ANSYS for Civil Engineering and Construction

Jorge Dopico
Senior Technical Services Engineer

1 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Products Overview: Leaders in the Field
ANSYS provides market-leading depth and breadth of capabilities in one
discipline, while allowing for integrated simulation across all disciplines
Systems
ANSYS Simplorer ANSYS SCADE ANSYS HPC

Fluids Structures Electronics

ANSYS Fluent ANSYS Mechanical ANSYS HFSS

ANSYS CFX ANSYS Autodyn ANSYS Maxwell
ANSYS Polyflow ANSYS LS-DYNA ANSYS Designer
ANSYS Icepak ANSYS nCode ANSYS RedHawk

Platform
ANSYS SpaceClaim ANSYS Engineering Knowledge Manager ANSYS DesignXplorer

2 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Where can Mechanical Solutions HELP?

Nonlinearities
– Geometrical nonlinearities
– Material nonlinearities
• Concrete and soil modeling
– Contacts
Dynamics
Structural Design and
Stability
Explicit Solutions
– Blast, Explosion and Home
land Security
– Drop Test
– Fluid Structure Interaction

3 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Nonlinear Analysis

4 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Static Structural Analysis

K u = F  K (u)u = F (u)

F
K

5 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Static Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

• Geometric nonlinearities
• Large deflection
K (u)u = F (u)
• Large Strain

• Material nonlinearities
• Plasticity
• Creep
• Concrete Model
• Soil Model
• …

• “Changing status” nonlinearity

• Contact Analysis
• Lineal Contacts (Bonded, No Separation)
• Nonlinear Contacts (Frictionless, Rough, Frictional)
• Death and Birth

6 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Geomechanic Material Models

7 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Modeling Concrete with microplane model
Concrete softening
The microplane model is well suited for simulating engineering materials consisting of various aggregate
compositions with differing properties (for example, concrete modeling, in which rock and sand are
embedded in a weak matrix of cements).

This material model can be used to include “Damage” in the form of directional-dependent stiffness
degradation on individual potential failure planes, leading to a macroscopic damage.

Concrete softening is the phenomenon which is generally refers to the loss of strength after the peak
strength is reached.

Two main properties of the softening portion of the

material behavior are:

1) Residual strength
2) Rate of degradation

The model can be used with reinforcing elements to

model reinforced concrete.

8 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Modeling Concrete with microplane model

TB,MPLAN,mat,ntemp,npts,tbopt
TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6

Constant Meaning Property

C1 k0 Damage function constant
C2 k1 Damage function constant
C3 k2 Damage function constant
C4 γmic0 Critical Equivalent strain energy
C5 αmic Maximum degradation
C6 βmic Rate of degradation

Equivalent Strain Energy (ηmic) mic = k 0 I1 + k12 I12 + k 2 J 2

Damage Evolution (d mic) d mic  0mic


 ( (
= 1 − mic 1 −  mic +  mic . exp  mic  0mic − mic ))

9 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Reinforcement for concrete structures

Reinforcement definition:

• Material

• Cross Section

• Reinforcement direction

• Spacing

Discrete Reinforcing Smeared Reinforcing

10 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Geotechnical Material Model

Drucker Prager Material Model:

• The Drucker-Prager material model is used for
pressure-dependent inelastic behavior of material
such as soils, rock, concrete and powder.

Classic Drucker Prager Model:

• Cohesion Value (>0)
• Angle of internal friction
• Dilatancy angle

11 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Geotechnical Material Model

Extended Drucker Prager Model:

• Yield criteria
• Linear Form
• Powe Law Form
• Hyperbolic Form

Drucker Prager Cap Model:

• Elastic state
• Compaction state
• Shear state

12 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 New Geo-Mechanics Capabilities (V17)

Mohr-Coulomb
• Plasticity model based on internal cohesion and friction
between material particles.

Jointed Rock
• Extension of the Mohr-Coulomb model that represents
planes of weakness in rock and other materials.

Cam-clay
• Classical material model used for soils.
Drucker-Prager Concrete
• An extension to our current Drucker-Prager models.
• Represents different tension and compression failure that is
typical of concrete.

