallets or skids.
palletized unit load—a unitized load fixed to a pallet.
static load, n—an imposed stationary force, constant in magnitude, sense and direction.
unitized load—in packaging, a type of unit load consisting of articles or containers secured together so as to be handled as an
entity.
unit load—in distribution, an item or assembly of items assembled or restrained for handling and transportation as a single
entity.
loading, n—the act of placing a load on or in; to load a car, a vessel, or a test specimen. (See also unitization.)
anti-skid plate— a device, generally metal, about 4 by 6 in. (100 by 150 mm), with sharp projections on each face, placed under,
against, or between containers and car floor, to retard shifting of load in transit.
blocking, n— material used to prevent or control movement of the unit or load or to facilitate handling (A 700, A-1).
bracing, n— material or devices used to hold articles or sections of loads in position and prevent shifting within a transportation
vehicle or within a container. (See molded shape, strapping.)
diagonal bracing— (1) a member reaching at an angle from a gate or other structure to the wall or floor of a freight car or truck
to strengthen and reinforce the gate or structure; (2) a member, single or multiple, of a crate or box attached diagonally or at
an angle to add reinforcement to the container.
dunnage, n— (1) in a carrying vehicle, the temporary blocking, flooring or lining, racks, standards, strips, stakes, or similar
bracing, or supports not constituting a part of the carrying vehicle, used to protect and make freight secure in, or on a carrying
vehicle (Classification, Rule 30);8 (4 (2) in a container, materials not constituting a part of the container, frequently by-product
or scrap, used for filling space, for blocking or bracing, or otherwise to protect and secure the contents.
dynamic compression loading—in packaging, the application of a force in motion that usually occurs in 10 s or less.
DISCUSSION—These forces result most often from random impacts, vibration, or shocks in handling and transit.

edge protector— a right-angle piece placed over the edge of boxes, crates, bundles and gates, or bracing to distribute the
pressure from metal bands or ties in order to prevent cutting.
spreader, n— (1) a horizontal wooden member placed between two gates in a car to hold the gates in position against the load;
( 2) a rigid device placed between sling legs, lifting cables, or ropes to prevent them from damaging cargo being loaded or
unloaded.
static compression loading—in packaging, the application of a force for an extended period, often days, weeks, or months.
DISCUSSION—These forces usually are associated with stacked loads. Many factors, such as material fatigue, environmental conditions, and handling
affect the rate and duration of loading.

load limit—(1) the maximum force, in weight units, a body can withstand without damage; (2) the greatest allowable weight that
may be placed in a container or vehicle. For containers, load limit is often expressed in terms of the gross weight of the container
and its contents.
load type, n—a qualitative description of the contents of a container with respect to density, fragility, and degree of blocking,
bracing, and cushioning necessary. Load types are further divided into the following categories:

