Maitreya and Manjusri Sutras PDF

THE SUTRA THAT EXPOUNDS THE
DESCENT OF MAITREYA BUDDHA

AND HIS ENLIGHTENMENT
THE SUTRA OF MAÑJUŚRĪ’S

QUESTIONS
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BDK English Tripiṭaka Series

(Taishō Volume 14, Number 454)
Translated by Shōtarō Iida

and Jane Goldstone

QUESTIONS
(Taishō Volume 14, Number 468)
Translated by John R. McRae
Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai America, Inc.

2016
Copyright © 2016 by Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai and
BDK America, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or by any means
—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
First Printing, 2016

ISBN: 978-1-886439-60-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016900374
Published by
BDK America, Inc.
1675 School Street
Moraga, California 94556
Printed in the United States of America

A Message on the Publication of the
English Tripiṭaka
The Buddhist canon is said to contain eighty-four thousand different teachings.

I believe that this is because the Buddha’s basic approach was to prescribe a
different treatment for every spiritual ailment, much as a doctor prescribes a
different medicine for every medical ailment. Thus his teachings were always
appropriate for the particular suffering individual and for the time at which the
teaching was given, and over the ages not one of his prescriptions has failed to
relieve the suffering to which it was addressed.
Ever since the Buddha’s Great Demise over twenty-five hundred years ago,
his message of wisdom and compassion has spread throughout the world. Yet
no one has ever attempted to translate the entire Buddhist canon into English
throughout the history of Japan. It is my greatest wish to see this done and to
make the translations available to the many English-speaking people who have
never had the opportunity to learn about the Buddha’s teachings.
Of course, it would be impossible to translate all of the Buddha’s eighty-four
thousand teachings in a few years. I have, therefore, had one hundred thirty-nine
of the scriptural texts in the prodigious Taishō edition of the Chinese Buddhist
canon selected for inclusion in the First Series of this translation project.
It is in the nature of this undertaking that the results are bound to be criticized.
Nonetheless, I am convinced that unless someone takes it upon himself or herself
to initiate this project, it will never be done. At the same time, I hope that an
improved, revised edition will appear in the future.
It is most gratifying that, thanks to the efforts of more than a hundred Buddhist
scholars from the East and the West, this monumental project has finally gotten
off the ground. May the rays of the Wisdom of the Compassionate One reach
each and every person in the world.
NUMATA Yehan
Founder of the English
August 7, 1991 Tripiṭaka Project
v
Editorial Foreword
In January 1982, Dr. NUMATA Yehan, the founder of Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai
(Society for the Promotion of Buddhism), decided to begin the monumental
task of translating the complete Taishō edition of the Chinese Tripiṭaka (Buddhist
canon) into the English language. Under his leadership, a special preparatory
committee was organized in April 1982. By July of the same year, the Translation
Committee of the English Tripiṭaka was officially convened.
The initial Committee consisted of the following members: (late) HANAYAMA
Shōyū (Chairperson), (late) BANDŌ Shōjun, ISHIGAMI Zennō, (late) KAMATA
Shigeo, (late) KANAOKA Shūyū, MAYEDA Sengaku, NARA Yasuaki, (late) SAYEKI
Shinkō, (late) SHIOIRI Ryōtatsu, TAMARU Noriyoshi, (late) TAMURA Kwansei,
URYŪZU Ryūshin, and YUYAMA Akira. Assistant members of the Committee
were as follows: KANAZAWA Atsushi, WATANABE Shōgo, Rolf Giebel of New
Zealand, and Rudy Smet of Belgium.
After holding planning meetings on a monthly basis, the Committee selected
one hundred thirty-nine texts for the First Series of translations, an estimated
one hundred printed volumes in all. The texts selected are not necessarily limited
to those originally written in India but also include works written or composed
in China and Japan. While the publication of the First Series proceeds, the texts
for the Second Series will be selected from among the remaining works; this
process will continue until all the texts, in Japanese as well as in Chinese, have
been published.
Frankly speaking, it will take perhaps one hundred years or more to accomplish
the English translation of the complete Chinese and Japanese texts, for they
consist of thousands of works. Nevertheless, as Dr. NUMATA wished, it is the
sincere hope of the Committee that this project will continue unto completion,
even after all its present members have passed away.
Dr. NUMATA passed away on May 5, 1994, at the age of ninety-seven, entrusting
his son, Mr. NUMATA Toshihide, with the continuation and completion of the
Translation Project. The Committee also lost its able and devoted Chairperson,
vii
Editorial Foreword
Professor HANAYAMA Shōyū, on June 16, 1995, at the age of sixty-three. After
these severe blows, the Committee elected me, then Vice President of Musashino
Women’s College, to be the Chair in October 1995. The Committee has renewed
its determination to carry out the noble intention of Dr. NUMATA, under the lead-
ership of Mr. NUMATA Toshihide.
The present members of the Committee are MAYEDA Sengaku (Chairperson),
ICHISHIMA Shōshin, ISHIGAMI Zennō, KATSURA Shōryū, NAMAI Chishō, NARA
Yasuaki, SAITŌ Akira, SHIMODA Masahiro, Kenneth K. Tanaka, WATANABE Shōgo,
and YONEZAWA Yoshiyasu.
The Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research was established in
November 1984, in Berkeley, California, U.S.A., to assist in the publication of
the BDK English Tripiṭaka First Series. The Publication Committee was organized
at the Numata Center in December 1991. Since then the publication of all the vol-
umes has been and will continue to be conducted under the supervision of this
Committee in close cooperation with the Editorial Committee in Tokyo.
MAYEDA Sengaku
Chairperson
Editorial Committee of
the BDK English Tripiṭaka
viii
Publisher’s Foreword
On behalf of the members of the Publication Committee, I am happy to present

this volume as the latest contribution to the BDK English Tripiṭaka Series. The
Publication Committee members have worked to ensure that this volume, as all
other volumes in the series, has gone through a rigorous process of editorial efforts.
The initial translation and editing of the Buddhist scriptures found in this
and other BDK English Tripiṭaka volumes are performed under the direction of
the Editorial Committee in Tokyo, Japan. Both the Editorial Committee in Tokyo
and the Publication Committee, headquartered in Moraga, California, are ded-
icated to the production of accurate and readable English translations of the
Buddhist canon. In doing so, the members of both committees and associated
staff work to honor the deep faith, spirit, and concern of the late Reverend Dr.
Yehan Numata, who founded the BDK English Tripiṭaka Series in order to dis-
seminate the Buddhist teachings throughout the world.
The long-term goal of our project is the translation and publication of the
texts in the one hundred-volume Taishō edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon,
along with a number of influential extracanonical Japanese Buddhist texts. The
list of texts selected for the First Series of this translation project may be found
at the end of each volume in the series.
As Chair of the Publication Committee, I am deeply honored to serve as the
fifth person in a post previously held by leading figures in the field of Buddhist
studies, most recently by my predecessor, John R. McRae.
In conclusion, I wish to thank the members of the Publication Committee for
their dedicated and expert work undertaken in the course of preparing this volume
for publication: Senior Editor Marianne Dresser, Dr. Hudaya Kandahjaya, Dr.
Carl Bielefeldt, Dr. Robert Sharf, and Rev. Brian Kensho Nagata, Director of the
BDK America English Tripiṭaka Project.
A. Charles Muller
Chairperson
Publication Committee
ix
Contents
A Message on the Publication of the English Tripiṭaka

NUMATA Yehan v
Editorial Foreword MAYEDA Sengaku vii
Publisher’s Foreword A. Charles Muller ix
The Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Maitreya Buddha
and His Enlightenment
Contents 3
Translator’s Introduction 5
and His Enlightenment 13
Notes 25
The Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions
Contents 29
The Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions 35
Notes 141
Glossary 145
Bibliography 151
Index 153
A List of the Volumes of the BDK English Tripiṭaka (First Series) 165
xi
Contents
and His Enlightenment 13
Notes 25
3
Translator’s Introduction
Sutras on Maitreya
Maitreya Bodhisattva appears for the first time not during the period of early
Buddhism but in the Āgama sutras compiled during the later period of sectarian
Buddhism (after the first century C.E.). These Āgama sutras are as follows:
1. The Lengthy Āgama Sutras no. 6, Sutra on the Practices of the Wheel-
turning King (T.1:39a–42b).
2. The Middle-length Āgama Sutras no. 66, Sutra of Allegories (T.26:508c–
511c).
3 The Gradual Āgama Sutras (T.125:645a–645b).
4 The Gradual Āgama Sutras (T.125:756c–758c).
5. The Gradual Āgama Sutras (T.125:787c–789c).
Maitreya is also found in sutras other than the Āgamas: the Sutra on the
Descending Birth of Maitreya (T.453:421a:421a–423c), translated by Dhar-
marakṣa (230?–316); the Sutra on the Descending Birth of Maitreya (T.454:423c–
425c), translated by Kumārajīva (344–413); the Sutra on Maitreya’s Descending
Birth and Becoming Buddha (T.455:426a–428b), translated by Yijing (635–
713); the Sutra on Maitreya Becoming Buddha (T.456:428b–434b), translated
by Kumārajīva; the Sutra on the Time of Maitreya’s Arrival (T.457:434b–435a),
translator unknown; and the Sutra on the Visualization of Maitreya Bodhisattva’s
Ascending Birth in Tuṣita Heaven (T.452:418b–420c), translated by Juqu Jing-
sheng (?–464).
In the Pāli canon, the Cakkavatti-sīhanāda-suttanta (Dīgha-nikāya 26) cor-
responds to the Sutra on the Practices of the Wheel-turning King, while the
Saṃkhitta (Aṅguttara-nikāya VIII.41) corresponds to the Sutra of Allegories in
the list above. In the Tibetan canon, the Ḥphags-pa byams-pa luṅ-bstan-pa
(Peking edition, No. 1011) corresponds to the Sutra on the Descending Birth
of Maitreya, though there are substantial differences between the two versions.
5
The six non-Āgama sutras listed above are collectively referred to as the Six
Maitreya Sutras, while the Sutra on the Descending Birth of Maitreya, the Sutra
on Maitreya Becoming Buddha, and the Sutra on the Visualization of Maitreya
Bodhisattva’s Ascending Birth in Tuṣita Heaven constitute the Maitreya Triple
Sutra. The Sutra on the Descending Birth of Maitreya is nearly identical to the
Gradual Āgama Sutras (T.125:787c–789c) and is thought to be taken from an
independent sutra. The text translated in this volume is the Sutra on the Descend-
ing Birth of Maitreya, translated by Kumārajīva.
The Development of
Maitreya Thought
Based on the sutras listed above, we can examine how Maitreya emerged and
came to occupy an important place in Buddhism. In the Sutra on the Practices
of the Wheel-turning King Śākyamuni explains to the monks how they are to
carry out their practices. In the past the world was prosperous under the reign
of good kings, but it later deteriorated under kings who ruled poorly. The world
soon came to almost a complete end due to war. From this point on in the sutra,
Śākyamuni’s words turn prophecy: because of the efforts of meritorious survivors,
the world will likely prosper again and human life span will increase. When
human life span increases to eighty thousand years, a buddha named Metteya
(Skt. Maitreya) and a wheel-turning king (cakravartin) named Śaṅkha will
appear and the world will realize peace and prosperity. It seems that the aim in
compiling this sutra was to teach monks how to conduct themselves properly,
like the wheel-turning king. In this text Maitreya serves only as an assistant and
there is no reference to his ascent to or descent from Tuṣita Heaven.
The Sutra of Allegories opens with Śākyamuni and his disciples residing in
the Deer Park in Vārāṇasī. Aniruddha speaks to the monks about the buddhas
of the past. The Buddha then instructs him to also talk about the buddhas of the
future. As Aniruddha relates how a wheel-turning king named Śaṅkha and
Maitreya Buddha will appear in the world when the human life span has increased
to eighty thousand years, the monk Ajita says that he wishes to be reborn in the
next life as the wheel-turning king Śaṅkha, and the monk Maitreya wishes to
be reborn as Maitreya Buddha. Śākyamuni then reprimands Ajita but praises
Maitreya; he bestows upon Maitreya a golden robe and prophesies that he will
6
become a buddha. The demon king Māra appears and says that the monk Maitreya
should become Śaṅkha, the king of Ketumatī Castle, but Śākyamuni insists that
he will become Maitreya Buddha. An argument ensues, but in the end Māra is
defeated and disappears from the scene. There is no reference to Tuṣita Heaven.
The motivation for the compilation of this sutra seems to have been to teach the
superiority of the Buddhist path over worldly success.
According to the Sutra on the Descending Birth of Maitreya, Śāriputra entreats
Śākyamuni to explain how one can meet Maitreya. There is a beautiful capital
city called Ketumatī, where a wheel-turning king named Śaṅkha will appear.
At that time Maitreya will be born to a brahman couple, Brahmavatī and Subrah-
man, who are living in Ketumatī. Upon seeing and deploring the suffering of
sentient beings, Maitreya leaves secular life and eventually realizes awakening
under a dragonflower (nāgapuṣpa) tree. Seeing this, King Śaṅkha and many of
his people enter the Buddhist path.
At that time, Sudatta will become a rich merchant called Sudhāna and Viśākhā
will become Princess Śyāmāvatī. Maitreya declares to them:
You have come to me having practiced and accumulated spiritual benefits

under Śākyamuni Buddha. O wonderful Śākyamuni Buddha, it is excellent
that he has trained so many people and has sent them to me. The world
back then was corrupt, but you (Sudhāna, Vaiśakhā, etc.) have accomplished
a very difficult task (i.e., living a pure life). Śākyamuni Buddha generated
great compassion and even sacrificed his body out of his concern for all of
you, and he even preached about my future appearance. It is rare to encounter
such a teacher.
Maitreya preaches the Dharma at three gatherings at the Flower Forest Park,
where, as a result, 9.6 billion arhats, 9.4 billion arhats, and 9.2 billion arhats
appear, respectively. He further liberates the gods, and then enters the city of
Ketumatī, leading all sentient beings. At that time miracles occur as gods play
musical instruments and scatter flower petals, and Brahmā and Śakra sing praises
of the Buddha. Māra submits himself to the Buddha. Maitreya leads a large
group of beings to Vulture Peak and comes face to face with the Buddha’s great
disciple, Mahākāśyapa, who was in deep meditation (actually dead) in a cave.
Maitreya Buddha then praises the “relic body” of Mahākāśyapa and his efforts
to save sentient beings. Seeing this, sentient beings are moved by the realization
7
of the difficulties faced by Śākyamuni Buddha and others during the corrupt
period. As he speaks, Śākyamuni Buddha encourages his disciples to make great
effort so that they may be able to meet Maitreya.
The motivation for the compilation of this sutra seems to have been to use
the marvelous opportunity of meeting the future buddha as a pretext for encour-
aging people to exert themselves in the present. There is no reference to Tuṣita
Heaven in this sutra, but it is referenced in the Sutra on the Descending Birth
of Maitreya (Gradual Āgama Sutras, T.453:421c6), the contents of which are
virtually the same as this text.
Many people have a greater interest in meeting Maitreya sooner rather than
waiting for a meeting in the distant future, because Maitreya will appear only
after a very long time. People do not want to wait that long and so they begin
to wonder where Maitreya might be residing. The result is thought to be the
Sutra of Ascending Birth, which was compiled after the Sutra of Descending
Birth. This is confirmed by a passage in the former text: “Maitreya Bodhisattva
will descend to Jambudvīpa 5.6 billion years later, as is explained in the Sutra
of Descending Birth” (T.452:420c7–8).
According to the Sutra of Ascending Birth, Upāli asks the Buddha when he
was in Śrāvastī, “O World-honored One, you once prophesied that Ajita would
become a buddha, but this Ajita (five lines earlier he is referred to as “Maitreya”)
is still only an ordinary being. Where will he be born after death?” The Buddha
replies, “He will die in twelve years and be reborn in Tuṣita Heaven.”
The Buddha then goes on to explain the marvelous qualities of Tuṣita Heaven
at great length. He further explains that Ajita was born to a brahman named
Bāvari in the village of Kappārī (?) in Vārāṇasī, and that in twelve years he
would return to that place on the fifteenth day of the second month (the discourse
is taking place in Śrāvastī). Maitreya will then die and ascend to Tuṣita Heaven.
In this world below (i.e., Jambudvīpa) his relics are enshrined in a stupa, but
Maitreya himself is miraculously reborn instantly in Tuṣita Heaven. He sits on
a lotus flower seat and continuously turns the Dharma wheel of nonretrogression.
Maitreya will then descend to Jambudvīpa 5.6 billion years later.
The Buddha then teaches that after Maitreya’s death, if someone contemplates
him, recites his name, receives the eight pure precepts, and cultivates the pure
actions, he or she will also ascend to Tuṣita Heaven when they die. When one
is approaching death in this world, Maitreya Buddha will come to welcome that
8
person with an assembly of heavenly beings. The Buddha further admonishes

the audience to think about this carefully and generate the wish to be reborn in
Tuṣita Heaven. Those in the audience stand and prostrate at the feet of Śākyamuni
Buddha and Maitreya Bodhisattva. Bodhisattvas who have come from other
buddha lands to listen to Śākyamuni’s preaching vow to descend to this world
at the time of Maitreya’s descent.
This sutra preaches the benefits of contemplating the Buddha and reciting
his name, suggesting an influence of Amitābha thought.
The Gradual Āgama Sutras (T.125:645a–645b and 756c–758c) and the Sutra
on Maitreya Becoming Buddha were probably compiled at a later period. Sutra (3)
contains the word ṣaṭ-pāramitā, while the Gradual Āgama Sutras (756c–758c)
include a reference to a prophecy by Dīpaṃkara (“Lamplight”) Buddha and the
word “vow.” There is a reference to the term prajñāpāramitā (perfection of wisdom)
in the Sutra on Maitreya Becoming Buddha. We also find references to Maitreya
in the Sutra of the Age of the Wise and in the Sutra of the Questions and Vow of
Bodhisattva Maitreya, but these texts reveal features of later development.
The Cultural Background for the

Emergence of Maitreya Thought
The origin of Maitreya in Buddhism may have been influenced by Iranian reli-
gious thought. From around the second century B.C.E. Mithraism, based on a
deified personification of the sun, gained a following in the areas influenced by
Iranian culture. For example, in Parthia a king named Mithridates (meaning
“child received from Mithra”), and Antigonos I (first century B.C.E.) built a
statue of Mithra (= Apollo) in Kommagene (located in present-day Turkey).
This Mithra cult probably also influenced the Mithraism that became popular
within the Roman Empire.
In India, the kings of the Kushan Empire (second century C.E.) carved sun
gods on their coins and inscribed the word “Miiro” on the side. It seems quite
evident that “Mihira” or “Miiro” evolved from “Mithra.” “Mithra” is also found
in the name Mitirakula, a sixth-century king who persecuted Buddhism. (In the
case of the name Agnimitra, a king of the Śuṅga dynasty in central India, mitra
means “friend”; Agnimitra thus means “friend of the god Agni.”)
Within this environment, the Buddhists could not remain indifferent to Mithra
and incorporated him into their fold, as they did with the Hindu deities Brahmā
9
and Indra. During this process, some Buddhists came to realize that “Mithra” was
equivalent to “Mitra” in the Indic language and that it was related to “Metteya,”
the name of a monk who appears in one of the earliest sutras, the Suttanipāta.
In order to situate the origins of new deities within the Buddhist tradition, Mithra
thus came to be identified with Metteya.
According to verse no. 1006 of the Suttanipāta, Metteya studied in a country
in the south with a brahman named Bāvari, who (according to verse no. 976)
had come from Kośala. Bāvari sent sixteen of his disciples, including Ajita and
Tissa Metteya, to Śrāvastī in Kośala, where Śākyamuni was said to reside. Śākya-
muni had since moved on to Rājagṛha in Magadha, but Bāvari’s disciples were
able to catch up with him there.
The Sutra on the Visualization of Maitreya Bodhisattva’s Ascending Birth in
Tuṣita Heaven mentions that Maitreya was born into the family of a great brahman
named Bāvari in Kappārī (?), in Vārāṇasī. This reference must be related to the
story cited above from Suttanipāta (Vārāṇasī had once been annexed by Kośala).
Further, Ajita and Tissa Metteya are separate individuals in the Sutra of Allegories
cited above, but Ajita is treated as another name for Metteya in the other sutras.
Since “Ajita” carries the meaning of “invincible,” the French scholar Jean
Filliozat compares Ajita Metteya with the concept of “the invincible sun (god)”
(Sol Invictus) in the teachings of Mithra.1
According to an Avesta scripture, Yašts XIX, vii, Hvarna (a kind of halo)
served King Yima when he ran the country properly, but left the king when he
engaged in telling lies. This is reminiscent of a story in a Buddhist text, The
Lion’s Roar of the Dharma-turning King, where Wheel Treasure leaves the evil
king.2 There are teachings of end-of-time (eschatology) as well as of a messiah
(saośyant) in Zoroastrianism, which are believed to have influenced Judaism.
A strong possibility exists that a similar process of influence took place with
regard to Buddhism.
The Name “Maitreya” and

Rebirth in Tuṣita
I once thought that the Chinese term for Maitreya, Mi-le (ancient pronunciation:
Mier-lek) was a transliteration of Miiro. Buddhist dictionaries explain Mi-le as a
transliteration of Maitreya, although there is no “t” sound in Mi-le. However,
according to Asao Iwamatsu, the Chinese character mi was once pronounced miet.3
10
So Mi-le could have been a transliteration of a word like “Metrago,” which

appears in the Metrago Boddo legend of certain Kaniṣka coins. It bears mention
here that a bodhisattva statue (from the second century) with “Maitreya” inscribed
in Brāhmī script was discovered in Ahicchattra.
The Maitreya cult became popular from around the fourth century C.E. The
Chinese monk Faxian (320?–420?), during his travels through Darada in Northern
India, came upon a huge wooden statue of Maitreya (T.2085:858a2). Dao’an
and his disciples sought rebirth in Tuṣita Heaven (T.2059:353b28), and Jidaolin
wrote the Praise of Maitreya (T.2103:197a13). Furthermore, Emperor Ming of
the Song (465–472) compiled the Dragon Flower Vow Passage, and numerous
statues and images of Maitreya were produced and placed in the caves of Long-
men and Yongang.4 In India, the famous scholar-monk Asaṅga (fifth century)
is said to have ascended to Tuṣita Heaven to receive teachings directly from
Maitreya.
In China, the Maitreya cult and the Amitābha cult flourished around the same
time, leading to debates about which was superior. Maitreya followers stressed
the proximity of Tuṣita Heaven, which is part of the triple realm (i.e., part of
the samsaric three realms of existence in which beings reside). On the other
hand, Amitābha followers used the same argument to assert the inferiority of
Tuṣita Heaven, emphasizing the transcendence of Amitābha’s Pure Land from
the triple realm, which demonstrates its superiority. The Maitreya cult eventually
lost ground to the ascendant Amitābha cult.
The Image of the Contemplative

Maitreya
At Kōryūji in Kyoto there is a very well-known image of Maitreya (Miroku
Bosatsu), in which he is depicted touching his finger to his chin, that has been
designated a National Treasure of Japan. The Hōryū Temple Museum in Tokyo
has numerous images that are believed to have been created on the Korean
peninsula. Maitreya’s contemplative pose has long been thought of as a bodhi-
sattva contemplating how best to save beings. However, Gregory Schopen
recently put forth a view that this is not an image of a bodhisattva but of a suf-
fering prince who is disillusioned with himself.5 Consequently, Schopen contends
that the East Asian understanding of the figure as an image of Maitreya Bodhi-
sattva is erroneous.
11
I have argued that Schopen’s interpretation of the pose in question does not
apply to all the sculptures, and never applies to images of Maitreya.6 Noriaki
Hakamaya agrees with Schopen’s basic view but objects to the notion that the
contemplative image is not that of a bodhisattva. Bodhisattvas are not necessarily
all great beings, such as Maitreya or Avalokiteśvara, who are always meditating
on how best to aid suffering sentient beings; there are lay bodhisattvas, too. This
image may thus represent a lay bodhisattva.7
12
The Sutra That Expounds the
Descent of Maitreya Buddha
and His Enlightenment
Translated by Kumārajīva, Tripiṭaka Master

of Kucha Country, in the time
of the Late Qin
Śāriputra, endowed with great wisdom, able to turn the wheel of the Dharma, 423c
according to the Buddha’s instruction, is the great general of the doctrine.
Out of compassion for all sentient beings, he addressed the Buddha:
O Honorable One! According to what is written in the various sutras,

Maitreya will descend to the world and become Buddha. Respectfully,
I ask that I may hear in detail of the merits, the miraculous powers, and
the land of glory of Maitreya. What manner of giving (dāna), precepts
(śīla), and wisdom (prajñā) will enable sentient beings to meet Maitreya?
Whereupon the Buddha declared to Śāriputra:
I shall now explain this matter in detail for your sake. Listen well, O
Śāriputra! The level of the four oceans will gradually fall by three thou-
sand yojanas. At that time Jambūdvīpa, measuring ten thousand yojanas
in length and eight thousand in width, will be as flat as a mirror and cov-
ered in beautiful flowers and soft grasses. A multitudinous variety of
trees, flowers, and fruits will grow in profusion and all the trees will be
thirty leagues high. Cities and towns will be followed by more cities and
towns with only the distance of a fowl’s flight between them. Human
beings will live to be eighty-four thousand years old and will be endowed
with wisdom, dignity, and physical power. Life will be free from danger
and full of joy. Only three afflictions will remain—the necessity of reliev-
ing one’s bowels, of eating and drinking, and of getting old. Women will
not marry until they are five hundred years old.
At that time there will be a great city called Ketumatī. Twelve yojanas
long and seven yojanas wide, this city will be of perfect arrangement,
exquisite beauty, lavish adornment, and immaculate cleanliness. Blessed
and meritorious people will dwell therein, and because of their blessings
and virtue there will be joy and peace. The city will be made of seven
treasures and crowned by towers. Doors and windows will be bejeweled
and covered by a net of pearls. Streets, swept clean, will be twelve leagues
wide. A great nāgarāja (dragon king), Tagaraśikhin by name, will dwell
in his place in the lake near the city, and from this will appear a fine rain
15
that will fall through the night, subduing the dust. The earth will glisten
as though oiled and people may walk to and fro without a trace of dust.
424a Human beings will attain blessings and morality. The streets will be
replete with pillars of brilliant jewels ten leagues tall, with no need of
candles; brilliant light will shine throughout the days and nights. The
cities, towns, and dwellings will not have a speck of dirt and the ground
will be covered with gold dust. Here and there will be heaps of gold and
silver. There will be a great yakṣa deva by the name of Bhadrapraśāsaka
who will keep vigilant guard over the city and maintain its cleanliness.
Human waste will not have to be disposed of—the ground will simply
open up to receive it and return to its former appearance upon closing
up again. When the time of death comes, human beings will walk quietly
to their burial mounds and then pass away.
In those peaceful and happy times, no one in the cities will need to
lock their door, for there will be neither enemies nor thieves. Nor will
there be worldly cares, floods or fires, wars, any type of famine, and no
harmful poisons. Human beings will always be compassionate, respectful
of one another, tranquil, in control of their senses, and gentle in speech.
O Śāriputra! I will now tell you briefly of the prosperity and joyfulness
of the cities and towns of that land. There will be numerous parks with
naturally flowing lakes and springs, their waters endowed with the eight
fine qualities. Everywhere the water will be covered with lotuses of myr-
iad hues: blue, pink, crimson, and white. On four sides the lakes will be
surrounded by pathways made of four jewels. All the birds will gather
peacefully here: geese, ducks, mandarin ducks, peacocks, kingfishers,
parrots, mynahs, doves, partridges, and others. Among them will nest
many sweetly singing birds, including countless rare songbirds. Trees
bearing fruit and fragrant trees will be plentiful throughout the land.
At that time Jambudvīpa will always be as fragrant as the Fragrant
Mountain. Its running waters will be beauteous, sweet-tasting, and healing.
All vegetation will flourish through the timeliness of bounteous rains,
weeds will not grow, and every seed will bear fruit seven times. With
little labor, the harvest will be rich. When eaten, the food will not only
taste and smell admirable but will also be nutritious and give strength.
16
At that time there will be a wheel-turning king (cakravartin) named

Śaṅkha in that land. He will command four kinds of fighting forces but
he will have no need of martial power to conquer his foes. He will also
father a thousand sons of great valor and strength who can dispel all
enemies. This king will possess seven great treasures: the treasured
golden wheel, the treasured elephant, the treasured horse, the treasured
jewel, the treasured woman, the treasured minister of finance, and the
treasured general.
In this land there will also be a seven-jeweled pillar, soaring to the
height of one thousand fathoms. This pillar will have a thousand heads8
and a thousand wheels, each one hundred and sixty meters wide. Four
great treasure houses will also be found there, each of which is surrounded
by four billion smaller ones. The great treasure house of Elapatra will 424b
be located in Gandhāra, the treasure house of Pāṇḍukaḥ will be in Mithila,
that of Piṅgala in Surāṣṭra, and that of Śaṅkha in Vārāṇasī.
The four great treasure houses occupy an area of a thousand square
yojanas, filled with rare riches. The four billion small treasure houses
are attached to them. Four great nāgarājas guard each treasure house.
The four great treasure houses with their attached houses unfold naturally
in the shape of lotuses. Indeed, an incalculable number of people will
go to behold them.
At that time all the treasure houses will be unguarded, as the people
will, on seeing them, feel no attachment. They would discard such treas-
ures as they would stones, grasses, trees, or lumps of earth. As they look
upon the treasures the people will reflect with disgust how sentient beings
in past ages not only harmed one another to acquire such riches, but
stole, cheated, and lied in order to obtain them. Thus was the painful
cycle of samsara ever increased.
A gossamer of diverse precious stones envelope the city of Ketumatī.
When there is a breeze, splendid jeweled bells will ring in harmony like
the bells and chimes of temples.
In this city a great brahman, Subrahman, and his wife, Brahmavatī,
will reside. They are Maitreya’s father and mother. Maitreya’s body will
be purple-gold in color and will bear the thirty-two marks of a great
17
person (mahāpuruṣa). All sentient beings will never tire of looking upon
him. His immeasurable strength will be incomprehensible. Light that
cannot be rivaled by that of the sun, moon, fire, or jewels will stream
unhindered to all regions. He will be one thousand feet tall; his chest
[will be] thirty fathoms wide, and his head twelve fathoms and four feet
long. His body will be flawless and incomparably perfectly arranged.
Possessing the thirty-two major marks and the eighty minor marks, he
will resemble a golden statue. His physical eyes can see as far as ten
yojanas. A light will emanate from him for a distance of a hundred
yojanas. The light of the sun, moon, fire, or jewels cannot be seen, only
this transcendent buddha light will shine.
Seeing the multitudes of sentient beings afflicted by the five desires
and sinking in the sea of samsara, Maitreya Buddha greatly pities them.
With the correct view attained through his efforts, he is not content with
the life of a householder. Thereupon, King Śaṅkha, together with his
great ministers, will offer Maitreya Buddha the jeweled pillar, and,
having received it, Maitreya offers it to the brahmans. The brahmans,
after receiving it, will dismantle it and divide the pieces among them-
selves. Upon seeing the immediate disintegration of the marvelous pillar,
Maitreya Bodhisattva will realize that all things are impermanent and
pass away.
Contemplating the thought of impermanence, he will leave his home
and pursue the path. Sitting under the dragonflower bodhi tree, whose
trunk, branches, and leaves rise up to a height of fifty leagues, Maitreya,
on the very day that he set out [on the path], will attain supreme enlight-
enment. At that time the devas, nāgas, and gods, without manifesting
themselves, will cause fragrant flowers to rain down in homage to the
424c Buddha. The whole universe will quake. The Buddha will emanate light
illuminating countless lands, and those who are worthy of salvation will
see the Buddha.
At that time human beings will consider the following:
Even if I were to enjoy the pleasure of the five desires for countless
eons, I cannot avoid reaping the suffering of the three evil worlds.
Neither family nor fortune can save me. The world is transient and
18
difficult to sustain. Now I must follow the Buddha Dharma and lead
the ascetic life.
Reflecting like this, they will set out from their homes and follow the
path.
Then King Śaṅkha, accompanied by eighty-four thousand great min-
isters, reverently circumambulating Maitreya Buddha, will set out from
their homes and follow the path. The eighty-four thousand wise and
learned brahmans will also set out from their homes in the Buddha
Dharma. Sudatta, who is here now, will be reborn as a householder
named Sudhāna, and with eighty-four thousand people he will set out
on the renunciant path. The brothers Ṛṣidatta and Purāṇa will also set
out with a company of eighty-four thousand people. In addition, two
great ministers named Candana and Sumana, held in high regard by the
king, will together with eighty-four thousand people set out on the renun-
ciant path in the Buddha Dharma.
Viśākhā, who is present here, will be reborn as the treasured woman
of King Śaṅkha. She will be named Śyāmavatī and will set out on the
renunciant life together with a retinue of eighty-four thousand ladies-
in-waiting. Devasena, who is here now, will be reborn as Deva[su]varṇa,
the son of King Śaṅkha, and along with a company of eighty-four thou-
sand people he will too set out on the renunciant life. Uttara, who is here
now, will be reborn as Sumati, the wise and intelligent son of a brahman
in the family of Maitreya, and he too will set out on the renunciant life
in the Buddha Dharma in the company of eighty-four thousand people.
These countless myriads of people, on perceiving the suffering of the
world, will set out for the renunciant life in the Dharma of Maitreya
Buddha.
At that time, Maitreya Buddha, on seeing the great assembly, will
make this reflection:
Not for the sake of being born into pleasures of the heavens, not
for the sake of the pleasures of the world, have they come to me,
but only for the sake of the perpetual joy of nirvana. They have all
planted various good seeds within the Buddha Dharma. Śākyamuni
sent them to me, so they have all come to me today. I now receive
19
them. Some of them, through the recitation and analysis of the Sutra,
Vinaya, and Abhidharma (i.e., Tripiṭaka) and the practice of these
merits, have come to me. Others, having given food and clothing
in alms, held to the precepts, and gained wisdom through practicing
these meritorious acts, have come to me. Others, having offered
flags, flowers, and incense, paid homage to buddhas, and practicing
425a these meritorious acts, have come to me. Others have given alms,
observed the lay precepts, and cultivated compassion, and with
these merits they have come to me. Others, having made afflicted
people happy, through practicing this meritorious act have come to
me. Others who held the precepts, practiced patience, and demon-
strated taintless compassion, with these merits have come to me.
Others gave alms to the monks for their daily sustenance and spon-
sored religious observances where food offerings are made to the
sangha, and with these meritorious acts have come to me. Others
held the precepts, studied extensively, and attained untainted wisdom
by means of meditation, and through these merits have come to me.
Still others built stupas and performed rituals to the sacred relics
(śarīras), and with these merits have come to me. Praise to Śākya-
muni Buddha! In all these ways you have guided these countless
sentient beings to me today.
Maitreya Buddha will praise Śākyamuni Buddha in this way three times.
After that he will preach:
You have done what is difficult to be done. In the evil world where
people are confused by lust, anger, and ignorance and had only brief
life spans, you held precepts and practiced various meritorious acts.
This is wonderful. At that time people no longer respected their par-
ents, wandering mendicants, or brahmans. They were unprincipled
and injured one another with frequent warring and looting. They
were deeply attached to the five desires, jealous, sly, deceptive, evil,
and lacked compassion. Moreover, they killed one another, ate meat,
and drank blood. That you were still able to attain good deeds in
the midst of all this is truly rare.
20
Homage to Śākyamuni Buddha! Through his great compassion

he spoke the truth among suffering sentient beings, saying that I
must come and speak to you. A teacher of this kind is extremely dif-
ficult to meet. Śākyamuni Buddha, for your sake, took pity on the
sentient beings in the evil world and drew out their suffering so that
they might attain peace. He offered his head and cut up his ears,
nose, hands, feet, and torso, and thus taking on himself all suffering,
benefited you.
In this way Maitreya Buddha will guide and console countless sentient
beings. Letting them thus rejoice, he will then teach the Dharma to them.
The assembly will be filled with the blessed and meritorious ones. They
will revere, believe in, and be in awe of the Great Teacher. Each one,
wishing to hear the Dharma, will have the following thoughts:
The five desires are impure and are the source of suffering. In order
to cast off the torments and agony of life one must realize the imper-
manence of pain and pleasure.
Observing that the hearts of those in the great assembly are pure, disci-
plined, and receptive, Maitreya Buddha will teach them the Four Noble
Truths. All those listening will simultaneously attain the path of nirvana.
On another occasion Maitreya Buddha will be in the Garden of Flow-
ers and Woods, which is one hundred square yojanas in size. It will be 425b
filled with great assemblies. At the first gathering where he teaches the
Dharma, ninety-six billion people attain arhatship. At the second great
assembly, ninety-four billion people will attain arhatship. At the third
great assembly, ninety-two billion people will attain arhatship. Having
turned the Dharma wheel and saved the devas and the human beings,
he will enter the city, followed by numerous disciples, and beg for alms-
food. Purely dwelling devas will follow Maitreya Buddha and enter the
city of Ketumatī. At that time he will manifest various supernatural pow-
ers with their infinite variations.
Śakradevānām Indra, together with the devas of the realm of desire
(kāmadhātu) and Brahmā, together with the devas of the realm of form
(rūpadhātu) will sing praises of the Buddha’s virtue accompanied by a
21
thousand instruments and voices, and will rain down heavenly flowers
and sandalwood incense in praise of the Buddha. The cities and towns,
streets and byways, will be flanked by banners and canopies. Everyone
will burn the finest incense and the perfumed smoke will rise like clouds.
As the Bhagavat enters the city, the Brahmā king Śakradevānām Indra,
hands joined in veneration, will give praise in verse:
O You Perfectly Enlightened Being, the noblest of humans.

