1. This document defines and discusses different categories of artificial intelligence:
- Acting humanly refers to AI that acts like a human based on the Turing test.
- Thinking humanly refers to AI that thinks like a human based on cognitive modeling techniques.
- Thinking rationally refers to AI that thinks based on guidelines of typical human behaviors.
- Acting rationally refers to AI that acts based on studying recorded human actions under constraints.
2. The goal of AI is not necessarily to mimic humans completely, but to achieve goals like humans do using different approaches.
3. Modeling human thought and behavior is difficult, so results in simulating human thinking and acting are experimental.
4. Rational
1. This document defines and discusses different categories of artificial intelligence:
- Acting humanly refers to AI that acts like a human based on the Turing test.
- Thinking humanly refers to AI that thinks like a human based on cognitive modeling techniques.
- Thinking rationally refers to AI that thinks based on guidelines of typical human behaviors.
- Acting rationally refers to AI that acts based on studying recorded human actions under constraints.
2. The goal of AI is not necessarily to mimic humans completely, but to achieve goals like humans do using different approaches.
3. Modeling human thought and behavior is difficult, so results in simulating human thinking and acting are experimental.
4. Rational
1. This document defines and discusses different categories of artificial intelligence:
- Acting humanly refers to AI that acts like a human based on the Turing test.
- Thinking humanly refers to AI that thinks like a human based on cognitive modeling techniques.
- Thinking rationally refers to AI that thinks based on guidelines of typical human behaviors.
- Acting rationally refers to AI that acts based on studying recorded human actions under constraints.
2. The goal of AI is not necessarily to mimic humans completely, but to achieve goals like humans do using different approaches.
3. Modeling human thought and behavior is difficult, so results in simulating human thinking and acting are experimental.
4. Rational
1. This document defines and discusses different categories of artificial intelligence:
- Acting humanly refers to AI that acts like a human based on the Turing test.
- Thinking humanly refers to AI that thinks like a human based on cognitive modeling techniques.
- Thinking rationally refers to AI that thinks based on guidelines of typical human behaviors.
- Acting rationally refers to AI that acts based on studying recorded human actions under constraints.
2. The goal of AI is not necessarily to mimic humans completely, but to achieve goals like humans do using different approaches.
3. Modeling human thought and behavior is difficult, so results in simulating human thinking and acting are experimental.
4. Rational
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. Defining the ACTING HUMANLY: When a computer acts like a human, it
Term AI best reflects the Turing test, in which the computer succeeds when differentiation between the computer and a human isn’t possible (see http://www.turing.org.uk/scrapbook/test. html for details). This category also reflects what the media would have you believe AI is all about. You see it employed for technologies such as natural language processing, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and machine learning (all four of which must be present to pass the test). The original Turing Test didn’t include any physical contact. The newer, Total Turing Test does include physical contact in the form of perceptual ability interrogation, which means that the computer must also employ both computer vision and robotics to succeed. Modern techniques include the idea of achieving the goal rather than mimicking humans completely. For example, the Wright Brothers didn’t succeed in creating an airplane by precisely copying the flight of birds; rather, the birds provided ideas that led to aerodynamics that eventually led to human flight. The goal is to fly. Both birds and humans achieve this goal, but they use different approaches. THINKING HUMANLY: When a computer thinks as a human, it performs tasks that require intelligence (as contrasted with rote procedures) from a human to succeed, such as driving a car. To determine whether a program thinks like a human, you must have some method of determining how humans think, which the cognitive modeling approach defines. This model relies on three techniques: • Introspection: Detecting and documenting the techniques used to achieve goals by monitoring one’s own thought processes. • Psychological testing: Observing a person’s behavior and adding it to a database of similar behaviors from other persons given a similar set of circumstances, goals, resources, and environmental conditions (among other things). • Brain imaging: Monitoring brain activity directly through various mechanical means, such as Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Magnetoencephalography (MEG). After creating a model, you can write a program that simulates the model. Given the amount of variability among human thought processes and the difficulty of accurately representing these thought processes as part of a program, the results are experimental at best. This category of thinking humanly is often used in psychology and other fields in which modeling the human thought process to create realistic simulations is essential. » THINKING RATIONALLY: Studying how humans think using some standard enables the creation of guidelines that describe typical human behaviors. A person is considered rational when following these behaviors within certain levels of deviation. A computer that thinks rationally relies on the recorded behaviors to create a guide as to how to interact with an environment based on the data at hand. The goal of this approach is to solve problems logically, when possible. In many cases, this approach would enable the creation of a baseline technique for solving a problem, which would then be modified to actually solve the problem. In other words, the solving of a problem in principle is often different from solving it in practice, but you still need a starting point. ACTING RATIONALLY: Studying how humans act in given situations under specific constraints enables you to determine which techniques are both efficient and effective. A computer that acts rationally relies on the recorded actions to interact with an environment based on conditions, environmental factors, and existing data. As with rational thought, rational acts depend on a solution in principle, which may not prove useful in practice. However, rational acts do provide a baseline upon which a computer can begin negotiating the successful completion of a goal. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.