13 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Dynamic Analysis

14 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Dynamic Analysis

A dynamic analysis is a technique used to determine the dynamic behavior of a

structure or component.

It is an analysis involving time, where the inertia and possibly damping of the
structure play an important role.

“Dynamic behavior” may be one or more of the following:

• Vibration characteristics
– how the structure vibrates and at what frequencies
• Effect of harmonic loads.
• Effect of seismic or shock loads.
• Effect of random loads.
• Effect of time-varying loads.

15 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Modal Analysis
A modal analysis is a technique used to determine the vibration characteristics of structures:
• natural frequencies
– at what frequencies the structure would tend to naturally vibrate
• mode shapes
– in what shape the structure would tend to vibrate at each frequency
• mode participation factors
– the amount of mass that participates in a given direction for each mode

Benefits of modal analysis

• Allows the design to avoid resonant vibrations or to vibrate at a specified frequency (speaker box,
for example).
• Gives engineers an idea of how the design will respond to different types of dynamic loads.
• Helps in calculating solution controls (time steps, etc.) for other dynamic analyses.

Prestress Effects
A prestressed modal analysis can be used to calculate the frequencies and mode shapes of a
prestressed structure, such as a spinning turbine blade.
• The prestress influences the stiffness of the structure through the stress-stiffening matrix
contribution.

16 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Modal Analysis

mode 1
← {f}1, f1

mode 2
← {f}2, f2

17 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Modal Analysis

18 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Response Spectrum
It is common to have a large models excited by transient loading.
• e.g., building subjected to an earthquake
• e.g., electronic component subjected to shock loading

The most accurate solution is to run a long transient analysis.

• “Large” means many DOF. “Long” means many time points.
• In many cases, this would take too much time and compute resources.

19 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Response Spectrum
The recommended solution method is generally
specified by your design code.
• Combination method
• SRSS method

Acceleration
• CQC method
• ROSE method
• Rigid response method
• Lindley-Yow method
• Gupta method
• Missing mass effects Frequency

Results
• Deformation
• Velocity
• Acceleration
• Stresses
• Strains
• …

20 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Harmonic Analysis
A technique to determine the steady state response of a structure to sinusoidal
(harmonic) loads of known frequency.

Harmonic analysis is used in the design of:

• Supports, fixtures, and components of
rotating equipment such as
compressors, engines, pumps, and
turbomachinery.
• Structures subjected to vortex
shedding (swirling motion of fluids)
such as turbine blades, airplane wings,
bridges, and towers.

21 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Harmonic Analysis
Frequency Response

22 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Transient Analysis
Transient structural analysis provides users with the ability to determine the
dynamic response of the system under any type of time-varying loads.
• Unlike rigid dynamic analyses, bodies can be either rigid or flexible. For flexible bodies,
nonlinear materials can be included, and stresses and strains can be output.
• Transient structural analysis is also known as time-history analysis or transient structural
analysis.

Including Nonlinearities
• Geometric nonlinearities
• Material nonlinearities
• Contacts nonlinearities

23 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Structural Design and Stability

24 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Building Structure Analysis
High rise buildings
Structure integrity under extreme conditions
Iconic landmarks
Single part or assembly modeling
Parking lots
Wind induced deformations
Bridges
Pre-stressed, reinforced concrete
Dams
Seismic analysis
Tunnels
Soil mechanics
Malls
• Geotechnical solutions
Theaters
Stadiums

Bridge aeroelasticity Deformation of a hospital masonry

structure due to a code earthquake
event
25 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018 Some pictures: Courtesy of Pont Terv Ltd. Budapest, Hungary.
 Structural Building Design

Bridge design
Tunnel excavation
Dams
Skyscrapers

Seismic analysis & soil mechanic

Wind impact
Materials modeling
Structural integrity

26 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Internal Components

Challenges
• Designing innovative staircases while
ensuring safety
• Testing unusual configurations (several
person standing on the staircase)
• Material selection
• Impact of the equipping on ventilation and
comfort

Engineering Simulation Benefits

• Prediction of stress, strain and displacement
• Interpretation of results into safety factor
• Virtual prototyping
• Cost effective testing of new, innovative
configuration Loading variations analysis for two
staircase configurations: angled and
FEA results of
staircase analysis
curved .