None can be your equal in the world nor among the devas.
So rare is a World Honored One possessing the Ten Powers.
The Insurpassable, the Excellent, the Blessed Field.
Those who worship you will be reborn in heaven.
I bow reverently before you, the Incomparable, the Mighty.
At that time, devas, human beings, rākṣasas, and others will see the
Buddha subdue the powerful Māra. Countless sentient beings will rejoice.
They will join their hands in veneration and chant:
An event of exceeding rarity! An event of exceeding rarity! The

supernatural powers of the Tathāgata are beyond comprehension!
At that time the devas will scatter various multicolored lotuses and
māndārava flowers on the earth before the Buddha, heaping them up to
his knees. The heavens will be filled with a thousand songs of praise to
the Buddha’s virtue. Then Māra, from the beginning to the end of the
night, will awaken people with these words:
Now that you have attained a human form and come at this oppor-
tune time, you must not sleep through the night, turning away your
mind. Whether standing or sitting, always strive vigorously for right
mindfulness. Realize the five skandhas, impermanence, suffering,
emptiness, and the lack of a self for what they are. Do not be heedless
and neglect to follow the Buddha’s teachings. Initiating bad karma
will inevitably bring remorse.
At that time men and women in the streets will repeat these words:
Do not be heedless and neglect to follow the Buddha’s teachings.

Initiating bad karma will inevitably bring remorse. With the right
22
methods and vigor you must pursue the path. Don’t lose the benefits
of the Dharma, don’t live and die in vain. A great teacher such as
he who can draw out suffering is difficult to meet. With firm resolve
attain the perpetual joy of nirvana.
Thereupon, without exception, all of Maitreya Buddha’s disciples with 425c

rectitude and dignity, wearying of old age, sickness, and death, will listen
to many discourses, study widely, protect the Dharma piṭaka, and practice
meditation. They will be able to leave desire behind them just as a fledg-
ling leaves behind its shell.
At that time Maitreya Buddha will wish to visit Elder Mahākāśyapa
and with the four types of disciples will ascend Gṛdhrakūṭa (Vulture
Peak). On the mountaintop they will see Mahākāśyapa. Maitreya Buddha
will speak in praise to the astonished multitude of men and women:
Mahākāśyapa Bhikṣu was a great disciple of Śākyamuni Buddha,

who constantly praised him as the foremost practitioner of the path
of poverty. He has mastered the meditation of deliverance and eman-
cipation. He was one who had no conceit even though he possessed
great supernatural powers. He enabled sentient beings to experience
great joy. He always took pity on the lowly, the vulgar, the poor,
and suffering sentient beings. He drew away their suffering and
enabled them to attain peace.
In reverence to Mahākāśyapa’s relics Maitreya Buddha will say:
Praise to Mahākāśyapa, the great disciple of the Lion of the Śākya

clan, the possessor of sublime virtue. While in that evil world he
cultivated his mind.
At that time, having seen Maitreya Buddha praise Mahākāśyapa, countless

people from the great multitude will renounce the world and attain the
path. Many human beings will contemplate how Śākyamuni Buddha
taught countless sentient beings in the evil world, enabling them to
become arhats through the attainment of the six superknowledges.
At that time, the place where Maitreya Buddha expounds the Dharma
will be eighty yojanas wide and a hundred yojanas long. There, whether
sitting or standing, near or far, each person will see the Buddha directly
23
before him, teaching the Dharma solely for his or her sake. Maitreya
Buddha will live for sixty thousand years, taking pity on people and caus-
ing them to attain the Dharma eye. After Maitreya Buddha enters nirvana
his teachings will remain in the world for another sixty thousand years.
Entertain no doubts! You must vigorously arouse the desire for enlight-
enment (bodhicitta) and initiate meritorious deeds so that you may see
the buddha body of Maitreya, which is the illumination of the world.
Thus did the Buddha preach this sutra, and Śāriputra and the others received
it joyfully.
24
Notes
1
Jean Filliozat, “Maitreya l’Invaincu,” Journal Asiatique (1950): 123–127.
2
Akira Sadakata, “Dharmacakra and Hvarna,” Proceedings of the Faculty of Letters
of Tokai University 78 (2002): 130–106.
3
Asao Iwamatsu, “Gandhāra chōkoku to Amidabutsu,” Toyo bunka kenkyūjo kiyō
123/2 (1994): 215.
4
Jiyu Ren, ed., Chugoku Bukkyōshi III, Hajime Okayama, et al., trans. (Tokyo: Kashiwa
Shobo, 1994), pp. 634–641.
5
Gregory Schopen, “Brooding Bodhisattvas and Despondent Laymen: The ‘Pensive
Pose’ in Early Buddhist Art and Literature,” paper presented at the symposium “The
Ambiguity of Avalokitesvara and Questions of Bodhisattvas in Buddhist Traditions,”
University of Texas, Austin, October 25–27, 1996.
6
Akira Sadakata, Indo uchūron taizen (Tokyo: Shunjusha, 2011).
7
Noriaki Hakamaya, “Miroku bosatsu hanka shi’yuizo ko” (“Thoughts on the Image
of Maitreya Bodhisattva in Contemplation, Sitting on a Chair with One Leg Placed
on the Thigh of the Other Leg”), in Kimura Kiyotaka, ed., Kimura Kiyotaka hakushi
kanreki kinen ronbunshu: Higashi ajia bukkyo—sono seiritsu to hatten (Festschrift
in Honor of Dr. Kiyotaka Kimura: East Asia Buddhism—Its Emergence and Devel-
opment) (Tokyo: Shunjusha, 2002), pp. 449–462.
8
The meaning of “head” here is not clear. According to the Sutra on the Practices of
the Wheel-turning King (see Introduction), this pillar is sixteen fathoms in circum-
ference and one thousand fathoms in height, with ten “crater-type cups,” each of
which has one hundred branches. “Crater-type cup” refers to a container that resembles
a vase shaped like an upside-down bell (wider at the top than the bottom). It is possible
that this pillar emulates an āmalaka, or bell-shaped piece (capital), on King Aśoka’s
stone pillars or parasols (chatrāvalī) on the Gandhāra stupas.
25
QUESTIONS
Contents
Fascicle One
Chapter I. Introduction 37
Chapter II. The Bodhisattva Precepts 39
Chapter III. The Inconceivable 45
Chapter IV. Selflessness 51
Chapter V. Nirvana 53
Chapter VI. The Perfection of Wisdom 57
Chapter VII. The Existence of Residual Energies 59
Chapter VIII. Coming and Going 63
Chapter IX. The Middle Path 65
Chapter X. The Mundane Precepts 67
Chapter XI. The Supramundane Precepts 71
Chapter XII. The Higher Supramundane Precepts 75
Chapter XIII. Taking the Bodhisattva Precepts 77
Chapter XIV. Letters 79
Fascicle Two
Chapter XV. Clarifying the Schools 97
Chapter XVI. Miscellaneous Questions 101
Chapter XVII. The Entrustment of the Teachings 117
Notes 141
29
The Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions (Skt. *Mañjuśrīparipṛcchā; Ch. Wenshushili

wen jing; Taishō vol. 14, no. 468) is a precious trove of arcane wisdom. The
text was composed sometime after the most well-known Mahayana scriptures
and its somewhat heterogeneous but profound contents reflect the vibrant state
of Indian Buddhism during what was perhaps its most creative period. The range
of topics addressed in the Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions imparts a lasting impres-
sion of the concerns of the Indian Mahayana community. At the same time, the
obvious dependence of this sutra on earlier translations, the discussion in the
text of topics that were to become popular in China, and the absence of any San-
skrit or Tibetan versions make one wonder whether this text might actually have
been compiled in China based on Indian materials.
The reader’s first impression on glancing through this text may be a reaction
to its extensive repetition of standard formulae from the canons of Buddhist
monastic discipline. The proper length of a monk’s hair and fingernails, the col-
lection and holding of donations to the sangha, eating meat, and making unwar-
ranted sounds—these are the kinds of details within the monastic regimen, appar-
ently trivial but rife with significant implications, that divided the Buddhist
community.
In this context it is interesting that the text cites a mantra or incantation to
be used before eating meat and includes descriptions and refutations of heterodox
teachings. The treatment of the heterodox teachings may of course be a later
accretion to the text, but it may have been placed here to make an indirect polem-
ical statement about the opposition to eating meat in other Mahayana circles,
i.e., an unstated attempt to impute guilt by association. In any case, eating meat
was an issue that created tension even among its advocates, requiring the use
of an expiatory incantation.
Ultimately, of course, the Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions arrives at very mod-
erate conclusions regarding the disciplinary issues it discusses—moderation,
of course, is a hallowed tradition in Buddhism. Similarly, the progression from
31
worldly precepts to transcendental precepts, to supreme transcendental precepts,

and finally to the bodhisattva precepts described in Chapters X to XIII is one
instantiation of an archetypal Mahayana Buddhist theoretical progression. It
is also intriguing to see even the simplified forms of Indian Buddhist liturgy
given here.
Chapter III of the sutra, entitled “The Inconceivable,” an obvious reference
to the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra, is devoted to subjects that came to be extremely
interesting to the Chinese during the early eighth century. The Buddha is likened
to space, which is said to lack color, grasping, intention, and location but which
makes possible the appearance of the colors of physical form, the recollections
of memory, and the locations of sentient beings. The metaphor of the maṇi pearl
in the sutra is actually an allusion to the sun, which shines down impartially on
all the plants and animals on earth, just as the Buddha extends his wisdom impar-
tially to all sentient beings. Both pearl and Buddha are described as being
“without mind” (wuxin; Jp. mushin), a crucial term in early Chinese Chan
Buddhism.
The next three chapters go on to clarify numerous important aspects of this
vision: first to refute any postulation of an omnipresent self, and then to define
the abstruse nature of nirvana and the perfection of wisdom. I particularly enjoy
the analogy of the senile old man with his hands on his knees, which he thought
were two little boys (see Chapter IV.) The sutra argues that if the old man had
a self within his body, how would that self “be unable to recognize his own
knees and call them little boys?” Because of this, the text asserts that “there is
therefore no self.” Precisely the same logic, although not the same metaphor,
is used in early eighth-century Chan literature.
Somewhat later in the text are other usages reminiscent of early Chan. For
example, Chapter VIII treats the terms given in its title, “Coming and Going,”
in ways that seem to antedate the practice of “contemplative analysis,” in which
conventional Buddhist jargon is radically redefined to fit the doctrine of the
“contemplation of the mind.” Here the target interpretation is identified as the
“location of the sagely practice.”
The most fascinating passages in the Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions are those
dealing with the Sanskrit alphabet and the schools of Indian Buddhism. The
description of the Sanskrit alphabet accurately produces the order of the sounds
as laid down by orthodox grammarians, although it is unclear what relationship
32
there is between the forty sounds of the alphabet and the eight letters that follow.
While the sutra’s ultimate source seems to have been the eighth fascicle of the
Daban niepan jing (Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra), its reference to the use of these
letters in dhāraṇī indicates influence from the esoteric tradition. It is therefore
relevant to note that another translation of this chapter, done by the great esoteric
Buddhist master Amoghavajra, occurs just after the Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions
in the Taishō shinshū daizōkyō edition of the canon (Taishō no. 469). I do not
comment on the specific interpretations of the individual letters and the further
definitions of the different types of sound listed in those interpretations; the reader
may wish to consult Edward Conze’s translation of the Perfection of Wisdom in
Twenty-five Thousand Lines,1 which contains a similar treatment based on the
older Arapacana alphabet, which is apparently Saka or pre-Kushan in origin.
Similarly, the description of the schools of Indian Buddhism should be com-
pared to the various texts of the Samayabhedoparacanacakra.2 The Sutra of
Mañjuśrī’s Questions draws upon the earliest Chinese version, which may have
been compiled by Kumārajīva. At least one of the interpretations found in the
sutra (its explanation for why the founder of the Mahīśāsaka school was called
“indisposable”) is explicitly refuted in Xuanzang’s translation of the Sanskrit
text just mentioned, the Yibu zong lun lun.
Chapter XVII is extremely long and contains an intriguing blend of material.
The beginning of the chapter may have been the original conclusion to the sutra,
with its variant titles and exhortations to revere, practice, and disseminate the
text. Rather than coming to a close here, however, the sutra moves into an expla-
nation of the ten titles of the Buddha, some of which involves the same imputation
of meaning to individual sounds discussed above. After a long encomium on
the merits of the homeless (i.e., renunciant) life, the text moves smoothly into
a discussion of the merits of practicing the meditation of mindfulness of the
Buddha, a section abbreviated from the Banzhou sanmei jing, an early visual-
ization text usually associated with the Pure Land tradition.
The Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions is attested to from the end of the sixth
century, but no Sanskrit or Tibetan versions are known. Edward Conze’s The
Prajñā Pāramitā Literature3 identifies this as a translation of the Saptaśatikā,
Perfection of Wisdom in Seven Hundred Lines, but there is no apparent relation-
ship between the two. The Chinese text is supposed to be based on a Sanskritic
original brought to the Liang dynasty court of the famous Emperor Wu by the
33
Cambodian monk Mandra in the year 503 and translated fifteen years later by
Mandra’s compatriot, Saṃghabhadra. Ignoring this romantic affiliation, some
sources list the text as translator unknown.
The English translation was prepared solely on the basis of the Taishō text.
I know of no translation into any modern language, or even any extended schol-
arly work on this text in Japanese. The reconstructions of dhāraṇīs given here
must be considered tentative, especially since I have concluded that in several
cases the Chinese transcription contains errors and omissions. There is, however,
a substantial degree of patternization to these dhāraṇīs that gives the recon-
structions a relatively high degree of reliability.
34
Translated by the Cambodian Tripiṭaka Master

Saṃghabhadra during the Liang Dynasty
Fascicle One
Chapter I
Introduction
Thus have I heard. At one time the Buddha was at Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa near
Rājagṛha, with an assembly of one thousand two hundred and fifty4 great
bhikṣus in attendance. They were all arhats who had extinguished all the con-
taminations and would never again suffer from the afflictions (kleśa). With
autonomous mastery of body and mind, their minds well liberated and their
wisdoms well liberated, they were “great dragons” who had tamed the sense
faculties. They had accomplished what was to be done and done what could
be accomplished; they had dispensed with the heavy load of ignorance and
had arrived at an understanding of what was in their own interests. The afflic-
tions associated with existence had been extinguished, and with correct wis-
dom well liberated they had arrived at the state of autonomous mastery in 492c
every moment of thought.
The names of these elders were Ājñātakauṇḍinya (who in Chinese is called
Already Knowing, Kauṇḍinya being his surname), Śāriputra, Mahāmaudgal-
yāyana (who in Chinese is called Turnip Root, the source of this name being
his father’s penchant for eating these), Mahākāśyapa, Revata (who in Chinese
is called Constantly Making Sound), Subāhu (who in Chinese is called Excel-
lent Strength),5 and Ānanda (who in Chinese is called Great Bliss). There
were one thousand three hundred and fifty arhats such as these, as well as a
congregation of one thousand three hundred bhikṣus who were ordinary unen-
lightened persons. Also in attendance were Vajra Bodhisattva, Mahāsthāma-
prāpta Bodhisattva, Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva, Mahāpuṇyavīra Bodhisattva,
Akṣayamati Bodhisattva, Mahāmati Bodhisattva, Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta
Bodhisattva, and innumerable bodhisattva mahāsattvas such as these.
37
Chapter II
The Bodhisattva Precepts
Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha:
World-honored One, I would now like to ask you about the well-stated
worldly bodhisattva precepts.6 I beseech you to explain them to me, and
I will listen attentively.
The Buddha told Mañjuśrī:
I will now explain them—you should listen attentively! Do not kill sen-
tient beings, do not steal the valuables of others, do not engage in unchaste
conduct, do not use false speech, and do not ingest intoxicants. You
should also remember the following: Do not take pleasure in singing,
dancing, or musical performances; do not wear flowers, perfumes, or
ornamental headwear, etc.; do not sit or lie on high or large beds; and
do not eat after noon. If you do these things you will not accomplish the
goals of the three vehicles. Why? Because it will be a transgression.
You should cut your hair when it is two fingers in length. One who
cuts his hair after two months, even if it is not that long, is a bodhisattva
with nothing more to learn, and one who cuts one’s hair when it exceeds
two fingers in length is also a bodhisattva with nothing more to learn.
The nails should not become long. They should be as long as a grain of
wheat. Why? In order to scratch itches. One who keeps them a length
such as this is a bodhisattva of discernment.
In order to make offerings to the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, the
perfection of wisdom (prajñāpāramitā), as well as one’s parents and
siblings, one may accumulate valuables. If done in order to build monas-
teries or in order to construct images to be donated to the sangha, there
is no fault in acquiring gold, silver, and other valuables.
When eating, one’s handfuls of food should be the size of a chicken
egg. One who does not look at others without reason while eating during
the proper time period is a bodhisattva of discrimination.
39
Do not engage in buying and selling. Donations accepted from others

should not be sold. Even if there are a hundred million or ten thousand
gifts, you should accept them all. Why? Because there are reasons for
them to be given.
Do not do evil yourself, and do not incite others to do so. Do not
praise others in order to gain some benefit.
Do not eat anything that has been killed for you. If the meat is like
wood or already rotten, you may eat it if you wish. Mañjuśrī, if you wish
to eat meat you should say this mantra:
493a Tadyathā7 (“like this”) anātmânātma (“selfless, selfless”) ajīvitâjīvita
(“lifeless, lifeless”) nāśanāśa (“loss, loss”) dāhadāha (“burn, burn”)
sphoṭasphoṭa8 (“destroy, destroy”) samṣkṛtam (“conditioned”) svāhā
(“eliminated and destroyed”).
After saying this mantra three times you may eat meat. However, having
done so you should not even eat rice. Why? If you should not eat rice
without contemplating upon the causes and conditions through which
you received it, then how much more so for eating meat!9
Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha again:
World-honored One, if one is allowed to eat meat, then why do the Ele-
phant and Tortoise Sutra,10 the Great Cloud Sutra, the Aṅgulimāla-sūtra,
the Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra, and the other sutras all teach that one should
abstain from eating meat?
It is like a river so deep and wide that the opposite bank cannot be seen.
If one has no reason to, one will not cross it. If there is a reason, would
you cross it or not?
Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, if I had to cross I

would cross, whether by boat or raft or some other means.”
The Buddha then told Mañjuśrī:
The reason for abstaining from eating meat is that sentient beings are
without the power of compassion and harbor thoughts of killing. Mañjuśrī,
40
Fascicle One
there are sentient beings who take pleasure wearing clothes made of
rubbish-heap rags. I therefore teach them to wear rubbish-heap rags,
and thus attired they beg for their food. Sitting in the forest on the bare
ground or in the monastery or in a cemetery, once they have eaten they
do not eat again after the proper time has passed. As for the acquisition
of places of residence and the three robes, etc.—in order to teach them
I preach about austerities (dhūta). Thus it is, Mañjuśrī, that if sentient
beings have thoughts of killing, I preach abstention from eating meat,
because due to those thoughts they will generate innumerable sins. If
one is able to avoid harboring murderous thoughts and to teach all sentient
beings with thoughts of great compassion, there will be no sin.
One should not eat garlic, but if there are reasons one may eat it. If
one is prescribed medicine to heal illness, then one may use it. One
should not drink liquor, but if in prescribing medicine to heal illness a
doctor prescribes a large number of medicines, then a small amount of
liquor may be used in proportion to the medicine. One should not use
body oils or anoint the body, etc., but if there is a reason these products
may be used. One may use milk, coagulated milk, curdled milk, butter,
and ghee. In the past I have eaten milk and rice gruel to treat the phlegm
of a cold.
The Buddha then spoke this verse:
If the body is covered well,

Then the same is true of covering the mind and mouth.
The covering of all sensory locations
Should be practiced by bodhisattvas.
The bodhisattva mahāsattvas should know that there are thirty-five types
of great offerings: lighting lamps, burning incense, incense for anointing
the body, incense for anointing the earth, and powdered incense; robes
(kaṣāya) and parasols, such as embroidered banners and the other types
of banners; kettle drums, large drums, or cymbals; dancing, singing, and
bedding; triple-jointed drums, hip drums, jointed drums, and cut drums;
māndārava flowers, earth-holders, earth-sprinklers, garlands, and hanging
41
silk; rice water, rice gruel, that which is chewable, that which is edible,11
and that which can be tasted; seasonings, betelnut, and willow twigs
(for cleaning the teeth); and bathing fragrance and soap powder. These
are called the great offerings.
The great bodhisattva should avoid the twenty-six wrong views: killing
horses to sacrifice to fire; killing humans to sacrifice to fire; shooting in
four directions at once, killing four thousand horses, removing the five
organs, and putting the seven precious things inside to donate to brah-
mans; to kill humans and likewise put inside them precious things (for
donation to brahmans); to shoot arrows everywhere in the four directions,
spread all the seven precious things over the entire area covered, and
donate these to brahmans; to run a horse as far as is possible in all four
directions, spread out the seven precious things, and donate them to
brahmans; to go as far as horse or arrow and kill all the living beings in
the area covered, and to collect various things and incinerate them all;
to believe that all the heavenly beings should be worshiped; to believe
that all trees should be worshiped; to believe that all mountain gods
should be worshiped; to believe that all old places should be worshiped;
to believe that all great trees should be worshiped; to believe that the
images of all the miscellaneous gods should be worshiped; to worship
Maheśvara, Viṣṇu, Kumāraka, Brahmā, Yāma, Vaiśravaṇa, Indra,
Somadevī,12 *Kātyāyanī, Durgā, Sītā, Cāmuṇḍā, and *Umara,13 as
described in the non-Buddhist teachings—these must all be rejected and
should not be worshiped. Mañjuśrī, I do not preach thus simply in order
to create merit.
The Buddha spoke this verse:
The twenty-six heterodoxies above

Are all false refuges.
They are not superior and not peaceful,
And by them one will not achieve liberation from the various sufferings.
If one relies on the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha

As well as the Four Noble Truths
42
Fascicle One
Know that these are superior and peaceful refuges

By which one will be liberated from all suffering.
The wrong views of the past have been transmitted in order to preach
these merits: the merit of killing horses, the merit of killing humans, the
merit of archery, the merit of horsemanship, and the merit of killing all
sentient beings. These are truly non-merit. The merit from generating
even a single moment’s thought of compassion is vast and inconceivable.
Mañjuśrī, this is what the bodhisattvas should practice!
Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha:
World-honored One, I would like to ask the Tathāgata, Arhat, All-knowing

One about the practices of future bodhisattvas. Would the Tathāgata
allow me to inquire briefly of this now?
The Buddha told Mañjuśrī, “Ask as you wish.”

When should the fourfold congregation (monks, nuns, laymen, and lay-
women) be silent, whether of noises produced with the body, the voice,
or with instruments made of wood or stone, or the various other sounds?
There are six times at which making noise is not allowed: when listening
to the Buddha, when worshiping the Dharma, during a meeting of the 493c
Sangha, while almsbegging, during formal mealtimes, and when defe-
cating or urinating.
Mañjuśrī said to the Buddha, “Why should one be silent during these
times?”
During these times gods come, gods who are constantly of pure minds,
of undefiled minds, or of empty minds. They maintain themselves in
accordance with the mind of perfection and contemplate the Dharma
of the buddhas in their minds. But sounds would render their minds
unsettled, and if their minds are unsettled they will all leave. If the gods
leave the evil demons come to perform their unbeneficial and disruptive
43
activities. Hence the person who is not silent at the six times generates
various calamities, causing the people to suffer from famine. Therefore,
Mañjuśrī, one should be silent in worshiping the Buddha, Arhat, All-
knowing One.
Do not create sounds of body or mouth,

Of wood or stone, or other sounds.
To worship the Buddha in silence
Is what the Tathāgata has praised.
44
Chapter III
The Inconceivable
Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, I would like to

inquire further, and I request your explanation.”
The Buddha told Mañjuśrī, “Ask as you wish.”
Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, why does the Tathā-
gata enter into nirvana?”
I do not enter into nirvana. Why? Because of sentient beings. Mañjuśrī,

it is like a pearl of the precious vaiḍūrya gem, clear and without dust,
that is placed near a white object, or a blue, yellow, or red object. The
pearl of vaiḍūrya takes on the color of the object [it is placed near], even
though the vaiḍūrya has no thought of manifesting different colors.
Mañjuśrī, so it is with the Tathāgata. Sentient beings may see the Buddha
in nirvana turning the wheel of the Dharma, or see him subjugating the
hordes of demons, or see him manifesting his supernormal powers for
greater or lesser benefit, or eating, or sleeping, or walking, or laughing.
Just as sentient beings desire to see me, so is the Tathāgata.
Mañjuśrī, it is like space, which is without color but in which color
appears. Space is without grasping but it grasps the various colors. Space
is without intention but it generates intentions. Space is without location
but provides locations for sentient beings. Space is without falling but
falling is dependent on space. The Tathāgata’s dharma body is not a
defiled body; it is not a body with blood and flesh. This vajra body is
an indestructible body. This indestructible body is an incomparable body
but it is able to manifest all the various types of form. It is through
wisdom that this vajra body appears as a destructible body. Mañjuśrī,
if the Buddha did not enter into nirvana the world would not be able to
understand this dharma body of the buddhas. If it is not the vajra body
it is destructible; if it is the vajra body then it is indestructible. Why?
45
The nirvana manifested by the Tathāgata’s wisdom body is not true nir-
494a vana. It is through skillful means that I preach about entering nirvana.
Mañjuśrī, nirvana has many meanings. The nirvana taught within the
Great Vehicle is not nirvana, because that which is called nirvana is
without consciousness. The Mahayana nirvana is the great parinirvāṇa.
The nirvana of the Small Vehicle is the nirvana of the pratyekabuddhas
and śrāvakas. The nirvana taught within the Great Vehicle is not nirvana,
because nirvana is like space. The nirvana taught within the Small Vehicle
is an action done for oneself and not for others. For this reason the nirvana
taught in the Small Vehicle is an inferior meaning of nirvana.
I teach that death is called nirvana, but the Tathāgata does not die.
Why? Even the śrāvakas do not generate old age and death, and they
do not grieve from any suffering. How much more so the Tathāgata’s
dharma body, his inconceivable body, his birthless body, his extinctionless
body, his unburnable body! The long-lived gods will see the Tathāgata
enter nirvana and will grieve and long for him. They will then be able
to plant the seeds of the perfection of wisdom; they will also be able to
plant the seeds of the causes and conditions for becoming śrāvakas,
pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas.
The Tathāgata’s vajra body

Is today destroyed.
If even this body is demolished,
How much more so those of little strength?
By this you should generate compassionate affection

And rapidly attain a dharma body.
Therefore, the Tathāgata
Manifests the characteristics of nirvana.
The Tathāgata’s wondrous dharma body

Is not composed of visible or audible dharmas.
It is birthless and extinctionless,
Inconceivable.
46
Fascicle One
Mahāmati Bodhisattva, who was in the audience, then spoke this verse:
The Tathāgata does not enter nirvana.