8
 D 996 – 024
Type I load (easy)—a qualitative term denoting contents of low or moderate density conforming to the shape of the
container and lending support to all faces of the container.
Type II load (average)—a qualitative term denoting contents of low or moderate density providing, when packed directly
into a shipping container, nonshifting support at several points on the face of the container.
Type III load (diffıcult)—a qualitative term denoting contents characterized by irregular shape not lending support to the
container, or by great density or extreme fragility.
lumber, n—the product of the saw and planing wood mill, not further manufactured than by sawing, resawing, planing,
crosscutting to length, and matching.
matched lumber—lumber that is shaped to make a close-tongued and grooved joint at its edges or ends
plank, n— a broad board usually more than 1 in. thick, laid with its wide dimension horizontal, and used as a bearing surface.
resawn lumber— rough or surfaced lumber that has been divided into two or more thicknesses by sawing.
rough lumber— undressed lumber as it comes from the saw.
shiplapped lumber—lumber that is shaped at its edges to make a close-rabbeted, or lapped joint.
surfaced lumber—lumber that is dressed on one or more faces.
macerated paper—See cushioning material.
mailing tube—See tube.
manufacturer’s joint—See container.
marking, n—in packaging , the application of numbers, letters, labels, tags, symbols or colors to provide identification and to
expedite handling during shipment and storage. (Compare code.)
matched lumber—See lumber.
modular container—See container.
molded pulp—See packaging.
molded shape—in packaging, a material formed to specific contours for cushioning, or blocking or bracing purposes.
Mullen test—See package testing.
nest, n—a group of articles, cans, baskets, or boxes of various sizes, that fit one within the other.
OD—the outside dimension of a package or part, or outside diameter of a cylindrical container or wire or rod.
open crate—See crate.
overpacking, n—( 1) packaging that exceeds minimum requirements, (2) additional packaging used to increase protection.
pack, n—the final configuration of material with necessary protection afforded for the distribution system.
blister pack, n—encapsulation of an item inside a preformed semi-rigid transparent, or opaque plastic bubble that is affixed to
a semi-rigid backing.
exterior pack— a container, bundle, or assembly that is sufficient by reason of material, design, and construction to protect its
contents during shipment or storage.
intermediate pack—in packaging, a wrap, box, or bundle that contains two or more unit packs of identical items, and that is
in turn enclosed by an outer shipping container.
pack, v—to place material into a container for handling, storage, and transportation.
package—(1) n, a container providing means of protection and handling to a product; (2) v, to design, manufacture, or provide
protection to a product; ( 3) when referring to a fiber container, a container not necessarily complying with all the requirements
for a “box” in accordance with the Uniform Freight Classification and National Motor Freight Classification; (4) when referring
to a fiber container, one of the special authorized containers described in detail in the Classifications in the section titled
“Authorized Packages or Shipping Containers,” of the above Freight Classifications.
aerosol package— a package that contains in addition to its contents, a gas under pressure. It is fitted with a valve which enables
the contents to be dispensed.
consumer package— a primary container (which may be enclosed in a secondary container) designed to contain, store, and
protect from the point of manufacture to the point of use, a product intended for household or individual use. (See unit package
under package.)
DISCUSSION—The primary or secondary container may also be used as the shipping container and it may be used to communicate information relative
to the product or its use.
industrial package, n—a package used for the transportation or storage of commodities, the contents of which are not meant
for retail sale without being repackaged.
intermediate package—a wrap, box, or bundle (that is, a container) that contains two or more unit packages of identical items
(also called a secondary package).
primary package— a container in direct contact with and enclosing the product along with any required protective material(s).
DISCUSSION—A primary package may be used as a shipping container and may convey information about the contents. (See unit package and
consumer package.
secondary package, n—a container enclosing one or more primary packages along with any required protective material(s).
DISCUSSION—A secondary package my be used as a shipping container and may convey information about the contents. (See intermediate package.

9
 D 996 – 024
unit package— the first tie, wrap, or container applied to a single item, a quantity of the same item, a set, or an item with all
its component parts, that constitutes a complete and identifiable package containing the unit of issue of a product for ultimate
use (also called a primary package).
package material, n—each separate and distinct material which by itself or in combination with other materials, forms a package
component.
DISCUSSION—Some examples of package material are polyethylene film, polythylene foam, kraft paper, aluminum film, and paper/poly/foil laminate.

package source reduction, n—the reduction of the weight or volume of the packaging materials used in a package containing an
equivalent product.
package testing:
bursting strength— the strength of a material in pounds-force per square inch (or kilopascals), measured by the Cady or Mullen
tester. (See Cady test, and Mullen test.)
bursting strength test—a test for measuring the resistance of a material to bursting measured in pounds per square inch (or
kilopascals). (See Mullen tester.)
Cady test—a test for bursting strength made on a specific type of machine.
caliper—(1) n, thickness (as related to paperboard) of a sheet measured under specified procedures expressed in thousandths
of an inch (or millimetres). Thousandths of an inch are sometimes termed “points”; (2) n, the precision instrument used in the
paperboard industry to measure thickness; (3) v, to measure with a caliper.
compression test— a test for measuring resistance to external compressive forces. (See loading.)
drop test—a test for measuring the durability of an article, or the protection, or the retention properties of a container, or all three
by subjecting the packaged product to a free fall from predetermined heights onto a surface with prescribed characteristics.
Elmendorf test— a test for measuring the tearing resistance of tape, paperboard, or other materials.
incline impact (Conbur) test—a test for determining principally the resistance of a packaged product to damage from impacts.
Mullen test—a test for bursting strength made on a specific type of machine.
puncture test— (1) a test for measuring the resistance of board to puncture; (2) the strength of a material, primarily involving
tear and stiffness, expressed in units as measured by the puncture tester.
DISCUSSION—1 unit = 0.265 in.·lbf (0.0298 J) of energy.