27 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Construction Structure and Sub-Structures
Design of a new structure for a given construction:
• Possibly very complex geometries involved
• Non-linear material properties (Steel, concrete, wood, glass)
involved
• Assembly of large number of parts
• Estimation of lifespan considering Von Mises stress simulation showing distributed
– Service load, including weather condition stress along all elements of a derrick

– Extreme situation
– Fatigue analysis
Maintenance and repair of existing structures
• Age-related structure deterioration:
– Damage such as deformation, fatigue, breakage, etc.
– Cost-effective and safety related decision: maintenance vs.
replacement
Von Mises stress contours on the
substructure.

28 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018 Courtesy AKERE ENERGY, C.A.
 Transportation Engineering: Selection of Material

Complex structure modeling

• Wood or steel material selection for the deck based on
– Cost
– Noise CAD model of TMS temporary bridge
construction and military vehicle
– Maximum loading capacity
• Estimation of the maximal loading capacity
Deck

Stringer
– Accurate load and stress distribution though the material
– Modeling of non-linear response such as plasticity and
lateral buckling Floor Beam

– Non-linear contact between various parts such as bolts,

beam, stringer, deck
• Qualification for higher maximum loading capacity
assisted by accurate, non-linear structural modeling

Modeling the influence of material (wood

vs. steel) in a temporary bridge

29 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Buckling simulation linear & non-linear

30 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Models for big structures

Non linear simulation

Extension of London Metro:
tunnel & station

Resistance to fire: simulation of the

collapse of World Trade Center:
Buckling and transient thermal

31 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Models for big structures

First & second modes

32 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Sismic Analisis
Machinery equipments in an earthquake prone region should be designed to
withstand earthquakes.
Solution - do a spectrum analysis to determine a structure’s response to seismic
loading.

Courtesy: U.S. Geological Survey

33 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Designing Against the Wind

Aluminum frame.
Hurricane-force winds between 100 and 150 mph.
Detect potential failure points.

Courtesy of Optimization Analysis Associates, Inc, Florida, U.S.A.

34 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 ANSYS Sets the Stage

Simulation was used to design the floating stage

set used in a Bond movie.
• Analyzing Structural Details
• Evaluation of Ultimate Limits of Structure

35 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Fire behavior of composite floors with cellular beams

36 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Geotechnical Engineering: Soil and Rock Mechanic
Engineering Simulation Benefits
• Virtual Prototyping
• Investigating the behavior of the
construction in its future underground
environment
• Accurate modeling of the soil and rock
mechanic
• e.g. Cap Drucker-Prager plasticity model
Contours of the 3rd principal stress (unit / KPa)

Challenges
• Ensure long term stability of the construction
• Proper definition of boundary conditions
• Soil variability and properties
• Stress dependent material properties
• Volume change, stress-strain relationship,
strength Total Displacement Vector (unit / m)

Courtesy of Wu Han University and the Power Supply Bureaui, China

37 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Geotechnical Engineering: Earthquakes
Result of masonry failure criteria
Engineering Simulation Benefits test on a selected building part

• Modal analysis
• Calculation of the induced stress and
deformations in complex geometries
• Modeling the residual resistance of the
deteriorate building
• Cost effective testing of extreme and unlikely
event such as the ‘Big One’

Challenges
• Earthquake resistance is a critical building criteria
in some regions
• Extremely difficult to test real size problem leading
to excessive and costly safety margin
• Need to plan for very unlikely events
• Soil and rock mechanic is adding more uncertainty
to the problem Deformation of a hospital masonry
structure due to a code earthquake event

38 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Seismic Analysis of the AP1000 Nuclear Island

Detailed ANSYS Large Solid-Shell Model Simpler Model for SSI

3 Models used • Models were coupled to subsystems

• Lumped mass stick model representing reactor coolant loops,
containment internal structures, polar
• Large Solid-Shell model
crane, and containment vessel
• Simpler model for SSI
• Time history analyses were employed

Reference: Finite Element Modeling of the AP1000 Nuclear Island for Seismic Analyses at Generic Soil and Rock
Sites, R. Orr, L.Tunon-Sanjur, & S. Tinic, SMiRT 18, Beijing, China, August 7-12, 2005.