In nirvana is not the Tathāgata.
Also, it is neither thought, mentation, nor consciousness,
Because it free from the characteristics of being and nonbeing.
Anyone who sees Śākyamuni

Eternally free from birth and death,
Has achieved the absence of attachment,
Because of not being attached to this and that.
World-honored One, if you are without mind, thought, and cognition,14

how can you perform the activities of a sentient being? Future sentient
beings will have such doubts.
It is like space, which is without mind, thought, and cognition, even

though it constitutes all the locations for sentient beings. The four ele-
ments are without mind, thought, and cognition, even though they con-
stitute that on which all sentient beings rely. The sun and moon are with-
out mind, thought, and cognition yet they illuminate all the sentient
beings. The trees are without mind, thought, and cognition but they are
able to provide sentient beings with flowers and fruit.
Thus it is, Mañjuśrī, that there is a maṇi pearl named “following the
thoughts of all sentient beings.” Born in the ocean and placed in a banner
on high, it follows the pleasure of people for gold, silver, vaiḍūrya,
pearls, and other objects. From this maṇi pearl come life spans that can 494b
be made long. The maṇi pearl is without mind, thought, and cognition
but follows the thoughts of sentient beings without diminishing. If this
world were completely destroyed it would proceed to some other place—
if the pearl does not drop from the sky, the ocean will not dry up.
Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata is like this. In performing activities for all sentient
beings the Tathāgata is not extinguished. Why? Because the Tathāgata
is without mind, thought, and cognition.
47
The Buddha is without mind, thought, and cognition,

Yet he performs the activities of all sentient beings.
The Tathāgata is inconceivable,
As are those who can have faith in him.
Mañjuśrī then praised the Tathāgata, speaking this verse:
I worship all the buddhas,

Who are self-controlled without equal.
The sixteen-foot-tall body, the dharma body, and
The Buddha’s stupa do I worship.
His place of birth and place of enlightenment,

The places of his turning the wheel of Dharma and his nirvana,
His places of walking, standing still, sitting, and lying down—
All these do I worship!
The buddhas are inconceivable,

And likewise is the wondrous Dharma.
Those who can have faith and achieve the fruit of enlightenment
Are also inconceivable!
Those who can with this verse praise the Tathāgata

Will for a thousand–ten thousand hundred million eons
Not fall into the evil realms of existence!
The Buddha said, “Excellent, excellent, Mañjuśrī! The Tathāgata is incal-

culable, inconceivable!”
He then spoke this verse:
I was born in the clan of Ikṣvāku (i.e., the Śākya clan)

And when this life is extinguished I will be born no more.
Anyone who takes refuge in me
Should not fear the suffering of the hells.
I was born in the clan of Ikṣvāku

48
Fascicle One

Should not fear the suffering of the realm of hungry ghosts.
I was born in the clan of Ikṣvāku

Should not fear the suffering of the realm of animals.
49
Chapter IV
Selflessness
World-honored One, in the future sentient beings will claim that there
is a self that pervades all places. Why? Because of all the mental activities.
In escaping the triple world, suffering and pleasure and anger and love
all have the characteristic of self. World-honored One, such is the meaning
of the self that is considered to exist in the non-Buddhist teachings.
This idea is like a magnet that attracts all iron filings. If the iron filings 494c
are the self, then the magnet is the self. If you say that the iron filings
are not the self, then the magnet is not the self. Therefore the self is not
omnipresent. If the iron filings and the magnet are both the self, how
can the self attract itself? And so the self is not omnipresent. Why?
Because it would attract its own body.
All form is composed entirely of the four elements and is entirely
impermanent. If it is impermanent, it is not real. If it is not real, it is not
true. If it is not true, it has no location. Since it has no location, it is
therefore without self. Mañjuśrī, it is as if an old man, sitting up in the
middle of the night, grabbed his two knees and said, “Where did these
two little boys come from?” If this old man had a self within his body,
how would he be unable to recognize his own knees and call them “little
boys”? Because of this there is no self. This false view is therefore
wrongly and insupportably held by people. It is like seeing a mirage and
generating the idea of water. In fact there is no water, only a visual dis-
turbance. Thus do I refrain from falsely generating the idea of a self.
This deluded heterodox view is not the correct view.
If the self extended throughout all places, then it would extend
throughout the five modes of existence. Those of the humans and gods
are characterized by pleasure, while those of the hells, hungry ghosts,
51
and animals are characterized by suffering. If the self extended throughout

all places, and if it experienced the suffering of the hells, then humans
and gods would suffer as well! Pleasure is attained through good actions
and suffering through evil actions. Pleasure generates defilement and
suffering generates anger. One may have courage and one may have
fear. Because of these varied characteristics we know that the self does
not extend throughout the five modes of existence.
I do not preach this to be a true conception of reality. If we consider
the passage of the self through the three periods of time, the past is no
more, just as a lamp that has been extinguished; the future has not arrived,
just as a lamp of the future [that does not yet exist]; and the present does
not tarry, like the flowing of water. The self is neither past, nor future,
nor present; it has no periods of time. Why? Because it is beyond the
periods of time. If there is no time, then there is no number. Since there
is no number, there is no self. Why? Because of divisibility.
The letter ā [in the word ātman (“self”)] is the sound of transcending
the self. The letter ta is the sound of the nondestruction of the self. The
letter ma is the sound of extinguishing pride. The letter a is again the
sound of the true transcendence of the self. It is because of the true tran-
scendence of the self that there are two letter “a”s in ātman. Therefore,
Mañjuśrī, by analyzing the letters it is certain that there is no self.
The magnet attracts iron filings.

Of the two, which is the self?
Because of the contradictions involved in nonextension and
self-attraction
There is definitely no self.
It is like a thirsty person seeing a mirage:

Without water he generates the idea of water.
The false view of wrongly grasping the self—
This is to do the same.
By analyzing the letter a

495a It is known definitively that there is no self.
52
Chapter V
Nirvana
World-honored One, nirvana is something that cannot be understood by

śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and ordinary people. It is only the Tathāgata,
the All-knowing One, who is able to teach the true meaning of nirvana.
The Buddha said:
Mañjuśrī, nirvana is nonextinction. Why? Because the afflictions are

not eradicated and because it has no place to which to arrive. Why? Nir-
vana has no location. If there were arrival, then the meaning of nirvana
would be attained, but since there is no arrival there is no attainment of
the meaning of nirvana. Why? Because there is no suffering and no
pleasure. There is no eradication and no noneradication, no permanence
and no impermanence.
Not eradicated, not extinguished,

Not born, not generated,
Not declining, not falling,
Not going, not standing still.
The permanently residing nirvana has the characteristics of noncessation

and impermanence. Why? Because it has no birth and death. Mañjuśrī,
I do not even perceive the existence of birth and death. How much less
would I perceive the calamities brought forth by birth and death! Mañjuśrī,
I do not even perceive the existence of nirvana. How much less would
I perceive the merits of nirvana!
53
If one perceives the existence of a single dharma

Then one must perceive all the other dharmas.
Since the single dharma is empty
All other dharmas are also empty.
Mañjuśrī, you should realize that the dharmas are empty. If they are not
extinguished, then they are not born; if they do not cease, then they are
not extinguished; and if they are not permanent, then they are not born.
There are no afflictions that can be eradicated, hence they are not extin-
guished. The afflictions are without location and so they are not born.
The Buddha also told Mañjuśrī:
Because there are no impediments, the dharmas are not extinguished.

Because they are not extinguished, there are no impediments. Because
dharmas are born either good, bad, or indeterminate, there are no imped-
iments. Mañjuśrī, this is the explanation of nirvana.
Not extinguished, not arriving,

Not ceasing, not permanent,
Not obstructed, not impeded—
This is the explanation of nirvana.
The permanently residing nirvana is without sun, moon, stars, constel-

lations, earth, water, fire, and wind. It is without day and night, number,
and amount. It is without form, without shape, without old age, disease,
and death. It is without age and without anything that is done. It is per-
manent, eternal, and transcends all suffering and action (karma). Thus
is the nirvana taught by good persons.15
It is without sun and moon,

Constellations and the four elements,
Day and night, amount and number,
495b Form and emptiness.
54
Fascicle One
It is also without old age, disease, and death,

Years of age and various activities.
Since the root of birth and death is eradicated,
It is permanent and also eternal.
Thus are the characteristics of nirvana

As taught by good persons.
There are various non-Buddhists who teach that the world is empty or
that it is not empty. Are these ideas simply the false understandings of
the non-Buddhists?
These non-Buddhist ideas are the product of mistaken thinking. If the

world were empty, then there would be no birth and death. Why? Because
[birth and death] are empty. If birth and death were empty, then nirvana
would also be empty. If nirvana did not exist, then there would be no
supernormal powers. If the world were not empty, then birth and death
would not exist. Why? Because they are nonempty. If birth and death
were not empty, then nirvana would not exist. If there were no nirvana,
there would also be no supernormal powers.
Mañjuśrī, if the world did not undergo generation and destruction,
what use would there be for nirvana? If samsara were without dissolution
it would not be called samsara. Why? Because there is no dissolution.
If samsara were without dissolution, then samsara would be nirvana.
Therefore, Mañjuśrī, you should not preach that the world is empty
or not empty. You should not preach that the world ceases or that it does
not cease. Why? Because it does not exist. “Cessation” refers to the
elimination of the afflictions. “Noncessation” refers to the nonelimination
of the afflictions. In addition, if there were no afflictions or if the afflic-
tions were not afflictions, there would be no liberation. If there were no
liberation, then there would be no nirvana. Mañjuśrī, there would also
be no extinction. Why? Because of either the emptiness and nonemptiness
of samsara. Therefore, there would be no extinction. If samsara were
55
like this (i.e., either existent or nonexistent), who would take pleasure
in the attainment of nirvana?
If the various worlds were empty

Then there would be no samsara.
If there were no samsara
Then there would also be no nirvana.
If the worlds were not empty

There would also be no samsara.
If there were no samsara
Then nirvana would also be nonexistent.
If samsara were like this

Who would long for nirvana?
56
Chapter VI
The Perfection of Wisdom
World-honored One, I would like to inquire about the perfection of wis-

dom. Do all the śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas derive from the perfection
of wisdom? Do all the buddhas and all dharmas derive from the perfection
of wisdom?
Thus it is, thus it is. All the śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas, all the
buddhas, and all the dharmas derive from the perfection of wisdom. If
a bodhisattva cultivates in form, he cultivates in characteristics. If he
cultivates in the decay of form, he cultivates in characteristics. If he cul-
tivates in the extinction of form, he cultivates in characteristics. If he
cultivates in the emptiness of form, he cultivates in characteristics. Such 495c
a bodhisattva is without any skillful means for cultivating the perfection
of wisdom. Mañjuśrī, the perfection of wisdom cannot be cultivated
with mind, mentation, or cognition.
Mañjuśrī asked, “World-honored One, if the perfection of wisdom is

imperceptible, how can one cultivate the perfection of wisdom?”
This cultivating is not cultivating. This is because it is not done with

mind, thought, or cognition. Mañjuśrī, the meaning of mind is “gathering,”
that of thought is “recollection,” and that of cognition is “awareness of
manifest things.” One does not cultivate the perfection of wisdom with
mind, thought, and cognition. One does not use them to cultivate this
practice; this practice is done through their very absence. When one’s
cultivation does not depend on the realm of desire, the realm of form,
or the formless realm; is not past, future, or present; and is neither internal,
57
external, nor intermediate, then such cultivation is the cultivation of the

perfection of wisdom. To not cultivate form is to cultivate wisdom.
Neither are earth, water, fire, or wind the cultivation of wisdom. Neither
existent nor nonexistent, neither śrāvaka nor pratyekabuddha, neither
good, bad, or indeterminate moral quality; neither the twelve factors of
dependent arising; neither male nor female; neither not-male or not-
female; neither cognition or extinction or generation; neither calculable
or inconceivable, inexpressible; unable to be relied upon; without name;
without characteristics of identity and without characteristics of variance;
without increase and without decrease; pure in its self-nature, true and
inaccessible to understanding, omnipresence equivalent to space; without
form, without action, and transcending the three periods of time; neither
painful nor pleasurable, without sun, moon, and constellations: such cul-
tivation is the cultivation of the perfection of wisdom. The true is not the
perfection of wisdom; the perfection of wisdom is not the true. Mañjuśrī,
such cultivation is called the cultivation of the perfection of wisdom.
This Dharma is inconceivable

And transcends mind, thought, and cognition.
When all words are eradicated,
This is to cultivate wisdom.
58
Chapter VII
The Existence of
Residual Energies
Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, do all the śrāvakas
and pratyekabuddhas experience active afflictions? How many types of active
afflictions are there?”
They are said to generate afflictions because of their residual energies.

It is like a fragrant scent. What are the residual energies? There are
twenty-four types of karmic residual energies: the residual energies of
fixed views, the residual energies of defilement, the residual energies of
the defilement of form, the residual energies of the defilement of existence,
the residual energies of the defilement of ignorance, the residual energies
of conditioned phenomena, the residual energies of the locus of con-
sciousness, the residual energies of name and form, the residual energies
of the six sense bases, the residual energies of contact, the residual ener-
gies of feeling, the residual energies of attachment, the residual energies
of grasping, the residual energies of existence, the residual energies of
birth, the residual energies of old age, the residual energies of disease,
the residual energies of death, the residual energies of sorrow, the residual
energies of pity, the residual energies of suffering, the residual energies 496a
of affliction, the residual energies of exhaustion, and the residual energies
of dependence. These are the twenty-four types of residual energies.
The residual energies that are residual to body, speech, and mind are
called karmic residual energies. Views of annihilation and permanence
are called the residual energies of fixed views. Attachments to one’s robe
and bowl, etc., are called the residual energies of defilement. The ten
attitudes associated with form are called the residual energies of the
defilement of form. The formless realm is called the residual energies
of the defilement of existence. Impure wisdom, wisdom with hindrances,
59
and nonomniscient wisdom are called the residual energies of ignorance.

If one’s body, speech, and mind experience various awarenesses, these
are called the residual energies of conditioned phenomena. Recollections
and discriminative thoughts of suffering and pleasure or nonsuffering
and nonpleasure regarding all the form one has experienced are called
the residual energies of stationary consciousness. Experiences of hardness,
wetness, warmth, lightness, and motion as all existent are called the
residual energies of name and form. Eyes and sights, ears and sounds,
nose and smells, tongue and tastes, body and physical sensations, and
mind and dharmas are called the residual energies of the six sense bases.
Cold, hot, hard, wet, hungry, thirsty, warm, and slippery are called the
residual energies of contact. The feelings of suffering and pleasure and
nonsuffering and nonpleasure are called the residual energies of feeling.
Family pedigree, country, the realm of desire, the realm of form, the
formless realm, and afflictions, hunger, and thirst, etc. that cannot be
satiated are called the residual energies of attachment. The grasping of
desire, the grasping of views, and the grasping of the precepts are called
the residual energies of grasping. The existence of the realm of desire,
the existence of the realm of form, and the existence of the formless
realm are called the residual energies of existence. The necessity that
one must be born in a subsequent land of suffering is called the residual
energies of birth. The deterioration of the sense faculties is called the
residual energies of old age. The various diseases are called the residual
energies of sickness. The thought of nirvana and the thought of death
are called the residual energies of death. The deterioration of the body
is called the residual energies of sorrow. Screaming and crying are called
the residual energies of lamentation. The body’s subjection to pain is
called the residual energies of suffering. Because of past suffering, one’s
current existence is called the residual energies of affliction. The weariness
of body and mind is called the residual energies of exhaustion. Fear and
the absence of any refuge are called the residual energies of refuge.
Mañjuśrī, these are the twenty-four types of residual energies.
Mañjuśrī, the buddhas’, the World-honored Ones’, absence of the
residual energies of dependence is the place of refuge for sentient beings.
Why? Sentient beings can only depend on the tathāgatas; the locus of
60
Fascicle One
dependence is not all other sentient beings. The World-honored Ones

do not have characteristics and are without conceptualization and the
accumulation of causes. The śrāvakas listen to the Dharma; the buddhas
do not listen to the Dharma. Why? Because there is nothing that they
do not know.
Arhats have residual energies

Because of their transgressions and faults.
It is the buddhas alone who are able to save
And become the refuge of sentient beings.
61
Chapter VIII
Coming and Going
Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha, “What is the meaning of ‘coming’?

What is the meaning of ‘going’?”
Coming means “facing toward” and going means “turning away from.”
To be without facing toward and turning away, to neither come nor go,
is the place of the holy practice. Coming means “foolish” and going
means “not foolish”; to be neither foolish nor not foolish is the place of
the holy practice. Coming is “conditioned” and going is “unconditioned”; 496b
to be neither conditioned nor unconditioned is the place of the holy prac-
tice. Coming means “consciousness” and going means “nonconscious-
ness”; to be neither conscious nor nonconscious is the place of the holy
practice. Coming means “name and form” and going means “not name
and form”; to be neither name and form nor not name and form is the
place of the holy practice. Coming means the “six sense bases” and
going means “not the six sense bases”; to be neither the bases nor not
the bases is the place of the holy practice. And likewise through sorrow,
lamentation, and exhaustion.
Mañjuśrī, coming means “self” and going means “without self” (anāt-
man); to be neither self nor without self, without coming and without
going, is the place of the holy practice. Coming means “permanent” and
going means “impermanent”; to be neither permanent nor impermanent
is the place of the holy practice. Coming means “eradicate” and going
means “not eradicate”; to neither eradicate nor not eradicate is the place
of the holy practice. Coming means “existence” and going means “non-
existence”; to be neither existent nor nonexistent is the place of the holy
practice. Mañjuśrī, such are the meanings of coming and going.
63
The meanings of “coming” and “going” are without characteristics

And the myriad dharmas are also likewise.
Not knowing and ineffability—
These are called the meanings of coming and going.
64
Chapter IX
The Middle Path
World-honored One, because you have preached the Dharma of non-

duality, all the śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas are able to
understand the middle path without doubt. Even ordinary people are
able to generate faith in it!
Wisdom and ignorance are nondual. Because they are nondual, one can
achieve the wisdom that they are not three.16 Mañjuśrī, this is called
being sufficient in the middle path. If one truly contemplates the various
dharmas, [then] conditioned phenomena and unconditioned phenomena
will not be two. Because they are not two, one can achieve the wisdom
that they are not three. Mañjuśrī, this is called being sufficient in the
middle path. If one truly contemplates the various dharmas, the factors
from consciousness and nonconsciousness up to old age and death and
no old age and death will be not two, and so on.
Mañjuśrī, to say that ignorance exists would be an extreme position,
and to say that ignorance does not exist would also be an extreme position.
In the intermediate position between these two extremes, form does not
exist and cannot be perceived. There are no locations, no characteristics,
no mutual relativity, and no labels.
Mañjuśrī, this is called the conditioned phenomena and consciousness
of the middle path, and the other factors up to old age and death are also
likewise.17 Mañjuśrī, this is called being sufficient in the middle path.
If one truly contemplates the various dharmas, the dharmas are seen to
be nondual. What is the meaning of their being nondual? It is said to be
madhyama. [The meaning of ma is “not” and the meaning of dhyama
is “middle.” To “not be attached to the middle” is referred to here as
65
madhya.] Why? Because of not being attached to the view of permanence

or the view of being. Therefore, it is called madhyama.
The various dharmas cannot be categorized into two

496c And also not three.
To understand this is to be sufficient in the middle path,
Which is called the true path.
66
Chapter X
The Mundane Precepts
World-honored One, how many colors of robes should bodhisattvas

have? How should they take refuge? I request that you explain this at
length because it will benefit the bodhisattvas.
[The robes] should not be deep red, deep yellow, deep black, or all white.
One’s robes should be pure like the color of the Dharma. One’s three
religious robes and other robes should all be this color. One may dye
them oneself or have someone else dye them. They should be pounded
[on rocks during washing] according to the rules. They should be washed
frequently and always kept clean. In the same way, one’s mat may be
blue, yellow, or of mixed color. Mañjuśrī, the color of the bodhisattva’s
robes should be like this. The bodhisattva should be serene within his
mind, his body should be covered according to the Dharma, and in accord
with the Mahayana. The inner garment (nivāsana) should have a hem
the width of two fingers above the ankle.
If bodhisattvas wish to converse with kings and their ministers, they
should give a single answer to each single question. They should speak
accurately so as to not cause misunderstanding. If many questions are
asked, there should be many answers. If there are others present—brah-
mans, kṣatriyas, vaiśyas, and śūdras; śramaṇas, ācāryas, upādhyāyas;
fathers, mothers, wives, children, and servants; or other people of nomadic
tribes, poor people, or beggars—then the bodhisattvas should converse
with them in order of their status. There may also be gods (devas), dragons
(nāgas), yakṣas, rākṣasas, piśācas, asuras, garuḍas, kiṃnaras, and
mahoragas, either human or ghost. The buddhas, pratyekabuddhas, śrā-
vakas, bodhisattvas, and ordinary people may be there, but in any case
67
one should answer their questions according to the Dharma. One should
not seek one’s own benefit or advantage, and one should not pursue
wrong livelihood or merriment. You should remember this.
Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, how should

one take refuge?”
Those who take refuge should say as follows:
O one of great virtue, I, with such-and-such a name, take refuge in

the Buddha until I reach enlightenment. I take refuge in the Dharma
until I reach enlightenment. I take refuge in the Sangha until I reach
enlightenment.
Say this a second and a third time. Then say:
I, with such-and-such a name, have taken refuge in the Buddha; I

have taken refuge in the Dharma; I have taken refuge in the Sangha.
Say this three times. Then say:
O one of great virtue, I will maintain the bodhisattva precepts. I,

with such-and-such a name, until reaching enlightenment, will not
kill sentient beings and will avoid the thought of killing. Until reach-
ing enlightenment, I will not steal and will also avoid the thought
of stealing. Until reaching enlightenment, I will not engage in
unchaste behavior and will also avoid the thought of unchaste behav-
ior. Until reaching enlightenment, I will not speak falsely and will
also avoid the thought of false speech. Until reaching enlightenment,
I will not ingest various intoxicants and will also avoid the thought
of using intoxicants. Until reaching enlightenment, I will not use
perfume or flowers and will also avoid the thought of using them.
Until reaching enlightenment, I will not sing, dance, or make music,
497a and will also avoid the thought of singing and dancing. Until reaching
enlightenment, I will not sit or lie on a high, wide, or large bed and
will also avoid the thought of large beds. Until reaching enlighten-
ment, I will not eat after noon and will also avoid the thought of
eating after noon. Until reaching enlightenment, I will not handle
68
Fascicle One
gold and silver and will also avoid the thought of handling gold and
silver. I will do so until I have fulfilled the six perfections with great
loving-kindness and great compassion.
From the time of making the vow up to attaining enlightenment

One takes refuge in the Triple Jewel.
In maintaining the ten precepts,
One also vows to do so until attaining enlightenment.
The six perfections and the four brahmavihāras

Should all be practiced to completion.
Those who practice in this fashion
Are in accord with the Mahayana.
69
Chapter XI
The Supramundane
Precepts
Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, how many types
of the bodhisattva’s supramundane precepts are there?”
If in the mind one discriminates male and female and not male and not
female, the bodhisattva has committed a pārājika offense. If in the mind
one discriminates male and female and not male and not female of ani-
mals or hungry ghosts, or male and female and not male and not female
of gods, the bodhisattva has committed a pārājika offense. If one carries
this out either physically or vocally one will be unable to attain the results
of the three vehicles. If one takes the bodhisattva’s supramundane precepts
but does not generate the mind of loving-kindness and compassion, the
bodhisattva has committed a pārājika offense. If one gives either physical
or vocal expression to this lack of loving-kindness and compassion, one
will be unable to attain the three vehicles. If with respect to some other
thing—whether small or large, whether long or short, whether having
or not having color or shape, whether standing still or moving, whether
the object is stationary or moving, and whether it is sealed or hoarded—
if in the mind one generates the thought of theft, the bodhisattva has
committed a pārājika offense. If one gives either physical or vocal expres-
sion to this intention, one will be unable to attain the three vehicles.
Even though it may be something as insignificant as the leaves, bark,
or sap of a tree, if in the mind one desires to take something, the bodhi-
sattva has committed a saṃghāvaśeṣa offense. If one gives either physical
or vocal expression to this intention, one will be unable to attain the
fruits of the three vehicles. If one generates the thought of singing and
dancing, making music, flowers and perfume, or necklaces, the bodhi-
sattva has committed a saṃghāvaśeṣa offense. If one gives either physical
71
or vocal expression to this intention, one will be unable to attain the

three vehicles. If one generates the thought of a wide or large seat, the
bodhisattva has committed a saṃghāvaśeṣa offense. If one gives either
physical or vocal [expression to this intention], one will be unable to
attain the three vehicles. If one generates the thought of eating after
noon, the bodhisattva has committed a saṃghāvaśeṣa offense. If one
gives either physical or vocal expression to this intention, one will be
unable to attain the three vehicles. If one generates the thought of holding
gold, silver, and jewels, the bodhisattva has committed a saṃghāvaśeṣa
offense. If one gives either physical or vocal expression to this intention,
one will be unable to attain the three vehicles.
497b If while cutting the hair or nails one generates the thought of the
shape of the new moon,18 the bodhisattva has committed a sthūlātyaya
offense. If one gives either physical or vocal expression to this intention,
one will be unable to attain the fruits of the three vehicles. If one gen-
erates the thought of cutting plants, the bodhisattva has committed a
sthūlātyaya offense. If one gives either physical or vocal expression to
this intention, one will be unable to attain the three vehicles. If one gen-
erates the thought of defaming someone else, whether their form, family
lineage, belongings, skills, means of transportation, or physical strength,
the bodhisattva has committed a sthūlātyaya offense. If one gives either
physical or vocal expression to this intention, one will be unable to
attain the three vehicles.
If a bodhisattva places his foot on any of the belongings of the Buddha,
Dharma, and Sangha, whether flowers, incense, or unguents, clothing
or jewels—if a bodhisattva places his foot on them, this is to commit a
pāyattika offense. If one places one’s foot on a stupa of the Buddha, or
a place where the Buddha has been, including the bodhi tree and the
locations where he turned the wheel of Dharma, this is to commit a pāy-
attika offense. Those who do not have faith will not be able to attain the
three vehicles.
If one generates the thought of sticking out the tongue, rolling the
eyes, or otherwise violating the rules of deportment—if one generates
such thoughts, this is to commit a duṣkṛta offense. If one gives either
72
Fascicle One
physical or vocal expression to this intention, one will be unable to attain

the three vehicles.
If, when one sees other things, other amusements, or various enter-
tainments and deceives others in order to gain benefit for oneself, and
talks of the transgressions of others—if one generates such thoughts,
this is to break the pratideśanīya. If one does this either physically or
vocally, one will be unable to attain the three vehicles.
If prior to breaking the precepts one prevents such thoughts from
occurring, this is the bodhisattva’s saṃyama-gatāni.19 To make one’s
eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and thoughts not differentiate: this is what
the bodhisattva should learn. This is called being sufficient in the supra-
mundane bodhisattva precepts.
73
Chapter XII
The Higher Supramundane

Precepts
World-honored One, what are the higher supramundane precepts, which

are untainted,20 inconceivable, without specific location, and without
attachment?
The Buddha replied:
Mañjuśrī, those precepts are as follows with regard to sentient beings:

without self and not without self, without affairs, without causes, and
without teaching others; without practice, without not practicing, and
without a location of practice; without name and without form; without
the characteristics of form and not without the characteristics of form;
without serenity and without non-serenity; without anything that can be
grasped and without anything that cannot be grasped; without the true
and without the untrue; without body, without words, and without expla-
nation; without mind, without world, and without the non-world; not
the worldly dharmas and not non-worldly dharmas; neither praising
one’s own holding of the precepts nor criticizing others’ holding of the
precepts; and neither looking for the transgressions of others nor using
one’s own holding of the precepts to belittle others. These are the precepts
of nonawareness, the precepts of nonconsideration, because there is
nothing about which to think or be aware. Mañjuśrī, these are the higher
supramundane holy precepts, which are undefiled, without generation,
and without attachment. They are beyond the triple world and removed
from all dependence.
The Buddha spoke this verse: 497c
There are people who maintain the supramundane precepts

And are without taint and without
75
Pride and dependencies,

Ignorance and the fetters.
The various faults such as these

Are all completely nonexistent.
They are without serenity within and serenity without,
And also without serenity of both within and without.
They are also without awareness within and without.

Understanding this, they attain liberation.
Mañjuśrī, those who observe the precepts in the Buddha Dharma do not
contemplate their own bodies and are not attached to their own lives.
To not be attached to whether all sentient beings attain the correct practice
is to abide correctly in the Buddha Dharma. Mañjuśrī, this is called
having the precepts in the Buddha Dharma.
To not be attached to the world and not rely on the world; to attain
brilliant light so that the darkness of ignorance does not exist; to be with-
out thought of self, without thought of other, and not attached to thought;
to have one’s pure precepts neither part of this shore, nor the other shore,
nor in the current between; to be without attachment and without bonds;
to be without transgression and without taint: Mañjuśrī, those who have
the precepts in the Buddha Dharma; whose minds are not attached to
name and form; who constantly benefit all beings with universal same-
ness; who are constantly serene of mind, without “I” and “mine”—such
people uphold the precepts as they have been explained. They reside at
the stage where there is nothing [more] to be learned, no liberation, and
nothing [more] to be done. This is to attain the higher enlightenment;
this is the characteristic of the pure precepts.
These are the unsurpassable precepts, the indeterminate precepts, the
precepts without wisdom. The precepts are the imperceptible essence
of sagehood. These are the precepts extolled by the Buddha. With these
precepts, which are empty and nonexistent like the self, can one attain
holy meditation, and if one achieves pure meditation one can cultivate
wisdom. With wisdom one can attain the Buddha’s cognition, and with
this cognition one can attain liberation.
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Chapter XIII
Taking the Bodhisattva

Precepts
Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, in what way

should good men and women take the bodhisattva precepts?”
They should do obeisance in front of the Buddha in utmost sincerity and

say the following:
I, with such-and-such a name, beseech the buddhas to remember

me. Just as the buddhas, the World-honored Ones, correctly under-
stand the wisdom of buddhahood and are without attachment, so
should I now generate the mind of the bodhisattva and will benefit
all sentient beings, causing them to attain comfort. I will generate
the intention to achieve unsurpassable enlightenment (bodhicitta),
in the same fashion as the bodhisattvas of the past, present, and
future. I will generate the unsurpassable intention to achieve enlight-
enment and will generate the [affectionate regard that one feels for
one’s] parents, brothers, sisters, and friends toward all sentient
beings. I will attain liberation from samsara on behalf of their lib-
eration, until I lead them to generate the intention to achieve perfect
enlightenment. I will be diligent and energetic in giving sentient
beings everything they need, whether material things or the Dharma.
With these material things and the Dharma I will attract all sentient
beings, gradually leading them to liberation as appropriate, because
all sentient beings should escape samsara. Until they are made to
reside in unsurpassable enlightenment, I will continue to make full 498a
effort. I will not be lax.
This should be repeated a second and third time. This is called the great
bodhisattva’s initial generation of the intention to achieve enlightenment
77
(bodhicitta). Mañjuśrī, thus should the bodhisattvas undertake their prac-

tice in order to teach bodhisattvas, so that they not become śrāvakas,
pratyekabuddhas, ordinary people, or the various types of wretched
beings.
78
Chapter XIV
Letters
Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, how are all the
sounds to be spoken? All the dharmas are included in these and the letters
of the dhāraṇī.”
All the dharmas are included in these and the letters of the dhāraṇī.
Mañjuśrī, to say the letter A is to produce the sound of impermanence,
and to say the letter Ā is to produce the sound of transcending the self.
To say the letter I is to produce the sound of the sensory faculties, and
to say the letter Ī is to produce the sound of illness. To say the letter U
(?) is to produce the sound of tumult, and to say the letter Ū is to produce
the sound of inferior sentient beings. To say the letter Ṛ is to produce
the sound of direct and gentle continuity, and to say the long letter Ṝ is
to produce the sound of the eradication of defilement and playful activity.
To say the letter Ḷ is to produce the sound of the successive generation
of dharmas, and to say the long letter Ḹ is to produce the sound of the
characteristics of defilement of the three states of existence.
To say the letter E is to produce the sound of the generation of troubles,
and to say the letter AI is to produce the sound of characteristic of the
excellence of the noble path. To say the letter O is to produce the sound
of grasping, and to say the letter AU is to produce the sound of birth by
transformation, etc.21 To say the letter AṂ is to produce the sound of the
nonexistence of personal possession, and to say the letter AḤ is to produce
the sound of being completely lost in extinction.
To say the letter KA is to produce the sound of being saved from
karmic retribution, and to say the letter KHA is to produce the sound of
space that is equivalent to all the dharmas. To say the letter GA is to pro-
duce the sound of the profound Dharma, and to say the letter GH is to
produce the sound of the eradication of densely layered ignorance and
79
the darkness of folly. To say the letter G is to produce the sound of the
prior knowledge of activities.
To say the letter C is to produce the sound of Four Noble Truths, and
to say the letter CH is to produce the sound of eradicating the defilement
of desire. To say the letter J is to produce the sound of being saved from
old age and death, and to say the letter JH is to produce the sound of
controlling evil words. To say the letter Ñ is to produce the sound of
saying “be at peace.”
To say the glottal letter Ṭ is to produce the sound of the eradication
of fetters, and to say the glottal letter ṬH is to produce the sound of mak-
ing a reply. To say the glottal letter Ḍ is to produce the sound of con-
trolling demon thieves, and to say the glottal letter ḌH is to produce the
sound of extinguishing the various objective realms. To say the glottal
letter Ṇ is to produce the sound of eradicating the various afflictions.
To say the light letter T is to produce the sound of being suchlike,
with no differentiation and no destruction, and to say the light letter TH
is to produce the sound of courageous strength and quick fearlessness.
To say the light letter D is to produce the sound of bestowing serenity
and maintaining peace, and to say the light letter DH is to produce the
sound of the seven possessions of the sage. To say the letter N is to pro-
duce the sound of the discrimination of name and form.
To say the letter P is to produce the sound of the cardinal meaning,
and to say the letter PH is to produce the sound of the realization of the
fruit of enlightenment. To say the letter B is to produce the sound of
498b being liberated from the fetters, and to say the letter BH is to produce
the sound of generating the three states of being. To say the letter M is
to produce the sound of the eradication of pride.
To say the letter YA is to produce the sound of discrimination in accord
with the Dharma, and to say the letter RA is to produce the sound of
taking pleasure and not taking pleasure in the cardinal meaning. To say
the letter LA is to produce the sound of the eradication of affection, and
to say the letter VA is to produce the sound of the excellent vehicle.
To say the letter ŚA is to produce the sounds of faith, zeal, meditation,
and wisdom, and to say the letter Ṣ is to produce the sound of controlling
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Fascicle One
the six sense bases and never failing to know the six supernormal powers.
To say the letter S is to produce the sound of the realization of omnis-
cience, and to say the letter HA is to produce the sound of the proper
elimination of the afflictions. To say the virāma22 is to produce the sound
of the last letter. Beyond this are the sounds of the dharmas that cannot
be explained.
Mañjuśrī, these are the meanings of the letters. All letters are included
within these.
I will explain the eight letters. What eight letters? The letter PA is the
cardinal meaning; all dharmas are without self and contained within this
letter. The letter RA has the meaning of entering into the dharma body
of the Tathāgata by means of the special physical marks of buddhahood
being without special physical marks. The letter BA means that people
who are both foolish and wise in regard to the Dharma are saved by the
Dharma and that there is no folly and no wisdom. The letter JHA has
the meaning of being saved from birth, old age, disease, and death, and
of being included in a state of no birth, no old age, no disease, and no
death. The letter GA means saving people from karmic retribution and
causing them to undergo karmic retribution. The letter THA has the
meaning of supporting the words of the various dharmas in emptiness,
without characteristics, and without activity, and placing them within
the dharmadhātu. The letter ŚA means concentration and insight (śamatha
and vipaśyanā), which allow one to contemplate the various dharmas
as they really are. The letter ṢA has the meaning of all the myriad dharmas
being generated and extinguished in successive moments of thought, as
well as their being without extinction, not extinguished, and fundamen-
tally serene, with all the myriad dharmas included in nirvana. Mañjuśrī,
these are the eight letters, which can accept, maintain, and enter into all
the myriad dharmas.
Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, how does one
say the sound of impermanence?”
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The sound of impermanence refers to the impermanence of all condi-

tioned dharmas. For example, the eyes as a sense base are impermanent.
The sense bases of the ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind are also imper-
manent. The base of form is impermanent, as the bases of sound, smell,
taste, tactile sensations, and concepts are also impermanent. As the ele-
ment of vision, the element of form, the element of visual consciousness,
up to and including the elements of the mind, concepts, and the thinking
consciousness—all are impermanent. The aggregate of form is imper-
manent, and so on up to the aggregate of consciousness, which is likewise
[impermanent]. This is called the sound of impermanence.
The sound of selflessness refers to the selflessness of all the myriad
dharmas. There are those who say that the self and person are the sub-
jective doer or agent, and they may hold views of either annihilationism
or eternalism. These are called “conceptions of the self.” I realize that
these are the words of non-Buddhists. The past is already extinguished,
the future has not yet occurred, and the present doesn’t abide. The twelve
[sense] bases, the eighteen realms, and the five aggregates23 are all without
498c self. This is the meaning of the long letter Ā.
The sound of the sense faculties refers to the great sound. For example,
the faculty of vision is called the great sound. The faculty of hearing,
and so on up to the faculty of thinking are called the great sound. This
is called the letter I, which is called the great sound.
The sound of many diseases refers to the eyes having many diseases,
up to the mind being likewise. The bodies and minds of sentient beings
have various types of diseases and suffering. This is called the sound of
many diseases.
The sound of disturbance refers to the country being insecure and
the people opposing one another, with bandits and thieves everywhere
and the crops do not grow. This is called the sound of disturbance.
The sound of inferior sentient beings refers to inferior sentient beings
who are poor, in distress, and without good roots. This also includes the
birds, animals, insects, and so forth. This is called the sound of inferior
sentient beings.
Regarding the sound of direct and soft continuation, “direct” means
not distorted, and not distorted means not twisted (i.e., just as the tongue
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is not twisted in the retroflex sounds), and not twisted means true. To
be true is to practice as has been explained. To practice as has been
explained is to practice according to the words of the Buddha. This is
called direct. There are six types of “softness”: the softness of the eyes
up to the softness of the mind. This is called soft. “Continuity” is to not
separate from all wholesome dharmas. This is called the sound of the
direct and soft continuity.
The sound of the elimination of defilement and play refers to the elim-
ination of the thirty-six afflictions that defile the desire realm. Four of
them are eliminated by contemplation. “Elimination” means to extinguish.
“Indulgence” refers to the various implementations of the five desires.
The indulgence of sentient beings in this world should thus be eliminated.
This is called the sound of the elimination of defilement and play.
Producing the sound of the successive arising of dharmas is based
on the fact that all the myriad dharmas have the characteristic of selfless-
ness and the characteristic of serenity of arising and cessation in suc-
cessive moments of thought. Having the characteristic of selflessness
refers to the form aggregate being impermanent, up to the aggregate of
consciousness being likewise. This is called having the characteristic of
selflessness. Arising and cessation in successive moments of thought
refers to the generation of all the myriad conditioned activities in suc-
cessive moments of thought. What arises must cease. This is called the
arising and cessation of all the myriad dharmas in successive moments
of thought. Serenity refers to the absence of any location in space: no
form and no body, equivalent to space. This is called the characteristic
of serenity. Past, future, and present are impermanent. This is called the
sound of the successive arising of dharmas.
Regarding producing the sound of the characteristics of defilement
of the three states of existence, “characteristics” refers to the various
tools of the five desires as the characteristics of the realm of desire, the
defilement of form as the characteristic of the realm of form, and the
defilement of formlessness as the characteristic of the formless realm.
These are called the characteristics. The “three states of existence” refers
to the state of existence of desire, the state of existence of form, and the
state of existence of formlessness. What is the state of existence of desire?
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It is all the states from the hells up to the Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven.

