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    Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

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    Karen Anne Briones Rufino
    1) Bond polarity depends on how equally electron pairs are shared between atoms. In nonpolar bonds like Cl2, sharing is equal, while in ionic bonds like NaCl, electrons are transferred. 2) Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons and is determined by ionization energy and electron affinity. More electronegative atoms attract electrons away from less electronegative atoms in polar covalent bonds. 3) The difference in electronegativity between atoms in a bond determines if it is nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic, with larger differences indicating more ionic character.

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    Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

    Uploaded by

    Karen Anne Briones Rufino
    25 views4 pages
    1) Bond polarity depends on how equally electron pairs are shared between atoms. In nonpolar bonds like Cl2, sharing is equal, while in ionic bonds like NaCl, electrons are transferred. 2) Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons and is determined by ionization energy and electron affinity. More electronegative atoms attract electrons away from less electronegative atoms in polar covalent bonds. 3) The difference in electronegativity between atoms in a bond determines if it is nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic, with larger differences indicating more ionic character.

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    Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

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    1) Bond polarity depends on how equally electron pairs are shared between atoms. In nonpolar bonds like Cl2, sharing is equal, while in ionic bonds like NaCl, electrons are transferred. 2) Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons and is determined by ionization energy and electron affinity. More electronegative atoms attract electrons away from less electronegative atoms in polar covalent bonds. 3) The difference in electronegativity between atoms in a bond determines if it is nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic, with larger differences indicating more ionic character.

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    25 views4 pages

    Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

    Uploaded by

    Karen Anne Briones Rufino
    1) Bond polarity depends on how equally electron pairs are shared between atoms. In nonpolar bonds like Cl2, sharing is equal, while in ionic bonds like NaCl, electrons are transferred. 2) Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons and is determined by ionization energy and electron affinity. More electronegative atoms attract electrons away from less electronegative atoms in polar covalent bonds. 3) The difference in electronegativity between atoms in a bond determines if it is nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic, with larger differences indicating more ionic character.

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    Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

    Bond Polarity and Electronegativity

    Bond Polarity and Electronegativity

    The electron pairs shared between two atoms are not necessarily shared equally

    Extreme examples:

    1. In Cl2 the shared electron pairs is shared equally

    2. In NaCl the 3s electron is stripped from the Na atom and is incorporated into the
    electronic structure of the Cl atom - and the compound is most accurately described as
    consisting of individual Na+ and Cl-ions

    For most covalent substances, their bond character falls between these two
    extremes

    Bond polarity is a useful concept for describing the sharing of electrons between
    atoms

     A nonpolar covalent bond is one in which the electrons are shared equally
    between two atoms
     A polar covalent bond is one in which one atom has a greater attraction for
    the electrons than the other atom. If this relative attraction is great enough,
    then the bond is an ionic bond

    Electronegativity

    A quantity termed 'electronegativity' is used to determine whether a given bond will


    be nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic.

    Electronegativity is defined as the ability of an atom in a particular molecule to


    attract electrons to itself

    (the greater the value, the greater the attractiveness for electrons)

    Electronegativity is a function of:


     the atom's ionization energy (how strongly the atom holds on to its own
    electrons)
     the atom's electron affinity (how strongly the atom attracts other electrons)

    (Note that both of these are properties of the isolated atom)

    For example, an element which has:

     A large (negative) electron affinity


     A high ionization energy (always endothermic, or positive for neutral atoms)

    Will:

     Attract electrons from other atoms


     Resist having its own electrons attracted away

    Such an atom will be highly electronegative

    Fluorine is the most electronegative element (electronegativity = 4.0),


    the least electronegative is Cesium (notice that are at diagonal corners of the periodic
    chart)

    General trends:

     Electronegativity increases from left to right along a period


     For the representative elements (s and p block) the
    electronegativity decreases as you go down a group
     The transition metal group is not as predictable as far as electronegativity

    Electronegativity and bond polarity

    We can use the difference in electronegativity between two atoms to gauge the polarity of the bonding
    between them

    Compound F2 HF LiF
    Electronegativity
    4.0 - 4.0 = 0 4.0 - 2.1 = 1.9 4.0 - 1.0 = 3.0
    Difference
    Type of Bond Nonpolar covalent Polar covalent Ionic (non-covalent
     In F2 the electrons are shared equally between the atoms, the bond is nonpolar
    covalent
     In HF the fluorine atom has greater electronegativity than the hydrogen atom.

    The sharing of electrons in HF is unequal: the fluorine atom attracts electron


    density away from the hydrogen (the bond is thus a polar covalent bond)

    The H-F bond can thus be represented as:

     The '+' and '-' symbols indicate partial positive and negative charges.
     The arrow indicates the "pull" of electrons off the hydrogen and towards the
    more electronegative atom
     In lithium fluoride the much greater relative electronegativity of the fluorine
    atom completely strips the electron from the lithium and the result is an ionic
    bond (no sharing of the electron)

    A general rule of thumb for predicting the type of bond based upon
    electronegativity differences:

     If the electronegativities are equal (i.e. if the electronegativity difference is 0),


    the bond is non-polar covalent
     If the difference in electronegativities between the two atoms is greater than 0,
    but less than 2.0, the bond is polar covalent
     If the difference in electronegativities between the two atoms is 2.0, or greater,
    the bond is ionic

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