ENG762s2 Answers DefSit
ENG762s2 Answers DefSit
ENG762s2 Answers DefSit
Answer 1
i)
-Montmorillonite, and other layered silicate clays, are naturally
hydrophillic. This makes them poorly suited to mixing and interacting with
most polymer matrices.
-Moreover, the stacks of clay platelets are held tightly together by electrostatic
forces.
-Counter-ions are attracted to the net negative charge within the clay platelets.
-The counter-ions can be shared by two neighbouring platelets, resulting in
stacks of platelets that are tightly held together.
[5]
ii) The spaces between these platelets are called gallery spaces. [1]
iii)
-Under the proper conditions, the gallery spaces can be filled with monomer,
oligomer, or polymer.
-This increases the distance between platelets, swelling the clay.
-Clay platelets swollen with polymer are said to be intercalated
-If the clay swells so much that it is no longer organized into stacks, it is said to
be exfoliated
[8]
iv)
-Usually Na+ ions are present in gallery spaces.
-Replace with larger ions such as K, Mg etc. with have the same valency and can
undergo ion exchange.
[3]
v)
-The structure of the aluminsilicate sheets is perfectly crystalline with no defects
-Defects provide stress concentration sites which can lower tensile strength
[2]
vi)
Inglis showed in 1912 how the stress changes around the hole
3.5
3.0
Max. σ
yy 1 a 2 3a 4
= 2 + +
2 x
2.5
0 x
2 4
2.0
1.5
1.0
1 a 3a
2 2
xx
= 1−
0.5
0 2 x 2 x 2
0 1 2 3 4 5
X/a
-A hole in a plate gives a stress concentration
-The maximum stress at the edge of the hole is 3 x (applied stress)
-Therefore, an applied stress of 10GPa gives a stress of 30GPa at the edge of the
hole, which is enough to fail the sheet
[6]
Answer 2
[2]
blue is mineral, purple is protein matrix defining the walls of the tube [1].
ii) If the volume of the mineral tube remains constant, suggest three ways in the
tube could be changed to better resist compression. [4 Marks]
-Increase the moment of inertia of the tube by increasing the diameter of the
tube, which will also thin the tube walls. [2]
-Increase the elastic modulus of the tube [1]
-Decrease the length of the tube [1]
iii) The calcium carbonate forming the tube is found to have an elastic modulus of
100 GPa. If the tube is 100 m in diameter, with a wall thickness (t) of 10 m and a
length of 500 m, calculate the Euler critical buckling load. Assume the tube is
fixed at both ends and the moment of inertia for the tube is:
Atube
3
Itube = 3 2
8p t
[11 Marks]
The cross sectional area = total area – hole area = 1.4 x 10-9 m2
[1]
[2]
k=4
[1]
Solution Mark
3(i)
8/11
From Mohr’s circle the principal stresses are:
3/11
3(ii Using the findings in (i) the von Mises stress can be calculated
) as:
3(ii The material is safe from yielding if the Tresca stress reaches
i) the uniaxial strength:
𝜎𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎 = 𝜎𝑦 2/6
𝜎𝑦 8𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑆 = = = 3.17 2/6
𝜎𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎 2.52𝑀𝑃𝑎
4(i) The axial compressive strain in the midshaft of the bone will
be:
𝜎 𝐹 2/12
𝜀𝑥𝑥,𝑏 =
=
𝐸 𝐴𝑏 𝐸𝑏
1500𝑁 4/12
𝜀𝑥𝑥,𝑏 = = 166𝜇𝜀
(452.4𝑚𝑚2 )(20𝐺𝑃𝑎)
𝜎 𝐹 2/12
𝜀𝑥𝑥,𝑝 = =
𝐸 𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝
4/12
1500𝑁
𝜀𝑥𝑥,𝑏 = = 55.5𝜇𝜀
(140𝑚𝑚2 )(193𝐺𝑃𝑎)
4(ii Because the plate and the bone are held firmly together by
) screws to prevent shear, the strain in both must be equal over
the length of the plate:
𝐹𝑝 𝐹𝑏 2/13
=
𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝 𝐴𝑏 𝐸𝑏
𝐹𝑝 𝐴𝑝𝐸𝑝 2/13
(a) 𝐹 = 𝐴 = 2.99
𝑏 𝑏 𝐸𝑏
(b) 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑝 + 𝐹𝑏 2/13
375.9 1123.9
%𝐹𝑏 = = ~25%, %𝐹𝑝 = = ~75%
1500 1500 2/13
Thus, the bone has been sufficiently ‘shielded’ from axial
stress.