revolving drum test—a test for measuring the protection to contents, or the retention properties of a container, or both, by
subjecting the packaged products to rough handling in a standard revolving drum.
testing machine compression—in package testing, an imposed force in motion applied at a predetermined rate and condition
until a predetermined end point is achieved.
packaging, n—(1 ) the technique of preparing goods for distribution;
(2) the design criteria, processes, and procedures used to protect material from deterioration and damage from the time
manufacturing is completed until ultimate use or disposal;
DISCUSSION—It includes cleaning, drying, preserving, packing, unitization, and marking.
(3) the processes and procedures used to protect an item in a unit package.
bulk packaging— (1) a method of containing loose or granular materials for shipping or storage, (2) a method of assembling
many items into a container for shipment or storage.
child-resistant packaging—packaging designed or constructed to be significantly difficult for most children under 5 years of age
to open, or to obtain a toxic or harmful amount of the contents within a reasonable time; and not difficult for normal adults to
use properly.
commercial packaging—the methods and materials used by a supplier to satisfy the requirements of the distribution system.
DISCUSSION—Commercial packaging includes industrial packaging, and consumer packaging; and may be applicable for certain levels of military
packaging.

foam-in-place packaging— See cushioning material.

industrial packaging—packaging of partially manufactured or finished goods for distribution from manufacturer to manufac-
turer, and to users other than retail customers.
molded pulp—a type of packaging which has been formed from wet paper pulp to predetermined shape to generally fit one or
more individual items. Used as apple trays, egg flats, egg carton. (See molded shape.)
skin packaging— a process whereby a product placed on a backing material is covered by a closely fitting thermoplastic film
bonded to the backing material.
DISCUSSION—The article usually is placed on a porous, rigid backing sheet, heated film is draped over it, and vacuum is applied to draw the film
tightly over the article.

vacuum packaging— the technique of packaging in containers from which substantially all air has been removed prior to
sealing.

10
 D 996 – 024
packing, n—the selection or construction of the shipping container and assembling of items or packages therein, including any
necessary blocking, bracing, or cushioning, weatherproofing, exterior strapping, and marking of shipping container for
identification of contents. (Compare packaging).
absorbent packing, n —a material included within a package to soak up liquids resulting from leakage or liquefaction of
contents.
interior (inner) packing—material or parts used in supporting, positioning, or cushioning an item in its outer shipping container.
(See also buffer, cushioning material, divider, liner, separator.)
saddle, n— a form of interior packing shaped to fit the article in order to increase the area of contact between the blocking
and the article.
shell, (when referring to a fiberboard packaging), n—a specific form of inner packing consisting of a sheet of corrugated or
solid fiberboard scored and folded to form a joined or unjoined tube open at both ends.
pad, n—(when referring to a fiberboard container) a corrugated or solid fiberboard sheet or other authorized material used for
extra protection or for separating tiers or layers of articles when packed for shipment. (Compare buffer, divider, separator). See
cushioning material.
pail, n—a container, usually cylindrical, with a handle, available in sizes of about 1 to 12 gal (3 to 50 L).
pallet, n—horizontal platform device used as a base for assembling, storing, handling, and transporting materials and products in
a unit load. (Compare skid, dolly.)
expendable pallet— a pallet intended to be discarded after a single use.
reusable pallet— a pallet intended for more than one shipment (reusable for economic life).
stringer, n— a wooden member to which the face or faces of a pallet or the deck of a platform are fastened and running at right
angles to the members making up the face or the deck.
palletized load—See load.
palletized unit load—See load.
panel, n—(1) a face or side of a box or crate, (2) any flat area between folds, or edges of a box, carton, or interior part.
paper:
creped duplex paper—a double sheet composed of two layers of creped paper united with asphalt, latex, or other adhesives,
generally with 20, 25, or 30-lb paper and 20, 25, or 30 lb of laminating material.
creped paper— paper, usually kraft (bleached sulfate) in various basis weights, that has been machined to resemble crepe and
thus has stretch. It is used for wrapping purposes and for bag and barrel liners.
water-resistant paper—paper that is treated by the addition of materials to provide a degree of resistance to damage or
deterioration by water in liquid form.
wet-strength paper—paper that has been treated with chemical additives to aid in the retention of resistance to bursting, tearing,
or rupturing when wet.
paperboard, n—one of the two broad subdivisions of paper (general term, the other being paper as specific term). Paperboard is,
in general, heavier and thicker than paper and is constructed primarily for strength properties such as stiffness, tearing resistance
and the like. Sheets with thickness greater than 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) (with some exceptions) fall in this class. (See also
containerboard. )
DISCUSSION—The broad classes of paperboard are ( 1) containerboard, (2) boxboard, and (3) other special types.

