Mobile Radio Channel

&
Ch
Channel lM
Models
d l
[email protected]
Contents
Propagation mechanisms
Fadingg
Narrow band channel statistics
Wide band and directional channel
Channel
h l models
dl
P
Propagation
ti Mechanisms
M h i
P
Propagation
ti Mechanisms
M h i
• R
Reflection
fl ti
– Propagation wave impinges on an object which is large as
compared
p to wavelength
g
- e.g., the surface of the Earth, buildings, walls, etc.
• Diffraction
– Radio
R di pathh between
b transmitter
i andd receiver
i
obstructed by surface with sharp irregular edges
– Waves bend around the obstacle,, even when LOS (line ( of sight)
g )
does not exist
• Scattering
– Objects
Obj t smaller ll than
th theth wavelength
l th off the
th
propagation wave
- e.g.
g foliage,
g , street signs,
g , lampp pposts
Diff
Diffraction:
ti Huygen’s
H ’ – Fressnel’s
F l’ principle
i i l

Fressnel’ss principle: all points on a wavefront can be

Huygen s – Fressnel
Huygen’s
considered as point sources for the production of secondary
wavelets and these wavelets combine to produce a new wavefront in
the direction of propagation.
propagation
K if Edge
Knife Ed Diffraction
Diff ti – Fressnel
F l Integral
I t l

2( d  d ) E 1 j

  j t 2 
vh 1
 d d
2
1 2 E0

2   exp 
 2 
dt
F
Fressnel
l Integral
I t l
E 1  j

  j t 2  0.225
2 
 exp 
 2  dt   20 log
E0   v
F
Fressnel
l Zones
Z
• Areas of constructive and destructive interference created
when electromagnetic wave propagation in free space is
reflected (multipath) or diffracted as the wave intersects
obstacles ((concentric ellipsoids
p of revolution).
)

Fresnel zone: d is the distance between the transmitter

and the receiver, b is the radius of the Fresnel zone.
C l l ti Fressnel
Calculating F l Zones
Z

Rx

Tx F1

d1 d2

where,
h
Fn = The nth Fresnel Zone radius in metres
d1 = The distance of P from one end in metres
d2 = The distance of P from the other end in metres
λ = The wavelength of the transmitted signal in metres
Mobile Radio Propagation

Building

Direct Signal

hb Reflected Signal
Diffracted
Signal hm

d
Transmitter Receiver
M lti th Si
Multi-path Signals
l att the
th AAntenna
t

quadrature
phase
component

Rx
T
Tx in-phase component

Received
R i d signal
i l iin vector
t fform:
resultant (= summation result)
of “propagation path vectors”
F di Ch
Fading Changes iin Ti
Time

quadrature
phase
component

t1

t1 + 1ms

in-phase component
M bil R
Mobile Radio
di PPropagation
ti Eff
Effects
t

Level (dB)
Signal L Log-Normal Fading Rayleigh Fading

Pathloss

Distance (log)
P th loss
Path l and
dFFading
di

Fast Fading
(Short-term
fading)

Slow Fading
(Long-term
fading)

Signal
Strength
(dB) Path Loss

Distance
P
Propagation
ti Loss
L C
Components
t

• The
h receivedd signall power:
Gt Gr Pt
Pr 
L

h Gr is the
where h receiver antenna gain, L is the
h propagation lloss in
the channel, i.e.,
L = LP LS LF
Fast fading
Slow fading
Path loss
Propagation Model I

Transmitter Receiver

Path loss Slow Fast Additive

fading fading noise

Channel

L ( dB )

L(dB)  Lppl (dB)  Lsff (dB)  L ff (dB) g  10 10

Powerreceiver
i = Powertransmitter
t itt * g
P th loss
Path l

Definition of path loss LP :

Pt
LP 
Pr

Path Loss in Free-space (Friis formula):

LPF (dB)  32.45  20 log10 f c ( MHz )  20 log10 d (km)

where d is the distance and fc is the carrier frequency.

