Rhejean Heart S.

Daclitan BSCE-V (Proposed Two Storey Parking Garage)

TEN REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL)

Planning and Designers Handbook by Max B. Fajardo Jr.

 Chapter 4-15 Commercial Parking Lot
To design parking lot for small and medium cars will only invite difficulties and
inconveniences. A larger car has overall length of 5.7 meters with an overall
width of 2 meters door open wide projecting 1 meter beyond the overall width.
Planning Considerations
NSCP 2015
 Section 103.1 Nature of Occupancy
V. Miscellaneous Structures – private garages, carports, shed sand fences over
1.5m high.
 Chapter 2 Minimum Design Loads
This chapter provides minimum design load requirements for the design of
buildings, towers and other vertical structures. Loads and appropriate load
combinations which have been developed to be used together for strength
design and allowable stress design are set forth.
 Chapter 4 Structural Concrete
Section 401.2.2 This chapter provides minimum requirements for the design and
construction of structural concrete elements of any building or other structure
under requirements of the NBCP of which this chapter of the NSCP, Volume 1,
forms a part. This chapter also covers the strength evaluation of existing
concrete structures.
 Chapter 5 Structural Steel
This chapter sets forth criteria for the design, fabrication, and erection of
structural steel buildings and other structures, where other structures are defined
as those structures designed, fabricated, and erected in a manner similar to
buildings, with building-like vertical and lateral load resisting elements.
 Chapter 7 Masonry
The materials, design, construction and quality assurance of masonry shall be in
accordance with this chapter.
IRR – National Building Code of the Philippines
 Section 301 Building Permits
 Section 302 Application for Permits
 Section 303 Processing of Building Permits
 Section 304 Issuance of Building Permits
 Section 305 Validity of Building Permits
 Section 309 Certificate of Occupancy
 Rule VII – Classification and General Requirements of All Buildings by Use or
Occupancy
 Rule VIII – Light and Ventilation
https://www.rochestermn.gov/home/showdocument?id=18472
 Circulation and Ramping
The basic circulation element for a parking structure is the continuous ramp with
parking on both sides of the drive aisle. In continuous ramp structures, some of
the parking floors are sloped in order for traffic to circulate from one level to
another. Only on a sloping site that permits direct access to each level from the
exterior roadways are ramps unnecessary; but they still may be desirable for
internal circulation.
 One-Way vs. Two-Way Traffic
One of the primary factors in the design of parking structure is determining the
traffic flow: one-way or two-way. Typically, a parking bay for a one-way traffic
flow is narrower than for a two-way flow. The available site dimensions will
influence the parking bay width and thus also influence the circulation pattern.
There are advantages and disadvantages to both circulation patterns. One-way
traffic flow should never be combined with 90° parking. In parking facilities with
one-way traffic flow, the angle of the parking stalls establishes the direction of
vehicle traffic.
 Signage and Wayfinding
Parking facilities can be very large, complex, and confusing. A well designed
graphics and signage system will effectively communicate necessary information
to patrons, reduce confusion, improve safety, and enhance the overall user
experience.
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/78839/41598-012-ind-tacr-05d-
2.pdf
 Parking Demand Analysis
The unprecedented growth of personalized vehicles and the unplanned road
infrastructure have made the provision for parking an important aspect of
 transportation planning. On-street parking is observed on all the roads. Many
cars and two/three wheelers are seen parked on either side of the roads. Both
angular as well as parallel type of parking was noticed on almost all the stretches
of the roads. This has reduced the capacity of the carriageway and endangering
pedestrians and motorists alike. The frontage of almost all the roads in this area
has been converted into commercial land use without taking into account the
demand for parking of the vehicles.
https://www.sefindia.org/forum/files/2194924_8_multi_storey_car_parking_159.pdf
 Ramp System
1) Clearway parking • Interfloor travel path completely separated from potentially
conflicting parking – unparking movements • Provide safest movement with least
delay • Preferred for self-park design • Feasible for small garage sites
2) Adjacent parking • Part or all of ramp travel is performed on access aisles •
Requires less area per parking stall • Twofold use of travel paths • Feasible for
smaller land parcel • More susceptible to traffic movement delays • Has potential
in causing accident
 Types of Ramp
 Standard and Regulation
Simplified Methods on Building Construction by Max B. Fajardo Jr.
 Chapter 3 Layout and Excavation
Layout is sometimes called "Staking out" which means the process of relocating
the point of boundaries and property line of the site where the building is to be
constructed. It includes clearing, staking, batter boards and establishing the