boxboard, n— a general term designating the grades of paperboard used for fabrication of folding and set-up boxes (cartons).
Customarily shipped in sheets.
chipboard, n— a paperboard generally made from reclaimed paper stock.
DISCUSSION—It is used for many purposes, including facings for partitions, center plies of solid fiberboard pads, and other forms of paperboard that
may or may not have specifications of strength, color, or other characteristics. The board is of relatively low density in thickness of 0.006 in. (0.15
mm) and up.

finish, n— in packaging, a term descriptive of the surface of paperboard depending on the final machining in manufacture:
(1) dry finish—not dampened before going through the calender rolls. The surface is not as dense nor as smooth as
water-finished board;
( 2) water finish—dampened on one (or both) sides in the calendering opening to provide a relatively hard and glossy finish.
kraft, n— a term (derived from a German word meaning strength) applied to pulp, paper, or paperboard produced from virgin
wood fibers by the sulphate process.
linerboard, n—(1) paperboard used for the flat facings in corrugated fiberboard; also paperboard used as the outer plies of
solid fiberboard, ( 2) containerboard made of blends of reworked paper fibers usually made on cylinder machines but can be
made on Fourdrinier or Inverform machines. It is sometimes called jute—a misnomer, since jute fibers are no longer used (See
facing.)
paperboard blank—a flat piece of paperboard that has been cut to size, die-cut, corner cut, scored, printed, or otherwise prepared
and ready to be formed or folded and joined, or the flat pieces of parts thereof.
paperboard step—a term applied to trays, shells, or platforms positioned inside a container to raise one portion of contents higher

11
 D 996 – 024
than others. It may be attached to a lid for the purpose of holding certain articles positioned when the lid is in closed position.
paperboard stop—pieces of boxboard attached to the inside surface of the ends of a set-up paper box lid to hold the base in
proper position when the height of the base is less than the height of the lid.
paperboard tube—See tube.
paper multiwall-sack—See bag.
partition—See fiberboard partition.
photodegradable, adj—capable of undergoing a significant loss of properties that can be measured by standardized tests after
exposure to representative amounts of sunlight.
plank—See lumber.
plug—See closure.
ply, n—(1) any of the several layers of solid fiberboard; (2) any of the layers in plywood or laminated paperboard; (3) any of
the walls of a multiwall bag. (See also veneer.)
plywood box—See box.
point, n—a term used to describe the thickness of paperboard, a point being one thousandth of an inch. (See caliper.)
pouch, n—a small or moderate-sized bag, sack, or receptacle for carrying or containing parts.
preservation, n— in packaging, the application of protective measures such as cleaning, drying, and the use of preservatives,
barrier materials, cushioning, and containers.
pressure-sensitive-adhesive tape—See tape.
primary container—a container which is in contact with the contents.
DISCUSSION—The primary container may be used as the shipping container and may be used to communicate information relative to the product or
its use. (See unit package under package.)

puncture test—See package testing.

recyclable, adj—capable of being removed, separated, or diverted from the solid waste stream in an available program, established
by, but not limited to, manufacturers, retailers, or municipalities; processed and returned to use in the form of raw materials or
products.
DISCUSSION—See available program for further clarification.

recycled, adj—diverted, separated, or removed from the solid waste stream, processed and returned to use in the form of raw
materials or products.
recycled content, n—the percent of a packaging material that is composed of recycled material.
refillable, adj—intended to be refilled for its original purpose one or more times in an available program established by, but not
limited to, manufacturers, distributors, or retailers.
DISCUSSION—See available program and reusable for further clarification.

reinforced gummed tape—See tape.

resawn lumber—See lumber.
returnable, adj—intended to be returned one or more times in an available program established by, but not limited to
manufacturers, distributors or retailers.
DISCUSSION—See available program and reusable for further clarification.

returnable container—See container.

reusable, adj—intended to be used for its original purpose one or more times in an available program established by, but not
limited to, manufacturers, distributors, or retailers (see also refillable and available program for further clarification).
DISCUSSION—Reuse options include, but are not limited to, programs where the container is returned or refilled. Examples include the following:
(1) Reused by the consumer or user as a container for the same product reconstituted from a concentrate supplied by the
manufacturer for that purpose; or
(2) Returned from consumers or users for the purpose of reuse as a package for the distribution and sale of the same or similar
products; or
(3) Reused by the consumer or users as a dispenser/container for the same product supplied by the manufacturer for the
purchase as a refill.
reusable container— See container.
reusable pallet—See pallet.
revolving drum test— See package testing.
rough lumber—See lumber.
rubbing strips—boards nailed to the underside of skids, or floor boards of crates or boxes to provide a surface upon which to
slide the containers. (See also skid.)
sack—See bag.