F t Fading
Fast F di
• Thee signal
s g a from
o thet e transmitter
t a s tte may
ay be reflected
e ected from
o objects such
suc as hills,s,
buildings, or vehicles.
– When MS far from BS, the envelope distribution of received signal has Rayleigh
di t ib ti
distribution.
– The pdf is:
P(r)
()

r2

pr  
r
e 2 2
, r0 =1

 2
=2
=3

r
0 4 6 8
Sl
Slow F
Fading
di
The long
long-term
term variation in the mean level is known as
slow fading (shadowing or log-normal fading).

Log-normal distribution: The pdf of the received signal

level is given in decibels by:

M M 
2

1 
p M   e 2 2
, 2

2 
p(M)

M
M
F di Challenges
Fading Ch ll

0.1
b it e r r o r p r o b a b ility

RAYLEIGH
0.01 FADING

~ 16 dB loss
0.001

GAUSSIAN
CHANNEL
0.0001

0.00001
0 10 20 30

signal-to-noise ratio (dB)

C b ti F
Combating Fading:
di T
Traditional
diti lAApproach
h

Compensates for deep fades via diversity techniques over time, frequency
and space.
(Glass is half empty.)
S
Space Diversity
Di it

Receive Transmit Both

Ti
Time Diversity
Di it

• Amount of diversity limited by delay constraint and how fast channel varies.
• In GSM, delay constraint is 40ms (voice).
• To get full diversity of 8, needs v > 30 km/hr at fc = 900Mhz.
D
Doppler
l Shift and
dDDoppler
l S Spectrum
t

• All reflected waves arrive from a different angle

• All waves have a different Doppler shift

• Infinite number of waves

• Uniform distribution of angle of arrival
D
Doppler
l Shift

• The Doppler shift of a particular wave:

v
f 0 = f c cos 
c

Maximum Doppler shift: fm = fc v / c

D
Doppler
l S Spectrum
t
Th power spectrum
The t S(f) is
i ffound
d ffrom
d
S( f 0 ) = p  f  (  )G(  ) + f  (- )G(- )
dff f0

where
f() = 1/(2) is the PDF of angle of incidence
G() the antenna gain in direction 
p local-mean
local mean received power, and

 v 
f = f 1 + cos  
0 c
 c 

One finds d 1
=
df f 2
D  (f - f c )2
 D
Doppler
l S Spectrum
t
A vertical dipole is omni-directional
omni directional in horizontal plane
G(θ) = 1.5
We assume
• Uniform angle of arrival of reflections
• No dominant wave

Received Power Spectrum

3 1
S(f) = p
2π f 2D - ( f - f c )2

• Doppler spectrum is centered around fc

• Doppler spectrum has width 2 fD
D l Spread
Delay S d

• When a signal propagates from a transmitter to a receiver, signal

suffers one or more reflections.

• This forces signal to follow different paths.

• Each path has different path length, so the time of arrival for each
path is different.

• This effect which spreads out the signal is called “Delay Spread”.
D l Spread
Delay S d

The signals from

close by reflectors
ngth

The signals from

gnal Stren

i
intermediate
di reflectors
fl

The signals from

Sig

far away reflectors

Delay
D l Profile
Delay P fil
D l profile:
Delay i d power: ""average h2(t)"
fil PDF off received
T i lD
Typical Delay
l P Profiles
fil

Exponential

Uniform Delay Profile

Bad Urban
D l Spread
Delay S d – Typical
T i l Values
V l

RMS delay spread:

Macrocells RMS < 8 msec

• GSM (256 kbit/s) uses an equalizer
• IS-54 (48 kbit/s): no equalizer
• In mountanous regions delays of 8 msec and more occur
GSM has some problems in Switzerland

Microcells RMS < 2 msec

• Low antennas (below tops of buildings)
F
Frequency Dispersion
Di i
Wid b d versus Narrowband
Wideband N b d
Wid b d Channel
Wideband Ch l Characterization
Ch t i ti

