MOI UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS
2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR
MAY-AUGUST 2015 SESSION
FOURTH YEAR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION
FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE AND BACHELOR OF SCIENCE WITH
EDUCATION COURSE CODE: PHY 411

COURSE TITLE: THERMODYNAMICS

DATE: TIME:

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Answer ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION and ANY OTHER THREE IN SECTION B SECTION A
carries 24 marks and all othef questions in section B carry 12 marks each. Duration of exam is 3 hours

You may need to use the following constants

❖ Specific heat of water - 4.2 nkg-1k-1,

❖ Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 330kJkg-1,
Specific heat of ice = 2.1 kJkg-1 k-1
.❖ Universal gas constant, R = 8.314 Jmof’K-1,

SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

QUESTION ONE

a) Differentiate between the following terms as used in thermodynamics.

i) System and environment 2mks
ii) Closed system and open system 2mks
 System.out.println("i is one"); break; case 2;
System.out.printIn("i is two"); break; case 3:
System.out.println("i is three"); break; case 4 :
System.out.println("i is four"); break; default:
System.out.println("i is five or more"); )

QUESTION FIVE [13 MARKS]

a) Differentiate between class and object as used in java [3 marks]
b) Write a java code that has two classes. The main class which contains the main function and the addition function and sample
class which will contain function product. The main function in the main class should call the addition function from the; main
class and the product function from the sample class. The program should also allow the user to enter
two values to be used in the addition and product functions. [10 marks]

QUESTION SIX [13 MARKS]

a) Using code snippets, describe a conductor [3 marks]
b) Define method overloading and using code snippet to demonstrate. [4
c) Describe any three access modifiers using sample code
marks] ]6
marks]
QUESTION SEVEN [13 MARKS]
a) There are two types of arrays. Using examples, describe them. [4 marks]
b) Write the syntax for declaring and using an array. Explain the different parts of the
declaration. ]3 marks]
c) Explain and illustrate with code the differences between method overloading and method
overriding. [6 marks]
 b) The temperature of an ideal gas is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules
(i)
c) Suppose you want to double the temperature of an ideal gas. How would you do this
(i) Without changing its volume lmk
(ii) Without changing its pressure lmk

QUESTION TWO
a) State the Zeroth law of thermodynamics lmk
b) Differentiate between the following terms
(i) Heat and temperature 2mks
(ii) Conduction and Convection 2mks
c) Given that mercury in glass thermometer has a mercury thread of length 2cm and 1 Ocm at ice
and steam points respectively. Calculate the temperature at a length of 6cm in degrees Fahrenheit
3mks
d) What is meant by the term entropy lmk
e) For an ideal gas;
i) define internal energy lmk
ii) state and explain how the internal energy and the absolute temperature are related
2mks
f) Calculate the energy released when 1.5 kg of water at 18 °C cools to 0 °C and then freezes to
form ice, also at 0 °C. 2mks
 SECTION B: ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION THREE

a) i) State the first law of thermodynamics (1 mk)

ii) A gas is heated and allowed to expand doing some work equal to 1.01 x
1O'5J. If
3xl05J of heat is used to expand the gas what is the change in internal energy of the gas
(2mks)
A piston is fitted on a cylinder containing superheated steam. The steam absorbs 1.2x 10 2 J of heat as
it expand moving the piston .The expanding steam performs 1.7 x 10 J of work against the
environment. Determine the change of the internal energy of the steam. Explain your answer
(3mks)
A gas undergoes a series of pressure and volume changes as shown below
p .
2X105 Pa

2X105Pa

Vi=lm3 Vt=4m3 V
.4
(I) Name the thermodynamic process that takes place from:
1) a to b 1 mk
H) b to c 1 mk
(ii) How much work is done by the gas along the path abc 3
mks
(iii) How much heat enters the gas during a full cycle 3
mks

QUESTION FOUR

(a) Two moles of an ideal gas are compressed isothermally and reversibly at 298 K from
1 atm to 200atm. Calculate:
(i) The work done on the system, W 4mks
(ii) The change in internal energy of the system, AU 2mks
(iii) The amount of heat given out, Q 2mks
(b) What to you understand by the term Joule-Kelvin coefficient of a gas. Give the
mathematical expression of Joule-Kelvin coefficient in terms of specific heat capacity at
constant pressure Cp, the volume V, and the temperature T of the gas 2mks
 One mole of gas at 200.0 atm and 19.0°C is forced through a porous plug to a final pressure of 0.95
atm. Estimate the final temperature of the gas given that its Joule-Thomson coefficient is 0.150 K/atm

