Artificial Intelligence Essay

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This paper is the introduction to Artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial intelligence is exhibited by artificial entity, a system is generally assumed to
engineering and the military, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications, traditional strategy games like co
We tried to explain the brief ideas of AI and its application to various fields. It cleared the concept of computational and conventional categorie
and Evolutionary computation. AI is used in typical problems such as Pattern recognition, Natural language processing and more. This system is
Intelligence involves mechanisms, and AI research has discovered how to make computers carry out some of them and not others. If doing a ta
programs can give very impressive performances on these tasks. Such programs should be considered “somewhat intelligent”. It is related to th
We can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On th
presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. AI researchers are free to use methods that are not observed in people or that
considering a machine to be intelligent. We argued that if the machine could successfully pretend to be human to a knowledgeable observer th
INTRODUCTION :-
Artificial intelligence (AI) :-
Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity. Such a system is generally assumed to be a computer.
Although AI has a strong science fiction connotation, it forms a vital branch of computer science, dealing with intelligent behaviour, learning an
to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include control, planning and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and consu
become a scientific discipline, focused on providing solutions to real life problems. AI systems are now in routine use in economics, medicine, e
computer software applications, traditional strategy games like computer chess and other video games.
History :-
The intellectual roots of AI, and the concept of intelligent machines, may be found in Greek mythology. Intelligent artifacts appear in literature
some degree of intelligence. After modern computers became available following World War-II, it has become possible to create programs that
1950 – 1960:-
The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I machine of the University of Manchester (UK): a draughts-play
written by Dietrich Prinz.
1960 – 1970 :-
During the 1960s and 1970s Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert publish Perceptrons, demonstrating limits of simple neural nets and Alain Colm
the power of rule-based systems for knowledge representation and inference in medical diagnosis and therapy in what is sometimes called the
vehicle to autonomously negotiate cluttered obstacle courses.
1980’s ONWARDS :-
In the 1980s, neural networks became widely used with the back propagation algorithm, first described by Paul John Werbos in 1974. The 1990
various applications. Most notably Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer, beat Garry Kasparov in a famous six-game match in 1997.
Categories of AI :-
AI divides roughly into two schools of thought:
Conventional AI.
Computational Intelligence (CI).
Conventional AI :-
Conventional AI mostly involves methods now classified as machine learning, characterized by formalism and statistical analysis. This is also kno
Intelligence (GOFAI).
Methods include:
Expert systems: apply reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. An expert system can process large amounts of known information and prov
Case based reasoning

Bayesian networks
Behavior based AI: a modular method of building AI systems by hand. Computational Intelligence (CI) :-
Computational Intelligence involves iterative development or learning (e.g. parameter tuning e.g. in connectionist systems). Learning is based o
computing.
Methods include:
Neural networks: systems with very strong pattern recognition capabilities.
Fuzzy systems: techniques for reasoning under uncertainty, has been widely used in modern industrial and consumer product control systems.
Evolutionary computation: applies biologically inspired concepts such as populations, mutation and survival of the fittest to generate increasing
evolutionary algorithms (e.g. genetic algorithms) and swarm intelligence (e.g. ant algorithms).
Typical problems to which AI methods are applied :-

Pattern recognition
Optical character recognition
Handwriting recognition
Speech recognition
Face recognition
Natural language processing, Translation and Chatter bots
Non-linear control and Robotics
Computer vision, Virtual reality and Image processing
Game theory and Strategic planning
Other fields in which AI methods are implemented :-

Automation.
Cybernetics.
Hybrid intelligent system.
Intelligent agent.
Intelligent control.
Automated reasoning.
Data mining.
Behavior-based robotics.
Cognitive robotics.
Developmental robotics.
Evolutionary robotics.
Chatbot.
Knowledge Representation.
American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) :-

Founded in 1979, the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) is a nonprofit scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific u
and their embodiment in machines. AAAI also aims to increase public understanding of artificial intelligence, improve the teaching and training
concerning the importance and potential of current AI developments and future directions.
APPLICATIONS OF AI :-
Game Playing :-
You can buy machines that can play master level chess for a few hundred dollars. There is some AI in them, but they play well against people m
positions.
Speech Recognition :-
In the 1990s, computer speech recognition reached a practical level for limited purposes. Thus United Airlines has replaced its keyboard tree fo
city names. It is quite convenient. On the other hand, while it is possible to instruct some computers using speech, most users have gone back t
Understanding Natural Language :-
Just getting a sequence of words into a computer is not enough. Parsing sentences is not enough either. The computer has to be provided with
possible only for very limited domains.
Computer Vision :-
The world is composed of three-dimensional objects, but the inputs to the human eye and computer’s TV cameras are two dimensional. Some
requires partial three-dimensional information that is not just a set of two-dimensional views. At present there are only limited ways of represe
humans evidently use.
Expert Systems :-
A “knowledge engineer” interviews experts in a certain domain and tries to embody their knowledge in a computer program for carrying out so
required for the task are within the present state of AI. One of the first expert systems was MYCIN in 1974, which diagnosed bacterial infections
practicing doctors, provided its limitations were observed.
Heuristic Classification :-
One of the most feasible kinds of expert system given the present knowledge of AI is to put some information in one of a fixed set of categorie
accept a proposed credit card purchase. Information is available about the owner of the credit card, his record of payment and also about the i
about whether there have been previous credit card frauds at this establishment).
Conclusion :-
We conclude that if the machine could successfully pretend to be human to a knowledgeable observer then you certainly should consider it int
medicine, engineering and the military, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications, traditional strategy ga
AI is an exciting and rewarding discipline. AI is branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior. The re
behavior through the construction and evaluation of artifacts that attempt to enact those mechanisms. So it is concluded that it work as an arti
Programs with Common Sense :-

John McCarthy, In Mechanization of Thought Processes, Proceedings of the Symposium of the National Physics Laboratory, 1959.
Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense :-

Richmond Thomason, editor, Philosophical Logic and Artificial Intelligence. Klüver Academic, 1989.
Concepts of Logical AI :-
Tom Mitchell.
Machine Learning.
McGraw-Hill, 1997.
Logic and artificial intelligence :-

Richmond Thomason.
In Edward N. Zalta, editor, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Fall 2003.
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2003/entries/logic-ai/.
LINKS :-
http://www.aaai.org/
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/
http://insight.zdnet.co.uk/hardware/emergingtech/
http://www.genetic-programming.com/
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What are the different categories of AI?

What are some typical problems to which AI methods are applied?

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Case based reasoning

Neural networks: systems with very strong pattern recognition capabilities.

Typical problems to which AI methods are applied :-

Other fields in which AI methods are implemented :-

American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) :-

Understanding Natural Language :-

Programs with Common Sense :-

Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense :-

Logic and artificial intelligence :-

In Edward N. Zalta, editor, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Fall 2003.

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