What is the state of existence of form? It is all the states from the body
of Brahmā up to the limit of form. What is the state of existence of the
formless? It is from the sphere of infinite space up to the sphere of neither
thought nor non-thought. “Defilement” refers to the ninety-eight afflic-
tions of the three worlds. This is called producing the sound of the char-
499a acteristic of defilement of the three states of existence.
As for the sound of the karmic tribulations, there are three types of
seeking: seeking desire, seeking existence, and seeking the pure practice.
Seeking desire refers to forms, sounds, fragrances, tastes, and tangible
sensations. What is seeking form? There are two types of form. The first
is called color and the second is called shape. There are twelve types of
colors. These are blue, yellow, red, white, smoke, cloud, dust, fog, light,
shadow, bright, and dark. There are eight types of shapes. These are
long, short, square, round, high, low, even, and uneven. These are called
the forms that are desired.
What are the sounds that are desired? There are seven types of sound.
These are the sounds of a conch, of a drum, of a small drum, of a large
drum, of singing, of a man, and of a woman. These are the sounds that
are desired. What are the fragrances that are desired? There are seven
types of fragrance: the fragrance of the roots, the fragrance of the marrow,
the fragrance of the bark, the fragrance of the sap, the fragrance of leaves,
the fragrance of flowers, and the fragrance of fruit. Or, male fragrance
and female fragrance. These are called the fragrances that are desired.
What are the flavors that are desired? There are seven types of flavor:
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, astringent, insipid, and pungent. Or, the flavor
of a man or of a woman. These are called the flavors that are desired.
What are the tactile sensations that are desired? There are eight types
of tangible sensations: cold, hot, light, heavy, rough, smooth, hungry,
and thirsty. Or the tactile sensation of a man or of a woman. These are
called the tactile sensations that are desired; these are the desires that
are sought.
What are the existences that are sought? They are the existence of
the world of desire, the existence of the world of form, and the existence
of the formless world. These are called seeking existence. What is seeking
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Fascicle One
pure practice? These are the desires of mendicant ascetics for rebirth in
the heavens and for nirvana. These are called seeking pure practice.
What is the meaning of “seeking”? It is desirous attachment.
What are the sounds of karmic tribulations? All the states of existence
of sentient beings are called tribulation. With the exception of the heavens
and nirvana, seeking other locations always entails tribulation. This is
the sound of the karmic tribulations.
The excellent sound of the holy path refers to the eightfold correct
path, from correct views to correct meditation. Because these are without
calamity and without attachment, they are called the holy path. This is
called the excellent sound of the holy path.
The sound of clinging means attaching to all dharmas. This is what
is meant by the sound of clinging.
As for the sound of birth by transformation, the four aggregates of
feeling, perception, impulses, and consciousness are said to be born by
transformation. I shall also explain birth from the womb, birth from an
egg, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation. There are four
types of birth from a womb: on the continent of Pūrvavideha in the east,
on Jambudvīpa in the south, on Aparagodānīya in the west, and on
Uttarakuru in the north. All the birds are born from eggs, while mosqui-
toes, flies, lice, and so on are born from moisture. The gods are born by
transformation. This is called the sound of birth by transformation.
As for the sound of the absence of “mine,” all the myriad dharmas
are not “mine,” because they are not generated from me. As for the
absence of “mine,” there may be pride in the absence of “mine.” This
is called the sound of the absence of “mine.”
As for the sound of complete extinction, the impulses are extinguished
because ignorance is extinguished. And so forth up to sorrow and suf-
fering are extinguished, because arising and ceasing are extinguished.
Extinction refers to the serenity of nirvana, from which one will not be
reborn. This is called the sound of complete extinction. 499b
As for the sound being saved from the effects of karma, there are
three types of karma. These are the three types of the body, the four
vocal types, and the three mental types. “Effects” refers to these three
types of karma being pure. This is called the sound of being saved from
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the effects of karma. As for the sounds of space and the myriad dharmas,
the myriad dharmas are equivalent to space. How can they be equivalent
to space? All the dharmas are merely names, merely ideas. They are
without characteristics and without discrimination, without essence;
they do not move and do not oscillate. They are inconceivable; they nei-
ther arise nor cease. They are without action and consequently without
characteristics, without anything created and without features. They are
without shape and without a defining activity. They are equivalent to
space and abide in the equality of sameness, neither aging or dying, not
experiencing sorrow or suffering. Form is equivalent to space, and feel-
ings, perceptions, impulses, and consciousness are likewise. The dharmas
of the past are gone, those of the future have not arrived, and those of
the present do not stay. This is called the sound of the myriad dharmas
being equivalent to space.
As for the sound of the profound Dharma, based on ignorance there
are the formative forces, and so on, up to based on birth there is aging,
death, sorrow, and suffering. But when ignorance is extinguished the
formative forces are extinguished, as are birth and death, sorrow, and
suffering. The truth of this principle is called “profound.” “Profundity”
means that the twelve factors of dependent arising (pratītysamutpāda)
and the path of all speech are cut off. It is without boundary, without
location, and without time. Both the individual (puruṣa) and the nature
of time (prakṛti) are cut off, and one enters into the universally same
destruction of attachments to self and other. This is called the sound of
the profound Dharma.
As for the sound of the removal of the dark obscurity of densely lay-
ered ignorance and folly, “dense” refers to the view of the existence of
the body and the rest of the five views. “Layered” refers to the five aggre-
gates. “Ignorance” refers to not knowing past and future and whether
one is with or without transgression; recognizing neither Buddha, Dhar-
ma, nor Sangha; not understanding charity, morality, and the heavens;
not understanding the aggregates, sense realms (dhātu), and sense bases
(āyatana). This is called ignorance. “Folly” refers to distracted ratioci-
nation. This is called folly. “Dark” refers to the suffering of entering the
womb and all that is impure, such that one generates feelings of pleasure
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Fascicle One
and comes and goes in a state of delusion. This is called dark. “Obscurity”
refers to not understanding the three periods of time, without skillful
means, and without comprehension. This is called obscurity. “Removal”
refers to the revelatory illumination of the truth, which removes causes
and conditions, removes the afflictions, removes the nonafflictions,
removes the residual inclinations, and allows one to enter into universal
sameness and make the inconceivable the master of one’s existence. This
is the meaning of removal. This is the sound of the removal of the dark
obscurity of dense and layered ignorance and stupidity.
As for the sounds of the practices of foreknowledge, there are eight
types of practices of foreknowledge. They are correct views and so on,
up to correct meditation. These are called the bodhisattva’s practices of
foreknowledge. To eliminate the five is called correct view. To not think
on greed, anger, and folly is called correct thought. Purity in one’s phys-
ical and mental actions is called correct behavior. Purity of vocal activity
is called correct speech. As for deceit, flattery, and misrepresentation,
seeking for personal benefit through even some slight desire, and by the 499c
five types of sales of liquor, meat, poison, swords, and feminine pleas-
ures—the elimination of these evil actions is called correct livelihood.
Good physical mental activity is called correct energy. To practice the
four foundations of mindfulness is called correct mindfulness. To stabilize
the mind so that it is without defilement or attachment but has the char-
acteristic of serenity, the characteristic of extinction, and the characteristic
of emptiness is called correct meditation. These are called the sounds
of the practices of foreknowledge.
The sounds of the Four Noble Truths are called the truths of suffering,
arising, extinction, and the path. What is the truth of suffering? The
ability to cut off the ten afflictions. What is the truth of arising? The
ability to cut off the seven afflictions. What is the truth of extinction?
The ability to cut off the seven afflictions. What is the truth of the path?
The ability to cut off the seven afflictions and cut off the four types of
thought and so forth, up to the abilities to cut off the fetters of form and
formlessness. These are the sounds of the Four Noble Truths.
As for the sound of eradicating the defilement of desire, “desire”
refers to not being disaffected by defiled pleasure, wanting to have one’s
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body dressed with ornamentation, thinking desirously, and thinking

about physical contact and becoming intimate. “Defilement” refers to
the fetters. “Pleasure” refers to the enjoyment of the six [sense] objects.
“Nondisillusionment” means that one focuses the mind, attaching to
objects without distraction. “Desire” refers to joy. “Ornamentation”
refers to defiled thoughts. “Dressed” refers to the amusement of finery,
“posture” refers to the various types of deportment. “Thinking desirously”
means to be attached to the five desires. “Thinking about physical contact”
refers to desiring to develop mutual intimacy. “Drawing” refers to attract-
ing with fragrant flowers. “The cultivation of intimacy” refers to the
accomplishment of the mind defiled with desire. “Eradicating” refers to
the complete eradication of the preceding unwholesome dharmas. These
are called the sounds of the cutting off of the defilement of desire.
As for the sound of being saved from old age and death, “old age”
refers to the deterioration of the body, so that one must limp supported
by a cane and with declining senses. This is called old age. “Death”
refers to the destruction of the sense faculties. Why is it called death?
Because one then seeks for a place to be reborn where one’s karma can
ripen. This is called death. How are old age and death distinguished?
The maturation of the faculties is called aging, while the destruction of
the faculties is called death. Old age comes first and death later, so they
are called “old age and death.” To be saved from these calamities of old
age and death is called being saved. What are the meanings of “saved”?
They are the meaning of passing beyond, and the meaning of attaining
the freedom of the other shore of nirvana and not being reborn. This is
called the sound of being saved from old age and death.
As for the sound of controlling evil words, “controlling” refers to
controlling one’s speech or body. What is “controlling words”? It is the
destruction of antonyms with homonyms and the destruction of
homonyms with antonyms, subduing untrue words with true words and
subduing true words with untrue words, subduing words with the non-
verbal and subduing the nonverbal with words, subduing that which is
not the cardinal meaning with the cardinal meaning, and subduing the
cardinal meaning with that which is not the cardinal meaning, subduing
uncertain words with certain words and subduing certain words with
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Fascicle One
uncertain words, subduing the many with the one and subduing the one
with the many, subduing transgressions with that which is without trans-
gression and subduing that which is without transgression with trans-
gressions, subduing the unrealized with the realized and subduing the 500a
realized with the unrealized, subduing that which is not in error with
error and subduing error with that which is not in error, and subduing
the categories with that which is beyond categorization and subduing
that which is beyond categorization with categories. “Evil” refers to say-
ing that which is incorrect, untrue, and nondiscerning. “Subdue” has the
meanings of cutting off, restraining, and hiding. This is called the sound
of controlling evil words.
As for the sound of preaching with stability, “preaching” refers to
preaching that clarifies and reveals with discernment, preaching that
does not conceal the path, and preaching that is in accord with the
Dharma. This is called preaching. “Stability” refers to being located in
one place and preaching nirvana, preaching escape from the world, and
relating what one says with language that is without characteristics, with
language that is without form, with language that is without variation,
with language that is without intentionality, with language that is enlight-
ened, with language that is empty, and with language that is serene. This
is called the sound of preaching with stability.
As for the sound of preaching that cuts off the fetters, ignorance is
extinguished and so forth, up to old age and death are extinguished. All
the aggregates are extinguished. “Extinguished” refers to disappearance
and eradication without subsequent generation. This is called extin-
guished. “Elimination” refers to the elimination of all various declivities,
to the elimination of the roots of the afflictions without any residue. This
is called the sound of cutting off the fetters.
As for the sound of answering questions with silence: one may answer
in response to a question, make a discriminative answer, answer in the
form of a counter-question, or refrain from answering. What is an answer
in response to a question? It is to directly answer a question. What is a
discriminative answer? It is to provide extensive discrimination on the
basis of questions that are asked. What is an answer in the form of a
counter-question? It is to use a counter-question in answering someone’s
89
question. What is it to refrain from answering? If someone asks whether

the self is annihilated (i.e., at death) or whether the self is eternal, one
refrains from answering. One should answer in response to questions
in the case of discriminative questions; one should use discriminative
answers in the case of contradictory questions; one should make con-
tradictory answers in the case of questions that should not be answered;
and one should refrain from answering questions made in the course of
a dialogue. This is called the sound of making answers.
As for the sounds of overcoming marauders, “marauders” refers to
the four demons. Form, feelings, perceptions, impulses, and consciousness
are called the aggregate marauders. To be saved from these and to put
an end to all their affairs is called “death of the marauders.” Ignorance,
craving, and grasping are called the affliction marauders. The bodies of
gods and demons are all composed of collections of the five desires.
These are called the heavenly marauders. This is called the sounds of
overcoming marauders.
As for the sound of extinguishing the various realms, this refers to
the extinction of form and so forth, up to the extinction of contact.
“Realms” refers to forms, sounds, fragrances, tastes, and tangible sen-
sations. This is called the sound of extinguishing the various realms.
As for the sound of eradicating the afflictions, this means to annihilate
the afflictions. As for eradicating the afflictions, the contemplation of
impurity is the proper medicine for the great poison of defiled desire,
compassion is the proper medicine for the great poison of anger, and
the contemplation of the twelve factors of dependent arising is the proper
medicine for the great poison of ignorance. This is called the sound of
eradicating the myriad afflictions.
As for the sound of the undifferentiated and the undestroyed, the
“undifferentiated” is without destruction and without differentiation; it
is the cardinal truth; it is empty, without characteristics, without shape,
500b and universally same; it is unmoving and inconceivable. This is called
the undifferentiated. The “undestroyed” is without differentiation of
shape, universally same, and without characteristics; it is unmoving,
undestroyed, and not cut off; it is unadulterated, without tribulation; it
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Fascicle One
is without mind and without before and after. This is called the sound
of the undifferentiated and the undestroyed.
As for the sound of valiant power and speed without fear, “valiant”
refers to energy (as in the eightfold path), “strength” to the ten powers,
“speed” to rapidity, and “fearless” to being unafraid in all situations.
This is called the sound of valiant strength and speed without fear.
As for the sound of the donation of serenity and guarding tranquility,
there are two types of donation, inner donation and outer donation. What
is inner donation? The truthful preaching of the Four [Noble] Truths.
What is outer donation? The donation of hides, meat, leather, blood,
countries, cities, wives, children, men, women, valuables, or grain, and
so on. There are three types of serenity, called the serenity of body,
speech, and mind. What is bodily serenity? To not engage in the three
transgressions. Verbal serenity is to be without the four verbal transgres-
sions. Mental serenity is to not be lustful, angry, nor stupid. “Guarding”
refers to guarding the six senses. “Tranquility” refers to mutual tolerance
and accord, not looking for others’ faults, knowing when you have
enough, and reducing desires. To not relentlessly pursue the strong and
weak points of self and others. Not looking for others’ faults refers to
not looking for another person’s faults and not talking of one person’s
faults in comparison with those of another. This is called the sound of
the donation of serenity and guarding tranquility.
As for the sounds of the seven holy treasures, these are faith, shame,
contrition, charity, morality, erudition in the Buddhist scriptures, and
wisdom. These are called the sounds of the seven sagely valuables.
As for the sounds of the discrimination of name and form, “name”
refers to the last four aggregates and “form” to the four elements. “Dis-
crimination” refers to the discrimination of name and form. This is called
the sound of the discrimination of name and form.
As for the sound of the cardinal meaning, this refers to the discrim-
ination of the five aggregates. This is called the sound of the cardinal
meaning.
As for the sound of achieving realization and attaining the fruits,
“fruits” refers to the four fruits of stream-enterer and so forth, up to arhat
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and pratyekabuddha. “Attain” has the meaning of “enter.” “Realization”

refers to the manifestation of realization. “Achieve” means to perform.
This is called the sound of achieving realization and attaining the fruits.
As for the sound of becoming liberated from the fetters, “fetters”
refers to the three fetters of greed, anger, and folly. “Emancipated” refers
to transcending these three fetters. This is called the sound of becoming
liberated from the fetters.
As for the sound of generating the three modes of existence, these
refer to existence during birth, existence during one’s present life, and
subsequent existence. This is called the sound of generating the three
modes of existence.
As for the sound of cutting off pride and conceit, “pride” refers to
taking pride in one’s good looks, pride in one’s vitality, pride in one’s
wealth, pride in one’s autonomy of supernormal powers, pride in one’s
family lineage, pride in one’s performance of good, pride in one’s
longevity, and pride in one’s intelligence. These are called the eight types
of pride. “Conceit” refers to conceit in regarding oneself as superior to
inferiors and equal to equals, in regarding oneself as superior to equals
and equal to superiors, spiritual conceit, conceit in the belief that the
aggregates are a self and are possessed by a self, conceit in not being
inferior, conceit in regarding oneself as superior, and false conceit. These
are called the seven types of conceit. “Cutting off” refers to cutting off
500c pride and conceit. This is called the sound of cutting off pride and conceit.
As for the sound of penetrating the myriad dharmas, “penetrating”
refers to understanding the sense realms as they are. “Myriad dharmas”
refers to all the wholesome and unwholesome dharmas. Being filled
with the five desires is called the unwholesome dharmas, while eradi-
cating the five desires is called the wholesome dharmas. This is called
the sound of penetrating the myriad dharmas.
As for the sound of discriminating the dharmas as they are, “as they
are” has the meaning of equivalent. “Dharmas” refers to the wholesome
dharmas and the unwholesome dharmas. “Unwholesome dharmas” refers
to being filled with the five desires rather than cutting them off. “Whole-
some dharmas” refers to cutting off and no longer being filled with the
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Fascicle One
five desires. “Cutting of” has the meaning of destroying. This is called
the sound of discriminating the dharmas as they are.
As for the sound of taking pleasure or not taking pleasure in the car-
dinal meaning, “taking pleasure” refers to the objects of the five desires.
“Not taking pleasure” refers to not being attached to the five desires.
“Cardinal meaning” refers to that which is empty and without charac-
teristics. This is called the sound of taking pleasure or not taking pleasure
in the cardinal meaning.
As for the sound of cutting off affection, “affection” refers to the affec-
tion for form and so forth, up to the affection for contact. “Cutting off”
refers to extirpation. This is called the sound of cutting off affection.
As for the sounds of the superior vehicles, the so-called three vehicles
are the buddha vehicle, the pratyekabuddha vehicle, and the śrāvaka
vehicle. The tenth stage of the perfection of wisdom is called the buddha
vehicle. To subjugate one’s body, to render one’s body tranquil, and to
make oneself enter nirvana is called the pratyekabuddha vehicle. To be
a sentient being with weak faculties, to fear being a sentient being, and
to want to escape birth and death is called the śrāvaka vehicle. These
are called the sounds of the superior vehicles.
As for the sounds of faith, zeal, mindfulness, concentration, and wis-
dom, contemplating with concentration and no extraneous thoughts is
called “faith.” Valiantly making effort to practice and to maintain morality
is called “zeal.” Single-minded focus is called “mindfulness.” Being
unmoved in the face of the various affairs is called “concentration.” The
prajñā of equality is called “wisdom.” These are called the sounds of
faith, energy, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom.
As for the sounds of subduing the six sense bases and unfailingly
understanding the six supernormal powers, “six sense bases” refers to
the sense base of vision and so forth, up to the sense base of thought.
“Subdue” refers to subduing form and so forth, up to subduing dharmas.
The “six supernormal powers” are the divine eye, divine ear, knowledge
of the thoughts of others, knowledge of the past karma of others, levi-
tation, and knowledge of the exhaustion of one’s contamination. To ‘not
understand’ refers to ignorance. “Unfailingly understanding” refers to
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the eradication of that ignorance. This is called the sounds of subduing

the six sense bases and unfailingly understanding the six supernormal
powers.
As for the sound of the realization of omniscience, “omniscience”
refers to the complete understanding of all the worlds of the dharmas.
“World” refers to the generation and extinction of dharmas moment by
moment. “World” also refers to the aggregates, sense realms, and senses.
There are also two types of “worlds.” The first is the world of sentient
beings, and the second is the world of activity. The world of sentient
beings refers to all the myriad sentient beings. The world of activity
refers to the locations of sentient beings and all the worlds, which may
be known with complete understanding. There are two types of cognition:
the cognition of the śrāvakas and the cognition of omniscience. These
501a are called cognition. “Realization” refers to the realization of one’s own
body and the realization of others’ bodies. This is called the sound of
the realization of omniscience.
As for the sound of the correct destruction of the afflictions, “destruc-
tion” has the meaning of eradication. The “afflictions” are the ninety-
eight afflictions: the ten afflictions that are cut off in the suffering of the
world of desire, the seven afflictions of the holy truths of arising and
extinction, the eight afflictions of the holy truth of the path, the four
afflictions of thought, the nine afflictions that are cut off in the suffering
of the world of form, the six afflictions of the holy truths of arising and
extinction, the seven afflictions of the holy truth of the path, the three
afflictions of thought, and likewise with the formless world (i.e., all but
the first ten). “Correct” refers to clear eradication with no residue of
defilement. This is called the sound of the correct destruction of the
afflictions.
As for the sound of the last word, beyond which there is no Dharma
that can be spoken, if there are no words then it is called nirvana. If there
are words then it is called samsara. “Last” refers to there being no sub-
sequent letters, other than the virāma. “Cannot be spoken” refers to the
Dharma’s being imperceptible and beyond discrimination. Because it is
without form it cannot be spoken. The “myriad dharmas” refers to the
94
Fascicle One
aggregates, sense realms, sense faculties, and the thirty-seven constituents

of enlightenment. This is called the sound of the last word, beyond which
there is no Dharma that can be spoken.
End of Fascicle One of the Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions
95
Fascicle Two
Chapter XV
Clarifying the
Schools
At that time Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha:
World-honored One, after you enter nirvana, how will your disciples in
the future be able to discriminate between the various schools? What
will be the fundamental school?
There will be twenty schools that will keep the Dharma in existence for
my future disciples. Members of all those twenty schools will attain the
four realizations, and their tripiṭakas will be equal, without being inferior,
intermediate, or superior. It is like the water of the ocean that is undif-
ferentiated in taste. It is as if a man had twenty sons. This is truly what
the Tathāgata has preached! Mañjuśrī, the two original schools derive
from the Mahayana and from the perfection of wisdom. Mañjuśrī, just
as earth, water, fire, wind, and space are that upon which all sentient
beings reside, so is the perfection of wisdom. The Mahayana is the place
from which all the śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and buddhas derive.
Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, what are these

schools called?”
The first two schools are, first, the Mahāsāṃghika (here [i.e., in Chinese]) 501b
this is called the Vinaya school that is an assembly of the great congre-
gation of elders and juniors; second is the Sthaviravāda (Pāli Theravāda)
97
(here this is called the Vinaya school that is an assembly of the congre-
gation of elders and unadorned elders). These two schools will arise one
hundred years after I enter nirvana.
Seven schools will then emanate from the Mahāsāṃghika. Within
the second hundred years after my nirvana there will appear a school
called Ekavyāvahārika (lit., “grasping a single word”). (What they grasp
is identical to the Mahāsāṃghika, hence the term “single.”) Within this
second hundred years there will emanate from the Ekavyāvahārika a
school called Lokottaravāda (“transcending worldly words”). (This
means “reciting praises.”) Within this second hundred years there will
emanate from the Lokottaravāda a school called Kukkuṭika. (This is the
surname of a Vinaya master.) Within this second hundred years there
will emanate from the Kukkuṭika a school called Bahuśrutīya (i.e., “Eru-
dite”). (This is from these Vinaya masters’ erudition and wisdom.) Within
this second hundred years there will emanate from the Bahuśrutīya a
school called Caityaśaila. (This is the name of the mountain where these
Vinaya masters lived.) Within this second hundred years there will
emanate from the Caityaśaila a school called Pūrvaśaila (“East Moun-
tain”). (This is another residence of Vinaya masters.) Within this second
hundred years there will emanate from the Pūrvaśaila a school called
Uttaraśaila (“North Mountain”). (This is another residence of Vinaya
masters). Thus will seven schools emanate from the Mahāsāṃghika
school. Along with the original Mahāsāṃghika, this makes eight schools.
Within this second hundred years after my nirvana, eleven schools
will emanate from the Sthaviravāda. Within this second hundred years
there will appear a school called Sarvāstivāda (lit., “all is verbalized”).
(These Vinaya masters take the three periods of time, i.e., past, present,
and future, as existent, so that everything may be verbalized.) Within
this second hundred years there will emanate from the Sarvāstivāda a
school named Haimavata (“Snowy Mountain”). (This is also a residence
of Vinaya masters.) Within this second hundred years there will emanate
from the Haimavata a school called Vātsīputrīya. (This is the surname
of a Vinaya master.) Within this second hundred years there will emanate
from the Vātsīputrīya a school called Dharmottarīya (“Superior Dharma”).
(This is the name of a Vinaya master). Within this second hundred years
98
Fascicle Two
there will emanate from the Dharmottarīya a school called Bhadrayānīya.

