STUDY ON “BEARING”

SUBMITTED BY- GUIDED BY -

Name – Abhishek Sahoo Mr. Bhagwat Badi

Regt. no- 1641018385
`
ITER, Bhubaneswar
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that:-

Mr. ABHISHEK SAHOO (Regt no - 1641018385) a student of B.Tech in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, 2nd Year at Institute of Technical Education
and Research, Bhubaneswar has undergone a Industrial Training from
21STMAY 2018 to 30th June 2018 at LARSEN & TOUBRO Ltd, Kansbahal. He
was assigned with a project on which he worked very smartly.
I am extremely overwhelmed to mention that his performance during this
training period was far above the satisfactory level.

MR. BHAGBAT BADI

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“It is not possible to prepare a project report without the assistance &
encouragement of other people. This one is certainly no exception”
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the Training and Placement
department of ITER, Bhubaneswar for facilitating the recommendation letter to
L&T Kansbahal Works to undergo Industrial Training.
I also express my deep gratitude to Mr. Ratikanta Das, Head, HR at L&T
Kansbahal for considering me worthy enough to undergo industrial training here
and to be able to gain practical as well as theoretical knowledge during this
training period.
I would also like to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Bhagbat Badi,
Assembly shop for providing me opportunity to do this report under his guidance
and providing me all necessary support and materials for the same. I was
privileged to experience a sustained enthusiastic and involved interest from his
side. This fuelled my enthusiasm even further and encouraged me to boldly step
into what was a totally dark and unexplored expanse before me.
I wold like to thank all the staff, workers and supervisors of the Assembly shop
for their support who cleared my doubts and helped in enriching my knowledge.

ABHISHEK SAHOO
 CONTENTS

SL NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 Overview of L&T

2 L&T Kansbahal Unit

3 Study of Ring
Granulator
4 Daily Learning

5 Conclusion

6 Bibliography
 OVERVIEW

Larsen & Toubro Limited, commonly known as L&T, is the largest Indian
multinational firm headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded
by two Danish engineers taking refuge in India. The company has business
interests in engineering, construction, manufacturing goods, information
technology, and financial services, and has offices worldwide.
Larsen & Toubro is a major technology, engineering, construction,
manufacturing and financial services conglomerate, with global operations. L&T
addresses critical needs in key sectors - Hydrocarbon, Infrastructure, Power,
Process Industries and Defence - for customers in over 30 countries around the
world. L&T is engaged in core, high impact sectors of the economy and our
integrated capabilities span the entire spectrum of ‘design to deliver’. With over
7 decades of a strong, customer focused approach and a continuous quest for
world-class quality, we have unmatched expertise across Technology,
Engineering, Construction, Infrastructure Projects and Manufacturing, and
maintain a leadership in all our major lines of business. Every aspect of L&T's
businesses is characterised by professionalism and high standards of corporate
governance. Sustainability is embedded into our long-term strategy for growth.
The Company’s manufacturing footprint extends across eight countries in
addition to India. L&T has several international offices and a supply chain that
extends around the globe.
Larsen & Toubro originated from a company founded in 1938 in Mumbai by two
Danish engineers, Henning Holck-Larsen and Søren Kristian Toubro. The
company began as a representative of Danish manufacturers of dairy equipment.
However, with the start of the Second World War in 1939 and the resulting
restriction on imports, the partners started a small workshop to undertake jobs
and provide service facilities. Germany's invasion of Denmark in 1940 stopped
supplies of Danish products. The war-time need to repair and refit ships offered
L&T an opportunity, and led to the formation of a new company, Hilda Ltd, to
handle these operations. L&T also started to repair and fabricate ships signalling
the expansion of the company. The sudden internment of German engineers
in British India (due to suspicions caused by the Second World War), who were
to put up a soda ash plant for the Tata's, gave L&T a chance to enter the field of
installation. In 1944, ECC was incorporated by the partners; the company at this
time was focused on construction projects (Presently, ECC is the construction
division of L&T). L&T began several foreign collaborations. By 1945, the
company represented British manufacturers of equipment used to manufacture
products such as hydrogenated oils, biscuits, soaps and glass. In 1945, the
company signed an agreement with Caterpillar Tractor Company, USA, for
marketing earth moving equipment. At the end of the war, large numbers of war-
surplus Caterpillar equipment were available at attractive prices, but the finances
required were beyond the capacity of the partners. This prompted them to raise
additional equity capital, and on 7 February 1946, Larsen & Toubro Private
Limited was incorporated.
After India's independence in 1947, L&T set up offices in Calcutta
(now Kolkata), Madras (now Chennai) and New Delhi. In 1948, 55 acres of
undeveloped marsh and jungle was acquired in Powai, Mumbai. A previously
uninhabitable swamp subsequently became the site of its main manufacturing
hub. In December 1950, L&T became a public company with a paid-up capital
of ₹20 lakh (US$30,000). The sales turnover in that year was ₹1.09
crore (US$160,000). In 1956, a major part of the company's Mumbai office
moved to ICI House in Ballard Estate, which would later be purchased by the
company and renamed as L&T House, its present headquarters.