(4mks)

QUESTION FIVE

(a) Equal volumes of all gas at same temperature and pressure contains equal number of
molecules verify this statement using equation of states for an ideal gas 3 mks
(b) A gas is heated and allowed to expand doing some work equal to 1.01 x 10 5J. If 3x 105J of heat is
used to expand the gas. What is the change in internal energy of the gas. 2 mks
(c) Show that the work done by an ideal gas during an isothermal process is given by
f vf I
IV - nRT In—
1 Vi)
5 mks
3
(d) A quantity of an ideal gas at 10°C and a pressure of lOKPa occupy a volume 2.5m .
(i) How many moles of the gas are present in this volume of the gas 2 mks
(ii) If the temperature is now raised to 30°C and pressure raised 300KPa, how much
volume will the gas now occupy 2 mks

QUESTION SIX

(a) Give the meanings of the following thermodynamic potentials

(i) Enthalpy lmk
(ii) Gibb’s free energy lmk
(b) Verify the following Maxwell’s relations for the thermodynamic potentials:

4mks

4 mks

(c) State the Clausius inequality 2mks

(d) Explain what happens to the entropy during a phase change from liquid state to a,
gaseous state 2mks
QUESTION SEVEN
(a) Define heat capacity of a body 1 mk
(b) The diagram below shows an experiment to measure the heat capacity of a block of copper.
J
Thermometer

The block of copper is first placed in a container of boiling water. The block is then transferred
to an insulated calorimeter containing water. The following data are available.
1
Temperature of boiling water I 100°C
Initial temperature of water in calorimeter 22°C
Final temperature of water in calorimeter 28°C
Heat capacity of calorimeter and water 950 JK.-1
Determine the
(i) Total thermal energy absorbed by the calorimeter and the water. 2 mks
(ii) heat capacity of the copper block. 2 mks
(c) State a further measurement that must be made in order to determine the specific heat
capacity of copper. 1 mk
(d) State two sources of error in this experiment. 2 mks
(e) Energy is supplied to a boiling liquid at a constant rate. Describe, in terms of molecular
behaviour, why the temperature of the liquid remains constant. 2 mks
(I) A student determines the latent heat of vaporization of water by an electrical method. An
electrical heater is used to boil water. When the water is boiling at a steady rate, the mass of
water evaporated per minute is determined. The mass is determined for two different powers
of the heater and the results are shown in the table below:-
power of heater / W mass of water evaporated per minute / g
80.0 1.89
35.0 0.70

i. Calculate the current in the heater for a power output of 80.0 W l mk

ii. Use the data in the table above to determine a value for the specific latent
heat of vaporization of water
3mks
 MOI UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS
2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
MAY-AUGUST 2018 SESSION
FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE AND BACHELOR OF SCIENCE WITH
EDUCATION COURSE CODE: PHY 411

COURSE TITLE: THERMODYNAMICS

DATE: TIME:
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Answer ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A and ANY OTHER THREE IN SECTION B SECTION A
carries 28 marks and all other questions in section B carry 14 marks each. Duration of exam is 3 hours

You may need to use the following constants

❖ Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 kJkg-1k-1,

❖ Specific capacity of copper = 400 Jkg-1 k-1,

❖ Specific capacity of aluminium = 900 Jkg-1k-1,

❖ Universal gas constant, R = 8.314 JmoI-1 K-1,

❖ Stefan-Boltzmann constant, σ= 5.67 xl0-8 Js/m2/K4

❖ Speed of an electromagnetic wave = 3.0 x 108 m/s

SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

QUESTION ONE

a) Differentiate between the following terms as used in thermodynamics.

i) Closed system and open system 2 mks
2 mks
ii) Quasi-static Process and non-quasi-static Process
b) State any two conditions that must be satisfied in order for a system to be in a
thermodynamic equilibrium 2mks
c) The reading bn the pressure scale at steam and ice points are 800mm and 200mm respectively.
Determine the equivalent Temperature in the Kelvin scale when it reads 450mm 3mks
d) Explain how can you increase the temperature of an ideal gas
 (i) Without changing its volume lmk
(ii) Without changing its pressure lmk
e) Using an entropy-temperature (ST) diagram, describe the process of cooling by adiabatic
demagnetization 3mks