(This is the name of a Vinaya master.) Within this second hundred years
there will emanate from the Bhadrayānīya a school called the Saṃmitīya
(“Honored by All”). (Vinaya masters are considered important by all
people.) Within this second hundred years there will emanate from the
Saṃmitīya a school called Śaṇḍāgārika. (This is the residence of these
Vinaya masters.) Within this second hundred years there will emanate
from the Śaṇḍāgārika school called Mahīśāsaka (“Great and Undispos-
able”). (Just after this Vinaya master was born, his mother threw him in
a well but his father followed and found him; although he had fallen
down the well he did not die, so he is called “undisposable”; he is also
called “able to shoot.”) Within this second hundred years there will
emanate from the Mahīśāsaka a school called Kāśyapīya. (This is the
surname of a Vinaya master.) Within this second hundred years there
will emanate from the Kāśyapīya a school called Dharmaguptaka. (This
is the name of a Vinaya master.) Within this second hundred years there
will emanate from the Dharmaguptaka a school called Sautrāntika. (These
Vinaya masters adhere to the content of the sutras.) Thus will eleven
schools emanate from the Sthaviravāda. Along with the original Sthavira-
vāda, this makes twelve schools.
The Buddha spoke the following verse:
From the Mahāsāṃghika school

Will seven schools separate,
And from the Sthaviravāda eleven.
These are the twenty schools.
These eighteen and the original two

All derive from the Mahayana.
Neither correct nor incorrect,
I say that these will arise in the future. 501c
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Chapter XVI
Miscellaneous
Questions
World-honored One, in the future non-Buddhists will say as follows:

“When the Buddha preached the Aggregation of Fire Sutra, sixty bhikṣus
died, sixty bhikṣus quit the path, and sixty bhikṣus attained liberation.”
The non-Buddhists will also say the following: “The Buddha was not
omniscient. Why? Because he did not perceive this eventuality ahead of
time.” How should we reply to non-Buddhists who speak thus?
The Buddha told Mañjuśrī, “If someone lights a lamp, does he not kill
insects?”
Mañjuśrī replied, “So it is, O Tathāgata.”
The Buddha continued:
I preach to sentient beings according to what they are able to bear. When
I preach the Dharma, there are always causes and conditions that are
relevant to the situation. Sentient beings such as the first sixty bhikṣus
who have the karma of taking life must undergo the retribution for that.
Those other sentient beings (i.e., the second group of sixty bhikṣus) were
unable to accept the Dharma and therefore quit the path. Those other
sentient beings (i.e., the last group of sixty bhikṣus) were able to accept
the Dharma and therefore attained liberation. In all these cases this was
due to the relevant causes and conditions; it was not something done by
me. Why? The Buddha is born from the world, but I do not preach that
the Buddha created the world. If a person takes life he shortens his own
life span. If a person does not take life he will attain the fruits of a long
life span and liberation. Although those sentient beings quit the path, I
will certainly teach and save them in the future. Therefore, Mañjuśrī,
the Tathāgata is without error.
101
Mañjuśrī, it is like the sun and moon illuminating the kumuda,

puṇḍarīka, and utpala flowers,24 which may be open or closed or already
fallen off. The sun and moon are without discriminating minds. Why?
Because the sun and moon are without any mind at all. Since the sun
and moon are without mind, the flowers open and fall off of their own—
the sun and moon are without error. Mañjuśrī, my preaching of the
Dharma is like this: There are sentient beings with long life spans and
sentient beings with short life spans; there are those without illness and
those with illness; those with many illnesses, and those with few illnesses;
there are those who are detestable and those who are adorable; there are
those of inferior, intermediate, and superior wealth and status; there are
those born in Jambudvīpa, those born in Uttarakuru, those born in
Aparagodānīya, those born in Pūrvavideha, those born in the realms of
the four heavenly kings, or in the realm of neither perception nor non-
perception. There are those born in the hells or as hungry ghosts, animals,
or asuras.
For every sentient being, one’s own karma is one’s wealth, one’s own
karma is one’s allotment, and one’s own karma determines the location
of one’s rebirth. All these results are created by karma and not by anything
else. There are sentient beings of superior, intermediate, and inferior
abilities, but these distinctions are not of my creation. Why? Because
the karmic activities of sentient beings becomes their wealth.
World-honored One, of those bodhisattva mahāsattvas who practice

charity, there are those who give away their wives and children. For
example, in his previous life as Prince Sudāna, the Buddha gave his two
sons to an evil brahman, who then beat the two sons. World-honored
One, why was [the prince] lacking in impartiality and compassion? A
bodhisattva without compassion cannot be called a bodhisattva. World-
502a honored One, must a bodhisattva have impartiality or not? If he must
have impartiality, then how could this bodhisattva give his sons up to
be beaten? If we are asked this, how should we reply?
102
Fascicle Two
Suppose someone has two sons and gave the younger son to the older.
Mañjuśrī, would such parents have impartiality if the older son beat the
younger son to death? Mañjuśrī, whose transgression would this be?
Mañjuśrī said to the Buddha:
World-honored One, the parents in their impartiality would be without

transgression; the older son would be guilty of the transgression himself.
I always have impartiality with regard to sentient beings. Just as I consider

Rāhula with affection, so do I consider Devadatta with affection.
Mañjuśrī, for this reason the bodhisattva in the example you mentioned
would be without transgression. Again, Mañjuśrī, consider the case of
a person who donates food every day, and one day he gave food to a
beggar who, after receiving the food, stole someone else’s possessions.
Mañjuśrī, whose transgression would this be?
World-honored One, it would not be the transgression of the donor of

the food, whose only thought was of charity and who did not cause the
theft.
So it is with the bodhisattvas, whose only thoughts are of giving and not
of killing. Therefore, bodhisattvas generate the thought of harmlessness.
If someone kills another, he commits the transgression of murder himself.
One must always practice impartiality

And be without any thought of harm while giving.
Even if someone else commits the transgression of murder,
Retaining a spirit of impartiality leaves one without fault.
If a sentient being has a life span or the conception of life span,

And furthermore has an intention to injure or kill,
103
And if that sentient being’s life is now cut off,

Then he who caused the injury is guilty of the crime of murder.
If a sentient being is without any remaining life span

But thinks of himself as having a life span,
Anyone who generates thoughts of injury
Also may be said to be guilty of a crime.
Devadatta and Rāhula

I cherish without distinction.
Such feelings of compassion
Are the bodhisattva’s spirit of impartiality.
Mañjuśrī said to the Buddha, “World-honored One, so it is, so it is. It is

truly as you have spoken.”
World-honored One, in the future people will face the criticism that you,
the Tathāgata, the World-honored One, have always said that if someone
was able to explain the twenty-four locations he would be born in one
of those twenty-four locations. The twenty-four locations are the king
of a single continent, kings of two continents, kings of three continents,
kings of all four continents, the four heavenly kings, and so forth, up to
the king of the heaven of autonomous transformation of others (the sixth
and highest heaven of the realm of desire); the great Brahmās and atten-
dant Brahmās in the realm of form; those who have attained the fruit of
stream-enterer and so forth, up to arhatship in the formless realm; those
502b with great wisdom, those possessed of the various wholesome practices,
and those who are immoveable in their absence of laxity. These are
referred to as the twenty-four locations. You are at present able to explain
these, so will you also attain one of these locations? When those of false
views criticize thus, how should we respond?
I did not preach that teaching for this reason. Mañjuśrī, even though the
light of the sun and moon has the power to benefit the various flowers,
it does not seek any gratitude or reward. Why? Because the sun and
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Fascicle Two
moon are without mind. Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata is like this. It is because
I do not seek reward that I preach the Dharma for people. Why? Because
the Tathāgata is without mind. Mañjuśrī, in the midst of the myriad dhar-
mas I am without defiled attachment. Therefore, Mañjuśrī, the Dharmas
that I preach are without any concept of selfhood. Why? During the past
three immeasurable eons I have donated to others my head, eyes, legs,
marrow, brain, hands, legs, joints, countries, cities, wives, children, slaves,
elephants, and horses. In all these various donations, I never had a single
thought of seeking any reward. The Tathāgata does not seek worldly
rewards. Why? Because the Dharmas that I preach are not for my own
benefit. I have not preached for myself, nor for others, nor for both self
and others. If I had preached the Dharma for self, for others, or for both
self and others, then I would be subject to attachment.
The sun and moon do not think, ‘The flowers should reward my help to
them but they do not.’ This is because the sun and moon are without
mind. In the same fashion, the Tathāgata is also without mind. Why?
The Tathāgata is without anything that can be grasped (i.e., anything
that is perceptible). Because I am without anything that can be grasped,
how could I attain a reward? Although it is said that I have attained
unsurpassable and perfect enlightenment, I have actually never preached
a single word. Why? Because there is nothing that can be grasped. The
Tathāgata is without anything that can be grasped; the Tathāgata is
without any attainment of the fruit of enlightenment. Why? Because I
am free from suffering and pleasure. When I previously thought of the
time at which I attained enlightenment, I realized that I attained all that
I had sought, but I was without anything that was attained, without form,
and without characteristics.
Sun and moon illuminate the flowers without any thought of reward.
The Tathāgata is without anything that can be grasped, and similarly
[he] does not seek reward.
105
World-honored One, in the past you have taught that every sentient being
dies at his or her appointed time. Why is this? Although everyone must
die, no one dies except when he is supposed to. Therefore, someone
holding false views might say the following: “I may kill someone who
has reached the time of his death, and as his killer I will be without any
transgression. Why? Because it was the victim’s time to die. Therefore
I will not be guilty of the crime of murder.” How should we respond?
It is like a man who builds a palace and after its construction is completed
502c he wishes to live there. Inquiring of the fortune-teller as to which days
are propitious to live there and which days are not propitious, he is told
that he should not move in. Why? Because [the palace] will be burned
down, and it will burn down whether or not anyone sets fire to it inten-
tionally. When the man asks what plan he might adopt to avert this, the
fortune-teller tells him that he should diligently guard the palace. The
man then diligently guards the house yet someone brings fire and burns
it down anyway. Mañjuśrī, is the person who set the fire guilty of a crime?
Mañjuśrī said, “World-honored One, he is guilty, he is guilty.”

So it is, Mañjuśrī, whether or not it is someone’s time to die, anyone

who kills a person will certainly be guilty of murder and must enter into
the hells, just as in the burning of the palace.
Whether a person’s time has arrived or not,

Anyone who kills someone else
Must enter into the hells,
Just as in the case of the burning of the palace.
World-honored One, in the future those of false views will speak as fol-
lows:
106
Fascicle Two
Those who kill others are not guilty of murder. Why? The body is
killed but the life is not destroyed. If the body were equivalent to a
person’s life, then any child who burned his parent’s body after
death would be guilty of murder. Why? Because the body would
be considered equivalent to life. Therefore one should understand
that the body is not equivalent to a person’s life, and a life is not
equivalent to one’s body. Why? Because body and life differ. If the
body were equivalent to life and life equivalent to the body, then
to burn the body would be to destroy the life. If the life goes on in
some later incarnation, then the body should go also to the same
incarnation. But since the life is not burned up when the body is
burned, one should understand that the body is not equivalent to
life. Why? Because a person’s life cannot be burned up. Therefore,
the body is not the life, and the life is not the body. To kill the body
does not therefore entail the transgression of murder. Why? Because
the two are different.
Just as when a person asks directions, he only moves along the indicated
road with his body but his life. does not “move” (i.e., is affected). So it
is, World-honored One, that such people would hold that the burning of
body and life are separate and the transgressions involved are also sep-
arate. Why? They point out that even if life proceeds to a later time (i.e.,
rebirth), the body remains. Therefore, one should understand that the
body is not life.
World-honored One, is a person able to take another person’s life or
not? If a person is able to take a life then [that living thing] should not
be born again. Once life has been taken, nirvana is not necessary to
achieve escape from samsara. If the body is equivalent to a person’s life,
then by killing the body the victim attains nirvana. Why? Because there
is no difference between the two. Therefore, there would be no retribution
for killing. World-honored One, such people would say:
If the body is killed, the life is born again to receive another identity,
Therefore the person who does the killing is not guilty of murder.
Why? Because the life is reborn. To be reborn is to be born in the
hells, as an animal, a hungry ghost, as an asura, etc. Therefore,
107
503a killing the body is not called taking life. Just as a teacher of medi-
tation teaches his students to eliminate their mind, thought, and cog-
nition: if one eliminates mind, thought, and cognition one will not
be reborn. If one is not reborn one will have no subsequent body.
To have no subsequent body is also to have no life. If one has no
life, one will not be reborn. Thus meditation teachers murder people.
World-honored One, how should one respond to persons having such

false views?
There are two types of precepts, and those of body and speech are not
the precepts for mind, thought, and cognition. If mind, thought, and cog-
nition were subject to these precepts, then no one would be able to
observe the precepts. Why? Because the mind clambers among the
objects and is difficult to control, and it never stops. It is like a running
river or a monkey. It is constantly moving without stopping—it cannot
be controlled. Therefore, Mañjuśrī, there are no precepts for the mind,
thought, and cognition. The precepts are only for body and speech. Mind,
thought, and cognition are not where the transgression of murder occurs.
Why? Because they are not the places where the precepts are observed.
If the mind takes pleasure in meditation one will attain samādhi, and
if the mind does not take pleasure in meditation one will not attain
samādhi. Therefore, the students “murder” their minds with samādhi;
the mind cannot be killed by a person. Mañjuśrī, it is thus that the samādhi
would bear the transgression of murder, not the mind. Also, if one kills
one’s own body there is no retribution of transgression. Why? If a bodhi-
sattva destroys his own body he only gains merit thereby. Since one’s
own body derives from oneself, then if one were to bear the fruit of trans-
gression for killing oneself, one would also bear the transgression for
injuring a finger while cutting one’s nails. Why? Because one has injured
his body. If a body dies of itself, other sentient beings will eat it.
Since, however, one is originally without thoughts of charity, he will
attain neither merit nor fault. Why? The bodhisattvas’ discarding of their
bodies on behalf of other sentient beings, on the contrary, does not bring
108
Fascicle Two
indeterminate moral consequences—they attain only merit. Therefore,

when the afflictions are extinguished, the mind is extinguished. When
the mind is extinguished, thinking is extinguished. When thinking is
extinguished, cognition is extinguished. When cognition is extinguished,
the body is extinguished. When the body is extinguished, the life span is
extinguished. When the life span is extinguished, life is extinguished.
When life is extinguished, the senses are extinguished. When the senses
are extinguished, the sense bases are extinguished. When the sense bases
are extinguished, the sense objects are extinguished. When the sense
objects are extinguished, the aggregates are extinguished. When the aggre-
gates are extinguished, there is no continuity of personal existence. When
there is no continuity, mind, thought, and cognition have no location.
When mind, thought, and cognition have no location, they attain purity.
So it is, Mañjuśrī. It is like a dirty robe that is cleaned with soap. The
dirt is removed yet the robe remains. Why? Because the dirt is gone.
Because the dirt is gone, the robe has become clean. Thus, Mañjuśrī,
the transgressions are like the dirt [in a robe]. One washes away the dirt
of the mind with the water of wisdom. By removing the mind’s dirt it
becomes pure.
It is like a dirty robe

That is washed with soap.
Through washing with soap
The robe becomes clean.
Similarly, if transgressions
Are cleansed from the mind and consciousness, 503b
Washed with the soap of wisdom,
Then the mind becomes pure.
World-honored One, in accordance with their false views heretics might

also say:
109
If the Buddha is omniscient, why does he not realize ahead of time

that the female non-Buddhists Sundarī25 and Candramaṇi will slander
him? Therefore, the Buddha is not omniscient because he cannot
prevent such slander, which caused these two non-Buddhists to
remain in evil modes of existence for innumerable eons and even
to be cast into Avīci Hell.
World-honored One, how should we answer?
The Buddha told Mañjuśrī, “Let me now ask you a question. Can a doctor
who knows the illnesses of colds and fevers of sentient beings cure a disease
before it has arisen?”
Mañjuśrī answered, “No, World-honored One.”
The Buddha continued, “Mañjuśrī, does such a doctor understand illness?”
Mañjuśrī answered, “Yes, World-honored One.”
The Buddha said:
Mañjuśrī, I am like the doctor. I understand that sentient beings may

have predominantly great desire, great anger, or great stupidity, and that
they may have a long or short life span and evil or good karma. Although
I have prior understanding of these things I do not speak of them when
the time is not right. Mañjuśrī, in the past the two women Sundarī and
Candramaṇi habitually killed sentient beings and committed evil acts.
They have constantly reviled the sages and were cast into Avīci Hell.
Mañjuśrī, I have not created the evil karma of sentient beings. If any
sentient being is able to listen to the Dharma, I will preach it for them.
If they cannot stand to listen, I will not do so. Mañjuśrī, if a person’s ill-
ness is severe and untreatable, the doctor will go away without giving
him even a little medicine. The Tathāgata does likewise. I know that
these two types of people cannot be taught, so I am silent and do not
even speak of any prediction of their future transgressions. Mañjuśrī, if
a prediction can be made, I will make it. Just as I predict that a disciple
will become a śrāvaka, a pratyekabuddha, or a bodhisattva, so might I
not predict any such attainment of the three vehicles. Why? Because it
is uncertain. Mañjuśrī, what do you think? If someone reviles space,
how would space respond?
110
Fascicle Two
Mañjuśrī said, “Space would say nothing. Why? Because space is non-
existent.”
So it is, Mañjuśrī. The Tathāgata is equivalent to space. Space would

say nothing, and the Tathāgata would say nothing.
Mañjuśrī, this is a time in which the five impurities are prevalent. What
are these five? They are the impurity of the eon, the impurity of sentient
beings, the impurity of individual lives, the impurity of the afflictions, and
the impurity of views. What is the impurity of the eon? When the three
calamities occur sentient beings will be killed. They will suffer from famine
and various types of illness. This is called the impurity of the eon. What
is the impurity of sentient beings? There are bad sentient beings and good
sentient beings; those of inferior, intermediate, and superior capacities;
excellent and inferior sentient beings; the most excellent sentient beings
and those who are not the most excellent sentient beings. This is called 503c
the impurity of sentient beings. What is the impurity of individual lives?
There are sentient beings who live to be ten years old, or twenty, thirty,
forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, or ninety years old, or a hundred years
old, or two hundred years old, or four hundred years old, or eight hundred
years old, up to a thousand years old. Because of such differences in ages,
this is called the impurity of individual lives. What is the impurity of the
afflictions? Sentient beings may be predominantly possessed of great
desire, great anger, or great folly. This is called the impurity of afflictions.
What is the impurity of views? There are false views, views involving
being attached to the precepts, the view of permanence, the view of anni-
hilationism, the view of being, the view of nonbeing, the view of self, and
the view of sentient beings. This is called the impurity of views. The Tathā-
gata is entirely without these five types of impurity.
The Tathāgata is like space; how could he say anything.

The Tathāgata is without the five types of impurity, and
Hence he does not make predictions regarding the transgressions of
those who revile him.
111
World-honored One, in the future those of false views will revile the
Buddha, saying “If the Tathāgata is omniscient, why must he wait for
sentient beings to commit transgressions before admonishing them?”
This is actually a characteristic of my omniscience. If I were to admonish

people in order to prevent them from committing transgressions, they
would be right to revile me. Why? How could I speak of transgressions
before they are committed? This is not a function of my omniscience.
Why? Because I am without transgression. If I lacked feelings of com-
passion I would not extend benefit to and embrace sentient beings. It is
like a person without a child who says that a child will be born to him
at such-and-such a time. But this is false; how can such words be
believed? Why? Because it has not really happened. Only after seeing
the child born will anyone believe him. Thus it is, Mañjuśrī, that trans-
gressions yet to be committed are not visible to humans or gods. How
could they be prevented in advance? It is only after people first see their
transgressions that they can control themselves.
Mañjuśrī, it is like a doctor who understands the causes of the illnesses
of winds and fevers of sentient beings, as well as the medicines used to
treat each disease. Suppose there were a strong and healthy person, with-
out disease. Should the doctor treat such a person?
Mañjuśrī said to the Buddha:
He should not treat such a person. If the person becomes ill, then the
doctor should treat him. The people of the world will then praise the
doctor as being the best.

So it is, Mañjuśrī! All the śrāvakas and all the sentient beings have incli-
nations that should be controlled and those which should not be con-
trolled. I know the mental activities of all sentient beings, but I do not
control those who have not yet committed transgressions. If they have
committed transgressions I admonish them. As long as I do so I will not
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Fascicle Two
be reviled by the people of this world. Mañjuśrī, there are superior, inter-
mediate, and inferior sentient beings, and my admonishment of them is
likewise.
Mañjuśrī, if one plants barley, sesame, and so on, can these plants be
used immediately after they sprout?
Mañjuśrī said, “They cannot be used. Why? Because they have not yet 504a
ripened.”
The good roots of all sentient beings have also not matured, so those
sentient beings likewise cannot be admonished. Mañjuśrī, when the
kumuda and utpala lotus flowers first form, is the illumination of the
sun’s light able to make them open?
Mañjuśrī said, “It cannot make them open. Why? Because they are just
newly formed.”
It is the same with good roots that are not [yet] mature. Thus I cannot
admonish sentient beings before they have committed transgressions.
Why? Because it is not the right time to do so. If it is not the time for
them to be admonished, sentient beings would not accept my instructions
and would say “I am without transgression, so why should I be admon-
ished?”
Mañjuśrī, can rice that has been planted be reaped before it is ripened?
Mañjuśrī said, “It cannot be reaped. World-honored One, how could it

flower except at the proper time, and how much less could it provide kernel
and bran?”
Mañjuśrī, my not admonishing sentient beings is also likewise. My dis-

ciples are without transgression and without the fruits of transgression
against the precepts. Therefore, Mañjuśrī, I do not admonish them to
prevent them from committing transgressions.
113
Admonishments made before there is any crime

Would not be taken seriously by sentient beings.
Therefore, only when a crime is apparent
Do I then admonish.
It is like a seedling
That has not yet matured.
The bhikṣus who are without transgression
Are likewise not admonished.
World-honored One, those of mistaken views will say as follows: “The

god Maheśvara created this world.” How should we refute such mistaken
explanations?
To speak thus is false and not true. Other adherents of false views will
say:
The world was not created by Maheśvara. If it were, we would not

be able to revile him. Why? Because the world would exist depend-
ent on him. If the world existed entirely dependent on him, then
Maheśvara would be the teacher of all the worlds and there would
be no other teachers. Since all the different worlds have their own
teachers, then the worlds cannot have been created by Maheśvara.
If all phenomenal reality were dependent on Maheśvara, there should
be no doubts regarding Maheśvara’s role in that reality. Also, Mahe-
śvara would not allow anyone to speak like this.
Sentient beings should not have any doubts regarding such explanations.
Therefore, Mañjuśrī, you should understand that this world was not cre-
ated by Maheśvara. You should understand that such explanations are
untrue and false.
If the various types of good and evil karma

Were created by Maheśvara,
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Fascicle Two
Then the world would not be able to realize it

And no one would be able to explain it definitively. 504b
To speak falsity such as this

Is to speak in vain.
O Tathāgata, He Who Should Receive Offerings, Omniscient One, Body

of the Dharma, World-honored One, You Whose Body is Within the
Dharma, You Who Have Made the Dharma Your Body—how could all
the myriad dharmas be equivalent to space?
There is no body within the dharmas. Why? Because they are like space.
If they were not like space, then space would exist. Why? Space is
without location. It is called space because it is without location. Space
is without any intention or pleasure by which it might be grasped, Fur-
thermore, space is without essence and without action, for which reasons
it is called space. Mañjuśrī, space is neither existent nor nonexistent.
Why? Because it is without location and without the locations of being
and nonbeing. Why? If a dharma were initially existent it would subse-
quently become nonexistent. If a dharma were initially nonexistent it
would subsequently become existent. Or, if a dharma were initially exis-
tent it would subsequently be existent. If a dharma were subsequently
nonexistent, then it was initially nonexistent. Thus it is, Mañjuśrī, these
eight types of speech may be applied to all the myriad dharmas.
I do not preach that the body is composed of existent form. Why?
Because all the buddhas are equivalent to space. This is because both
buddhas and space are omnipresent, because both are without thought,
because both are without mind, thought, and cognition, because both
are without location, and because both are without interior and exterior.
It is for these reasons, Mañjuśrī, that I am called “World-honored One.”
Mañjuśrī, to be called a buddha is not to be aware with body, speech,
and mind. Therefore am I called “buddha.” Why? Because space is not
aware with body, speech, and mind.
115
If one is without mind and ego the location may be existent or nonexistent,
but if it is existent it will be definitively existent, and if it is nonexistent
it will be definitively nonexistent.
There is no World-honored One and no Well-gone One. Why? Because

you cannot be perceived, because you are equivalent to space. If you
are equivalent to space, how could there exist the characteristic of form?
If there existed the characteristic of form you would be impermanent.
If you were impermanent, how could one say you are equivalent to
space?
It is like clapping one’s hands to make noise—does the sound arise from
the left hand or from the right? If it arises from the left hand, then the
sound should always exist. And the same [is true] for the right hand.
Why? Because both hands always exist. With one hand there is no sound
but when they are clapped together there is sound. The Buddha likewise
comes out of the world but is not attached to the world. It is like a lotus
that grows out of [muddy] water but is not touched by the water. When
the hands are clapped together there is sound. This sound is existent as
well as nonexistent, manifest as well as unmanifest, perceptible as well
as imperceptible. Like the moon reflected in water—so is the Tathāgata,
the All-knowing One.
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Chapter XVII
The Entrustment
of the Teaching 504c
Mañjuśrī, if a person accepts this Dharma or preaches this Dharma, or

recites it copies it, or teaches it to others, the merit attained will be immeas-
urable and will lead to the generation of omniscience. Such good men
and women will enter the realm of buddhahood and will reside in the
realm of buddhahood. If one were to complete a vow according to what
one has learned from the Buddha, with the result that one filled up this
world with the seven precious things, and if one donated various types
of clothing to others day after day—the merit attained [from these acts]
would be boundless and immeasurable. But if a good man or good woman
accepts, recites, and copies this sutra, the merit attained from the former
type of offering would not be equal to even a hundredth of a hundredth
part, repeated a hundred times, of the latter [offering], and even so the
latter type [of offering] would be greater by a factor of more than ten
thousand. Why? Because it leads to the generation of omniscience.
Offerings should be made to the location of the sutra; this ground is
pure and can eradicate the various evils. This is a pure place, a serene
place. This is the location where the gods practice, a location remembered
by the buddhas. This is the ground on which the Tathāgata, who is revered
by humans and gods, has stood.
At that time Ānanda addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, what

is the name of this sutra? How should it be preserved?”
The Buddha told Ānanda:
This sutra is called the Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions. You should accept
and preserve it. It is also called “Various Joyful Teachings.” You should
accept and preserve it. It is also called “Cutting Off All Doubts.” You
should accept and preserve it. It is also called the “Sutra of the Practices
of Bodhisattvas.” You should accept and preserve it.
117
O World-honored One, Tathāgata, Arhat, All-knowing One, He Who

Has Done What Is To Be Done, He Who Has Done What Can Be Done—
you have discarded the heavy load and have cut off all the myriad fetters.
You have eradicated all the afflictions, you have cleansed away all the
impurities of the afflictions, you have subjugated the myriad demons,
and you have attained the myriad dharmas of buddhahood. You are the
all-knowing one, the all-seeing one. You have achieved the ten powers,
the four types of fearlessness, and the eighteen unshared dharmas. You
have completely mastered the five eyes, and your buddha eye is unim-
peded. You see all the worlds as you wish. When I first attained enlight-
enment, who was it who had preached the Dharma before me, teaching
how sentient beings could undertake pure and good practices? Who had
the easy teaching for minimizing greed, anger, and folly? Who was able
to manifest realization of wisdom? If those sentient beings had not heard
this Dharma they would have certainly regressed. Therefore, I first
preached the Dharma for them so that they are able to accept it without
ridiculing it.
Mañjuśrī asked, “World-honored One, what are the meanings of your

titles Arhat, All-knowing One, and so on?”
As for arhant, he who attains omniscience is called an arhant (arhat).

Furthermore, what is the meaning of “a” (the first letter in arhant)? The
meaning of “a” is to pass beyond the realm of ordinary people. What
is the meaning of “r”? The meaning of “r” is to attain the undefiled
from the defiled. What is the meaning of “ha”? The meaning of “ha”
505a is to attain the brilliance of wisdom from destroying the afflictions. What
is the meaning of “n”? Its meaning is to arrive at the enlightenment of
ghee and not be bound by samsara. What is the meaning of “t”? Its
meaning is to seek the truth.
What is the meaning of samyaksaṃbuddha? Its meaning is self-
enlightened, enlightening others, and correct pervasive vision. What is
the meaning of “sa”? It means that the dharmas are universally equal,
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Fascicle Two
like space. What is the meaning of “m”? It means the ability to extinguish
conceit. What is the meaning of “ya”? It means to discriminate the dhar-
mas as they are. What is the meaning of “ṃ”? It means to know one’s
later bodies. What is the meaning of “k”? It means that mistaken karma
is not karma. What is the meaning of “sa”? It means to understand the
limits of the transmigration through birth and death. What is the meaning
of “b”? It means to be liberated from the fetters. What is the meaning
of “u”? It means the ability to answer in response to questions. What
is the meaning of “d”? It means to attain serenity. What is the meaning
of “ha”? It means maintaining the dharma-nature without essence and
characteristics.
As for “He Who Has Done What Is To Be Done” (kṛta-kṛtya), when
one discards the physical body, the hands and legs, one’s task will be
completed. This is called having done what is to be done. As for “kṛ,”
that which has been discarded cannot be discarded again. “K” refers to
seeing the myriad dharmas the same as one sees one’s hand. “Ṛ” refers
to the continual presence of the gentle and direct mind. “K” refers to
cutting off the various karma-producing activities. “Ṛ” refers to eradi-
cating the essences of the three types of karma. “Ṭ” refers to being
enlightened to the truth. “Ya” refers to the sound of extinction being
like the creation of dharmas.
“He Who Has Done What Is To Be Done” refers to having fully
formed the various wholesome roots. “Discarded the heavy load” refers
to never having to bear birth and death again. “Cut off all the myriad
fetters” refers to having cut off all the fetters of greed, anger, and delu-
sion. “Eradicated all the afflictions” refers to having extracted from
myself the myriad afflictions of the triple world. I am said to have
“cleansed all the impurities of the afflictions” because I am without any
lingering habits of karma and the afflictions. I am said to have “subju-
gated the myriad demons” because I have eradicated the myriad demons
of death. As for having “attained the myriad dharmas of buddhahood,”
I have crossed over all the perfections of wisdom and have arrived at
all the perfections of wisdom. This is called having attained the myriad
dharmas of buddhahood. I am called the “all-knowing one” because
119
there is nothing I do not know. “All-seeing one” means that I have wit-
nessed all the myriad dharmas.
That I have “achieved the ten powers” means that I have achieved
divine powers according to the Dharma. If one were to calculate the
power of the Buddha it would exceed the power of all sentient beings
by a hundred times, a thousand times, a hundred thousand ten-thousand–
hundred-million times. The power of the Buddha is inconceivable and
incalculable. The Buddha has achieved unlimited power; from the ten
powers of the Buddha there proceed unlimited power. He has achieved
all the myriad powers; this is called achieving the ten powers. The ten
powers are the power of being where one is not, the power of karma,
the power of meditation, the power of the senses, the power of desires,
the power of essences, the power of the knowledge of the courses and
outcomes of all paths, the power of knowledge of past lives, the power
of the divine eye, and the power of the extinction of contamination.
The four types of fearlessness are fearlessness of omniscience, fear-
lessness of the extinction of all contamination, fearlessness of the ability
to preach about the hindrances to the path (i.e., the afflictions) and fear-
lessness to preach about the path of the extinction of suffering. The ten
powers, the four types of fearlessness, great compassion, great empathy,
great joy, and great equanimity are called the eighteen unshared dharmas.
When the eighteen unshared dharmas are completely present, the five
505b eyes are also complete. These are the so-called divine eye, the buddha
eye, the dharma eye, the wisdom eye, and the physical eye.
The Buddha has unlimited powers of vision. Why? Because my sense
realms are unlimited. Therefore, the Buddha creates the five eyes without
hindrance. There is noth-ing omitted from what I see because I am equiv-
alent to space. With these eyes I see all the worlds: with my unhindered
eyes I see the world and with my unhindered eyes I see the all the worlds.
Having seen, I think thus.
For whom should I first preach the Dharma? Mañjuśrī, what is the
meaning of my explaining these words?
Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha, “I do not understand the World-honored

One's point.”
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Fascicle Two
There are in this buddha realm unlimited sentient beings, but it was only
Ārāḍa Kalāma and Udraka Rāmaputra to whom I should have first
preached the Dharma. There was none other than these two, but they
had already been dead for seven days when I achieved enlightenment.
Using my wisdom as a buddha, I first spoke to bodhisattvas of the tenth
stage. Using my worldly wisdom, I preached the Dharma for sentient
beings. Since these two people (i.e., Ārāḍa and Udraka) did not hear my
Dharma they regressed, all for not having seven more days remaining
in their life spans!
When the gods heard these words, they addressed the Buddha, “So it is,
World-honored One, Ārāḍa Kālāma and Udraka Rāmaputra had died only
seven days before!”
Mañjuśrī, what are the practices of the purity of sentient beings by which
they may be transformed and easily taught? “Sentient beings” refers to
people of great merit, and “purity” [refers] to their pure minds. “Good
practices” are [sentient beings’] practicing the various good roots, and
“may be transformed” refers to their attainment of salvation through
even briefly hearing me preach. “Easily taught” refers to the ability to
discriminate the various dharmas. Well do they extinguish all the impu-
rities of body, speech, and mind; they are not bound desire and views.
If there are sentient beings such as these, should I first preach the Dharma
to them! I will make them able to attain liberation and keep them from
reviling me!
Udraka Rāmaputra
And Ārāḍa Kālāma
Had died seven days before
I first attained enlightenment.
Afterward the gods