L&T’s signature of excellence is evident on:

1. India’s first indigenous hydrocracker reactor.

2. Oil and gas platform projects executed to global benchmarks.
3. The world’s largest continuous catalyst regeneration reactor.
4. The simultaneous execution of clean fuel projects at eight refineries around
India.

ENGINEERING&CONSTRUCTION-PROJECTS

L&T’S engineering &construction track record consists

of successful implementation of turnkey projects in major
and infrastructure sectors of Indian industry. L&T has
integrated its strengths in process technology, basic and
detailed engineering, equipment fabrication, procurement
, project management, erection construction and
commissioning to offer single point responsibility against
stringent delivery schedules.
 HEAVY ENGINEERING

L&T is acknowledged as one of the top five fabrication companies in the

world, with engineering and manufacturing capabilities that are among the
most sought after in industry. Operating at the high end of the technological
spectrum, L&T
Has led Indian industry in introducing new process , products and materials
in manufacturing.

CONSTRUCTION

ECC- the engineering construction & contracts division of L&T is India’s

largest construction organization. Many of the country’s prized land
marks- its exquisite buildings, tallest structures, largest industrial projects
, longest flyovers , highest viaducts , longest pipelines have all been built
by L&T.

Electrical & Electronics

L&T is an international manufacturer of electrical and electronic products and

systems. The company also manufactures custom-engineered switchboards for
industrial sectors like power, refineries, petrochemicals and cement. In the
electronic segment, L&T offers a range of metres and provides control and
automation systems for industries.

Information Technology (IT)

Larsen & Toubro Infotech Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of L&T,

offers information technology, software and services with a focus on
manufacturing, BFSI and communications and embedded systems. It also
provides services for embedded intelligence and engineering.
 Machinery and industrial products

L&T manufactures, markets and provides service support for construction and
mining machinery, including surface miners, hydraulic excavators, aggregate
crushers, loader backhoes and vibratory compactors; supplies rubber processing
machinery and manufactures and markets industrial valves and allied products
along with application-engineered welding alloys.

L&T Kansbahal Works

L&T’s Kansbahal Works is located near Rourkela (Orissa) and is the state’s
largest heavy engineering unit in the private sector. It is a world-class Integrated
Machine Building Centre with facilities for Casting, Fabrication, Machining and
Assembly, complemented by excellent design, engineering, quality control and
logistics support.
Set up in 1962 as an Indo-German Venture, it merged with L&T in 1982. The
facility produces Crushing and Screening systems, Pulp & Paper machinery,
Windmill components, Cast products, Mining equipment and various other
specialised industrial products.
The Kansbahal Works R&D wing is equipped to carry out process engineering,
mechanical design / analysis, 3D modelling, Finite Element Analysis, and basic
and detailed engineering.
Over the years kansbahal works has developed its product portfolio into various
core sector industries like chemical , steel , paper , power, coal , railway &
mineral. KBL works is situated near Rourkela , Orissa & is well connected by rail
& road.

KANSBAHAL BUISNESS UNIT- HISTORICAL

PERSPECTIVE

Kansbahal business unit started its operation in 1963 as Utkal Machinery

limited(Utmal) , as a joint venture between three German companies – Voith –
Hofnungs – Hute (GHH) & Koppers and L&T , with each partner holding 25%
stake in the organization . The German partners supplied the technology for
equipment building in the addition to process capabilities whereas L&T provided
the market expertise , acting as the marketing partner for the company.

