Using Cassava Starch As A Cellulose Acetate Substitute in Cigarette Filters Background of The Study

Using Cassava Starch as a Cellulose Acetate Substitute in Cigarette Filters
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“Nearly 5 trillion cigarette butts are thrown away each year, two-thirds of
which are thrown away carelessly. These can weigh up to 2 billion
pounds.” (The Terramar Project, 2018)
“Cellulose acetate is photodegradable but not bio-degradable. Although

ultraviolet rays from the sun will eventually break the filter into smaller
pieces under ideal environmental conditions, the source material never
disappears; it essentially becomes diluted in water or soil.” (Novotny, Lum,
Smith, Wang & Barnes, 2009)”
“Cassava starch is the cheapest carbon source in the region and can be
used as polymers, and blending materials (as it can be modified in various
ways).” (Sriroth, Chollakup, Piyachomkwan & Oates, n.d.)”
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 Is cassava starch an effective substitute for cellulose acetate in
cigarette filters?
 Will the cigarette filter with cassava starch fix the problems normal
cigarette filters causes?
 Does the replacing celullose acetate with cassava starch in cigarette
filter affect the user experience?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

COMMUNITY
The outcome of this study will reduce man-made waste on the
streets and directly improve our quality of living.
ENVIRONMENT
The study will produce waste that wil decompose over a sinificantly
less amount of time compared to plastics. As such, the annual
waste cigarette filters produce can be cut down in a large scale.
FUTURE RESEARCHERS
The conclusion of this study will be a stepping stone in producing
more eco-friendly versions of everyday objects that are used by
man.
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
“Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the
modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's
sake. […] the goal of the applied scientist is to improve the human
condition.” (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, n.d.)
This research will be also be conducted using the experimental

method.
PROCEDURE
Ingredients
Cotton
Paper
Cassava Starch
Plug Wrap
Tipping Paper
a. Create a mixture of a fibrous material comprising cotton, paper (or

a mixture of cotton and paper) and a cassava-starch-based
thickening and bonding agent. This filter tow will act as the filtering
matrix for the cigarette.
b. Wrap the filter tow accordingly, preferably with plug wrap and
tipping paper. Do this twice to ensure efficiency of the cigarette
filter.
Calamansi (Citrus Microcarpa) Peel and Seed as an Adsorbent For Heavy

Metals In Water

“[Calamansi fruits are] aromatic, antiseptic, antiphlogistic, carminative,
deodorant, refrigerant. Studies have [also] suggested antimicrobial,
antianxiety, antidepressant, hepatoprotective, expectorant, antioxidant
properties.” (Stuartxchange.org, n.d.)
“[Heavy metals] are considered systemic toxicants that are known to

induce multiple organ damage, even at lower levels of exposure. […]
heavy metals such as arsenic cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury,
occur naturally. […] These metals are systemic toxicants known to induce
adverse health effects in humans, including cardiovascular diseases,
developmental abnormalities, neurologic and neurobehavioral disorders,
diabetes, hearing loss, hematologic and immunologic disorders, and
various types of cancer.” (Tchounwou, Yedjou, Patlolla & Sutton, 2014)
“Specifically, she and her Dickinson undergraduates found that lemon

seeds where capable of removing 100 percent of lead-ion contaminants,
while lemon peels removed 96.4 percent. Okra peels too proved equally
impressive, removing 100 percent of the lead ions in water. Okra seeds,
however, only removed 50 percent.” (Phelan, 2018)

 Are calamansi parts an effective adsorbent for heavy metals in water?
 How long does it take for the calamansi peel and seed to filter the
water and how effective is it?
 What other materials that can be obtained locally share the calamansi
fruits’ properties and can therefore also produce a functional filtration
system?
 Can a calamansi-based water filtration system compete against water
filtration systems sold in the market?

Community
The homemade filtration system proposed in this study can provide
poorer areas with clean water, as it is economical and relatively
easy to make.
Environment
The end product will be able to clean up the heavy metals that our
worsening the aquatic wildlife.
Future researchers
The observations gathered in this study may be used to develop
more large-scale filtration system that will be based on bioogical
products
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN

method.
PROCEDURE
Ingredients
8 pcs Calamansi
1.598 g Lead nitrate
3.93 g copper(II) sulphate
1. Wash and squize out the juice of the calamansi fruits.

2. Air dry the fruits before using an oven to fully dry out.
3. Pulverize and sieve to obtain uniformed particle size.
4. Using a simple filtration system, run the contaminated water through.
Using Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Skin’s Collagenic Properties to
Create Skin Care Lotion
“Tilapia skin is rich in type I and III collagen fibers and has moisture and
disease resistance similar to human skin. Researchers in Brazil have
developed a sterilized tilapia skin wound dressing for second and third
degree burns, on which clinical trials are being carried out and at least 56
patients have received this treatment up till now.” (Osama, 2017)
“Collagen is the most common and abundant form of protein in the body.
[..]As a person ages, their body produces less collagen. This lack of
collagen results in the common signs of aging. Wrinkles, sagging skin that
has lost its elasticity, and stiff joints are all signs that the body is producing
less collagen.
When collagen levels are high, the skin is soft, smooth, and firm. Collagen
helps the skin cells renew and repair themselves. Collagen also helps
keep the skin moist. This is why collagen has been seen as a very
important ingredient for skin care over the years.” (Johnson, 2017)

 How effective is the Tilapia-skin-based lotion in improving the skin
and eradicating aging signs?
 What are the side effects of Tilapia-skin-based lotion?
 What are the skin types Tilapia-skin-based lotion work with the best
and the least?
 How does the Tilapia-skin-based lotion compare against those in
the market?

