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    Nzcee 3105: Transistors

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    Philip Clague
    This document discusses transistors and their operation. It begins by summarizing the invention of the first transistor in 1947. It then provides learning outcomes about sketching and explaining transistor circuits and their applications. The rest of the document describes the basics of how bipolar junction transistors work, including their NPN and PNP configurations, determining transistor type, and using transistors as switches and amplifiers. Circuit diagrams are included to illustrate transistor applications like Darlington pairs.

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    Nzcee 3105: Transistors

    Uploaded by

    Philip Clague
    30 views23 pages
    This document discusses transistors and their operation. It begins by summarizing the invention of the first transistor in 1947. It then provides learning outcomes about sketching and explaining transistor circuits and their applications. The rest of the document describes the basics of how bipolar junction transistors work, including their NPN and PNP configurations, determining transistor type, and using transistors as switches and amplifiers. Circuit diagrams are included to illustrate transistor applications like Darlington pairs.

    Original Description:

    Basic introduction to transistors and using them as a switch

    Original Title

    Transistors

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    This document discusses transistors and their operation. It begins by summarizing the invention of the first transistor in 1947. It then provides learning outcomes about sketching and explaining transistor circuits and their applications. The rest of the document describes the basics of how bipolar junction transistors work, including their NPN and PNP configurations, determining transistor type, and using transistors as switches and amplifiers. Circuit diagrams are included to illustrate transistor applications like Darlington pairs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views23 pages

    Nzcee 3105: Transistors

    Uploaded by

    Philip Clague
    This document discusses transistors and their operation. It begins by summarizing the invention of the first transistor in 1947. It then provides learning outcomes about sketching and explaining transistor circuits and their applications. The rest of the document describes the basics of how bipolar junction transistors work, including their NPN and PNP configurations, determining transistor type, and using transistors as switches and amplifiers. Circuit diagrams are included to illustrate transistor applications like Darlington pairs.

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    NZCEE

    3105
    Transistors
    The Frist Transistor

    On 23 December
    1947, John
    Bardeen and
    Walter Brattain
    built the first
    working transistor
    by accident while
    trying to work out
    how a diode
    operated.
    Learning Outcomes

    By the end of the lesson, students


    should be able to :
    Sketch and explain the operation of
    transistor circuits
    Describe the function of a transistor in
    various practical applications
    Semiconductors Recap

    Semiconductors are made more N-type


    Donor impurity
    contributes free
    useful by doping them with Si electrons

    impurities.
    Si Sb Si
    N-type semiconductors have
    additional electrons available to Si
    conduct. Sb – Antimony atom
    Si – Silicon atom

    P-type semiconductors have a


    structure where there are absences P-type
    Acceptor impurity
    Si creates a hole
    of electrons in the bons between
    atoms.
    Si B Si

    These holes also help with


    conduction but are effectively Si

    positively charged. B – Boron atom


    The Bipolar Junction Transistor
    A bipolar junction transistor consists of three
    regions of doped semiconductors.

    A small current in the center or base region


    can be used to control a larger current
    flowing between the end regions (emitter
    and collector).

    The device can be characterized as a


    current amplifier, having many applications
    for amplification and switching
    Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

    A BJT is made from three layers NPN Transistor

    of a semiconductor material.
    Collector
    C

    An NPN transistor Base B

    is made from a thin


    p-type layer between two n- E
    type layers. Emitter

    A PNP transistor has the opposite PNP Transistor


    configuration. Collector
    C

    The current flowing Base B


    into or out of the base controls a
    larger current flowing between the
    collector and emitter. Emitter
    E
    The Bipolar Junction Transistor
    Collector

    NPN (Never Points iN)


    Base

    Emitter

    Collector

    Base
    PNP

    Emitter
    Determining Transistor Configuration
    Determining Transistor Configuration

    + on base > other two legs give a reading


    Transistor is a NPN
    Higher of the two readings is the Emitter
    - on base > other two legs give a reading
    Transistor is a PNP
    Higher of the two readings is the Emitter
    Determining Transistor Operation

    An NPN transistor turns on when


    its base is approx 0.6V
    more positive than the emitter
    and the collector is more positive
    than the emitter.

    A PNP transistor turns on when


    its base is approx 0.6V
    more negative than the emitter
    and the collector is more negative
    than the emitter.
    Transistor Operation
    A transistor in a circuit will be in one of three conditions:

    1.Cut off (no collector current), useful for switch


    operation

    2.In saturation (collector a few tenths of a volt above


    emitter), large current useful for "switch on" applications

    3.In the active region (some collector current, base more


    than a few tenths of a volt above the emitter), useful for
    amplifier applications
    Transistor Current

    Ie = Ic + Ib
    Ie = 100%
    Ib ≅ 5%
    Ic ≅ 95%
    Ie
    Ic/Ib > β (gain
    aka hfe or hfe)
    Testing Gain with a DMM
    Transistor as a switch (NPN)

    “ Cut-off ”

    • The input and Base are grounded ( 0v )


    • Base-Emitter voltage VBE < 0.7v
    • Base-Emitter junction is reverse biased
    • Base-Collector junction is reverse biased
    • Transistor is “fully-OFF” ( Cut-off region )
    • No Collector current flows ( IC = 0 )
    • VOUT = VCE = VCC = ”1″
    • Transistor operates as an “open switch”
    Transistor as a switch (NPN)

    “ Saturation ”

    • Theinput and Base are connected to VCC


    • Base-Emitter voltage VBE > 0.7v
    • Base-Emitter junction is forward biased
    • Base-Collector junction is forward biased
    • Transistor is “fully-ON” ( saturation region )
    • Max Collector current flows ( IC = Vcc/RL )
    • VCE = 0 ( ideal saturation )
    • VOUT = VCE = ”0″
    • Transistor operates as a “closed switch”
    Transistor as a Switch
    Construct this circuit on a

    Connect to Supply + to turn on


    Breadboard to confirm the
    operation of a transistor as a
    + switch.
    12V
    _ What would the circuit need to
    look like if the transistor was a
    PNP?

    Reconfigure the circuit with a


    PNP transistor.
    Transistor as a Switch
    Applications:
    Light Operated Switch
    Dark Operated Switch
    Voltage Level Switch
    Touch Switch
    Water Level Switch
    Darlington Configuration
    Construct a
    Discrete Darlington Pair
    Sziklai Pair
    The Sziklai pair may also be known as the compound pair or complementary pair.

    Has the advantage of only a single


    base emitter drop between the
    overall base and emitter of the
    compound transistor.

    Like the Darlington, it is wise to


    include a bypass resistor.
    Reference
    http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14179/css/14179_104.h
    tm
    http://hyperphysics.phy-
    astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html
    https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/transistors/applications-
    ii-amplifiers
    http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/c
    hpt-2/bipolar-junction-transistors/
    http://www.learnabout-
    electronics.org/Amplifiers/amplifiers12.php
    http://en.f-alpha.net/electronics/basic-circuits/darlington-
    pair/

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