Came and told me,
121
Thus it is, World-honored One,

Thus it is, O Well-gone One.
The two men have both died

And seven days have passed.
Mañjuśrī, there were no others of such nimble wisdom, only the Tathā-
gata, the Well-gone One, the World-honored One!
World-honored One, all the myriad types of merit are not equal to the
intention to leave home to become a monk. Why? Because those who
live at home have incalculable calamities, and because leaving home
has incalculable merits!
So it is, so it is. It is as you have spoken. All the myriad types of merit
505c are not equal to the intention to leave home to become a monk. Why?
Those who live at home undergo numberless tribulations, while those
who leave home receive numberless merits! Those who live at home
create hindrances, while those who leave home are without hindrance.
Those who live at home are saddled with various defilements, while
those who leave home are free from various defilements. Those who
live at home are engaged in unwholesome activities, while those who
leave home are free from unwholesome activities. Those who live at
home live in a defiled place, while those who leave home live in a place
where defilement is removed. Those who live at home are immersed in
the mire of desire, while those who leave home are freed from the mire
of desire. Those who live at home follow the ways of foolish people,
while those who leave home distance themselves from the ways of foolish
people. Those who live at home cannot attain correct livelihood, while
those who leave home obtain correct livelihood. Those who live at home
have many enemies, while those who leave home have no enemies.
Those who live at home have much suffering, while those who leave
home have little suffering. Those who live at home live in a state of sor-
row and distress, while those who leave home live in a state of joy. Those
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Fascicle Two
who live at home descend the stairs to the evil modes of existence, while
those who leave home take the path of liberation. Those who live at
home abide in the state of fetters, while those who leave home abide in
a state of liberation. Those who live at home have fear, while those who
leave home are fearless. Those who live at home undergo punishment,
while those who leave home are without punishments. Those who live
at home abide in the state of injury, while those who leave home abide
in the state that is without injury. Those who live at home are under great
stress, while those who leave home are without stress. Those who live
at home experience the suffering of greed for personal advantage, while
those who leave home are without the suffering of greed for personal
advantage. Those who live at home are in a place of hustle and bustle,
while those who leave home are in a serene place. Those who live at
home are in a place of parsimony, while those who leave home are in a
place without parsimony. Those who live at home abide in base poverty,
while those who leave home abide in lofty excellence. Those who live
at home are scorched by the afflictions, while those who leave home
extinguish the fires of the afflictions. Those who live at home always
act on behalf of others, while those who leave home act on their own
behalf. Those who live at home do the practices of the small-minded,
while those who leave home do the practice of those with great minds.
Those who live at home take suffering as pleasure, while those who
leave home take transcendence as pleasure. Those who live at home
increase aggravation, while those who leave home alleviate aggravation.
Those who live at home accomplish the lesser Dharma, while those who
leave home accomplish the great Dharma. Those who live at home are
without access to the function of the Dharma, while those who leave
home have the function of the Dharma. Those who live at home have
many regrets, while those who leave home are without regrets. Those
who live at home increase their blood, tears, and milk, while those who
leave home are without blood, tears, and milk. Those who live at home
revile the three vehicles, while those who leave home praise the three
vehicles. Those who live at home are never satisfied, while those who
leave home are always satisfied. Those who live at home are cherished
by the king of the demons, while the demons fear those who leave home.
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Those who live at home are strongly inclined to dissipation, while those
who leave home are without dissipation. Those who live at home abide
in disdain, while those who leave home abide in non-disdain. Those who
live at home are the servants of others, while those who leave home are
506a served. Those who live at home stay at the extremity of samsara, while
those who leave home stay in the extremity of nirvana. Those who live
at home are in the place of spiritual downfall, while those who leave
home are in a place that has no downfall. Those who live at home are
in the darkness, while those who leave home are in the light. Those who
live at home are controlled by the senses, while those who leave home
control the senses. Those who live at home increase their conceit, while
those who leave home extinguish their conceit. Those who live at home
abide in a base and lowly station, while those who leave home abide in
a pure and lofty station. Those who live at home have many tasks, while
those who leave home have nothing to do. Those who live at home have
few rewards, while those who leave home have many rewards. Those
who live at home are extremely deceptive, while those who leave home
are straightforward. Those who live at home are always sorrowful, while
those who leave home are always joyous. Those who live at home feel
like they are being pierced by thorns, while those who leave home are
unharmed. Those who live at home abide in a place of illness, while
those who leave home are without illness. Those who live at home follow
the dharma of decrepitude, while those who leave home follow the
dharma of youthful vigor. Those who live at home dissipate themselves
unto death, while those who leave home live on with wisdom. Those
who live at home follow the dharma of deceit, while those who leave
home follow the dharma of truth. Those who live at home are very busy,
while those who leave home are not so busy. Those who live at home
drink a lot of poison, while those who leave home drink ghee. Those
who live at home are greatly distracted, while those who leave home
are without distractions. Those who live at home abide in transmigration,
while those who leave home abide in nontransmigration. Living at home
is like poison, while leaving home is like sweet dew. Those who live at
home are separated from that which they love, while those who leave
home are without separation. Those who live at home are steeped in
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Fascicle Two
folly, while those who leave home have profound wisdom. Those who
live at home enjoy defiled dharmas, while those who leave home enjoy
pure dharmas. Those who live at home lose inner deliberation, while
those who leave home obtain inner deliberation. Those who live at home
are without refuge, while those who leave home have refuge. Those who
live at home are without distinction, while those who leave home have
distinction. Those who live at home are unsettled, while those who leave
home are settled. Those who live at home are unreliable, while those
who leave home are reliable. Those who live at home have much anger,
while those who leave home have much compassion. Those who live at
home carry a heavy burden, while those who leave home let go of their
heavy loads. Those who live at home are without any task of ultimate
significance, while those who leave home have tasks of ultimate signifi-
cance. Those who live at home have transgressions, while those who
leave home are without transgression. Those who live at home suffer
experience tribulation, while those who leave home are without tribu-
lation. Those who live at home suffer from distress, while those who
leave home do not suffer from distress. Those who live at home trans-
migrate through birth and death, while those who leave curtail transmi-
gration. Those who live at home are defiled, while those who leave home
are undefiled. Those who live at home have conceit, while those who
leave home are without conceit. Those who live at home consider material
wealth as precious, while those who leave home consider merit as pre- 506b
cious. Those who live at home experience many disasters and epidemics,
while those who leave home are free from disasters and epidemics. Those
who live at home always regress, while those who leave home always
advance. Those who live at home can do so easily, while leaving home
is difficult to do. Those who live at home can act, while those who leave
home cannot take action. Those who live at home succumb to the current
of samsara, while those who leave home go against the current. Living
at home is to be in the ocean of the afflictions, while leaving home is
the boat by which that ocean can be traversed. Those who live at home
live on this shore of samsara, while those who leave home live on the
other shore of nirvana. Those who live at home are bound up by the fet-
ters, while those who leave home are free from the fetters. Those who
125
live at home create enemies, while those who leave home destroy their
enemies. Those who live at home are instructed by kings, while those
who leave home are instructed by the Buddha. Those who live at home
commit transgressions, while those who leave home are without trans-
gression. Those who live at home are reborn into suffering, while those
who leave home are reborn into pleasurable states. Those who live at
home are shallow, while those who leave home are profound. Those
who live at home easily gain companions, while those who leave home
have difficulty gaining companions. Those who live at home are accom-
panied by a wife, while those who leave home are accompanied by
samādhi. Those who live at home are caught in a net, while those who
leave home rend the net. Those who live at home esteem inflicting pain,
while those who leave home esteem inclusion of others. Those who live
at home carry the banner of the demon king, while those who leave home
carry the banner of the Buddha. Those who live at home reside in this
world, while those who leave home reside in the other world. Those
who live at home increase their afflictions, while those who leave home
escape the afflictions. Living at home is like being a forest of thorns,
while leaving home is to get out of the forest of thorns.
Mañjuśrī, if I were to include all the criticisms of those who live at
home and praise for leaving home, my words would fill space and I
would never finish speaking! Mañjuśrī, thus it is said that those who
live at home have troubles and those who leave home gain merit.
At that time Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, what

should the bodhisattva mahāsattvas think about?”
Bodhisattvas should think to themselves:
When should I leave home and reside among the sangha? When
should I wish for the unity of living in the sangha? When should I
cultivate morality (śīla), meditation (samādhi), and wisdom (prajñā),
as well as liberation and the perceptual understanding of liberation?
When should I don the robes, like the great and venerable Sage?
When should I attain the bodily marks of a sage? When should I go
live in the forest, staying wherever I can? When should I beg for
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Fascicle Two
food without generating any thought of increase or decrease regarding

good or bad, little or much? One may either attain or not attain food
by almsbegging, and it may be hot or cold. Subsequently, one prac-
tices almsbegging in order to heal one’s ills, just as one greases a
wheel; in order to maintain one’s life, one limits one’s activities.
When should I transcend the eight worldly dharmas,26 so that I will
no longer be manipulated by those eight dharmas? When should I
weary of the city and come to enjoy [living in] the forest, where the 506c
twelve sensory entrances alight on nothing that is not pleasurable?
When should I become able to guard the six senses and attain
samādhi? When should I subjugate the six senses, just as one controls
servants? When should I sit in meditation and energetically recite
the scriptures, taking constant pleasure in the eradication of the
afflictions and the cultivation of all practices? When should I become
satisfied? When should I no longer take pleasure in the things I for-
merly enjoyed? When should I become diligent and energetic on
behalf of myself and others? When should I practice the paths prac-
ticed by the bodhisattvas? When should I become the most honored
in all the world? When should I become liberated from the slavery
of affection? When should I become liberated from the home?
Mañjuśrī, these are the things about which bodhisattvas should think.
If a person contemplates with the mind of the bodhisattva,

I will know that he will be endowed with various merits
Immeasurable and infinite in number.
He will be able to attain the pure dharmakāya of a buddha.
And will neither enter the evil modes of existence nor experience
the various types of suffering, but will
Completely accomplish the wisdom of buddhahood.
World-honored One, there are buddhas who exist in other buddha lands.
Some of those [gathered] here would like to see these buddhas. How
might they be able to see them?
127
The buddhas will never cease to exist for anyone who is able to single-
mindedly think on the ten titles of the tathāgatas. Such persons will be
able to hear the buddhas preach the Dharma and will see those buddhas
in their fourfold assemblies. They will also increase their life spans and
be without the various illnesses.
What are the ten titles? They are Tathāgata, He Who Should Receive
Offerings, Omniscient One, He Who Is Sufficient in the Practice of Wis-
dom, Well-gone One, He Who Understands the World, Unsurpassed
One, He Who Disciplines People, Teacher of Humans and Gods, and
World-honored One. Mañjuśrī, those who think on these ten titles should
first think on the Buddha’s physical body with all its special marks. Next
think on the dharmakāya, which has an inexhaustible life span. You
should think as follows: “The Buddha is not the physical body, the
Buddha is the dharmakāya.” Grasp onto this thought firmly and visualize
the Buddha as if he pervades all of space. It is through taking pleasure
in space that one understands all the doctrines.
Mañjuśrī, it is like the mountains of Sumeru, Yugaṃdhara, Īṣādhara,
Sudarśana, and Khadiraka; Aśvakarṇa, Vinataka, Nemiṃdhara, and
Cakravāla. Even though one’s way might be blocked by all these moun-
tains, if one single-mindedly thinks on the ten titles of the Buddha these
mountains will be unable to hinder one. Why? Because of correct mind-
fulness and the holy power of the Buddha. Again, Mañjuśrī, if one thinks
on the ten titles of the Buddha as if they are like space, one will be without
fault because he understands them to be like space. Because one is without
fault, he will attain the forbearance of the birthlessness of all dharmas.
Thus one may rely on the names of the Buddha to increase one’s correct
507a mindfulness: seeing the Buddha’s special marks, one’s correct meditation
is complete; and by being complete in correct meditation one will see
those other buddhas. Just as a shape is visible when illuminated (i.e.,
reflected) on water or in a mirror, so will one see the buddhas. This is
called the initial stage of meditation. One will eventually see all the buddhas
of the ten directions with the same clarity of an image of the Buddha
reflected in a mirror. Following this, one will only have to contemplate
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Fascicle Two
the Buddha in correct mindfulness in order to generate the characteristics

(i.e., the mental image) of that buddha, and since one is able to generate
those characteristics at will he will always take pleasure in seeing the
Buddha. When one performs this practice of mindfulness, all the buddhas
will be manifested. One will neither attain their supernormal powers nor
proceed to their worlds. Instead, he will merely see all the buddhas while
remaining here in this world; he will hear those buddhas preach the Dharma
and attain an accurate understanding of their teachings.
Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha, “By what method can one generate this
treasure of meditation?”
Those wishing to attain this should associate with spiritual compatriots

and should make offerings to spiritual compatriots. They should always
generate zeal, without ever slacking off. They should never be remiss
in wisdom, in immovable wisdom, in resolute wisdom, in astute wisdom.
They should always immerse themselves in faith so as to make solid the
roots of their energetic endeavor, and so they are not damaged by demonic
monks or brahmans. On the basis of these four dharmas they will be
able to generate this meditation.
Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha, “Are there yet other methods by which
one will be able to generate this meditation?”
With shame, repentance, reverence, and offerings one should serve those
who preach the Dharma, just as if making offerings to the Buddha. On the
basis of these four dharmas he will be able to generate this meditation. Or
he will be able to generate this meditation by cultivating the thought of
selflessness for ninety days, sitting upright in concentrated mindfulness,
without any extraneous thoughts and—except while eating, walking, and
elimination—never allowing any extraneous thoughts to arise.
There are also four other dharmas by which one will be able to gen-
erate this meditation: seeing the buddhas, exhorting people to listen to
the Dharma, not being jealous of those who have generated the intention
to achieve enlightenment, and undertaking the bodhisattva practices.
129
erate this meditation. The first is making images, the second is practicing
charity toward believers, the third is teaching sentient beings so that
they transcend their deceit and attain bodhi, and the fourth is guarding
and embracing the correct Dharma of the buddhas.
erate this meditation: speaking little, not consorting with householders,
living in harmony in the sangha, and not becoming attached to charac-
teristics or indulging in quiescence.
There are also various other dharmas by which one will be able to
generate this meditation. There is the forbearance of the birthlessness
of all dharmas, so that one detests all the various worldly practices and
all forms of incarnation and never considers all the false views and all
the five desires. One may cultivate the unlimited states of meditation,
never becoming angry and always remembering the four all-embracing
dharmas (i.e., charity, affectionate speech, conduct beneficial to others,
and cooperative adaptation), generating sympathy, compassion, joy, and
equanimity, without criticizing the faults of others. One may always
listen to the preaching of the Dharma, straightforwardly cultivating the
three pure types of karma (i.e., of body, speech, and mind). One may
take pleasure in charitable donations without ever generating the thought
of parsimony. One may take pleasure in giving the Dharma, without
ever generating the thought of parsimony regarding the Dharma, rather
cultivating forbearance and residing in peace with others. And if one is
belittled, reviled, struck, or bound by another, he should think “this is
my former karma coming to fruition” and should not become angry.
One may preach the Dharma far and wide for others as he has heard and
507b accepted it, causing them to consider cultivating the correct practice.
One should not generate jealousy, nor praise himself and criticize others.
One should transcend sleepiness and laziness, have faith in the Buddha,
Dharma, and Sangha, and pay reverence to those monks of greater, equal,
and lesser seniority. When one sees some small virtue in someone else,
he should always remember it. One should speak the truth without any
extraneous nonsense.
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Fascicle Two
Furthermore, Mañjuśrī, just as those who have left home are able to
cultivate this meditation, so too are the householders also able to cultivate
it. And just as the householders are able to cultivate this meditation, so
too are those who have left home able to cultivate it. Both groups may
preach it far and wide for others and cause others to cultivate it.
How are householders able to cultivate this meditation? Through the
fruits of their karma of faith they can reject all material wealth, take refuge
in the Three Treasures, and accept the five precepts. Neither evading,
breaking, defiling, or being remiss in the precepts, they can accept the
ten wholesome paths (i.e., not violate the ten precepts) and bring about
the generation of the various types of wholesomeness. Cultivating chaste
behavior, they will destroy the five desires. Without generating jealousy,
they will have no affection for wives and children but will always take
pleasure in leaving home and accepting the eight precepts. Whenever
they go to the monasteries they will have feelings of shame. They will
always feel reverence toward those who have left home. Never keeping
secret the Dharma, they will always take pleasure in teaching others.
They will think with affection and reverence of the preceptors, teachers,
and those who preach the Dharma. They will think of their parents and
spiritual compatriots as if thinking of the Buddha. They will reside with
their parents and spiritual compatriots, helping them live in peace. This
is how householders can cultivate this dharma of meditation.
How can those who have left home cultivate this meditation? The
unviolated precepts, the undefiled, the precepts without a point of crit-
icism, the pure precepts, the unpolluted precepts, the precepts not mixed
with error, the nondependent precepts, the unattained precepts, the unfail-
ing precepts, the precepts that have been praised by the holy ones, the
precepts that have been praised by the wise ones: all are well guarded
by the prātimokṣa, so as to accomplish all the various practices. Always
fearing even small transgressions, they should be pure in action and pure
in livelihood. They should take profound pleasure in the forbearance of
the birthlessness of all dharmas, being fearful of emptiness, signlessness,
and nonintentionality. Ever diligent, always displaying correct mindful-
ness, they should have faithful, compliant minds and achieve feelings
131
of shame. They should not be attached to worldly dharmas and should

not embrace jealousy. They should always cultivate the merits of ascetic
discipline. They should find worldly language repugnant and take no
pleasure in fancy speech.
They should be aware of kindnesses they have received and they
should repay those received kindnesses. They should show reverence
to preceptors and teachers without conceit. They should always take
pleasure in [encountering] superior teachers and associating with reliable
spiritual guides (kalyāṇamitra). Having reliable spiritual guides, they
should inquire about the Dharma and practice the Dharma as they hear
it. Whether they rely on written scriptures or on the instruction of teachers,
they should always think of those preaching the Dharma, their parents,
and their good friends as if embracing thoughts of (i.e., contemplating)
the Buddha. They should take pleasure in monastic life and take no
pleasure in being in ordinary society. They should be unattached to life
and possessions, but rather be mindful of the thought (i.e., contemplation)
of death and not depend on worldly benefit and growth. They should
not approach what is forbidden and should not harbor craving. They
should embrace the correct Dharma with affection and reverence. Neither
accumulating robes and bowls nor accepting promises of lodging and
food, they should always take pleasure in almsbegging at the appropriate
times. They should always maintain a sense of shame and reflect on their
own transgressions. They should not handle gold, silver, or precious
507c things. They should not be bewildered regarding the true Dharma. They
should always cultivate feelings of sympathy so as to be able to eradicate
anger, and they should always cultivate feelings of compassion in order
to eradicate the possibility of injuring others. Extending benefit throughout
the entire world, they should have compassion for all sentient beings.
They should always take pleasure in walking meditation and be without
sleepiness and laziness. If they can maintain meritorious practices such
as these, they will be able to cultivate this meditation.
Furthermore, Mañjuśrī, they should fully develop all kinds of whole-
someness and always be mindful of the Tathāgata. Single-minded in
contemplation, without becoming distracted, they should guard the senses
and know when they’ve had enough to eat. Renouncing sleep and freeing
132
Fascicle Two
themselves from the afflictions from dusk till dawn, they should meditate
without attaching to the taste of meditation. Discriminating the charac-
teristics of form, they should meditate on impurity without being attached
to the aggregates, the sense realms, and the sense bases. They should
not praise themselves or be conceited. They should create the mental
image of the monastery with regard to all dharmas (i.e., think of every
place they may be as within the safe confines of the monastery). They
should generate the mental image of friendliness with regard to all
sentient beings. They should disregard their own reputation and maintain
the precepts. They should always practice meditation and have no distaste
for erudition in the scriptures, but they should take pride in erudition.
They are without doubt regarding the Dharma and do not revile the
Buddha, nor do they criticize the Dharma and Sangha. They always
associate with good people and disassociate from those who are not
good. They take pleasure in the transcendent words preached by the
Buddha. They adopt mindfulness of the six dharmas and cultivate the
five bases of liberation. They are able to extinguish the nine types of
anger and eradicate the eight types of laziness. They cultivate the eight
types of energetic endeavor and practice the nine meditations.27 They
cultivate the eight types of awareness of great persons.28 They achieve
the various states of meditation, liberation, samādhi, and meditative
attainment (samāpatti). They are unmoved by all wrong views. They
concentrate on listening to the Dharma and discriminate the various
aggregates without becoming fixed in any of them. They fear samsara
as if it were a bandit with a drawn sword. They think of the twelve
sense bases with the mental image of empty aggregation, and they think
of the eighteen sense realms with the mental image of poisonous snakes.
They generate the mental image of serenity with regard to nirvana, and
they contemplate the five desires with the mental image of thorns. They
take pleasure in escaping samsara and are not argumentative. They
teach sentient beings to cultivate the various types of meritorious prac-
tices. Those who are able to do as I have described will attain profound
meditation.
Mañjuśrī, if the entire trichiliocosm were filled with dust, and if some-
one donated the same number of the seven precious things as there are
133
dust particles in the world, what would you think? Would such a person’s
merit be great?
Mañjuśrī said, “Extremely great, World-honored One.”

The Buddha said:
I tell you now that if a good man or good woman were simply to hear
of this meditation without feelings of fear, the merit attained would be
even greater. How much more so for those who contemplate it with faith,
practice it, and recite it! How much more so for those who preach it far
and wide for others! How much more so for those who cultivate and
attain this meditation—I would not be able to explain the extent of their
merit! Therefore, Mañjuśrī, good men and good women should cultivate
this meditation, they should remember this meditation. At the same time
508a they should preach this meditation extensively for others.
Mañjuśrī, during the conflagration at the end of the present eon, any
bodhisattva who maintains this meditation will be unharmed by the
flames. Even government persecutions, evil demons, and the various
types of poisons will not trouble him, and the determinate retribution
of deep layers of evil karma will be eradicated.
Again, Mañjuśrī, any great bodhisattva who maintains this meditation
will be without illness, his six senses will be pure, and he will be without
the myriad afflictions. Furthermore, Mañjuśrī, any bodhisattva who
maintains this meditation will be protected by heavenly beings (devas)
and dragons (nāgas). He will be admired by the heavenly beings and
even the buddhas will always praise him. The heavenly beings will
always take pleasure in looking on him and the buddhas too will always
take pleasure in looking on him. Furthermore, Mañjuśrī, anyone who
accepts this meditation will be able to hear all the dharmas he has not
yet heard. Even while sleeping he will dream of this meditation.
Mañjuśrī, even if I spent an entire eon or more than an eon explaining
the merits of this meditation, I would not be able to finish. How much
greater the merit of bodhisattvas who are able to attain this meditation!
Mañjuśrī, it is like a man of great strength who walked toward the east
for a hundred thousand years, and then did likewise to the south, west,
and north, and above and below. What would you think? Would anyone
134
Fascicle Two
be able to count how far he had traveled? Would it be one yojana or two
yojanas, or a hundred thousand yojanas?”
Mañjuśrī replied:
Except for the Buddha, who is all-knowing, and Śāriputra, who has great
wisdom, and the nonregressing bodhisattvas, no one would be able to
count how far he had gone.
Suppose there is a good man or good woman who donates enough pre-
cious things to fill up all the places where that person went, and again
suppose that there is someone who heard of this meditation and, after
hearing of it, joyfully vowed to attain enlightenment and erudition in
the Buddhist scriptures—the merit of the material donation would not
equal even a hundredth part, a thousandth part, or even a hundred thou-
sand–ten thousand–hundred-millionth part of the merit that arose from
the joyful vow based on hearing this meditation! All the buddhas of the
past will be joyful regarding this person, and all the buddhas of the
present and future will be also be joyful! I will also be joyful!
Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, so it is, so it is.

The meritorious fruits of this meditation are truly inconceivable!”
If a bodhisattva cultivates this meditation for a single day, the merit cul-
tivated by all the sentient beings of past, present, and future will not be
even a hundred thousand–ten-thousandth part of the merit gained from
this meditation!”
Thinking on the ten titles of the Tathāgata

Brings unbounded merit.
Merit such as this
Cannot be calculated.
The difference between the extensive donation of precious things,

As explained above, 508b
135
And hearing about this meditation and feeling joyful agreement

Is so great as to be inestimable.
World-honored One, flowers left over from the offerings can be used to
heal a variety of illnesses or as antidotes to poisons, but what are the
methods for this? There are flowers left over from offerings to the
Buddha, flowers from offerings to the perfection of wisdom, flowers
from offerings to the feet of the Buddha, flowers from offerings to the
bodhi tree, flowers from offerings to the locations of the turning of the
wheel of Dharma, flowers from offerings to stupas, flowers from offerings
to bodhisattvas, flowers from offerings to the congregation of monks,
and flowers from offerings to images of the Buddha. What are the meth-
ods for using these flowers? World-honored One, how many types of
mantra methods are there for using these flowers? World-honored One,
how is it that all the various types of flowers may be included among
the flowers of the Buddha? World-honored One, is there only one method
for using these flowers, or are there many methods? Is there only one
type of such mantras, or are there many types of mantras?
There are various types of flowers and various types of mantras. For
each individual flower the mantra is recited one hundred and eight times.
One recites the mantra of the flowers of the Buddha, Namo buddhāya
svāhā.
The mantra for use with flowers from offerings to the perfection of
wisdom is Nama ārya prajñā pāramitāyāi svāhā.
The mantra for use with flowers from offerings to the feet of the
Buddha is Nama padasthānābhyām svāhā.
The mantra for use with the flowers from offerings to the bodhi tree
is Namo bodhi vṛkṣāya svāhā.
The mantra for use with the flowers from offerings to a location of
the turning of the wheel of Dharma is Namo dharmacakrāya svāhā.
The mantra for use with the flowers from offerings to a stupa is Nama
stūpāya svāhā.
136
Fascicle Two
The mantra for use with the flowers from offerings to a bodhisattva
is Nama bodhisattvāya svāhā.
The mantra for use with the flowers from offerings to the congregation
of monks is Nama saṃghāya svāhā.
The mantra for use with the flowers from offerings to an image of
the Buddha is Nama pratime svāhā.
Mañjuśrī, thus should you accept and maintain this mantra sutra.
The Buddha also told Mañjuśrī:
Those who would use this method of the flowers and who are able to
cultivate it with faith, whether monks, nuns, laymen, or laywomen,
should first purify and cleanse themselves early in the morning. They
should be mindful of the merit of the Buddha and revere these flowers,
neither walking on them or stepping over them. According to this method,
they should obtain a pure vessel in which to place the flowers. Using
cool, hot, or cold water, they may grind up the flowers for use in anointing
the body.
They may anoint themselves for any kind of pain in the head, or they
may drink a tonic of ground flowers if they are suffering from diarrhea,
loss of blood, or abdominal pain or discomfort. For sores in the mouth,
they should prepare a potion of ground flowers and warm water, which
is then drunk. If a person has a bad temper, one may use cold water or
granulated sugar, into which these flowers are ground to make a flower
potion that is then drunk. Or if someone is given to the defilement of
great desire, a mixture of ashes and the potion containing ground flowers
should be rubbed on the genitals. Or, again, the flowers may be ground
into cold water and anointed on the head. The fetters of desire will then 508c
gradually disappear and he will be liked by everyone.
If the heavens rain without cease, these flowers may be burned in an
uninhabited place and the rain will stop. If there is a drought, the flowers
should be placed in water in an uninhabited place, and after using the
mantra and pouring cold water on top of the flowers, the heavens will
send down rain. If a cow, horse, elephant, or so on is intractable in nature,
feeding these flowers to [the animal] will subdue it. If the various types
of fruit trees do not flower in abundance, use cold water and cow manure
137
in which this flower potion is included. If the roots are inundated with
this mixture and no one walks on them, the trees will flower in profusion.
If the seedlings in the fields suffer damage from excess water, grind the
flowers into powder and scatter it throughout the fields and the seedlings
will flourish.
If there is some location on a high plain or on land that is without
water, ask four bhikṣus to scatter flowers around the area and recite the
mantra one hundred and eight times in a day. The following day they
should scatter new flowers over the previous day’s flowers, once again
reciting the mantra one hundred and eight times. After doing this for
seven days, water may be dug for and obtained. If there is much illness
in a country, a mixture of cold water and ground flowers should be
daubed onto kettle drums, which are then played loudly. Those who hear
the sounds of these instruments will be healed. If an enemy country is
about to invade, water with ground flowers should be scattered around
the expected place of invasion and the enemy will scatter in retreat. If
there is a large flat rock on some tall mountain, many bhikṣus may grind
flowers on the stone, and when the flowers are ground completely they
should be worshiped. After some time, precious jewels will appear spon-
taneously above the stone.
A foolish person may take the flowers of offering, whether of a hun-
dred varieties or as little as seven varieties, grind them into powder and
mix it with milk curd. First he should recite the mantra one hundred and
eight times. Forming the mixture into pills about the size of a knuckle,
he should take one pill each day. When he takes them he should also
recite the mantra one hundred and eight times. [Doing this,] he will grad-
ually become intelligent and perceptive. In a single day he will be able
to memorize a hundred verses.
If a person has some task to accomplish, he should first make offering
with utpala, kumuda, and puṇḍarīka flowers, flowers from either water
or land, and flowers of a hundred different varieties. Then he should use
water and ground flowers as required; daubing or scattering are both
effective. If he can acquire a hundred varieties of flowers, he may scatter
them as powder or use water to make pills. For a severe disease the flow-
ers should be rubbed onto the sores, and the illness will be healed. For
138
Fascicle Two
sores or boils or for various poisons, one may either take the pills or
daub the flower potion [on the afflicted area] and the illness will be elim-
inated. If someone suffers from chronic coughing and loss of weight,
the flowers should be ground into a potion of barley and wheat. Daubing
this on the body will make the person well. Furthermore, the nectar of
the malli (jasmine) flowers may be combined with the other flowers to
make pills, which are then smeared on the forehead. Any enemies who
see this will come to be one’s friends. 509a
Mañjuśrī, these are the flower mantras: (1) Namo buddhāya svāhā.
(2) Nama ārya prajñā pāramitāyāi svāhā. (3) Nama padasthānābhyām
svāhā. (4) Namo bodhi vṛkṣāva svāhā. (5) Namo dharmacakrāya svāhā.
(6) Nama stūpāya svāhā. (7) Nama bodhisattvāya svāhā. (8) Nama
saṃghāya svāhā. (9) Nama pratime svāhā.
Each mantra should be recited one hundred and eight times. You may
preach these mantras everywhere, and the other types of flowers may
be used according to this dharma of the flowers of the Buddha.
The dirt from beneath the feet of the good

Is the most excellent thing of all.
In all the worlds
Even a mountain of gold is no better.
The dust beneath the feet of the Buddha

Can eliminate sorrow and suffering,
Unlike that mountain of gold,
Which only increases one’s fears.
The places touched by the feet of the Buddha and his wisdom,
Those of his enlightenment, teaching, and
Stupas; the places touched by the great bodhisattvas;
The places of Buddhist monks; as well as the buddhas’ images:
These are the nine types of places

To which one should make offerings,
Which, in this world,
Should be worshiped and revered.
139
Able to eradicate all evils

And eliminate the afflictions of the triple world,
Offering with this dust naturally increases one’s merit,
As well as one’s life span.
One’s countenance will always be joyous

And one will be upright and physically powerful.
One’s actions will always bring good fortune, and
One will be praised and protected by all the buddhas.
At this time Mañjuśrī and all the bodhisattvas, Ājñātakauṇḍinya, and the
śrāvakas, nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, asuras, garuḍas, kiṃnaras, mahoragas,
the humans and non-humans; and all those in the assembly listening to the
Buddha preach took great joy in serving him.
End of Fascicle Two of The Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions
140
Notes
1
Edward Conze, Perfection of Wisdom in Twenty-five Thousand Lines, in The Large
Sutra on Perfect Wisdom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp.
160–162.
2
An English translation of the Samayabhedoparacanacakra (Taishō vol. 49, no.
2031) by Keishō Tsukamoto is published under the title The Cycle of the Formation
of the Schismatic Doctrines (Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation
and Research, 2004).
3
Edward Conze, The Prajñā Pāramitā Literature (Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal
Publishers, 2000, reprint), pp. 63–64.
4
Although the Taishō text has one thousand three hundred and fifty here, the number
one thousand two hundred and fifty found in the Yuan and Ming editions is a stan-
dard number in Sanskrit sutras. The number occurs again in the next paragraph
with reference to the number of arhats present.
5
The Taishō reads shàn pí 善脾, “good spleen,” but this is no doubt shàn bì 善臂,
“good arm.” Indeed Shinkō Mochizuki and Zenryū Tsukamoto, Mochizuki bukkyō
daijiten (Kyoto: Sekai seiten kangyo kyokai, 1954), vol. 4, p. 3162a–b, describes
an esoteric bodhisattva known as Subāhu whose name is sometimes translated as
Miàobì 妙臂. A text called the Subāhu-paripṛcchā, “Questions of Subāhu,” occurs
as no. 26 in the Ratnakūṭa collection; see Mochizuki and Tsukamoto, Mochizuki
bukkyō daijiten, vol. 5, p. 3415a. Also graphically similar to xūpóhóu 須婆睺,
which is defined as Miàobì (Subāhu) in the Ding Fubao (digital edition) and Hakuju
Ui, Bukkyō jiten (Tokyo: Tōsei shuppansha, 1953), p. 46, and appears in several
other important sutras.
6
The “worldly” bodhisattva precepts discussed here and in Chapter X are in contrast
to the “supramundane” precepts discussed in Chapter XI.
7
Shinkan Murakami and Shinkai Oikawa, Ajaseō kyō, Monjushiri mon kyō, hoka
(Tokyo: Daizō Shuppan, 1994), p. 407nl0, Murakami and Oikawa render this as
tathatā (p. 410n8), but Robert Heinemann, Dictionary of Words and Phrases as
Used in Buddhist Dhāraṇī: Chinese-Sanskrit, Sanskrit-Chinese (Tokyo: Meicho-
Fukyukai, 1988), vol. 9, p. 18, gives the essentially identical characters as tad yathā.
8
This rendering is problematic. The first character implies an initial bh-, and Heine-
mann, Dictionary of Words and Phrases as Used in Buddhist Dhāraṇī, pp. 72–
74, gives a number of variants on the verb bhū, “to be,” including Chinese characters
similar to those used here that he reads as bhava, “birth, production, origin.” Since
this is diametrically at odds with both the Chinese characters given for this term
and the overall context, I have chosen the rendering given.
141
9
This passage is problematic in that it first provides a mechanism whereby members
of the sangha can eat meat, and at once removes the entire privilege. One is reminded
of the sometimes contradictory passages in the Nikāyas; the apparent ambivalence
may derive from a lack of unanimity within the community in which the scripture
was originally written. Compounding this is an apparent misprint in the very last
clause, which we are reading as kuàng 況 instead of zhòu 咒.
10
This sutra title is unknown. This line is cited in Taehyeon’s Beommanggyeong gojeokgi,
using the Xiěguī jīng 寫龜經 (T.1815.40:709b13) but neither is found in classical cat-
alogues or modern reference works.
11
The verb used here is the same as that used above in the context of eating meat, which
must be chewed and swallowed, rather than rice (and presumably other softer foods)
that need little or no chewing.
12
Murakami and Oikawa, Ajaseō kyō, Monjushiri mon kyō, hoka, p. 410n8, suggests
Sureśvari or Durgā, based on Mahāvyutpatti 3168; however, this entry is for Sura-
vadhūḥ, rendered correctly in Chinese simply as tiānnǚ 天女, “goddess.” Presumably,
Saṃghabhadra read surā, “liquor,” rather than sura, “deity,” which is a back-formation
from the Persian loanword asura. The correct reading might of course be Surāvadhūḥ,
but this is unknown as a personal name. The male god Somadeva is known, although
I have not found a citation of the feminine form.
13
Not only are several of the preceding Hindu deities’ names uncertain, but at several
points in the preceding list it is unclear where one item ends and another begins. I
have worked to have the number come out to the stated twenty-six.
14
Skt. citta-mano-vijñāna. In Abhidharma Buddhism this is a single term that refers to
mind as a whole. In Yogācāra, in most cases xin 心 refers to the ālaya consciousness,
yi 意 refers to the manas consciousness, and shi 識 refers to the six object-contingent
consciousnesses. But this text is clearly pre-Yogācāra in its origins.
15
The Samantapāsādikā has: “Question: What is meant by good people? Answer: [All
those from buddhas, solitary realizers, and disciples to laypeople who have attained
the path of stream-winner are called good people” (T.1462.24:704a28).
16
Probably a reference to the division into the views of existence, emptiness, and the
middle way.
17
As above, what is being referred to here are the twelve links of dependent arising.
18
The shape of the new moon is a metaphor traditionally used to describe how to trim
the nails.
19
Saṃyama means “to ward off offense”; gatāni means “to prevent from arising.”
20
“Uncontaminated” is a translation of Chinese wúlòu 無漏 (Skt. anāsrava). Its opposite,
“contaminated,” yǒulòu 有漏, means to be flawed or tainted, but at much more subtle
level than the standard notion of “affliction” (Skt. kleśa; Ch. fánnǎo 煩惱). Affliction
142
Notes
refers to direct influence from evil activities or factors (akuśala). Āsrava does not
imply that the consciousnesses or the mental factors involved are necessarily unwhole-
some or afflicted. Rather, the point is that they have some sort of intent involved—
the fulfillment of some sort of desire, noble or ignoble, is anticipated. This means
that a person could be engaged in wholesome activities such as chastity, giving, and
so forth, but that these could still be tainted by being goal-driven. “Uncontaminated,”
then, means that the action is taking place without being tainted by ignorance-based
goal orientation. Thus, the distinction between contaminated and uncontaminated is
analogous to that between unenlightened and enlightened.
21
“Birth by transformation, etc.” refers to the four forms of birth, i.e., birth from a
womb, from an egg, from moisture, or by transformation.
22
Virāma is a mark used to indicate the end of words or sentences.
23
The twelve sense bases (āyatanas) are the six senses of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue,
body, and mind and their six corresponding objects, or sensory data; the eighteen
realms (dhātus) are the preceding twelve sense bases and objects, plus their six cor-
responding consciousnesses. The five aggregates (skandhas) are form (rūpa), feeling
(vedanā), perception (saṃjñā), impulses (saṃskāra), and consciousness (vijñāna),
which are the constituents of the personality or sense of self.
24
Kumuda, puṇḍarīka, and utpala are different types of lotus flowers.
25
Sundarī was a courtesan who defamed the Buddha.
26
The eight worldly dharmas are circumstances that agitate the minds of people in the
world: (1) profit (Skt. lābha), (2) loss (alābha), (3) praise and honor (yaśas), (4) dis-
grace (ayaśas), (5) slander (nindā), (6) glory (praśaṃsā), (7) pleasure (sukha), and
(8) suffering (duḥkha).
27
The nine kinds of meditation on a corpse practiced in order to curb desire are (1)
vyādhmātakasaṃjñā, tumefaction; (2) vinilakasaṃjñā, blue, mottled color; (3) vipa-
dumakasaṃjñā, decay; (4) vilohitakasaṃjñā, mess of blood, etc.; (5) vipūyakasaṃjñā,
discharges and rotten flesh; (6) vidagdhakasaṃjñā, being devoured by birds and
beasts; (7) vikṣiptakasaṃjñā, dismemberment; (8) asthisaṃjñā, bones; and (9) vidag-
dhakasaṃjñā, being burned and returning to dust (ash).
28
The eight types of awareness of “great persons” (i.e., bodhisattvas, śrāvakas, and
pratyekabuddhas) are (1) attentiveness to lessening desire, (2) attentiveness to being
satisfied with the way things are, (3) attentiveness to extricating oneself (from afflictive
behavior), (4) attentiveness to vigilant effort, (5) attentiveness to right mindfulness,
(6) attentiveness to right concentration, (7) attentiveness to right wisdom, and (8)
attentiveness to avoidance of conceptual proliferations.
143
Glossary
afflictions (Skt. kleśa): Affective disorders, defilement(s); mental disturbances; emotional