With falling performance of the unit , in the early 90’s the division was restricted
to regain business focus with thrust on project business. The division was
reorganized into four strategic business units:

1. Steel & metallurgical

2. Pulp & paper
3. Bulk material handling
4. Mineral dressing &processing

Each of these strategic business units were separate profit centre with their
manufacturing needs being served by kansbahal.
 UNITS IN KANSBAHAL WORKS

1. FABRICATION SHOP(FAS)

2. FOUNDARY SHOP (FDY)

3. MACHINE SHOP (MAS)

4. ASSEMBLY SHOP(ASSLY)

5. ENGINEERING DRAWING AND RESEARCH CENTRE (EDRC)

6. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT INFOTECH)

7. QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT

 FABRICATION SHOP

Fabrication shop has area of 9760 sq.m with maximum length height of 16 m ,
handle upto 100 tones single piece , 68 LRIS quality welders deal with variety
of materials such as carbon steel alloy 8s type , nil alloys (micro ferrous ) etc upto
maximum welding thickness of 150 mm. three process are mainly running in this
shop are cutting fitting and welding.

MACHINE DESCRIPTION MAXIMUM CAPACITY

CNC Profile cutting X- 5.26 ,Y-25M,THICKNESS -300MM
Portable pug cutting Thickness- 50mm(ms)
Plasma cutting Thickness -60 mm(ss)
shearing 10mm X 2100mm
Rolling / bending 100mm x 700mm & id =3m
folding 4MM X 2500MM
Hydraulic press 500T
Column & boom ARC TRAVEL 6M X4.5M
Rotator/ positioner 50T / 10 T
Shot blasting unit 9.9 M X 8.2 M X 11.6 M
Stress relieving furnace 7 M X 6.4 M X 8M
 FOUNDRY SHOP

It has a capability of continuous mixes sand plant , reclamation unit dust

extraction unit , cylinder- moulding pits , medium frequency batch capacity of 5
to 6 tones , 16 tones inductance holding furnace .main function of foundry shop
is to do casting . Sand mould is made , then hot liquefied metal is poured in the
mould and casting process is held . the foundry shop has licensed capacity to
produce 12000 tons of machinery equipment and castings per annum. It includes
pattern shop as well. With the advent of new technologies the operation and
maintenance of furnaces has become less intricate.
Machines in foundry
 Moulding – Continuous mixer, sand plant , reclaimation
unit , dust extraction unit cylinder moulding pits ,pit
moulding stations.
 Heat treatment – Oil and furnaces, having pit, auto
programmer and control . Water and oil quenching
facilities.

MACHINE SHOP
The shop is equipped with a wide range of machine for turning , boring , shaping
, grinding and planning of complex welded structures casting and forging. It is
the heart of L&T works kansbahal . it is also located in the middle of the factory
. all the big and heavy jobs are carried on this shop .

MACHINE DESCRIPTION MAXIMUM CAPACITY

Horizontal floor boring (cnc Sp.dia 203mm , x-10mm , y -5m , z-
conventional) 2.2 m
Horizontal table borer Sq. dia 130mm , job wt:10t
Vertical lathe Table dia : 4.77m ,job wt:100t
Facing lathe dio:3m x length:10m
grinding Dia : 2.5m x length :10m
Cnc lathe Dia :600 mm x length :3m
Cnc turning centre Swing over carriage : 570mm
Double plano milling 6m x2m x1.6m
The detail about this shop are:-
Machine shop has three ways :-
1. LIGHT BAY
2. HEAVY BAY
3. THIRD BAY

ASSEMBLY SHOP
This is an extension of the machine shop. The assemble shop of the plant where
different parts which are manufactured in the foundry , machine shop and
fabrication shop , comes for assemble . this shop is subdivided into 14 rows and
3 columns . each work station is named like (ws-1 ,ws-2 ,ws-3…).
The assemble shop carries out the following operations
 Assembly
 Pre-shipment performance
 Functional testing of electrically, hydraulically and mechanically
operated equipment.