39 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Simulations of Extreme Conditions

40 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Blast, Explosion and Homeland Security
Explicit analysis Benefits
• Blast and explosion modeling • Investigation of various disaster scenarios
• Optimization of passive building resistance to blast
• Impact of objects and vehicles on buildings
• Adjustment of fire suppression and smoke
• Models involving the impact of: management system
– Architectural aspects – Ventilation
– Landscape design – Fire suppression
– Ground profile – Smoke management
• Damage to building structure • Maintain safety escape path despite extreme
conditions

Courtesy of
41 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018 Risk Management Solutions Inc. and The Sanborn Map Co.
 Blast, Explosion and Homeland Security

Courtesy of
42 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018 Risk Management Solutions Inc. and The Sanborn Map Co.
 Minimizing the impact of Blast inside Buildings
Separation wall (A) Blast loading on responding walls
{10 atm}
4m
Open building (no side walls)
One separation wall included
TNT
Closed building (incl. 2 walls)

Courtesy of armasuisse
Separation wall (B)

Restaurant

Entrance Hall

Outside Entrance Space

Meeting Room

43 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Shock, Impact & Blast Modeling
Modeling of shock, impact & blast on glass through Explicit
analysis
• Seismic loading on glazing systems
• Impact of debris on window (windstorm, hurricane)
• Bullet impact
• Bird impact on airplane windshield
• Blast loading on glass facades
Blast loading and building response
• Deforming structures (solids, shells, beams)
• Air vents through openings generated by blast
Impact into reinforced concrete

44 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Reinforcement concrete structures

45 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Impact Hypervelocity

Although extremely unlikely, some important High Energy Physics

building must investigate the risk of damage in
case of meteorite impact
Planetary Impacts
Understanding the evolution of planetary geology

Micro Meteoroid Impacts

Observed crater morphology

Vapour 20km Projectile

20km/s
Liquid

Courtesy, Emily Baldwin, University College London

1mm Particle Initial Crater Crater collapse
Formation under gravity
Solid
Shock induced Melting and Vaporisation

20km/s Impact on Geological Material

46 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Drop Test Simulation

Dropping of fluid-filled container

Drop test - Concrete Beam

Impact Barrier
Dropping Of A Tank Containing Fluid

47 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Sloshing

48 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Fluid flow - Tsunami

49 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Computational Fluid Dynamics
CFD

50 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Were can Computational Fluid Dynamics HELP?
Construction design typically involved 4 areas:
1. Wind Engineering \ Pollutant Dispersion
2. Ventilation and Thermal Comfort
3. Fire & Smoke Management
4. Water Management Courtesy of NInsight, Inc.

51 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 External Aerodynamics (Tunnel)
Train traveling in the tunnel at speeds of up to 350 km/h
Transient compressible fluid simulation
CFD prediction of:
• Critical velocities and recirculation zones
• Flow pathlines
• Transient vorticity effects
• Transition zones (laminar to turbulent)
• Large pressure gradients along tunnel
• Static Pressure on train
• Pressure wave propagation

52 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Fire and Smoke Extraction
Validation against experiments.
Conjugate heat transfer (solid conduction included)
Fire:
• Combustion
• Smoke and heat source
Temperature distribution
Smoke recirculation zones
Species concentration
Exhaust system effects

53 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Fire and Smoke Extraction

54 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018

 Railway Station
Dispersion of diesel locomotive fumes.
Streamlines highlight wake effects.
Wind loading.
Fire.
Transport of heat and pollutants.
Upstream: Site-specific statistics or assumed ground
roughness.
Any wind direction allowed.
Surface roughness included (e.g. cars at ground level).
Surfaces coloured by static pressure

Fire Simulation

55 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. October 25, 2018