FFT

Squared amplitude of the impulse Spreading function

response h(t )2
h(t,)
Wid b d Channel
Wideband Ch l Characterization
Ch t i ti

(Inverse) Time-variant
Fourier impulse response
transform
h  , t 
Time- Doppler-
pp
variant H  f ,t d  ,  variant
transfer impulse
function response
D  f , 
Doppler-variant
pp
transfer function
C h
Coherence B d idth and
Bandwidth d Coherence
C h Time
Ti
C
Channel C
Characteristics Functions and Parameters
C
Channel C
Characteristics Functions and Parameters
F di
Fading Classification
Cl ifi ti
K Ch
Key Channell Parameters
P t
Ch
Channel M d l Okomura-Hata
l Models: Ok H M Model
d l
PL = A + B log
l (d) + C

A = 69.55 + 26.16 log(fc) − 13.82 log(hb) − a(hm)

B = 44.9 − 6.55 log(hb)

The function a(hm) and the factor C depend on the environment:

Ch
Channel M d l Okomura-Hata
l Models: Ok H M Model
d l
• small and medium-size cities:
a(hm) = (1.1 log(fc) − 0.7)hm − (1.56 log(fc) − 0.8)
C=0

• metropolitan areas
a(hm) = 8.29(log(1.54hm)2 − 1.1 for f ≤ 200 MHz
l (11.75hm)2 − 4.97 for
3.2(log f f ≥ 400 MHz
C=0

• suburban environments
C = −2[log(fc/28)]2 − 5.4

• rural area
C = −4.78[log(fc)]2 + 18.33 log(fc) − 40.98
Ch
Channel M d l Okomura-Hata
l Models: Ok H M Model
d l
Range off validity
l d forf the
h Okumura-Hata
k model:
dl

COST 231 – Hata extends the validity region to the 1500 - 2000 MHz range by defining
A = 46.3 + 33.9 log(fc) − 13.82 log(hb) − a(hm)
B = 44.9 − 6.55 log(hb)

where a(hm)
( ) = ((1.1 log(fc)
g(f ) − 0.7)hm
) − ((1.56 log(fc)
g(f ) − 0.8))
C is 0 in small and medium-sized cities, and 3 in metropolitan
Ch
Channel M d l Walfisch-Ikegami
l Models: lfi h k i model
d l

If a free LOS exists in a street canyon then, path loss defined as

PL = 42.6 + 26 log(d) + 20 log(fc)
Ch
Channel M d l Walfisch-Ikegami
l Models: lfi h k i model
d l

Iff a non-LOS
OS exists,
i path
h lloss ddefined
fi d as follow:
f ll

where w is the width of the street in meters, and

Ch
Channel M d l Walfisch-Ikegami
l Models: lfi h k i model
d l

The multiscreen loss Lms is then given as

where b is the distance between two buildings

Ch
Channel M d l Walfisch-Ikegami
l Models: lfi h k i model
d l
Ch
Channel M d l Walfisch-Ikegami
l Models: lfi h k i model
d l

Range off validity

l d forf the
h Walfisch-Ikegami
lf h k model:
dl
O
Overview
i Channel
Ch l Models
M d l
MIMO Ch
Channell Models
M d l
D bl Directional
Double Di ti l MIMO Channel
Ch l Models
M d l

Propagation directions at both link ends

Direction of Arrival (DoA) and Direction of Departue (DoD)