ENGINEERING DRAWING AND RESEARCH

CENTRE

In the engineering design and research centre of kansbahal customer requirements

stated in the contracts and translated into design in the contracts are translated
into design input . documented procedures are followed to identify resources ,
method of review and verification to ensure that the products meet the specified
requirements. The design inputs are generally in the form of drawings. It has been
carrying out the procedures for preparation , approval , distribution and revision
of manufacturing drawings.

INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY PLANNING:

Here planning is done and it is send to respective shop for manufacturing after
planning it prepare monthly store crediting forecast every month ,
Prepare complete schedule for engineering and manufacturing in the form of chart
, it also keeps record and follow up early release of engineering documents ,
 budgeting for shop capacity , send intimation to product froups for customer
inspection.

DESIGN DEPARTMENT

DESIGN DEPARTMENT is a business discipline that uses project management ,

design strategy , and supply chain techniques to control a creative process , support
a culture of creativity , and build a structure and organization for design . The
objective of design department is to develop and maintain a business environment
in which an organization can achieve its strategic and mission goals through design
, and by establishing and managing an efficient effective system .

INFOTECH

It contains with hardware and software to meet the present as well as future business
. This taking of job and dispatching of job is the main functions going around in
infotech.

QUALITY AND ASSURANCE

INSPECTION:-
 After the part has been finished machining , the part is sent for the inspection
process.
 Inspection is the most important part in the supply chain of the bearing
housing. It is under quality and assurance department.
 A checklist is prepared for the particular bearing housing and all the
dimensional parameters are writing and checked.
 The most important and gauges used for inspection are:-
 Inside micrometer
 Outside micrometer
 Vernier calliper
 Vernier depth gauge
 Steel rule/ measuring tape
 Radius gauge
 PROJECT

Study Of Bearing
Bearing (mechanical)

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative

motion to only the desired motion, and
reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the
bearing may, for example, provide for free linear movement
of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or,
it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal
forces that bear on the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate
the desired motion by minimizing friction. Bearings are
classified broadly according to the type of operation, the
motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces)
applied to the parts.
Rotary bearings hold rotating components such
as shafts or axles within mechanical systems, and transfer
axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the
structure supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the plain
bearing, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole. Lubrication is
often used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and roller
bearing, to prevent sliding friction, rolling elements such as
rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located
between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide
variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the
application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency,
reliability, durability and performance.
The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear";[1] a
bearing being a machine element that allows one part to bear
(i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are bearing
surfaces, cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of
control over the form, size, roughness and location of the
surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed into a
machine or machine part. The most sophisticated bearings for
the most demanding applications are very precise devices;
their manufacture requires some of the highest standards
of current technology.
 TYPES OF BEARING

.
There are at least 6 common types of bearing, each of which operates
on different principles:

 Plain bearing, consisting of a shaft rotating in a hole. There are

several specific styles: bushing, journal bearing, sleeve bearing, rifle
bearing, composite bearing.
 Rolling-element bearing, in which rolling elements placed between
the turning and stationary races prevent sliding friction. There are two
main types
 Ball bearing, in which the rolling elements are spherical balls
 Roller bearing, in which the rolling elements are cylindrical,taper
and spherical rollers
 Jewel bearing, a plain bearing in which one of the bearing surfaces is
made of an ultrahard glassy jewel material such as sapphire to
reduce friction and wear
 Fluid bearing, a noncontact bearing in which the load is supported by
a gas or liquid,
 Magnetic bearing, in which the load is supported by a magnetic field
 Flexure bearing, in which the motion is supported by a load element
which bends

PLAIN BEARING

A plain bearing, or more commonly sliding bearing and slide

bearing (in railroading sometimes called a solid bearing or friction
bearing[citation needed]), is the simplest type of bearing, comprising just
a bearing surface and no rolling elements. Therefore, the journal (i.e.,
the part of the shaft in contact with the bearing) slides over the bearing
surface. The simplest example of a plain bearing is a shaft rotating in a
hole. A simple linear bearing can be a pair of flat surfaces designed to
allow motion; e.g., a drawer and the slides it rests on[1] or the ways on
the bed of a lathe.
Plain bearings, in general, are the least expensive type of bearing. They
are also compact and lightweight, and they have a high load-carrying
capacity.[2]

ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARING
A rolling-element bearing, also known as a rolling bearing,[1] is
a bearing which carries a load by placing rolling elements (such as balls
or rollers) between two bearing rings called races. The relative motion of
the races causes the rolling elements to roll with very little rolling
resistance and with little sliding.
One of the earliest and best-known rolling-element bearings are sets of
logs laid on the ground with a large stone block on top. As the stone is
pulled, the logs roll along the ground with little sliding friction. As each
log comes out the back, it is moved to the front where the block then
rolls on to it. It is possible to imitate such a bearing by placing several
pens or pencils on a table and placing an item on top of them. See
"bearings" for more on the historical development of bearings.
BALL BEARING

A 4-point angular contact ball bearing

A ball bearing for skateboard wheels with a plastic cage

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to
maintain the separation between the bearing races.
The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and
support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least three
races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In
most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the
rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one of the bearing races
rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling
they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces
were sliding against each other.
Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other
kinds of rolling-element bearings due to the smaller contact area
between the balls and races. However, they can tolerate some
misalignment of the inner and outer race
ROLLER BEARING

Load distribution (normal force per roller) in a cylindrical roller bearing of

type NU206. The inner ring and rollers of the bearing rotate
counterclockwise; a static radial load of 3,000 N acts on the inner ring in
the downward direction. The bearing has 13 rollers, 4 of which are under
load at all time.
Cylindrical roller

A cylindrical roller bearing

Roller bearings are the earliest known type of rolling-element-bearing,
dating back to at least 40 BC. Common roller bearings use cylinders of
slightly greater length than diameter. Roller bearings typically have
higher radial load capacity than ball bearings, but a lower capacity and
higher friction under axial loads. If the inner and outer races are
misaligned, the bearing capacity often drops quickly compared to either
a ball bearing or a spherical roller bearing.
As in all radial bearings, the outer load is continuously re-distributed
among the rollers. Often, only less than half of the total number of rollers
carries a significant portion of the load at all time. The animation on the
right shows how a static radial load is supported by the bearing rollers as
the inner ring rotates.
Spherical roller

A spherical roller bearing

Main article: Spherical roller bearing

Spherical roller bearings have an outer ring with an internal spherical
shape. The rollers are thicker in the middle and thinner at the ends.
Spherical roller bearings can thus accommodate both static and dynamic
misalignment. However, spherical rollers are difficult to produce and thus
expensive, and the bearings have higher friction than an ideal cylindrical
or tapered roller bearing since there will be a certain amount of sliding
between rolling elements and rings.

JEWEL BEARING

A jewel bearing is a plain bearing in which a

metal spindle turns in a jewel-lined pivot hole. The hole is
typically shaped like a torus and is slightly larger than the shaft
diameter. The jewel material is usually synthetic
sapphire or ruby (corundum). Jewel bearings are used in
precision instruments where low friction, long life, and
dimensional accuracy are important. Their largest use is
in mechanical watches.
FLUID BEARING
Fluid bearings are bearings in which the load is supported by a thin
layer of rapidly moving pressurized liquid or gas between the bearing
surfaces.[1] Since there is no contact between the moving parts, there is
no sliding friction, allowing fluid bearings to have lower friction, wear and
vibration than many other types of bearings.[1]
They can be broadly classified into two types: fluid dynamic
bearings (also known as hydrodynamic bearings) and hydrostatic
bearings. Hydrostatic bearings are externally pressurized fluid bearings,
where the fluid is usually oil, water or air, and the pressurization is done
by a pump. Hydrodynamic bearings rely on the high speed of
the journal (the part of the shaft resting on the fluid) to pressurize the
fluid in a wedge between the faces. Fluid bearings are frequently used in
high
Magnetic bearing

A magnetic bearing

A magnetic bearing is a type of bearing that supports a load using magnetic

levitation. Magnetic bearings support moving parts without physical contact. For
instance, they are able to levitate a rotating shaft and permit relative motion with
very low friction and no mechanical wear. Magnetic bearings support the highest
speeds of all kinds of bearing and have no maximum relative speed.
Passive magnetic bearings use permanent magnets and, therefore, do not require
any input power but are difficult to design due to the limitations described
by Earnshaw's theorem. Techniques using diamagnetic materials are relatively
undeveloped and strongly depend on material characteristics. As a result, most
magnetic bearings are active magnetic bearings, using electromagnets which
require continuous power input and an active control system to keep the load
stable. In a combined design, permanent magnets are often used to carry the static
load and the active magnetic bearing is used when the levitated object deviates
from its optimum position. Magnetic bearings typically require a back-up bearing
in the case of power or control system failure.
Flexure bearing