12
 D 996 – 024
saddle—See packing.
score, n—an impression or crease in paperboard, corrugated or solid fiberboard to locate and facilitate folding.
DISCUSSION—Set-up boxes made of nonbending paperboard are generally partially cut through at score lines and may be reinforced by gummed paper
stays.

score, v—to form a score.

seal:
heat seal—in packaging, a method of bonding mating surfaces under controlled application of heat, pressure, and dwell time.
hermetic seal—in packaging, a seal that prevents passage of air and other gases.
seam—See container.
secondary container—a container which encloses one or more primary containers.
DISCUSSION—The secondary container may be used as the shipping container and may be used to communicate information relative to the product
or its use. (See intermediate package under package.)

separator, n—any material interposed between articles or packing components. (Compare buffer, divider, insert, liner.)
sheathed crate—See crate.
sheathing, n—lumber or sheet materials, such as plywood, fiberboard or other suitable panel or sheet material fastened to the
frame across the openings of a crate to deter pilferage, or entry of dirt or water or of other articles.
shelf life—the length of time packaged materials can be stored under specified conditions and still remain effective in use (C 717,
C24).
shell—See packing.
shiplapped lumber— See lumber.
shipping container— See container.
shroud, n—in packaging, a protective cover placed over a load unit, or package to cover the top and four sides.
skid, n—one of a pair or series of parallel runners usually wood, affixed to the underside of boxes, crates, or an item to allow entry
of truck forks, or to facilitate sliding. (Compare rubbing strip.)
skid box—See box.
skid platform—a single platform of wood, metal, plastic, or combination of these materials, elevated a short distance above the
floor by runners or legs to facilitate mechanical handling. (Compare pallet.)
skin packaging—See packaging.
slat, n—a thin flat strip of material used as a member of a box, crate, pallet, basket, or other similar structure. A basket stave.
sleeve, n—in packaging, a form, made of various materials and in various shapes, usually open at both ends, that is slipped over
an item.
solid fiberboard—See containerboard.
spacer, n—a device made of any material that serves to maintain a predetermined distance between any two points in a shipping
container, or between any interior part and articles contained therein. (Compare divider.)
spreader—See loading.
staple, n—a U-shaped round or flat wire fastener that is: (1) used to secure parts together. (It may or may not be clinched); (2)
driven over wires and bands to hold parts in position; (3) used to fasten together the flaps of fiberboard boxes. (Compare stitch.)
staple, v—to fasten with staples.
static load—See load.
stave, n—(1) one of the shaped vertical units of a coopered wooden container which, when placed edge-to-edge and bound with
hoops around a circular bottom (sometimes top and bottom), forms a barrel or other staved container; (2) one of the thin, wood
or veneer slats forming the body, sides, or cover of a basket or hamper.
stay—paper or metal material used to join parts of a box together at a corner, or to reinforce a cut-score on solid fiberboard. It
is most commonly used for set-up boxes.
stitch, n—in packaging , a metal fastener. Stitches are machine-formed using wire drawn from a spool. (Compare staple. Staples
are preformed.)
stitch, v—(1) to unite, by means of staples or stitching wire, the joints or parts of containers, or the flaps for closure; (2) to unite
by sewing with thread, as a sack.
strapping, n—a flexible strip material, generally of flat or round cross section, used to: (1) fasten merchandise within a container,
( 2) hold together a bundle or bale, (3) reinforce a shipping container, (4) secure a shipping container or an article to a pallet.
(Compare bracing. )
stress retention—the residual load expressed as a percentage of the original load on a material after the test specimen has been
maintained at a constant elongation for a specified time.
stringer—See pallet.
strut, n—a short member of a crate or bracing used as reinforcement and designed to resist compressive forces in the direction
of its length.
surfaced lumber—See lumber.

