Project Pol Science
Project Pol Science
Project Pol Science
PROJECTDD
BA.LL.B.(Hons.), II Semester, 2018 - 2023
I express my gratitude and deep regards to my teacher for the subject Monika
Srivastava mam for giving me such a challenging topic and also for his exemplary
guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this
thesis.
I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to my seniors in the
college for their cordial support, valuable information and guidance, which helped
me in completing this task through various stages.
I am obliged to the staff members of the Madhu Limaye Library, for the timely and
valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful for
their cooperation during the period of my assignment.
Lastly, I thank almighty, my family and friends for their constant encouragement
INTRODUCTION
India-U.S. bilateral relations have developed into a "global strategic partnership", based on
shared democratic values and increasing convergence of interests on bilateral, regional and
global issues. The emphasis placed by the new Government in India on development and good
governance has created new opportunity to reinvigorate bilateral ties and enhance cooperation
under the new motto --- "Chalein Saath Saath: Forward Together We Go", which was adopted
following Prime Minister Narendra Modi's first summit with President Barack Obama on 30
September 2014 in Washington DC.
Regular exchange of high level political visits has provided sustained momentum to bilateral
cooperation, while the wide-ranging and ever-expanding dialogue architecture has established a
long-term framework for India-U.S. engagement. Today, the India-U.S. bilateral cooperation is
broad-based and multi-sectoral, covering trade and investment, defence and security, education,
science and technology, cyber security, high-technology, civil nuclear energy, space technology
and applications, clean energy, environment, agriculture and health. Vibrant people-to-people
interaction and support across the political spectrum in both countries nurture our bilateral
relationship.
The effort of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to develop better relations with America is beyond
words. He has been continuously working in this area to develop a better understanding between
both the countries. Prime Minister Narendra Modi and US President Mr.Barack Obama has
become a very good friend as known through various sources. There has been various deals
which are signed between both the countries.
When Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Barack Obama met for their first summit in
September 2014 in Washington DC, they had a crowded and diverse agenda ranging from
terrorism to trade and a spate of other issues. This reflected the sheer breadth of the India-U.S.
relationship, but the agenda also included many issues – such as the stalled civil nuclear deal –
that remain unresolved and have become symptomatic of the drift in the relationship. And the
shadow of the past threatened to cloud the prospects for the future.
Both leaders did seize the leadership moment that the first summit provided to give momentum
and outline the future contours of the India-U.S. relationship. This was apparent in their joint
Washington Post op-ed, “A Renewed U.S.-India Partnership for the 21st Century,” a vision
statement and the ambitious joint declaration, which called for consultations on global and
regional issues, as well as a bilateral focus on economic growth, energy and climate change,
defense and homeland security, and high technology, space and health cooperation.
Narendra Modi has been making tremendous efforts for the development of the country.By
inviting Mr.Barack Obama on the Republic Day celebration, he not only won the heart of
President Obama but also the whole people of the country India. Their friendship has taken a
new way and in the years to come it will strengthen year by year.It will help not only India in the
sustainable development of the country but in the development of USA also.
Both the countries agreed to resume discussions about a possible bilateral investment treaty and
continue to pursue export reforms so that both USA can advance more hi-tech collaborations
with India.
Both the countries agreed to a number of important steps to promote clean energy and to
confront climate change. US will support India for solar energy and stand ready to speed this
expansion with additional finance. New joint projects were launched to improve air quality in
Indian cities. The United States will share more data and developed tools to help India assess and
adapt to the impact of climate change and help vulnerable communities become more resilient.
Both agreed to work together to make concrete progress this year towards phasing out Hydro
Floro Carbons under the Montreal Protocol. Narendra Modi and Barack Obama made personal
commitment to work together to a strong global agreement in Paris.
The U.S.-India Energy Dialogue was launched to promote trade and investment in the energy
sector. Besides five existing working groups in oil & gas, coal, power and energy efficiency, new
technologies & renewable energy and civil nuclear co-operation, another working group on
'sustainable development' was added recently to the Energy Dialogue. Investment by Indian
companies like Reliance, Essar and GAIL in the U.S. natural gas market is ushering in a new era
of India-U.S. energy partnership. A new U.S.-India Partnership for Climate Resilience has been
agreed to, in order to advance capacity for climate adaptation planning, as also a new U.S.-India
Climate Fellowship Program to build long-term capacity to address climate change-related
issues.
UN will support to reform UN Security Council that includes India as a permanent member. At
the time, India is playing a great role in ensuring international peace and security and meet
shared challenges. As a leading contributor to the UN peacekeeping missions for many years,
India can help the world to do even more to protect citizens in conflict zones.US will support
India’s leadership in combating diseases and promoting global health, the advances to the rights
and dignity of citizens around the world.