negativity. All of the thoughts, words, actions, and emotions that arise and cease
based on ignorance and desire, which keep human beings trapped in the cycle of
birth and death and result in suffering. Buddhism teaches methods for attaining nir-
vana/enlightenment as a means of eliminating the afflictions. See also nirvana.
arhat: “Worthy, venerable”; an enlightened, saintly person; the highest type or ideal saint
in the so-called Lesser Vehicle (Hinayana), in contrast with the bodhisattva ideal
of the Mahayana (Great Vehicle). An arhat has eliminated all afflictions and reached
the stage of no more training. See also Lesser Vehicle; Mahayana.
asura: Originally meaning “spirit,” “titan,” or “god,” the term generally refers to titanic
demons, enemies of the gods, especially Indra, with whom they wage constant war.
One of the ten beings living in the different states of existence and one of the eight
supernatural beings that protect Buddhism.
concentration of extinction (Skt. nirodha-samāpatti): The meditative attainment of ces-
sation; an extremely deep state of meditative concentration in which sensory and
discriminative mental function is completely extinguished; one of the six states of
mental inactivity. When this concentration is attained the thinking consciousness
is also extinguished, which enables the practitioner to be reborn into the highest
heaven.
Dharma: The term has a wide range of meanings in Buddhism, including “truth,” “reality,”
“true principle,” “law”; the foremost meaning is the teaching that is fully accordant
with reality that was delivered by the Buddha. The term connotes Buddhism as the
perfect religion. The lower-case term dharma(s) is also used in the sense of “all
things,” concrete things, abstract ideas, etc.
dharma body (Skt. dharmakāya): In general Mahayana teaching, the dharma body is a
name for absolute existence, the manifestation of all existences: the true body of
reality, or the Buddha as eternal principle; the body of essence that is pure, possesses
no marks of distinction, and is the same as emptiness. The dharma body is one of
the three bodies of the Buddha.
duṣkṛta: Sanskrit term meaning minor misdeeds; misdemeanors. The lightest class of
offenses of the Buddhist precepts, requiring confession by the offender to only a
single good monk or nun.
145
Glossary
four gross elements (mahābhūtas): The four elements of which all physical substances
are composed: earth (Skt. pṛthivīdhātu), which has the basic quality of hardness
and the function of protection; water (Skt. abdhātu), which has the function of gath-
ering and storing wetness; (3) fire (Skt. tejodhātu), which is the nature of heat and
has the function of warming; (4) wind (Skt. vāyudhātu), which has the function of
giving motion to all living things.
four kinds of meditation: Four progressively subtle stages of meditation that lead the
meditator out from the desire realm (kāmadhātu) into rebirth in the four meditation
heavens (Skt. caturdhyāna).
Great Cloud Sutra (*Mahāmegha-sūtra; Ch. Dafangdeng wuxiang jing; Taishō no. 387):
A text translated by Dharmakṣema in the Northern Liang dynasty (414–421 C.E.),
consisting of thirty-seven chapters. Since all the chapter headings include the words
“Great Cloud, Part One” there is reason to believe that it may actually be just the
first part of a larger text. The text contains a discussion of the four virtues of con-
stancy, bliss, self-stability, and purity as the peerless inconceivable attributes of the
Tathāgata, and thus is considered to be doctrinally related to the Nirvāṇa-sūtra.
garuḍa: A mythical bird, chief of the feathered race, enemy of the serpent race, vehicle
of Viṣṇu. Translated as “golden-winged,” according to some accounts it dwells in
great trees and feeds on snakes or dragons. One of the eight kinds of spiritual beings
who appear in Mahayana scriptures to protect the Dharma.
god (Skt. deva): Literally “radiant one,” related to the Latin deus, a heavenly being, an
inhabitant of the heavens of sensual pleasure who, as a rule, are invisible to human
beings. There are many classes of heavenly beings. In general, the term designates
the Brahmanic gods and all the inhabitants of devalokas who are subject to suffering
in cyclic existence, just as are human and other beings.
hell (naraka): Literally indicates a prison in the bowels of the earth whose inhabitants
are subject to various kinds of torture as a result of their extensive evil activities in
prior lifetimes (such as violating the precepts). One of the three evil destinies. The
Buddhist scriptures have extensive categories and lists of the hells.
kalpa: Eon, world-period, age. The longest period of time in Indian cosmology; the
period of time between the creation and recreation of a world or universe.
Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra (Ch. Lengjia jing; Taishō nos. 670–672): The Sutra on [the Buddha’s]
Entering [the Country of] Lanka, of which there were four Chinese translations,
three of which are extant. Said to have been delivered on Laṅka Mountain in Sri
Lanka, the text was probably composed in the fourth or fifth century C.E. The Laṅkā-
vatāra-sūtra had enormous influence on many Buddhist schools throughout East
Asia, including East Asian Yogācāra, in which it was considered to be one of the
six orthodox scriptures, and Chan, where it is associated with some of the early
founders of the Chinese tradition. The text contains criticisms of the Sāṃkhya,
Pāśupata, and other Brahmanic schools, and attempts to explain the points of potential
conflation of Mahayana and Brahmanic philosophy.
146
Glossary
Lesser Vehicle (Skt. Hinayana): This term refers in general to practices centered on indi-
vidual salvation, or that are not based on a true experience of emptiness. When used
in a historical interpretive sense, the term is applied to the early Indian groups
typified by the Theravāda and the Sarvâstivāda school, which held to a monastically
centered approach to Buddhist practice. In Mahayana texts, Hinayana practices of
the śrāvakas (direct disciples) and pratyekabuddhas (self-enlightened ones) are
held to be flawed, in that they lack the dimensions of a penetrating view of emptiness
as well as universally functioning compassion, both of which are considered to be
the path of bodhisattvas.
Paranirmitavaśavartin: The heaven where one can partake of the pleasures created in
other heavens; the sixth of the six heavens of desire, or affliction heavens, the last
of the six devalokas, the abode of Maheśvara and of Māra. The beings in this heaven
enjoy a good environment created by others.
pārājika: Grave offenses of the precepts; the original connotation of the Sanskrit word
is thought to mean something like “overcome by another”; thus, to engage in acts
while overcome by affliction. These offenses lead to a monk’s or nun’s excommu-
nication from the sangha with the loss of clerical status, and their falling into hell.
The Hinayana Vinaya texts list four pārājika offenses, known as the four grave
offenses: (1) engaging in immoral sexual behavior or bestiality (abrahmacarya),
(2) stealing (adattādāna), (3) killing a human being (vadhahiṃṣa), and (4) lying
about one’s spiritual attainments (uttaramanuṣyadharma-prālapa).
pratideśanīya: A set of minor offenses, four for monks, eight for nuns, concerning meals.
Offenders must repent these offenses in front of a monk or nun of good conduct.
Rājagṛha: The site of the Buddha’s preaching of several important sutras, located in the
ancient Indian capital of the northern state of Magadha. In Śākyamuni’s time the
city was a flourishing cultural and economic center. It was surrounded by five hills,
including Gṛdhrakūṭa (Vulture Peak), where Śākyamuni is said to have delivered
many teachings. He also taught extensively at the Veṇuvana vihāra (monastic
dwelling place) in Rājagṛha. The state of Magadha was ruled by King Bimbisāra,
a patron of Buddhism, who is said to have moved his capital here from the town of
Kuśāgrapura, a little further east, due to fire and other calamities.
ignorance (Skt. avidyā): Delusion, folly. As the fundamental misunderstanding of reality
that underlies all of the suffering of unenlightened people, it is the first of the twelve
links of dependent arising. Rather than a lack of factual knowledge, it is a basic
error in mode of perception that prevents people from seeing things as they really
are. For example, not being aware of the fact that all things are ultimately imper-
manent, or that there is in reality, no such thing as an inherent self.
pāyattika: Minor offenses requiring expiation. According to the Vinaya in Four Parts
(Skt. Dharmaguptaka-vinaya), the pāyattika are ninety minor offenses by monks,
including minor untruths or dissimulation, etc., which will result in their condem-
nation if not expiated by confession in front of three other monks. If thus confessed
147
Glossary
and repented the pāyattika offenses are considered to have been expiated, but if not
repented the offenders will fall into hell.
piśāca: Goblins; sprites, imps, or demons in the retinue of Dhṛtarāṣtra.
pratyekabuddha: A solitary realizer or self-enlightened one. In early texts the term was
rendered as “enlightened through contemplation of dependent arising,” especially
as defined in the twelve nidānas. Later it was rendered as individually enlightened,
one who lives apart from others and attains enlightenment by and for himself, in
contrast to the altruism of the bodhisattva ideal.
saṃghāvaśeṣa: Offenses for which a monastic may not necessarily be excommunicated;
rules that require a formal meeting to determine punishment; or thirteen offenses
that require temporary excommunication, which the offending monastic can expiate
only by confession before the other monks. One of the five categories of precepts
and one of the eight categories of the prātimokṣa.
śrāvaka: “Voice-hearer,” a disciple. Originally, a direct disciple of the Buddha who
directly heard him teach. In later Mahayana texts, śrāvaka is used as a technical
term with somewhat negative connotations. Disciplined monk-practitioners who
contemplate the principle of the Four Noble Truths for the purpose of attaining
arhatship, and thus eventually nirvana, śrāvakas are also considered, along with
pratyekabuddhas, to be practitioners of the two lesser vehicles, inferior to the insight
and compassion of the bodhisattva path.
sthūlātyaya: An unconsummated offense; a sthūlātyaya offense is incurred when one
has the intention to commit a pārājika or saṃghāvaśeṣa offense but stops short of
carrying it out, or if one intends to commit such an offense but fails to do so.
realm of desire (Skt. kāmadhātu): One of the three realms of existence, along with the
realm of form (rūpadhātu) and the formless realm (arūpyadhātu), in which one’s
consciousness is subject to physical desires (such as for food, sex, and sleep). The
realm of desire encompasses the states of existence of hungry spirits (pretas),
animals, asuras, humans, and the six heavens of desire, so called because the beings
in these states are dominated by desire.
realm of space (Skt. ākāśadhātu): One of the six realms of earth, water, fire, wind, space,
and knowledge.
reward body (Skt. saṃbhogakāya): Also called the body of bliss or body of recompense,
one of the three bodies (trikāya) of the Buddha. The ideal body of a buddha that is
produced upon entering buddhahood as the result of vows undertaken during the
practice of the bodhisattva path. The body of the Buddha in which the blissful reward
of enlightenment is enjoyed.
six heavens: Above Mount Sumeru are six heavens, each higher than the last, stretching
up towards the form realm. The six are: (1) The heaven of the four deva kings, who
guard the four quarters of the world below; (2) Trāyastriṃśa, the Heaven of the
Thirty-three Gods; (3) Yāma, the heaven where the god Yāma resides; (4) Tuṣita,
148
Glossary
the heaven of contentment where the bodhisattva Maitreya is said to be preparing

to be reborn in the world as the next kalpa’s buddha; (5) Nirmāṇarati, the heaven
where one’s desires are magically fulfilled at will; (6) Paranirmitavaśavartin, the
heaven where one can partake of the pleasures of others, and also where Pipanyan,
the king of the māras, resides.
six realms of transmigration: Six kinds of rebirth in saṃsāra that are undergone by sentient
beings in accord with their good or evil actions carried out in their previous lifetime:
(1) hell (Skt. narakagati), (2) hungry ghosts (Skt. pretagati), (3) animal (Skt. tiryagy-
onigati), (4) asura (Skt. asuragati), (5) human (Skt. manuṣyagati), and (6) gods (Skt.
devagati).
ten afflictions: The first five, which are characteristic of those of developed religious
sensitivity are: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views,
and view of attachment to the precepts. The second five, which are characteristic
of those of undeveloped religious sensitivity are: desire, hatred, ignorance, pride,
and doubt.
ten unwholesome activities (Skt. daśākuśala-karma-patha): The ten unwholesome activities
carried out through the three modes of bodily action, speech, and thought: (1) killing,
(2) stealing, (3) debauchery, (4) lying, (5) flattery , (6) insult, (7) treachery, (8) cov-
eting, (9) anger, and (10) holding false views.
thoughtless concentration: One of the six states of inactivity of mind, the state of con-
centration that is the cause of being born into no-thought heaven—wherein all
mental actions and functions of the first six consciousnesses are stopped. This con-
centration is also practiced by non-Buddhists, and is called a good, but tainted con-
centration. It is tainted because the mano consciousness is still producing self-view.
transformation body: The temporal body of the Buddha (Skt. nirmāṇakāya). The trans-
formation of the Buddha’s body into the form of a sentient being in order to teach
and save them. In order to teach sentient beings, this kind of buddha manifestation
utilizes superknowledges to appropriately discern and respond to their various capac-
ities. In addition to this form the buddhas manifest themselves in the Dharma body
and reward body, adding up to three bodies．
trichiliocosm (Skt. trisāhasra-mahāsāhasra-lokadhātu): The worlds that constitute the
domain of the Buddha. A world consists of the world of desire and the first heaven
of the world of form. One thousand times one thousand times one thousand makes
one billion. It is a way of describing the vastness and interwovenness of the universe
in ancient Indian cosmology.
truth of cessation: The principle espoused by Śākyamuni that all suffering eventually
ceases; the third of the Four Noble Truths.
two vehicles: These are the vehicles of the śrāvakas (hearers, direct disciples) and pratyeka-
buddhas (self-realizers). These two kinds of practitioners are regularly introduced in
Mahayana literature where they are generally cast in a negative light as representatives
149
Glossary
of the so-called Hinayana tradition and are set up in contradistinction to the bodhi-
sattva. They are understood as practitioners who are engaged in a view toward prac-
tice and enlightenment that will permit them to reach the level of arhatship and not
buddhahood.
vaiḍūrya: Beryl or lapis lazuli. One of the seven jewels.
yakṣa: Demons of the earth, the air, or the lower heavens; they are malignant and violent
devourers (of human flesh). One of the eight kinds of spiritual beings who appear
in Buddhist scriptures.
150
Bibliography
Conze, Edward, trans. Perfection of Wisdom in Twenty-five Thousand Lines, in The large
Sutra on Perfect Wisdom, pp. 160–162. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1985.
—. The Prajñā Pāramitā Literature. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 2001,
reprint.
Heinemann, Robert. Dictionary of Words and Phrases as Used in Buddhist Dhāraṇī:
Chinese-Sanskrit, Sanskrit-Chinese. Tokyo: Meicho-Fukyukai, 1988.
Mochizuki, Shinkō, and Zenryū Tsukamoto. Mochizuki bukkyō daijiten, 6 vols. Kyoto:
Sekai seiten kangyo kyokai, 1954.
Murakami, Shinkan, and Shinkai Oikawa. Ajaseō kyō, Monjushiri mon kyō, hoka. Tokyo:
Daizō Shuppan, 1994.
Tsukamoto, Keishō, trans. The Cycle of the Formation of the Schismatic Doctrines.
Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2004.
Ui, Hakuju. Bukkyō jiten. Tokyo: Tōsei shuppansha, 1953.
151
Index
A Amitābha, 9, 11
Amoghavajra, 33
ācāryas, 67
Aniruddha, 6
afflictions, 15, 37, 53, 54, 55, 59, 60, 80,
Antigonos I, 9
81, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 94, 109, 111,
Apollo. See Mithra
118, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126, 127,
Ārāḍa Kalāma, 121
133, 134, 140, 142n20
areas/countries/regions/states:
See also defilement(s)
Ahicchattra, 11
Āgama sutras, 5–6
China, 11, 31
Gradual, 5, 6, 8, 9
Longmen, 11
Lengthy, 5
Yongang, 11
Sutra on the Practices of the Wheel-
India, 9, 11
turning King, 5, 6, 25n8
Darada, 11
Middle-length, 5
Gandhāra, 17, 25n8
Sutra of Allegories, 5, 6, 10
Kośala, 10
See also Pāli canon; scriptures/sutras/
Kushan, 9, 33
texts
Magadha, 10
aggregate(s), 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94,
Mithila, 17
95, 109, 133
Saka, 33
five, 82, 86, 91, 143n23
Surāṣṭra, 17
of consciousness, 82, 83, 85, 143n23
Japan, 11
of feeling, 85, 143n23
Korean peninsula, 11
form/of form, 82, 83, 143n23
Kucha, 13
of impulses, 85, 143n23
Parthia, 9
of perception, 85, 143n23
Roman Empire, 9
See also five skandhas
Turkey, 9
Agni, 9
arhat(s)/arhatship, 7, 21, 23, 37, 61, 91,
Agnimitra, 9
104, 118, 141n4
Ajita, 6, 8, 10
arūpyadhātu. See three realms/triple
See also Maitreya
realm, formless
ālaya consciousness, 142n14
Asaṅga, 11
alms/almsbegging/almsfood, 20, 21, 43,
ascetic(s), 19, 85, 132
127, 132
See also austerities; renunciant
153
Index
Aśoka, King, 25n8 Avalokiteśvara, 12, 37

asura(s), 67, 102, 107, 140, 142n12 Mahāsthāmaprāpta, 37
ātman. See self Mahāmati, 37, 47
austerities, 41 Mahāpuṇyavīra, 37
See also ascetic Mañjuśrī Kumārabhuta, 37
āyatana. See sense(s), bases, twelve Vajra, 37
See also Maitreya; Mañjuśrī
B body(ies), of bodhisattvas/buddhas/
Bāvari, 8, 10 tathāgatas, 24, 45, 46, 67, 108, 128
Bhadrapraśāsaka, 16 dharma body/sixteen-foot-tall
bhikṣu(s), 37, 101, 114, 138 body/wisdom body, 45, 46, 48, 81
See also monk(s) relic body, 7, 108
birth, 48, 59, 60, 81, 86, 92, 141n8 vajra body, 45, 46
four forms of, 85, 143n21 body, speech, and mind, 59, 60, 91, 115,
from an egg, 85, 143n21 121, 130
from moisture, 85, 143n21 Brahmavatī, 7, 17
from transformation, 79, 85, 143n21 buddha(s), 6, 7, 8, 18, 20, 43, 48, 57, 60,
from the womb, 85, 143n21 61, 67, 77, 97, 115, 117, 121, 127,
birth and death, 46, 53, 55, 86, 93, 119, 128–129, 130, 134, 135, 140, 142n15
125 eye, 118, 120
See also samsara; rebirth future, 6, 8, 135
bodhicitta. See enlightenment, images, 139
desire/intention for past, 6, 135
bodhisattva(s), 9, 11, 12, 41, 43, 46, 57, vehicle, 93
65, 67, 71–73, 77–78, 87, 102, 103, Buddha, 6, 7, 8–9, 15, 18, 21–22, 23, 32,
104, 108, 110, 126, 127, 134, 135, 37, 44, 45, 48, 72, 76, 77, 101, 110,
140, 143n28 116, 121, 126, 128–129, 131, 132,
of discernment/discrimination, 39 135, 136, 137, 139, 140
esoteric, 141n5 and Ānanda, 117
great, 42, 134, 139 image(s), 128, 136, 137
image/statue, 11, 12 and Mañjuśrī, 39–49, 51–61, 63–69,
lay, 12 71–73, 75–95, 97–99, 101–140
mahāsattvas, 37, 41, 102, 126 and Māra, 7, 22
nonregressing, 135 mindfulness of, 33, 129
offerings to, 136, 137 offerings to, 136–137
practices, 129 power(s) of, 45, 120, 128
precepts, 32, 39, 68, 71, 73, 77, 141n6 and Śāriputra, 15–24
of the tenth stage, 121 and Sudāna, 102
with nothing more to learn, 39 and Sundarī, 143n25
bodhisattvas, named: and Upāli, 8
Akṣayamati, 37 virtue, 21, 22
154
Index
words/teachings of, 22, 83, 133 buddha lands(s)/realm, 9, 121, 127

See also Buddha, titles of; Śākyamuni Buddhism/Buddhist(s), 5, 6, 7, 9–10, 31,
Buddha, titles of: 32, 33, 91, 135, 139
All-knowing One, 43, 44, 53, 116, 118 Abhidharma, 142n14
Bhagavat, 22 Chan, 32
Body of the Dharma, 115 Indian, 31, 32, 33
He Who Has Done What Can Be Done, See also school(s)
118
He Who Has Done What Is To Be Done, C
118, 119 cakravartin. See wheel-turning king
He Who Should Receive Offerings, 115, Cambodian, 34, 35
128 Candana, 19
Honorable One, 15 Candramaṇi, 110
ten, 33, 128, 135 castes:
Arhat, 43, 44, 118–119, 128 brahman(s), 7, 8, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 42,
He Who Disciplines People, 128 67, 102, 129
He Who Is Sufficient in the Practice kṣatriyas, 67
of Wisdom, 128 śūdras, 67
He Who Understands the World, 128 vaiśyas, 67
Tathāgata, 22, 43, 44, 45–48, 53, 81, cities/towns/villages:
97, 101, 104, 105, 110–112, Kommagene (Turkey), 9
115–118, 122, 128, 132, 135 Kappārī, 8, 10
Teacher of Humans and Gods, 128 Ketumatī, 7, 15, 17, 21
Omniscient One, 115, 128 Kyoto, 11
Unsurpassed One, 128 Rājagṛha, 10, 37
Well-gone One, 116, 122, 128 Śrāvastī, 8, 10
World-honored One, 8, 39, 40, 43, 45, Tokyo, 11
47, 51, 53, 57, 59–61, 65, 67, 68, 71, Vārāṇasī, 6, 8, 10, 17
75, 77, 79, 81, 97, 101–104, 106–110, compassion, 15, 20, 40, 43, 71, 90, 102,
112–116, 117, 118, 120–122, 126, 104, 112, 125, 130, 132
126, 127, 128, 134–136 great, 7, 21, 41, 69, 71, 120
You Who Have Made the Dharma Body, concentration, 93, 143n28
115 and insight, 81
You Whose Body is Within the Dharma, Conze, Edward, 33, 141nn1, 3
115 The Perfection of Wisdom in Twenty-
Buddha Dharma, 19, 76 five Thousand Lines, 33, 141n1
See also Dharma The Prajñā Pāramitā Literature, 33,
Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, 39, 42, 68, 141n3
86, 130, 133
See also Three Treasures/Triple Jewel
D
buddhahood, 77, 81, 117, 118, 119, 127 Dao’an, 11
155
Index
defilement(s), 52, 59, 84, 87, 88, 94, 122 profound,79, 86

of existence/three states of existence, 59, wheel, 8, 15, 21, 45, 48, 72, 136
79, 84, 85 dharmadhātu, 81
of desire, 80, 87, 88, 137 dharmakāya, 127, 128
of form, 59, 83 See also dharma, body
of formlessness, 83 Dharmarakṣa, 5
See also afflictions dhātu. See sense realms
demon(s), 43, 45, 80, 118, 119, 123, 134 dhūta. See ascetic(s); austerities
four, 90 Dīpaṃkara, 9
king, 7, 123, 126 disciple(s), 6, 7, 78, 10, 11, 21, 23, 97,
See also Māra 110, 113, 1452n15
dependent arising, 58 four types of, 23
twelve factors/links of, 86, 90, 142n17 See also śrāvaka(s)
deva(s), 18, 21, 22, 67, 134 dragon(s), 15, 37, 67, 134
yakṣa, 16 See also nāga(s)
See also god(s); heavenly being(s) dynasties:
Devadatta, 103, 104 Late Qin (China), 13
Devasena/Devasuvarṇa, 19 Liang (China), 33, 35
dhāraṇī(s), 33, 34, 79 Ming (China), 141n4
See also letters Song (China), 11
dharma(s), 46, 54, 57, 60, 64–66, 75, 79, Śuṅga (India), 9
81–86, 92–94, 105, 115, 118–121, Yuan (China), 141n4
124, 129–131, 133, 134, 139
birthlessness of, 128, 130, 131 E
body, 45, 46, 48, 81 elders, 37, 97, 98
conditioned, 82 Ājñātakauṇḍinya, 37, 140
defiled/unwholesome, 88, 92, 125 Ānanda, 37, 117
eighteen unshared, 118, 120 Mahākāśyapa, 7, 23, 37
eight worldly/worldly, 75, 127, 132, Mahāmaudgalyāyana, 37
143n26 Revata, 37
eye, 120 Śāriputra, 7, 15, 16, 24, 37, 135
four all-embracing, 130 Subāhu, 37, 141n5
-nature, 119 emptiness, 22, 54, 55, 57, 81, 87, 131,
pure/wholesome, 83, 92, 125 142n16
six, 133 enlightenment, 48, 68, 69, 80, 105, 118,
Dharma, 7, 19, 21, 23, 24, 43, 48, 58, 61, 120, 135, 139
65, 67, 68, 77, 80, 81, 89, 94, 95, 97, desire/intention for, 24, 77, 129
101, 102, 105, 110, 117, 118, 120, 121, higher/supreme/unsurpassable, 18, 76,
123, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 77, 105
correct, 130, 132 thirty-seven constituents of, 95
piṭaka, 23
156
Index
extinction, 55, 57, 58, 79, 81, 85, 87, 90, Four Noble Truths, 21, 42, 80, 87, 91
94, 119, 120 four oceans, 15
See also nirvana four types of fearlessness, 118, 120
fruit(s), 91–92, 104, 135
F of enlightenment/liberation, 48, 80, 101,
Faxian, 11 105
Filliozat, Jean, 10 four, 91
five eyes, 118, 120 of karma, 131
buddha eye, 118, 120 of the three vehicles, 71, 72
dharma/Dharma eye, 24, 120 of transgressions, 108, 113
divine eye, 93, 120
physical eye(s), 18, 120 G
wisdom eye, 120 gardens/parks, 16
five desires, 18, 20, 21, 83, 88, 90, Deer Park, 6
92–93, 130, 131, 133 Garden of Flowers and Woods, 21
five modes of existence, 51, 52 Flower Forest Park, 7
five skandhas, 22, 143n23 garuḍas, 67, 140
See also aggregate(s), five god(s), 7, 9, 18, 42, 43, 46, 51, 52, 67, 71,
flowers, 7, 15, 18, 20, 22, 39, 47, 68, 71, 85, 90, 112, 114, 117, 121, 142n12
72, 84, 88, 102, 104, 105, 137–139 See also deva(s); Hindu deities; heavenly
lotus, 8, 113, 143n24 beings
kumuda, 102, 113, 138, 143n24 great person(s), 133
puṇḍarīka, 102, 138, 143n24 thirty-two marks of, 16–17
utpala, 102, 113, 138, 143n24 eight types of awareness of, 133, 143n28
malli (jasmine), 139 Great Vehicle. See Mahayana
māndārava, 22, 41 greed/lust, anger, and delusion/folly/
mantras, 136–137, 139 ignorance, 20, 87, 92, 118, 119
offerings, 136–139
four brahmavihāras, 69 H
See also dharmas, four all-embracing Hakamaya, Noriaki, 12
four continents, 85, 104 heaven(s), 19, 22, 85, 86, 137
Aparagodānīya, 85, 102 of autonomous transformations of
Jambudvīpa, 8, 16, 85, 102 others, 104
Pūrvavideha, 85, 102 Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven. 84
Uttarakuru, 85, 102 Tuṣita Heaven, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11
fourfold assemblies/congregation, 43, heavenly beings, 9, 42, 134
128 See also deva(s), god(s)
See also disciples, four types of; hell(s), 48, 51, 52, 84, 102, 106, 107
monk(s); nuns; laymen/laypeople/ Avīci Hell, 110
laywomen heretics, 109
four heavenly kings, 102, 104 See also non-Buddhist(s)
157
Index
Hindu deities, 42, 142n13 kāmadhātu. See three realms/triple

Brahmā(s), 7, 9, 21, 22, 42, 84, 104 realm, of desire
Cāmuṇḍā, 42 Kaniṣka, 11
Durgā/Sureśvari, 42, 142n12 karma, 54, 85–86, 88, 93, 101, 102, 119,
Indra/Śakra/Śakradevānām Indra, 7, 10, 120, 130, 131
21, 22 bad/evil, 22, 110, 114, 134
*Kātyāyanī, 42 good, 110, 114
Kumāraka, 42 three types of, 85, 119, 130
Maheśvara, 42, 114 karmic, 102
Somadeva/Somadevī, 42, 142n12 residual energies, twenty-four types of,
Sītā, 42 59
*Umara, 42 retribution/tribulations, 79, 81, 85
Vaiśravaṇa, 42 kiṃnara(s), 67, 140
Viṣṇu, 42 kleśa. See afflictions
Yāma, 42 Kōryūji (Kyoto), 11
Hōryū Temple Museum (Tokyo), 11 Kumārajīva, 5, 6, 13, 33
householder(s), 18, 19, 130, 131
hungry ghost(s), 49, 51, 71, 102, 107 L
Hvarna, 10 languages:
Arapacana alphabet, 33
I Brāhmī script, 11
ignorance, 37, 59, 60, 65, 76, 79, 85, Chinese, 10, 33, 34, 37, 97, 141n8,
86–87, 89, 90, 93–94, 142n20 142nn12, 20
See also greed/lust, anger, and delusion/ Japanese, 34
folly/ignorance Pāli, 5, 97
Ikṣvāku clan, 48, 49 Persian, 142n12
See also Śākya clan Sanskrit, 31, 32, 33, 141n4
image(s)/statue(s), 9, 18, 39, 42, 128, 130, Tibetan, 5, 31, 33
136, 137, 139 laymen/laypeople/laywomen, 43, 137,
of Maitreya, 11–12 142n15
impermanence, 18, 21, 22, 53, 79, 81–82 letters, 32–33, 52, 79–81, 82, 94, 118
Iwamatsu, Asao, 10, 25n3 eight, 33, 81
in the word arhant, 118
J in the word ātman, 52
Jidaolin, 11 in the word samyaksaṃbuddha, 118–119
Judaism, 10 See also dhāraṇī(s); languages, Sanskrit;
Juqu Jingsheng, 5 virāma
liberation, 42, 55, 76, 77, 101, 121, 123,
K 126, 133
kalyāṇamitra. See spiritual guides five bases of, 133
158
Index
M meat, 20, 31, 40–41, 87, 91, 141n9,