exact location of the building foundation and wall line on the ground. For short
others define layout as the process of transferring the building plan
measurements to the 9round of the site.
 Chapter 4 Concrete
Concrete is an artificial stone made out from the mixture of cement, sand, gravel
and water or other inert materials; this is known as solid mass or plain concrete.
Concrete in which reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the two
materials act together in resisting forces is called Reinforced Concrete.
 Chapter 5 Metal Reinforcement
Steel is the most widely used reinforcing materials in most constructions. It is an
excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and compression stresses.
Comparatively, steel is ten times stronger than concrete in resisting compression
load and 100 times stronger in tensile stress. The design of reinforced concrete
assumes· that concrete and steel reinforcements act together in resisting load
 and likewise to be in the state of simultaneous deformation, otherwise due to
excessive load, steel bars might slip from the concrete in the absence of
sufficient bond. Und.er this assumption, the load between the concrete and steel
should be sufficiently strong to prevent any relative movements of steel bars and
the surrounding concrete. In order to provide a high degree of interlocking
between the two materials, a steel reinforcing bar with a surface deformation in
various sizes in diameters were introduced.
 Chapter 10 Steel Framing
Prefabrication of construction parts and the methods of erecting and assembling
to their designed form is not new in the field of construction. Prefabrication of
parts has originated as early as the time of the Greek and Egyptian Architecture
manifested in the remains of the famous Parthenon of Greece and the Pyramid
of Egypt. The great Parthenon of the Greeks were built of post and lintel. Type of
which solid marbles were made into cylindrical form provided with emphasis and
capitals plus other articulate mouldings of various forms and designs. The
entablature made out from solid stone marbles enriched with carvings and
decorations were done first before .they were placed on top of the post. Such
fraction is similar to the modern day beam. On the other hand the pyramid of
Egypt was built out from solid blocks of stones which were fabricated off-site and
assembled to its present form.
 Chapter 13 Stairs
Difficulties will be encountered in trying to frame-up a stairway if one does not
know the uses and manipulation of the "Steel Square". The Steel Square plays a
major role in stairway framing, know its functions and a satisfactory result will be
obtained.
Parking Matters by Leonard Bier
 Challenges
1. Quantitative
2. Financial
3. Qualitative
Project Management Work Breakdown Structure by Vincent Granahan
 A PM WBS helps break thousands of tasks into chunks that we can understand
and assimilate. It is the foundation of a project schedule and project resource
estimates, and is used to build the project plan. Preparing and understanding a
PM WBS for a project is a big step towards managing and mastering its inherent
complexity. Project managers regularly are challenged to clearly describe
desired project outcomes to all involved, while they also capture the order and
 sequence of the work necessary to produce those outcomes. The PM WBS
defines the total scope of a particular project in a hierarchal format. It breaks a
large work effort into smaller pieces that may be easily understood, monitored,
and controlled. The subdivision continues until the described work element is
small enough to be adequately scheduled, resourced, monitored, and managed.
Once it is complete, the PM WBS becomes an essential building block and
reference point for other project plan components. It is important to understand
that the PM WBS is a project management tool. Once the work is identified as a
"project" (refer to project definition in Section 2 - What is a Project), the PM WBS
can be used as a valuable tool for the project managers to break the project
deliverables into smaller components.
Simplified Estimate by Max B. Fajardo Jr.
 Chapter 1 Concrete
Estimating by area method
Estimating by linear meter method
 Chapter 3 Metal Reinforcement
The size of the steel reinforcement and its quantity is one item of the construction
which is quite difficult and complicated to determine. Difficult in the sense that it
requires patience and deeper analysis in computing the actual number of bars
required to be used in every part of the structures. Estimating is done in a
systematic approach, that is by computing the quantity of each member one at a
time, item by item then summarized the results according to its size and quantity
in conformity with the commercial length of steel bars to avoid excesses and
unnecessary cutting. Ordering materials that is more than what is actually
needed in the construction will only invite pilferages and encourage wreckless
cutting which is in effect contributory to the construction waste.
Estimating the quantity of the steel reinforcement, refers to the commercial length
of steel bars to be ordered as a summary of all the cut bars intended for the
different member of the structures. Under such condition the following problems
has to be anticipated.