A flexure bearing is a category of flexure which is engineered to be compliant

in one or more angular degrees of freedom. Flexure bearings serve much of the
same function as conventional bearings or hinges in applications which require
angular compliance; but, flexures require no lubrication and exhibit very low or
no friction. [1]
Many flexure bearings are made of a single part; two rigid structures joined by a
thin "hinge" area. A hinged door can be created by implementing a flexible
element between a door and the door frame, such that the flexible element bends
allowing the door to pivot open.

Image of a flexure pivot, utilized in place of bearings for their frictionless

properties in precision alignment mechanisms and scientific instruments.
A Giubo driveshaft coupling, another type of flexure bearing, on the right hand
rear driveshaft of a formula 2 race car. This coupling has two compliant degrees
of freedom to allow rotation of the shaft with some misalignment.
Flexure bearings have the advantage over most other bearings that they are
simple and thus inexpensive. They are also often compact, lightweight, have
very low friction, and are easier to repair without specialized equipment.
Flexure bearings have the disadvantages that the range of motion is limited, and
often very limited for bearings that support high loads.
A flexure bearing relies on the bearing element being made of a material which
can be repeatedly flexed without disintegrating. However, most materials fall
apart if flexed a lot. For example, most metals will fatigue with repeated
flexing, and will eventually snap. Thus, one part of flexure bearing design is
avoiding fatigue.
Flexure bearings can give very low friction and also give very predictable
friction. Many other bearings rely on sliding or rolling motions (rolling-element
bearings), which are necessarily uneven because the bearing surfaces are never
perfectly flat. A flexure bearing operates by bending of materials, which causes
motion at microscopic level, so friction is very uniform. For this reason, flexure
bearings are often used in sensitive precision measuring equipment.
 DAILY LEARNING

Q.1 What is the difference between screw, bolt & nut?

Ans. Screw are fully threaded whereas bolt are partially threaded and it is usually
used along with a nut.
Fig:7 Screw vs Bolt vs Nut

Q.2 What are the different types of head of screw or bolt?

Ans.
Fig:8 Types of head of screw or bolt
 Fig:9 Types of head of screw or bolt

Q.3 What is a washer and what are its types?

Ans. A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped) with a hole (typically in the
middle) that is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as
a Bolt or nut.

Fig:10 Different types of washer

Q.4 What is torque tightening?

Ans. The application of preload to a fastener by the turning of the fastener's nut .
 Fig:11 Torque tightening

Q.5 What is torque wrench?

Ans. A tool used for setting and adjusting the tightness of nuts and bolts to a
desired value.

Fig:12 Torque wrench

Q.6 What is shearing?

Ans. It is a cutting operation used to remove a blank of required dimensions from

a large sheet.
Fig:13 Shearing Operation

Q.7 What is buckling?

Ans. It is a sideways failure of a structural member subjected to high compressive
stress.

Fig:14 Buckling
Q.8 What is lapping operation and why it is done?
Ans. It is a machining process in which two surfaces are rubbed together with
an abrasive between them, by hand movement or using a machine.
It is done to make the surface flat and to increase the surface area contact.

Fig:15 Lapping Operation

Q.9 What is shrink fitting?

Ans. It is a process to pre-heat metal components between 150˚C and 300˚C
thereby causing them to expand and allow for the insertion or removal of another
component.

Fig: 16 Shrink Fitting

Q.10 What is a feeler gauge?
Ans. A gauge consisting of a number of thin blades for measuring narrow gaps
or clearances.
 Fig:17 Feeler Gauge

Q.11 What is coefficient of expansion?

Ans. It is the ratio of the increase of length, area, or volume of a body per
degree rise in temperature to its length, area, or volume, respectively, at
some specified temperature, commonly 0° C, the pressure being kept
constant.