Community
This study will produce and end product that will not contain foreign
chemicals that may damage both the skin and the environment
andas such will be a cheaper and better alternative for an everyday
product.
Environment
The procedure for this study may be an alternative to traditional
manufacturing methods and therefore reduce this generation’s
carbon footprint.
Future Researchers
This study can be an opening for researchers all over the globe to
look at their own aquaculture and determine if they can create their
own versions of this product locally.
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN

method.
PROCEDURE
Ingredients
65 g distilled water
30 g oil
4 g emulsifying wax
3.5 g Leucidal or .6g Rokonsol
3 drops lactic acid
Tilapia Fish Skin Collagen Extract
1. Send to a chemical lab for collagen extraction.

2. Sterilize tools to use.
3. Heat the water (or aqueous phase ingredients) to 70º-75ºC.
4. heat both the oil phase and aqueous phase ingredients
separately, and hold them at around 70º-75ºC each for around
20 minutes, before bringing them together.
5. Add the hot water to the hot oil mixture and whisk the
ingredients together.
6. Allow the mixture to cool slightly.
7. Test the pH levels to what is appropriate. Add a few drops of
lactic acid, if needed for your preservative, and test the pH
again.
8. Once the mixture has cooled and thickened, you can add in the
preservative and any delicate, heat sensitive ingredients like
essential oils.
9. Mix together all ingredients, and pour the mixture into the final
containers.
10. Wait until the lotion is fully cooled to room temperature before
capping.
REFERENCES
Novotny, T.E., Lum, K., Smith, E., Wang, V. & Barnes, R. (2009). Cigarettes
butts and the case for an environmental policy on hazardous cigarette waste.
International journal of
environmental research and public health, 1692-1694. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26308106_Cigarettes_Butts_and_the_
Case_for_an_Environmental_Policy_on_Hazardous_Cigarette_Waste/link/56900
8e708aec14fa557bd95/download.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (n.d.). Basic vs. applied research.

Retrieved from
http://www.sjsu.edu/people/fred.prochaska/courses/ScWk170/s0/Basic-vs.-
Applied-Research.pdf.
Sriroth K., Chollakup, R., Piyachomkwan, K. & Oates, C.G. (n.d.) Biodegradable
plastics from cassava starch in Thailand. Retrieved from http://ciat-
library.ciat.cgiar.org/articulos_ciat/asia/proceedings_workshop_00/538.pdf.
The Terramar Project. (15 January 2018). Breaking Down Cigarette Butt
Pollution – The Facts. Retrieved from
https://theterramarproject.org/2018/05/21/breaking-down-cigarette-butt-pollution-
the-facts/.
Osama, M. (2017). Use of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) skin in the

management of skin burns. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 67.
1955. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321331157_Use_of_Nile_Tilapia_Oreo
chromisniloticus_skin_in_the_management_of_skin_burns.
Johnson, Jon. (26 April 2017).

Ways to get healthier looking skin by boosting collagen levels. Retrieved from
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317151.php.
Phelan, Matthew. (3 August 2018). Anyone Can Filter Lead Out of Their Water
With Fruit and Vegetable Peels. Retrieved from
https://www.inverse.com/article/47706-water-filtration-system-all-natural.
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. 2012. Heavy metal toxicity
and the environment. Experientia Supplementum 101, 133–164. (10.1007/978-3-
7643-8340-4_6). Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144270/.
StuartxChange.Org (n.d.). Kalamansi. Retrieved from

http://www.stuartxchange.org/Kalamansi.html.
Kanyal, M., Bhatt A.A. (2014). Removal of heavy metals from water (Cu and Pb)
using household waste as an adsorbent. Journal of Bioremediation &
Biodegradation. Retrieved from https://www.omicsonline.org/open-
access/removal-of-heavy-metals-from-water-cu-and-pb-using-household-waste-
as-an-adsorbent-2155-6199.1000269.php?aid=36416.
Zhang, F., Wang, A., Li, Z., He, S., & Shao L., (2011). Preparation and
characterisation of collagen from freshwater fish scales. Food and Nutrition
Sciences. Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c4e0/390c1cf774364780fdb00329621f45e63b25
.pdf.
Ariza, T. (24 February 2017). How To Make A Simple, Homemade Lotion And
How To Customize It. Retrieved from https://thethingswellmake.com/make-
simple-basic-homemade-lotion-customize-skin-type/.

Using Cassava Starch As A Cellulose Acetate Substitute in Cigarette Filters Background of The Study

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Using Cassava Starch As A Cellulose Acetate Substitute in Cigarette Filters Background of The Study

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Using Cassava Starch As A Cellulose Acetate Substitute in Cigarette Filters Background of The Study

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Using Cassava Starch as a Cellulose Acetate Substitute in Cigarette Filters

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“Cellulose acetate is photodegradable but not bio-degradable. Although

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will be also be conducted using the experimental

a. Create a mixture of a fibrous material comprising cotton, paper (or

Calamansi (Citrus Microcarpa) Peel and Seed as an Adsorbent For Heavy

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“[Heavy metals] are considered systemic toxicants that are known to

“Specifically, she and her Dickinson undergraduates found that lemon

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will be also be conducted using the experimental

1. Wash and squize out the juice of the calamansi fruits.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will be also be conducted using the experimental

1. Send to a chemical lab for collagen extraction.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (n.d.). Basic vs. applied research.

Osama, M. (2017). Use of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) skin in the

Johnson, Jon. (26 April 2017).

StuartxChange.Org (n.d.). Kalamansi. Retrieved from

You might also like