 We can identify individual multipath components in a given environment

 We can trace each multipath components from TX to RX
MIMO Ch
Channell Models
M d l with
ith Clusters
Cl t
• A cluster consists of a
number of multi
multi-path
path components
• Where the parameters of all paths within a cluster share the same
distribution
• Each snapshotof a environment (“scenario”) consists of multiple
clusters
• The
Th parameter
t distributions
di t ib ti are interdependent.
i t d d t
WINNER Ch
Channell Models
M d l
A stochastic t b d radio
t h ti geometry-based di channel
h l model,
d l similar
i il tot 3GPP SCM andd COST 273
Double-directional☺
• Separates antennas from propagation environment ☺
• Cluster based☺
Cluster-based☺
• Clusters are placed to generate given azimuth power spectra at Tx and at Rx
(“Wrapped Gaussian”)
• each cluster has 20 multipath components
• 18 different scenarios parameterized ☺
• by a large number of measurements☺
• Outdoor, indoor, outdoor2indoor; with and without LOS, high speed
• WINNER model is very general and covers many scenarios ☺
• Number of taps depend on the scenario, BUT
• each tapp is again
g modeled as one singleg cluster
• Focuses on global channel properties rather than on cluster properties
• Describes channel variability well
• Smoothly time-varying channels?
• Selected by ITU-R for IMT-Advanced candidate testing
Standard Models in Tools
• Description:
– The standard macrocell in tools is based upon the ETSI Okumura-Hata empirical model
– Number of additional features to enhance its flexibility such as the inclusion of clutter offsets and heights and the use
of diffraction.

• Constraints:
– Frequencies from 150 – 1000 MHz to 1.5 - 2GHz.
– Base station antennas in the range of 11-200m
– Receiver heights in the range of 1-10m
– Distances 1 - 30 Km

– Mapping Data needed:

– Terrain DTM height – raster data
– Terrain clutter – raster data
– Recommended pixel sizes for this data are from 5m to 200m
Parameterized Okomura
Okomura-Hata
Hata Model in Planning Tools

Pathloss (dB) = Ptx – PrX = K1 + K2*log(d)

g + K3*(Hms) + K4*log(Hms)
g + K5*log(Heff)
g + K6*log(Heff)log(d)
g g + K7*Diffr + Kclutter

• Where:
• PRX measured receivingg ppower (dBm)
• PTX transmitting power EIRP (dBm)
• K1 constant pathloss offset, comprehensive of the term log(frequency) (dB)
• K2 multiplying factor for log(d); slope
• K3 Okumura-Hata correction factor for the effective mobile height
• K4 multiplying factor for log(Hms) (gain due to mobile height)
• K5 multiplying factor for log(Heff) (gain due to antenna height)
• K6 Okumura-Hata type of multiplying factor for log(Heff)log(d)
• K7 multiplying factor for diffraction calculation
• Kclutter clutter correction factor (dB)
• d T – Rx
Tx R distance
di t (km)
(k )
• Heff base station effective antenna height (m)
• Hms mobile height (m)
• Diffr diffraction loss (dB)
Model Tuning

Turn coefficients of
standard model (K1-K7)
according to
measurements
Link Budget

Transmitter 1 waveguide Transmitter 2

Splitter Splitter
Receiver 1 Receiver 2

Propagaati

Antenna
Losses

Gain
Output Branching

on
Power (Tx) Losses Branching
Losses

g
Fade Margin
Receiver threshold Value
Example: Path-loss Calculation for UMTS UL
Q
Questions
ti

1. Consider a scenario where there is a direct path from BS to MS, while other multipath
components are reflected from a nearby mountain range. The distance between the BS and
MS is 10 km, and the distance between the BS and mountain range, as well as the MS and
mountain
i range, is
i 14 km.
k The
Th direct
di pathh andd reflected
fl d components should
h ld arrive
i at the
h RX
within 0.1 times the symbol duration, to avoid heavy ISI. What is the required symbol rate?
2. Consider a GSM uplink. The MS has 100-mW transmit power, and the sensitivity of the BS
RX isi −105
105 dBm.
dB TheTh distance
di t b t
between th BS andd MS is
the i 500 m. The
Th propagation
ti lawl
follows the free-space law up to a distance of dbreak = 50 m, and for larger distances the
receive power is similar to (d/dbreak)−4.2. Transmit antenna gain is −7 dB; the receive
antenna gain is 9 dB.
dB Compute the available fading margin.
margin

3. What is Fresnel zone and how you take into account it by planning (microwave)?

4. What should be taken into account by MIMO channel models?

5. What is Parameterized Hata Formula and why we need it?

Your Questions, Wishes,
P
Proposals?
l ?
Thank You for Your
Att ti !
Attention!