Fig:18 Coefficient of linear thermal expansion

Q.12 What is RPM?
Ans. Revolutions per minute is a measure of the frequency for a rotational
component of a device along a fixed axis. The number of revolutions a rotational
device completes in a minutes, is known as its RPM.

Fig:19 RPM
6Q.13 What is the difference between a hole & a bore?
Ans. Hole – The initial process of removal of materials from a surface by drilling
is called hole.
Bore – Enlarged hole is called bore.

Fig:20 Hole Fig:21 Bore

Q.14 What is the difference between a pipe and a cylinder?

Ans. Pipe – It is an object which cannot sustain pressure due to less thickness of
the wall.
Cylinder – It is an object which can sustain pressure due to large thickness of the
wall.
Fig:22 Pipe Fig:23 Cylinder

Q.15 Difference between drilling and boring?

Ans. Drilling – It is a process of removing materials from a workpiece in order to
create a hole.
Boring – It is a process of enlarging a hole that has already been made by another
process.

Fig:24 Drilling Fig:25 Boring

Q.16 What is balancing machine and why balancing is done?

Ans. Balancing machine – It is a measuring tool used for balancing rotating
machine parts such as rotors for electric motors, fans, turbines, disc brakes, disc
drives, propellers and pumps.
Balancing is done to avoid vibration, noise and wear & tear of machine parts.

Fig:26 Balancing machine

Q.17 What is locking assembly?
Ans. These are the elements which provide a frictional connection between a shaft
and a hub.

Fig:27 Locking Assembly

Q.18 What is a bearing and what are its types?
Ans. Bearing – It is a machine element that is used to enable rotational or linear
movement and reduces friction between moving parts.

Fig:28 Different parts of bearing

Types of bearing
1. Plain bearing – It consist of a shaft rotating in a hole.

Fig:29 Plain bearing

2. Rolling element bearing – It consist of rolling elements placed between the
turning and stationary races prevent sliding friction.
It is of two types –
 Ball bearing – It is a bearing in which the rolling elements are
spherical balls.
Fig:30 Ball bearing

 Roller bearing – It is bearing in which the rolling elements are

cylindrical, taper and spherical rollers.

Fig:31 Spherical roller bearing

3. Jewel bearing – A plain bearing in which one of the bearing surface is made
of an ultrahard glassy jewel material such as sapphire.
 Fig:32 Jewel bearing

4. Fluid bearing – A non contact bearing in which the load is supported by a

gas or liquid.
Fig:33 Fluid bearing

5. Magnetic bearing – It is bearing in which the load is supported by a

magnetic field.
Fig:34 Magnetic bearing
 6. Flexure bearing – It is a bearing in which the motion is supported by a load
elements with bends.
Q.20 What is bearing housing?

Ans. A pillow block is a pedestal used to provide support for rotating shaft
with the help of compatible bearings and various accessories.
Fig:35 Bearing housing

Q.21 What is a lathe machine and what are its different parts?
Ans. Lathe machine – It is a machine tool used for shaping pieces of metal by
causing the workpiece to be held and rotated by the lathe.

Fig:36 Lathe machine

Different parts of lathe machine
1. Bed – The bed of lathe acts as the base on which the different fixed and
operations parts of the lathe are mounted. Lathe beds are usually made as
single piece casting of semi-steel (i.e., toughened cast iron),with the
addition of small quantity of steel scrap to the cast iron during melting; the
material ‘cast iron’ facilitating an easy sliding action. In case of extremely
large machines, the bed may be in two or more pieces, bolted together to
from the desired length.
Lathe Bed are heavy rigid structure which is having high damping capacity
for the vibrations generated by machines during machining. The rigid
structure will helps to avoid deflections. The guides and ways which are
present on the top of the bed will act as rails and supports other parts like
tail stock. The bed will be designed in such a way that easily bolted to the
floor of the machine shop.

2. Tool post – It is bolted on the carriage. It is used to hold the tool at correct
position. Tool holder mounted on it.

3. Chuck – It is used to hold the workspace. It is bolted on the spindle which

rotates the chuck and work piece. It is four jaw and three jaw according to
the requirement of machine.

4. Head stock – It is the main body parts which are placed at left side of bed.
It is serve as holding device for the gear chain, spindle, driving pulley etc.
It is also made by cast iron.