13
 D 996 – 024
tag, n—a paperboard card, metal plate, or plastic card on which shipping or identification data are given. (Compare label.)
DISCUSSION—It is fastened to an article or container, by wires, staples, tacks, or an adhesive.

tape:
gummed paper tape— a kraft paper in a wide range of basic weights, usually 35, 60 and 90 lb (24 by 35–500) that is gummed
on one side and slit into rolls of various widths.
DISCUSSION—in packaging, it is used largely for sealing packages, bundles and fiberboard boxes.

pressure-sensitive-adhesive tape—in packaging, a backing, as tape, coated so as to permit it to adhere instantaneously to most
surfaces with the application of slight pressure.
reinforced gummed tape—an adhesive-coated tape that contains glass, rayon, or sisal fibers embedded in latex, resin or asphaltic
laminants between two sheets of kraft.
DISCUSSION—It is used for manufacturer’s joints, or closure of corrugated fiber boxes. It is manufactured with the fibers running in a cross-machine
direction (most commonly used), or with the fibers running in both directions, (bi-directional), or in a diamond-shaped pattern. (See carrier regulations.)

tapeless measure—a device which measures length using the number of rotations of a wheel in contact with the surface of the
material to be measured.
tare weight, n—the weight of a container or of packaging materials excluding the contents.
tongue-and-grooved, adj—type of lumber joint consisting of a tongue and a groove on opposite edges to provide close fitting
into an adjacent grooved or tongued piece.
transport package, n—a package used to protect goods during the process of distribution (handling, storage and transportation).
It includes all industrial packaging and the shipping containers used for the distribution of consumer packaged goods.
DISCUSSION—Note that distribution package has the same meaning.

transport packaging, n—methods and materials used to protect goods during the process of distribution (handling, storage and
transportation).
DISCUSSION—It includes all industrial packaging and the shipping containers used for the distribution of consumer packaged goods. Note that
distribution packaging has the same meaning.

tube, n—a cylindrical paperboard container, convolutely or spirally wound, having paper, wood, metal, or combination ends.
collapsible tube—in packaging, a flexible container having a dispensing tip and cap at one end, and closed at the opposite end,
serving as both package and dispenser.
composite tube—in packaging, a tube consisting usually of multiple layers of fiberboard, film, or foil providing barrier
properties, and an outer layer of paper.
fiberboard tube—in packaging, a cylindrical or multisided form.
DISCUSSION—It may be an element of a box style, or a unit of packaging to add protection or compressive strength, or both. It may or may not be
joined. (See drum (2), insert, liner, spacer.)

paperboard (mailing) tube—in packaging, a cylindrical container wherein the length does not exceed ten times the girth with
a minimum 1⁄8-in. (3-mm) wall thickness.
DISCUSSION—Closure method should meet U.S. Postal Service requirements.

unitization, n—the assembled group of containers or items in a single load that can be handled as a unit throughout the distribution
system.
DISCUSSION—Unitization encompasses, but is not limited to, consolidation in a container, placement on a pallet or load base, or securely binding
together.

unitized load—See load.

unit load—See load.
unit package—See package.
vacuum packaging—See packaging.
V-board—see corrugated fiberboard.
veneer, n—thin sheets of wood, produced on a rotary lathe, or by slicing, or sawing.
vial, n—a small, usually cylindrical, vessel capable of closure, such as for medications, perfumes, essences, and samples.
volatile corrosion inhibitor ( VCI)—See corrosion.
wadding—See cushioning material.
wrap, n—a flexible sheet material used to protect items in packaging.
waterproof, adj—deprecated term.

14
 D 996 – 024
DISCUSSION—ASTM policy does not permit inclusion of absolute terms in its standards unless actually used and defined in their absolute sense (Form
and Style for ASTM Standards (“Blue Book”)).6

water-resistance, n—measured ability to retard both penetration and wetting by water in liquid form.
DISCUSSION—The method of test must be stated, since the degree of resistance depends on the way it is determined or measured.

water-resistant barrier— See barrier material.

water-vapor-resistance—measured ability to retard penetration and permeation by water-vapor.
DISCUSSION—The method of test must be stated, since the degree of resistance depends on the way it is determined or measured.

water-vapor-resistant barrier—See barrier material.

W-board—See corrugated fiberboard.
weather-resistance—measured ability of a material, assembly, or package to maintain designated physical properties and
appearance under specified weathering conditions.
DISCUSSION—The method of test must be stated, since the degree of resistance depends on the way it is determined or measured

wet strength paper— See paper.

wirebound box—See box.

Annual Book of
6
Available from ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02. International Headquarters.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).

15