QUESTION TWO
a) Differentiate between the following terms
(i) Heat and temperature 2mks
(ii) Conduction and Convection 2mks
b) The equation for ideal gas is PV - nRT, suppose an ideal gas is in equilibrium at initial state
with temperature T = 187 °C, pressure, P = 0.75 x 10 7 Nm'2, and volume V = 0.75 m3. If there is a
change of state in which the gas undergoes an isothermal process to a final state of equilibrium
during which its volume doubled, calculate the temperature and pressure of the gas at this final state
3mks
c) What is meant by the term entropy lmk
d) State two thermodynamic ways in which a gas may be liquefied 2mks
e) Energy is supplied to a boiling liquid at a constant rate. Describe, in terms of molecular
behaviour, why the temperature of the liquid remains constant. 2mks
f) In a light bulb, the tungsten filament has a temperature of 3.0 xl0 3 °C and radiates 60 W of
power. Assuming the emissivity of the filament is 0.36, estimate the surface area of the filament
2mks
SECTION B: ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

QUESTION THREE

a) Define the term black body radiation lmk

b) State the Wien’s displacement law and give its mathematical representation 2mks
c) An electromagnetic radiation has a frequency of 2.0 x1014 Hz, calculate:
(i) It's wavelength 2mks
(ii) It's momentum 2mks
d) A piston is fitted on a cylinder containing superheated steam. The steam absorbs 1.2x 10 7 J
of heat as it expand moving the piston .The expanding steam performs 1,7x 10 7J of work against the
environment. Determine the change of the internal energy of the steam. Explain your answer
3 mks
e) What do you understand by the term heat capacity of a substance l mk
f) Amass of 175g of copper block at 90 °C is dropped into an aluminium calorimeter cup of mass 400g
containing 450g of water at 20 °C. What is the final temperature of the system
3mks

QUESTION FOUR

a) Differentiate between a heat bath and a heat sink 2mks

b) Sketch a PV diagram of a Carnot engine 2mks

c) A heat engine removes 150 J each cycle froma heat reservoir at 127 °C and exhausts 75 J
of thermal energy to a reservoir at 37 °C. Compute the change in entropy for the cold reservoir
2mks
d) State the first law of thermodynamics l mk
e) A gas undergoes a series of pressure and volume changes as shown below
 P
2X1O5 Pa

1X105 Pa

Vi=lm3 V,=4m3 V

Name the thermodynamic process that takes place from:

I) a to b 1 mk

II) b to c 1 mk

f) Derive the corresponding equation of the first law of thermodynamics under the
processes occurring along the path abed 2mks
g) Calculate the total work done along tl|e path abc 3mks

QUESTION FIVE

∂p p
) For an ideal gas under isothermal condition, show that =- where the symbols
∂v v

have their usual meanings 3 niks

) State two ways in which the internal energy of a thermodynamic system may be changed
2mks
) Two moles of an ideal gas are compressed isothermally and reversibly at 298 K from
1 atm to 200atm. Calculate:
(i) The work done on the system, W 3mks
(ii) The change in internal energy of the system, ∆ U 2mks
(iii) The amount of heat given out, Q 2mks
) A quantity of an ideal gas at 10°C and a pressure of 10KPa occupy a volume 2.5m 3.
(i) How many moles of the gas are present in this volume of the gas 1 mk
 (i) If the temperature is now raised to 30°C and pressure raised 300KPa, how much volume
will the gas now occupy 1 mk

QUESTION SIX

(a) Give the meanings of the following thermodynamic potentials

(i) Enthalpy lmk
(ii) Gibb’s free energy lmk
(b) Verify the following Maxwell’s relations for the thermodynamic potentials
∂T ∂p 4mks
(i) ( ∂v )s= - ( ∂ v ) v

4mks
∂T ∂p
(ii) (
∂P
)s= ( )
∂v v
(c) State the Clausius inequality 2mks
(d) Explain what happens to the gaseous entropy during a phase change from liquid state to a
gaseous state 2 mks

QUESTION SEVEN
(a) (i)Give two examples of phenomena that occur in matter at very low temperature 2mks
(ii)State the application of each of the phenomena identified above 2mks
(b) Define the following terms as used in phase transition
(i) Triple point temperature lmk
(ii) Co-exist Phases lmk
(c) State two characteristics of the first order phase transition 2mks
a
(d) For a phase transition taking place reversibly from initial phase a to a final phase (3, show

dp L
That = ,where L is the latent heat per mole for the transition, V is
dT T (Vβ−V α)
volume, T is the temperature and P is the pressure.
-------------------6mks