"Sanjha Prayaas, SabkaVikaas; Shared Effort, Progress For All”. Each step both take to
strengthen the relationship is a step towards shaping international security, regional and global
peace, prosperity and stability for years to come.
Signaling the natural affinity enjoyed by the two nations, this Declaration proclaims a higher
level of trust and coordination that will continue to draw the Governments and people together
across the spectrum of human endeavor for a better world.
The India-U.S. Vision Statement endorsed in September 2014 committed both the nations to a
long-term partnership for prosperity and peace, through which our countries work together to
make the citizens and the global community, safer and more prosperous.
The Declaration makes tangible and enduring the commitment of the two countries to harness the
inherent potential of the two democracies, and upgrades the unique nature of the relationship,
committing our Governments to work through areas of difference.
CULTURAL COOPERATION:
Cultural cooperation between India and the U.S. is rich and manifest in diverse ways. Apart from
the India-focused educational programs at the Universities and educational institutions, many
private institutions teach Indian cultural arts. In addition to the website 'www.indianembassy.org'
and social media channels, the Embassy provides updated information on various aspects of
India that are relevant to the United States, through its various publications, including "India:
Partner in Growth", a weekly newsletter focusing on business and strategic matters, and "India
Live", a monthly newsletter providing information on initiatives of the Embassy and the
Consulates, major developments in India, and culture and tourism.
MEDIA:
Indian media is present in strength in the U.S., including PTI, IANS, Times of India, The Hindu,
The Hindustan Times, Outlook, Pioneer and other Indian media organizations, which have
correspondents based in Washington D.C. and other major cities. The TV channels represented
in the U.S. include NDTV, Times Now, CNN-IBN and Asia TV. Reflecting the growing
relevance of Internet based information dissemination, correspondents from websites like
Rediff.com, Firstpost.com based here also cover the India-U.S. relations.
Key outcomes of Prime Minister's visit include new mechanisms to enhance trade and
investment, particularly in infrastructure; new modalities to implement cooperation in energy,
including nuclear and renewable energy, and climate change; new initiatives in knowledge,
education and skill development; new approaches to defence trade, security and counter-
terrorism collaboration; and new areas of cooperation between India and the U.S. in third
countries.
Under the U.S.-India Health Initiative, four working groups have been organized in the areas of
Non-Communicable Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Strengthening Health Systems and Services,
and Maternal and Child Health. In order to build up the disease surveillance and epidemiological
capacity in India, Global Disease Detection-India Centre was established and an Epidemic
Intelligence Service program launched. U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Indian Council of
Medical Research, and India's Department of Biotechnology have developed a robust
relationship in the biomedical and behavioral health sciences, research related to HIV/AIDS,
infectious diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, eye disease, hearing disorders, mental
health, and low-cost medical technologies.
India is learning from the U.S. experience in community colleges in order to meet our demands
for skill-development. A Memorandum of Understanding was signed between All India Council
for Technical Education and the American Association of Community Colleges for co-operation
in setting up community colleges in India. It has been agreed to collaborate with U.S. institutions
in the area of Technology Enabled Learning and Massive Open On-line Courses (MOOCs) to
extend the reach of education in India. During Prime Minister Modi's visit in September 2014,
the two countries decided to establish the Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN) ---
under which India will invite and host upto 1000 American academics each year to teach in
Indian universities at their convenience, and to collaborate in establishing an Indian Institute of
Technology in India.
CONCLUSION
The India-U.S. relationship is evolving against the backdrop of growing global disorder. A
recalcitrant Russia, a resurgent China and a fragile and vulnerable Afghanistan pose challenges
to both India and the United States. Additionally a series of ‘black swan’ events – from the
dramatic and brutal rise of Islamic State, to the precipitous fall in oil prices, and the inability to
curtail the Ebola outbreak – revealed how ill prepared nations, including India and the United
States, are to deal with them.
With the upheaval wrought by state and non-state actors to its west and inter-state tensions to its
east, India sits at the epicenter of the unfolding geopolitical uncertainty; New Delhi might have
no choice but to help manage the chaos and restore order regionally and globally for its own
interest. There is growing recognition in the Modi government that the United States is probably
the best partner to address these challenges and help India’s rise—despite the differences that
persist between the two countries and the questions about reliability. The Obama administration,
on its part, has repeatedly stated that even if India and the United States will not always be on the
same page, India’s rise is in U.S. interest—not least because a strong, prosperous, inclusive India
could help manage global and regional disorder.
Even before the second summit, a spate of high-level visits and consultations on trade disputes,
intellectual property rights, defense cooperation, civil nuclear cooperation, clean energy and
climate change, and infrastructure investment indicated the serious efforts that have been
ongoing to clear the backlog of hurdles and pave the way for enhanced cooperation in the future.