142n11
madhyama, 65–66
eating, mantra(s) for, 31, 40
See also middle path
meditation(s), 7, 20, 23, 33, 76, 80, 108,
mahāpuruṣa. See great person(s)
120, 127, 128, 129–131, 132–135, 136
Mahāsāṃghika school(s), 97–98, 99
correct, 85, 87, 128
Bahuśrutīya, 98
nine, 133, 143n27
Caityaśaila, 98
meditative attainment, 133
Ekavyāvahārika, 98
merit(s), 15, 20, 33, 42, 43, 53, 108, 109,
Kukkuṭika, 98
117, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 132,
Lokottaravāda, 98
134, 135, 137, 140
Pūrvaśaila, 98
Miàobì. See elders, Subāhu
Uttaraśaila, 98
middle path, 65–66
Mahayana, 31, 32, 46, 67, 69, 97
See also madhyama
See also Great Vehicle
mindfulness, 33, 93, 129, 133
mahoragas, 67, 140
correct/right, 22, 87, 128, 129, 131,
Maitreya, 5–12, 15–21, 23–24
143n28
image(s)/statue(s) of, 11–12
four foundations of, 87
and Metrago Boddo legend, 11
Ming, Emperor, 11
names of:
Miiro, 9, 10
Metteya, 6, 10
See also Maitreya; Mithra/Mithraism
Mi-le, 10–11
Mithra/Mithraism, 9–10
Tissa Metteya, 10
Mithridates, 9
See also Maitreya Ttriple Sutra; Six
Mitirakula, 9
Maitreya Sutras
monastic discipline/life, 31, 132
Maitreya Triple Sutra, 6
monk(s), 6, 7, 10, 11, 20, 31, 34, 43, 122,
See also Six Maitreya Sutras
129, 130, 136, 137, 139
Mandra, 34
See also bhikṣu(s); fourfold assemblies/
maṇi pearl, 32, 47
congregation
Mañjuśrī, 39–49, 51–61, 63–69, 71–73,
morality, 16, 86, 91, 93
75–95, 97–99, 101–140
See also precept(s); perfection(s), six
*Mañjuśrīparipṛcchā. See Sutra of
morality, meditation, and wisdom, 126
Mañjuśrī’s Questions
mountain(s), 128, 138, 139
mantra(s):
Aśvakarṇa, 128
for eating meat, 31, 40
Cakravāla, 128
for flower offerings, 136–137, 138, 139
Fragrant Mountain, 16
Māra, 7, 22
Gṛdhrakūṭa/Vulture Peak, 7, 23, 37
mark(s), 81, 126, 128
Īṣādhara, 128
eighty minor, 18
Khadiraka, 128
thirty two major, 17–18
159
Index
mountains (continued): P
Nemiṃdhara, 128
Pāli canon:
Sudarśana, 128
Aṅguttara-nikāya, Saṃkhitta, 5
Sumeru, 128
Dīgha-nikāya, Cakkavatti-sīhanāda-
Vinataka, 128
suttanta, 5
Yugaṃdhara, 128
Nikāyas, 141n9
N parinirvāṇa, 46
perfection(s), 43
nāga(s), 18, 67, 134, 140
six, 69
See also dragon(s)
of wisdom, 32, 39, 46, 57–58, 93, 97,
nāgarāja(s), 15, 17
119, 136
National Treasure of Japan, 11
pillar(s), 16, 17, 25n8
nirvana, 19, 21, 23, 24, 32, 45–46, 47, 48,
jeweled/seven-jeweled, 17, 18
53–56, 60, 81, 85, 88, 89, 93, 94, 97,
piśācas, 67
98, 107, 124, 125, 133
power(s), 15, 17, 40, 91, 104, 120, 128
See also extinction; parinirvāṇa
supernatural/supernormal, 21, 22, 23, 45,
non-Buddhist(s), 42, 51, 55, 82, 101, 110
55, 92, 129
See also heretics
six, 81, 93–94
nonduality, 65
ten, 91, 118, 120
nonretrogression, 8
prajñāpāramitā. See perfection(s), of
nuns, 43, 137
wisdom
See also fourfold assemblies/congrega-
prātimokṣa, 131
tion
pratītysamutpāda. See dependent arising
O pratyekabuddha(s), 46, 53, 57, 58, 59, 65,
67, 78, 92, 97, 110, 143n28
offense(s):
vehicle, 93
duṣkṛta, 72
precept(s), 15, 20, 32, 60, 73, 75, 76, 108,
pārājika, 71
111, 113, 131, 133
pāyattika, 72
bodhisattva, 32, 39, 68, 77, 141n6
pratideśanīya, 73
eight, 8, 131
saṃghāvaśeṣa, 71–72
five, 131
saṃyama-gatāni, 73, 142n19
supramundane, 71, 73, 75, 141n6
sthūlātyaya, 72
ten, 69, 131
See also transgression(s)
See also morality
offering(s), 39, 117, 129, 139
preceptors, 131, 132
of flowers, 136–137, 138
See also upādhyāyas
of food, 20
Purāṇa, 19
great, thirty-five types of, 41–42
Pure Land, 11, 33
omniscience/omniscient, 81, 94, 101, 110,
112, 117, 118, 120
160
Index
R samyaksaṃbuddha, 8, 11
sangha, 20, 31, 39, 126, 130, 141n9
Rāhula, 103, 104
See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha;
rākṣasas, 22, 67
fourfold assemblies/congregation
realm(s), 80, 90
Śaṅkha, 17
of animals, 49
and Maitreya, 6–7, 18–19
buddha/of buddhahood, 117, 121
śarīras. See relics
of the four heavenly kings, 102
school(s), 32, 33, 97–99
of hungry ghosts, 49
See also Mahāsāṃghika school(s);
of neither perception nor nonperception,
Sthaviravāda school(s); Yogācāra
102
Schopen, Gregory, 11–12, 25n5
of ordinary people, 118
self/selfhood, 22, 32, 51–52, 63, 75, 76,
See also three realms/triple realm
79, 81, 82, 88, 90, 91, 92, 105, 111,
rebirth, 11, 85, 102, 107
143n23
See also birth and death
selflessness, 51, 82, 83, 129
relics, 8, 20, 23
sense(s), 16, 88, 94, 109, 120, 124, 132
renunciant, 19, 33
six, 91, 127, 134, 143n23
See also ascetic(s)
bases, 82, 86, 93, 109, 133
robe(s), 6, 41, 59, 67, 109, 126, 132
six, 59, 60, 63, 81, 93–94
Ṛṣidatta, 19
twelve, 82, 133, 143n23
rūpadhātu. See three realms/triple realm,
faculties, 37, 60, 82, 88, 95
of form
objects, six, 88, 109, 143n23
S realms, 86, 92, 94, 95, 120, 133
sage(s)/sagehood/sagely, 32, 76, 80, 91, eighteen, 133
110, 126 seven great treasures/seven precious
See also arhat(s)/arhatship things, 17, 42, 117, 133
Śākya clan, 23, 48 Six Maitreya Sutras:
See also Ikṣvāku clan Sutra on Maitreya Becoming Buddha,
Śākyamuni, 6–7, 8, 9, 10, 19, 20, 21, 23, 5, 6, 9
47 Sutra on Maitreya’s Descending Birth
See also Buddha and Becoming Buddha, 5
samādhi, 108, 126, 127, 133 Sutra on the Descending Birth of
See also meditation Maitreya, 5, 6, 7, 8
samāpatti. See meditative absorption Sutra on the Time of Maitreya’s Arrival,
śamatha and vipaśyanā. See concentration, 5
and insight Sutra on the Visualization of Maitreya
Saṃghabhadra, 34, 35, 142n12 Bodhisattva’s Ascending Birth in
samsara, 17, 18, 55, 56, 77, 94, 107, 118, Tuṣita Heaven, 5, 6, 10
124, 125, 133 See also Maitreya Triple Sutra
See also birth and death skillful means, 46, 57, 87
161
Index
Small Vehicle, 46 Praise of Maitreya, 11

See also Theravāda Samantapāsādikā, 142n15
spiritual guides, 132 Samayabhedoparacanacakra, 33,
śrāvaka(s), 46, 53, 57, 58, 59, 61, 65, 67, 141n2
78, 94, 97, 110, 112, 140, 143n28 Saptaśatikā (Perfection of Wisdom in
vehicle, 93 Seven Hundred Lines), 33
Sthaviravāda school(s), 97, 98–99 Subāhu-paripṛcchā, 141n5
Bhadrayānīya, 99 Sutra of the Age of the Wise, 9
Dharmaguptaka, 99 Sutra of the Questions and Vow of
Dharmottarīya, 98–99 Bodhisattva Maitreya, 9
Haimavata, 98 Suttanipāta, 10
Kāśyapīya, 99 The Lion’s Roar of the Dharma-turning
Mahīśāsaka, 33, 99 King, 10
Saṃmitīya, 99 Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra, 32
Śaṇḍāgārika, 99 Xiěguī jīng, 142n10
Sarvāstivāda, 98 Yibu zong lun lun, 33
Sautrāntika, 99 See also Āgama sutras; Maitreya Triple
Vātsīputrīya, 98 Sutra; Pāli canon; Six Maitreya
stream-enterer, 91, 104 Sutras; Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Ques-
stupa(s), 8, 20, 25n8, 48, 72, 136, 139 tions; Sutra That Expounds the
Subrahman, 7, 17 Descent of Maitreya Bodhisattva and
Sudāna, 102 His Enlightenment
Sudatta/Sudhāna, 7, 19 Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions, 31–34,
Sumana, 19 35–95, 97–140
Sumati, 19 “Cutting Off All Doubts,” 117
See also Uttara “Sutra of the Practices of Bodhisattvas,”
Sundarī, 110, 143n25 117
sutras/texts: “Various Joyful Teachings,” 117
Aggregation of Fire Sutra, 101 Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Mai-
Aṅgulimāla-sūtra, 40 treya Bodhisattva and His Enlighten-
Avesta scripture, Yašts XIX, 10 ment, 5–12, 13–25
Banzhou sanmei jing, 33 See also Maitreya Triple Sutra; Six
Beommanggyeong gojeokgi, 142n10 Maitreya Sutras
Daban niepan jing (Mahāparinirvāṇa- Sutra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma, 20
sūtra), 33 See also Tripiṭaka
Dragon Flower Vow Passage, 11 Śyāmāvatī, 7, 19
Elephant and Tortoise Sutra, 40 See also Viśākhā
Great Cloud Sutra, 40
Ḥphags-pa byams-pa luṅ-bstan-pa, 5 T
Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra, 40 Taehyeon, 142n10
Mahāvyutpatti, 142n12 Tagaraśikhin, 15
162
Index
Taishō shinshū daizōkyō/Taishō, 31, 33, śrāvaka, 93

34, 141nn2, 4, 5 excellent/superior, 80, 93
Tathāgata. See Buddha, titles of, ten three, 39, 71–73, 93, 110, 123
tathāgata(s), 60, 128 See also Great Vehicle; Small Vehicle
Theravāda, 97 view(s), 60, 66, 86, 111, 121, 142n16
three evil worlds/three states of existence, of annihilationism and eternalism/
18, 79, 80, 83–84 permanence, 59, 82, 111
three realms/triple realm, 11 correct, 18, 51, 85, 87
of desire, 21, 57, 60, 83, 104 deluded/false/wrong, 43, 51, 52, 104,
of form, 21, 57, 60, 83, 104 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 130, 133
formless, 57, 59, 60, 83, 104 twenty-six, 42
Three Treasures/Triple Jewel, 69, 131 fixed, 59
See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha Vinaya:
transgression(s), 39, 61, 73, 75, 76, 86, master(s), 98, 99
89, 91, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, school, 97, 98
111, 112, 113, 114, 125, 126, 131, See also Sutra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma
132 virāma, 81, 94, 143n22
See also offense(s) See also lanuages, Sanskrit; letters
treasure house(s), of Elapatra, Pāṇḍukaḥ, Viśākhā, 7, 19
Piṅgala, Śaṅkha, 17 See also Śyāmāvatī
tree(s), 15, 16, 17, 42, 47, 71, 137, 138
bodhi, 18, 72, 136 W
dragonflower, 7, 18 Wenshushili wen jing. See Sutra of Mañ-
Tripiṭaka, 20 juśrī’s Questions
master, 13, 35 Wheel Treasure, 10
wheel-turning king, 6, 7
U Wu, Emperor, 33
Udraka Rāmaputra, 121
upādhyāyas, 67 X
See also preceptors Xuanzang, 33
Upāli, 8
Uttara, 19
Y
See also Sumati yakṣa(s), 16, 67, 140
Yijing, 5
V Yima, King, 10
vaiḍūrya gem, 45 Yogācāra, 142n14
vehicle(s):
buddha, 93
Z
pratyekabuddha, 93 Zoroastrianism, 10
163
BDK English Tripiṭaka
(First Series)
Abbreviations
Ch.: Chinese
Skt.: Sanskrit
Jp.: Japanese
Eng.: Published title
Title Taishō No.

Ch. Chang ahan jing (長阿含經) 1
Skt. Dīrghāgama
Eng. The Canonical Book of the Buddha’s Lengthy Discourses
(Volume I, 2015)
Ch. Zhong ahan jing (中阿含經) 26
Skt. Madhyamāgama
Eng. The Madhyama Āgama (Middle-length Discourses)
(Volume I, 2013)
Ch. Dasheng bensheng xindi guan jing (大乘本生心地觀經) 159
Ch. Fo suoxing zan (佛所行讃) 192
Skt. Buddhacarita
Eng. Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha’s Acts (2009)
Ch. Zabao zang jing (雜寶藏經) 203
Eng. The Storehouse of Sundry Valuables (1994)
Ch. Faju piyu jing (法句譬喩經) 211
Eng. The Scriptural Text: Verses of the Doctrine, with Parables (1999)
Ch. Xiaopin banruo boluomi jing (小品般若波羅蜜經) 227
Skt. Aṣṭasāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra
Ch. Jingang banruo boluomi jing (金剛般若波羅蜜經) 235
Skt. Vajracchedikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra
165
Title Taishō No.

Ch. Daluo jingang bukong zhenshi sanmoye jing 243
(大樂金剛不空眞實三麼耶經)
Skt. Adhyardhaśatikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra
Eng. The Sutra of the Vow of Fulfilling the Great Perpetual
Enjoyment and Benefiting All Sentient Beings Without
Exception (in Esoteric Texts, 2015)
Ch. Renwang banruo boluomi jing (仁王般若波羅蜜經) 245
Skt. *Kāruṇikārājā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra
Ch. Banruo boluomiduo xin jing (般若波羅蜜多心經) 251
Skt. Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya-sūtra
Ch. Miaofa lianhua jing (妙法蓮華經) 262
Skt. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra
Eng. The Lotus Sutra (Revised Second Edition, 2007)
Ch. Wuliangyi jing (無量義經) 276
Eng. The Infinite Meanings Sutra (in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013)
Ch. Guan Puxian pusa xingfa jing (觀普賢菩薩行法經) 277
Eng. The Sutra Expounded by the Buddha on Practice of the Way
through Contemplation of the Bodhisattva All-embracing
Goodness (in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013)
Ch. Dafangguang fo huayan jing (大方廣佛華嚴經) 279
Skt. Avataṃsaka-sūtra
Ch. Shengman shizihou yisheng defang bianfang guang jing 353
(勝鬘師子吼一乘大方便方廣經)
Skt. Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanāda-sūtra
Eng. The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion’s Roar (2004)
Ch. Wuliangshou jing (無量壽經) 360
Skt. Sukhāvatīvyūha
Eng. The Larger Sutra on Amitāyus (in The Three Pure Land Sutras,
Revised Second Edition, 2003)
Ch. Guan wuliangshou fo jing (觀無量壽佛經) 365
Skt. *Amitāyurdhyāna-sūtra
Eng. The Sutra on Contemplation of Amitāyus
(in The Three Pure Land Sutras, Revised Second Edition, 2003)
166
Title Taishō No.

Ch. Amituo jing (阿彌陀經) 366
Skt. Sukhāvatīvyūha
Eng. The Smaller Sutra on Amitāyus (in The Three Pure Land Sutras,
Revised Second Edition, 2003)
Ch. Da banniepan jing (大般涅槃經) 374
Skt. Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra
Eng. The Nirvana Sutra (Volume I, 2013)
Ch. Fochuibo niepan lüeshuo jiaojie jing (佛垂般涅槃略説教誡經) 389
Eng. The Bequeathed Teaching Sutra (in Apocryphal Scriptures, 2005)
Ch. Dizang pusa benyuan jing (地藏菩薩本願經) 412
Skt. *Kṣitigarbhapraṇidhāna-sūtra
Ch. Banzhou sanmei jing (般舟三昧經) 418
Skt. Pratyutpanna-buddhasammukhāvasthita-samādhi-sūtra
Eng. The Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sutra (1998)
Ch. Yaoshi liuli guang rulai benyuan gongde jing 450
(藥師琉璃光如來本願功徳經)
Skt. Bhaiṣajyaguru-vaiḍūrya-prabhāsa-pūrvapraṇidhāna-viśeṣavistara
Ch. Mile xiasheng chengfo jing (彌勒下生成佛經) 454
Skt. *Maitreyavyākaraṇa
Eng. The Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Maitreya Buddha
and His Enlightenment (2016)
Ch. Wenshushili wen jing (文殊師利問經) 468
Skt. *Mañjuśrīparipṛcchā
Eng. The Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions (2016)
Ch. Weimojie suoshuo jing (維摩詰所説經) 475
Skt. Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra
Eng. The Vimalakīrti Sutra (2004)
Ch. Yueshangnü jing (月上女經) 480
Skt. Candrottarādārikā-paripṛcchā
Ch. Zuochan sanmei jing (坐禪三昧經) 614
Eng. The Sutra on the Concentration of Sitting Meditation (2009)
Ch. Damoduoluo chan jing (達磨多羅禪經) 618
167
Title Taishō No.

Ch. Yuedeng sanmei jing (月燈三昧經) 639
Skt. Samādhirāja-candrapradīpa-sūtra
Ch. Shoulengyan sanmei jing (首楞嚴三昧經) 642
Skt. Śūraṅgamasamādhi-sūtra
Eng. The Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sutra (1998)
Ch. Jinguang ming zuishengwang jing (金光明最勝王經) 665
Skt. Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra
Ch. Dasheng rulengqie jing (大乘入楞伽經) 672
Skt. Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra
Ch. Jie shenmi jing (解深密經) 676
Skt. Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra
Eng. The Scripture on the Explication of Underlying Meaning (2000)
Ch. Yulanpen jing (盂蘭盆經) 685
Skt. *Ullambana-sūtra
Eng. The Ullambana Sutra (in Apocryphal Scriptures, 2005)
Ch. Sishierzhang jing (四十二章經) 784
Eng. The Sutra of Forty-two Sections (in Apocryphal Scriptures, 2005)
Ch. Dafangguang yuanjue xiuduoluo liaoyi jing 842
(大方廣圓覺修多羅了義經)
Eng. The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment
(in Apocryphal Scriptures, 2005)
Ch. Da Biluzhena chengfo shenbian jiachi jing 848
(大毘盧遮那成佛神變加持經)
Skt. Mahāvairocanābhisambodhi-vikurvitādhiṣṭhāna-vaipulyasūtrendra-
rājanāma-dharmaparyāya
Eng. The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra (2005)
Ch. Jinggangding yiqie rulai zhenshi she dasheng xianzheng dajiao
wang jing (金剛頂一切如來眞實攝大乘現證大教王經) 865
Skt. Sarvatathāgata-tattvasaṃgraha-mahāyānābhisamaya-mahākalparāja
Eng. The Adamantine Pinnacle Sutra (in Two Esoteric Sutras, 2001)
Ch. Suxidi jieluo jing (蘇悉地羯囉經) 893
Skt. Susiddhika-ramahātantra-sādhanopāyika-paṭala
Eng. The Susiddhikara Sutra (in Two Esoteric Sutras, 2001)
168
Title Taishō No.

Ch. Modengqie jing (摩登伽經) 1300
Skt. *Mātaṅgī-sūtra
Eng. The Mātaṅga Sutra (in Esoteric Texts, 2015)
Ch. Mohe sengqi lü (摩訶僧祇律) 1425
Skt. *Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya
Ch. Sifen lü (四分律) 1428
Skt. *Dharmaguptaka-vinaya
Ch. Shanjianlü piposha (善見律毘婆沙) 1462
Pāli Samantapāsādikā
Ch. Fanwang jing (梵網經) 1484
Skt. *Brahmajāla-sūtra
Ch. Youposaijie jing (優婆塞戒經) 1488
Skt. Upāsakaśīla-sūtra
Eng. The Sutra on Upāsaka Precepts (1994)
Ch. Miaofa lianhua jing youbotishe (妙法蓮華經憂波提舍) 1519
Skt. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-upadeśa
Eng. The Commentary on the Lotus Sutra (in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013)
Ch. Shizha biposha lun (十住毘婆沙論) 1521
Skt. *Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā
Ch. Fodijing lun (佛地經論) 1530
Skt. *Buddhabhūmisūtra-śāstra
Eng. The Interpretation of the Buddha Land (2002)
Ch. Apidamojushe lun (阿毘達磨倶舍論) 1558
Skt. Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya
Ch. Zhonglun (中論) 1564
Skt. Madhyamaka-śāstra
Ch. Yüqie shidilun (瑜伽師地論) 1579
Skt. Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra
Ch. Cheng weishi lun (成唯識論) 1585
Eng. Demonstration of Consciousness Only
(in Three Texts on Consciousness Only, 1999)
169
Title Taishō No.

Ch. Weishi sanshilun song (唯識三十論頌) 1586
Skt. Triṃśikā
Eng. The Thirty Verses on Consciousness Only
Ch. Weishi ershi lun (唯識二十論) 1590
Skt. Viṃśatikā
Eng. The Treatise in Twenty Verses on Consciousness Only
Ch. She dasheng lun (攝大乘論) 1593
Skt. Mahāyānasaṃgraha
Eng. The Summary of the Great Vehicle (Revised Second Edition, 2003)
Ch. Bian zhongbian lun (辯中邊論) 1600
Skt. Madhyāntavibhāga
Ch. Dasheng zhuangyanjing lun (大乘莊嚴經論) 1604
Skt. Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra
Ch. Dasheng chengye lun (大乘成業論) 1609
Skt. Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa
Ch. Jiujing yisheng baoxing lun (究竟一乘寳性論) 1611
Skt. Ratnagotravibhāga-mahāyānottaratantra-śāstra
Ch. Yinming ruzheng li lun (因明入正理論) 1630
Skt. Nyāyapraveśa
Ch. Dasheng ji pusa xue lun (大乘集菩薩學論) 1636
Skt. Śikṣāsamuccaya
Ch. Jingangzhen lun (金剛針論) 1642
Skt. Vajrasūcī
Ch. Zhang suozhi lun (彰所知論) 1645
Eng. The Treatise on the Elucidation of the Knowable (2004)
Ch. Putixing jing (菩提行經) 1662
Skt. Bodhicaryāvatāra
Ch. Jingangding yuqie zhongfa anouduoluo sanmiao sanputi xin lun 1665
(金剛頂瑜伽中發阿耨多羅三藐三菩提心論)
Eng. The Bodhicitta Śāstra (in Esoteric Texts, 2015)
170
Title Taishō No.

Ch. Dasheng qixi nlun (大乘起信論) 1666
Skt. *Mahāyānaśraddhotpāda-śāstra
Eng. The Awakening of Faith (2005)
Ch. Shimoheyan lun (釋摩訶衍論) 1668
Ch. Naxian biqiu jing (那先比丘經) 1670
Pāli Milindapañhā
Ch. Banruo boluomiduo xin jing yuzan (般若波羅蜜多心經幽賛) 1710
Eng. A Comprehensive Commentary on the Heart Sutra
(Prajñāpāramitā-hṛdaya-sūtra) (2001)
Ch. Miaofalianhua jing xuanyi (妙法蓮華經玄義) 1716
Ch. Guan wuliangshou fo jing shu (觀無量壽佛經疏) 1753
Ch. Sanlun xuanyi (三論玄義) 1852
Ch. Dasheng xuan lun (大乘玄論) 1853
Ch. Zhao lun (肇論) 1858
Ch. Huayan yisheng jiaoyi fenqi zhang (華嚴一乘教義分齊章) 1866
Ch. Yuanren lun (原人論) 1886
Ch. Mohe zhiguan (摩訶止觀) 1911
Ch. Xiuxi zhiguan zuochan fayao (修習止觀坐禪法要) 1915
Ch. Tiantai sijiao yi (天台四教儀) 1931
Eng. A Guide to the Tiantai Fourfold Teachings
(in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013)
Ch. Guoqing bai lu (國清百録) 1934
Ch. Zhenzhou Linji Huizhao chanshi wulu (鎭州臨濟慧照禪師語録) 1985
Eng. The Recorded Sayings of Linji (in Three Chan Classics, 1999)
Ch. Foguo Yuanwu chanshi biyan lu (佛果圜悟禪師碧巖録) 2003
Eng. The Blue Cliff Record (1998)
Ch. Wumen guan (無門關) 2005
Eng. Wumen’s Gate (in Three Chan Classics, 1999)
Ch. Liuzu dashi fabao tan jing (六祖大師法寶壇經) 2008
Eng. The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (2000)
171
Title Taishō No.

Ch. Xinxin ming (信心銘) 2010
Eng. The Faith-Mind Maxim (in Three Chan Classics, 1999)
Ch. Huangboshan Duanji chanshi chuanxin fayao 2012A
(黄檗山斷際禪師傳心法要)
Eng. Essentials of the Transmission of Mind (in Zen Texts, 2005)
Ch. Yongjia Zhengdao ge (永嘉證道歌) 2014
Ch. Chixiu Baizhang qinggui (勅修百丈清規) 2025
Eng. The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations (2007)
Ch. Yibuzonglun lun (異部宗輪論) 2031
Skt. Samayabhedoparacanacakra
Eng. The Cycle of the Formation of the Schismatic Doctrines (2004)
Ch. Ayuwang jing (阿育王經) 2043
Skt. Aśokāvadāna
Eng. The Biographical Scripture of King Aśoka (1993)
Ch. Maming pusa zhuan (馬鳴菩薩傳) 2046
Eng. The Life of Aśvaghoṣa Bodhisattva
(in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns, 2002)
Ch. Longshu pusa zhuan (龍樹菩薩傳) 2047
Eng. The Life of Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva
Ch. Posoupandou fashi zhuan (婆藪槃豆法師傳) 2049
Eng. Biography of Dharma Master Vasubandhu
Ch. Datang Daciensi Zanzang fashi zhuan (大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳) 2053
Eng. A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci’en
Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty (1995)
Ch. Gaoseng zhuan (高僧傳) 2059
Ch. Biqiuni zhuan (比丘尼傳) 2063
Eng. Biographies of Buddhist Nuns
Ch. Gaoseng Faxian zhuan (高僧法顯傳) 2085
Eng. The Journey of the Eminent Monk Faxian
172
Title Taishō No.

Ch. Datang xiyu ji (大唐西域記) 2087
Eng. The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions (1996)
Ch. Youfangjichao: Tangdaheshangdongzheng zhuan 2089-(7)
(遊方記抄: 唐大和上東征傳)
Ch. Hongming ji (弘明集) 2102
Eng. The Collection for the Propagation and Clarification
of Buddhism (Volume I, 2015)
Ch. Fayuan zhulin (法苑珠林) 2122
Ch. Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan (南海寄歸内法傳) 2125
Eng. Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia (2000)
Ch. Fanyu zaming (梵語雑名) 2135
Jp. Shōmangyō gisho (勝鬘經義疏) 2185
Eng. Prince Shōtoku’s Commentary on the Śrīmālā Sutra (2011)
Jp. Yuimakyō gisho (維摩經義疏) 2186
Eng. The Expository Commentary on the Vimalakīrti Sutra (2012)
Jp. Hokke gisho (法華義疏) 2187
Jp. Hannya shingyō hiken (般若心經秘鍵) 2203
Jp. Daijō hossō kenjin shō (大乘法相研神章) 2309
Jp. Kanjin kakumu shō (觀心覺夢鈔) 2312
Jp. Risshū kōyō (律宗綱要) 2348
Eng. The Essentials of the Vinaya Tradition (1995)
Jp. Tendai hokke shūgi shū (天台法華宗義集) 2366
Eng. The Collected Teachings of the Tendai Lotus School (1995)
Jp. Kenkairon (顯戒論) 2376
Jp. Sange gakushō shiki (山家學生式) 2377
Jp. Hizōhōyaku (秘藏寶鑰) 2426
Eng. The Precious Key to the Secret Treasury (in Shingon Texts, 2004)
Jp. Benkenmitsu nikyō ron (辨顯密二教論) 2427
Eng. On the Differences between the Exoteric and Esoteric
Teachings (in Shingon Texts, 2004)
173
Title Taishō No.

Jp. Sokushin jōbutsu gi (即身成佛義) 2428
Eng. The Meaning of Becoming a Buddha in This Very Body
(in Shingon Texts, 2004)
Jp. Shōji jissōgi (聲字實相義) 2429
Eng. The Meanings of Sound, Sign, and Reality (in Shingon Texts, 2004)
Jp. Unjigi (吽字義) 2430
Eng. The Meanings of the Word Hūṃ (in Shingon Texts, 2004)
Jp. Gorin kuji myōhimitsu shaku (五輪九字明秘密釋) 2514
Eng. The Illuminating Secret Commentary on the Five Cakras
and the Nine Syllables (in Shingon Texts, 2004)
Jp. Mitsugonin hotsuro sange mon (密嚴院發露懺悔文) 2527
Eng. The Mitsugonin Confession (in Shingon Texts, 2004)
Jp. Kōzen gokoku ron (興禪護國論) 2543
Eng. A Treatise on Letting Zen Flourish to Protect the State
(in Zen Texts, 2005)
Jp. Fukan zazengi (普勧坐禪儀) 2580
Eng. A Universal Recommendation for True Zazen
(in Zen Texts, 2005)
Jp. Shōbōgenzō (正法眼藏) 2582
Eng. Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury (Volume I, 2007)
Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury (Volume II, 2008)
Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury (Volume III, 2008)
Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury (Volume IV, 2008)
Jp. Zazen yōjin ki (坐禪用心記) 2586
Eng. Advice on the Practice of Zazen (in Zen Texts, 2005)
Jp. Senchaku hongan nembutsu shū (選擇本願念佛集) 2608
Eng. Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shū: A Collection of Passages
on the Nembutsu Chosen in the Original Vow (1997)
Jp. Kenjōdo shinjitsu kyōgyō shōmon rui (顯淨土眞實教行証文類) 2646
Eng. Kyōgyōshinshō: On Teaching, Practice, Faith, and
Enlightenment (2003)
Jp. Tannishō (歎異抄) 2661
Eng. Tannishō: Passages Deploring Deviations of Faith (1996)
174
Title Taishō No.

Jp. Rennyo shōnin ofumi (蓮如上人御文) 2668
Eng. Rennyo Shōnin Ofumi: The Letters of Rennyo (1996)
Jp. Ōjōyōshū (往生要集) 2682
Jp. Risshō ankoku ron (立正安國論) 2688
Eng. Risshōankokuron or The Treatise on the Establishment
of the Orthodox Teaching and the Peace of the Nation
(in Two Nichiren Texts, 2003)
Jp. Kaimokushō (開目抄) 2689
Eng. Kaimokushō or Liberation from Blindness (2000)
Jp. Kanjin honzon shō (觀心本尊抄) 2692
Eng. Kanjinhonzonshō or The Most Venerable One Revealed
by Introspecting Our Minds for the First Time at the
Beginning of the Fifth of the Five Five Hundred-year Ages
(in Two Nichiren Texts, 2003)
Ch. Fumu enzhong jing (父母恩重經) 2887
Eng. The Sutra on the Profundity of Filial Love
(in Apocryphal Scriptures, 2005)
Jp. Hasshūkōyō (八宗綱要) extracanonical
Eng. The Essentials of the Eight Traditions (1994)
Jp. Sangō shīki (三教指帰) extracanonical
Jp. Mappō tōmyō ki (末法燈明記) extracanonical
Eng. The Candle of the Latter Dharma (1994)
Jp. Jūshichijō kenpō (十七條憲法) extracanonical
175

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THE SUTRA THAT EXPOUNDS THE

DESCENT OF MAITREYA BUDDHA

THE SUTRA OF MAÑJUŚRĪ’S

dBET PDF Version

THE SUTRA THAT EXPOUNDS THE

Translated by Shōtarō Iida

THE SUTRA OF MAÑJUŚRĪ’S

Translated by John R. McRae

Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai America, Inc.

First Printing, 2016

Printed in the United States of America

The Buddhist canon is said to contain eighty-four thousand different teachings.

On behalf of the members of the Publication Committee, I am happy to present

A Message on the Publication of the English Tripiṭaka

You have come to me having practiced and accumulated spiritual beneﬁts

person with an assembly of heavenly beings. The Buddha further admonishes

The Cultural Background for the

The Name “Maitreya” and

So Mi-le could have been a transliteration of a word like “Metrago,” which

The Image of the Contemplative

Translated by Kumārajīva, Tripiṭaka Master

O Honorable One! According to what is written in the various sutras,

Whereupon the Buddha declared to Śāriputra:

At that time there will be a wheel-turning king (cakravartin) named

Homage to Śākyamuni Buddha! Through his great compassion

O You Perfectly Enlightened Being, the noblest of humans.

An event of exceeding rarity! An event of exceeding rarity! The

Do not be heedless and neglect to follow the Buddha’s teachings.

Thereupon, without exception, all of Maitreya Buddha’s disciples with 425c

Mahākāśyapa Bhikṣu was a great disciple of Śākyamuni Buddha,

In reverence to Mahākāśyapa’s relics Maitreya Buddha will say:

Praise to Mahākāśyapa, the great disciple of the Lion of the Śākya

At that time, having seen Maitreya Buddha praise Mahākāśyapa, countless

The Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions (Skt. *Mañjuśrīparipṛcchā; Ch. Wenshushili

worldly precepts to transcendental precepts, to supreme transcendental precepts,

Translated by the Cambodian Tripiṭaka Master

The Bodhisattva Precepts

Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha:

The Buddha told Mañjuśrī:

Do not engage in buying and selling. Donations accepted from others

Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha again:

The Buddha told Mañjuśrī:

Mañjuśrī addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, if I had to cross I

The Buddha then spoke this verse:

If the body is covered well,

The Buddha told Mañjuśrī:

The Buddha told Mañjuśrī:

The Buddha spoke this verse:

The twenty-six heterodoxies above

If one relies on the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha

Know that these are superior and peaceful refuges

Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha:

World-honored One, I would like to ask the Tathāgata, Arhat, All-knowing

The Buddha told Mañjuśrī, “Ask as you wish.”

The Buddha told Mañjuśrī:

The Buddha spoke this verse:

Do not create sounds of body or mouth,

Mañjuśrī then addressed the Buddha, “World-honored One, I would like to

I do not enter into nirvana. Why? Because of sentient beings. Mañjuśrī,