5. Tail stock – It is situated on bed. It is placed at right hand side of the bed.
The main function of tail stock to support the job when required. It is also
used to perform drilling operation.

6. Lead screw – It is situated at the bottom side of bed which is used to move
the carriage automatically during thread cutting.

7. Legs – They are used to carry all the loads of the machine. They are bolted
on the floor which prevents vibration.

8. Carriage – It is situated between the head stock and tail stock. It is used to
hold and move the tool post on the bed vertically and horizontally. It slides
on the guide ways. Carriage is made by cast iron.
 9. Apron – It is situated on the carriage. It consist all controlling and moving
mechanism of carriage.

10. Chips pan – It is placed lower side of bed. The main function of it to carries
all chips removed by the work piece.

11. Guide ways – It take care of the movement of tail stock and carriage on
bed.

12. Speed controller – Speed controller switch is situated on head stock which
controls the speed of spindle.

13. Spindle – It is the main part of lathe which holds and rotates the chuck.

Q.22 What are the different operations on lathe machine?

Ans. Operations on lathe machine
1. Facing – It is used to make a flat surface at the end of the work piece. The

work part should be rotating and the implied feed should be radial.

Feed for facing operation in lathe machine : Radial feed.

2. Contour turning – In this operation of lathe machine the tool is not fed in a

straight path. Instead the tool follows a contour. A contoured form is

created in the turned part.

Feed : Contoured feed. Not parallel to the axis of w/p rotation.

3. Form turning – In this method a special shaped tool is used. The tool is

inserted radially.

Feed for forming : Radial.

4. Taper turning –Like contour turning the tool is not fed parallel to the axis

of rotation of the work part. The tool is fed at an angle. This turning

operation gives a conical and taper cylindrical shape.

Feed : radial (in an angle).

5. Chamfering – Only the cutting edge is used at the corner of

cylindrical shapes which is used for stress relieving of the workpiece.

6. Cutoff or Parting – In parting operation the tool is fed radially and the end

part of the workpiece is cut off.

Feed : Radial.

7. Boring – A single point tool head is fed linearly to the end of the workpiece

(on the inside diameter) .

Feed : Linear.

8. Threading – A pointed tool is is used at the outside surface of the workpiece

with linear feed.

9. Drilling – Drilling and reaming is done by feeding the lathe tool along the

axis of the rotating job part.

 10. Knurling –It is a metal forming method which creates a regular cross

hatched pattern. It is not a machining process. It does not involve any

cutting of the metal.

Fig:37 Different operations on lathe

Fig:38 Different operations on lathe

Q.23 What are the specification of a lathe machine?

Ans. Specification of a lathe machine

1. Height of centers over bed.
2. Maximum swing over bed.

3. Maximum swing over carriage.

4. Maximum swing over Gap.
5. Maximum distance b/w centers.

6. Length of bed.

7. No. of speeds and feeds etc.

Fig:39 Specification of lathe machine

 CONCLUSION

I, Abhishek Sahoo (Regd. No 1641018385) pursuing B. Tech in Mechanical

Engineering, 2nd Year at Institute Of Technical Education & Research
conducted a detailed study on BEARING under the expert guidance of Mr.
BHAGBAT BADI and various members of Assembly shop from 21 st May
2018 to 30th June 2018.
The BEARING is being used successfully worldwide as coal crusher in
various industries. It has an unmatched track record in all industries around
the world. It is very popular for its cost effectiveness & efficient
productiveness.

The unit built on strength of Larsen and Toubro’s own rugged design, this
machine has always proved to be a “Total Value For Money” product. The
aggregate crushing systems have been used deployed in various some of the
prestigious road projects in India.

In this project I have tried to analyze every component and detail of this
particular unit and a clear idea about the manufacturing, assembly, usage,
advantages, testing and other details regarding BEARING.

A detailed study of each component has been included in this project. I have
efficiently and honestly in a lucid but in tried to put forward every detail of
the BEARING a manner so that any reader can gain a basic knowledge about
this machine.
This summer training which was conducted between 21st May 2018 to 30th
June 2018, has increased my practical knowledge and understanding on
various parts, functionality and uses of BEARING.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Wikipedia

 Google

 Quora