However, given the sheer complexity of some of these issues, coupled with the lack of trust
between the two bureaucracies and the entrenched interests on both sides, it is unlikely that all of
them will be resolved by the summit.
Nonetheless, it would be crucial for President Obama and Prime Minister Modi to ensure that
despite this the relationship continues to deepen and widen.This briefing book analyses some
crucial geopolitical and geoeconomic issues that directly affect India and the U.S., as well as
their relationship with each other. Additional memos examine the progress made in
implementing elements in the joint declaration and focus on a range of issues on which India and
the U.S. are or need to be cooperating, including in the foreign, security, economic, energy,
urban and social policy realms.
However, a successful summit is only as good as the ability to deliver on the promises made.
Here, both Prime Minister Modi and President Obama face challenges in their ability to deliver
on potential summit commitments.
There have been many false dawns before in the uncertain evolution of the relationship between
India and the United States. If India and America were estranged democracies during the Cold
War, they certainly became more engaged republics since the 1990s. Yet, repeated attempts at
elevating it into a genuine strategic partnership seemed to end up nowhere.
But India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi and US President Barack Obama ended their second
summit meeting in less than four months by proclaiming that a new chapter has begun in
bilateral relations. This time around there is good reason to be a lot less sceptical about the
ambitions of the two leaders to change the nature and direction of India-US relations.
The principal reason for optimism has been the change of Indian attitude towards America under
Modi. While both Obama and his predecessor George W Bush were eager to transform the
partnership with India, the United Progressive Alliance government in Delhi (2004-14) was
ambivalent.
While Modi’s predecessor Manmohan Singh presided over some path-breaking initiatives in the
nuclear and defence domains with the US during 2005, the leadership of his party, Congress,
appeared reluctant to embrace America.
Modi, despite his personal problem with America’s decade-long denial of a visa when he was the
Chief Minister of Gujarat, put the United States at the centre of his domestic and foreign policy
strategies. Obama, too, was quick to see the opportunity to advance the partnership, and invited
Modi to the White House immediately after India’s general election last year. When Modi
surprised him with an invitation to be the Chief Guest at India’s Republic Day celebrations this
year, Obama readily agreed.
If the first summit between the two leaders last September arrested the drift in the bilateral
relationship, the second one has set the stage for building a more expansive partnership in the
coming years.
The new personal rapport with Obama has helped Modi to find a decisive resolution to some of
the outstanding issues with America. Modi also set new strategic goals, including more effective
cooperation with America in securing the balance of power in Asia and defeating terrorism in the
South Asian subcontinent and beyond.
The outlines of a mutual understanding on implementing the civil nuclear initiative emerged in
the last few weeks, as Delhi opened purposeful negotiations with the US on resolving three
issues at hand—American concerns about India’s Nuclear Liability Act, India’s demand for a
quick closure on the terms of international safeguards, and Washington’s support for India’s
membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group.
Although a nuclear deal that satisfied both sides was on the cards, few observers in Delhi were
prepared for the developments on climate change, which has long been a site of confrontation
between India and the United States. If the virtuousness of India’s international policies has been
measured in the past by their political distance from the United States, Modi promised to
“cooperate closely” with America to conclude an ambitious global climate agreement at the end
of this year in Paris.
In his statement with Obama on the joint vision for Asia-Pacific and the Indian Ocean, Modi
decisively repudiated that ambivalence towards the United States. The two leaders also agreed to
“develop a roadmap that leverages our respective efforts to increase ties among Asian powers,
enabling both our nations to better respond” to the emerging diplomatic, economic and security
challenges in the region.
Unlike the UPA that was reluctant to embark on trilateral and quadrilateral partnerships with the
United States, Modi and and Obama have put the idea of building Asian coalitions at the centre
of their regional strategy.
The UPA government justified its ambivalence towards America by citing Chinese concerns.
Modi, instead, appears a lot more self-assured in navigating the great power rivalries in Asia and
unafraid of building India’s comprehensive national power in collaboration with America.
Modi’s bet on a more intensive strategic partnership with America has been reinforced by a
revised and more ambitious framework for defence cooperation that the two leaders approved.
They also identified a number of weapons projects for co-development and co- production.
Equally important is the determination of the two leaders to expand bilateral cooperation on
counter-terrorism and homeland security. Of particular interest was their emphasis on “joint and
concerted efforts to disrupt entities such as Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad, D Company
and the Haqqani Network”. Modi’s India is no longer whining about Pakistan to America;
instead it is seeking to strengthen its internal capacities to counter terrorism in partnership with
the United States.
It is going to take some time and some patience but it is clear from this visit that both the
countries have a new and perhaps, unprecedented opportunity in deepening the ties with each
other will remain our top foreign policy priority for the administration. So, let just say Chale
saath saath.
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