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Reading: Fill in the blanks
Reading and Writing: Fill in the blanks
V2.0
Summary of changes:
• 18 new passages added to the pamphlet.

• 59 questions for more practice added to the pamphlet.
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Table of Contents
1 Indian Onion _______________________________________________________________________ 5

2 Kashmir Whispers of Rediscovered Appeal ______________________________________________ 5
3 Stress Knows Few Borders ____________________________________________________________ 5
4 Impressionism ______________________________________________________________________ 5
5 Edible Insects _______________________________________________________________________ 6
6 Using Images in the Writing Process ____________________________________________________ 6
7 Black Diamonds from Outer Space _____________________________________________________ 7
8 The Snake that Hears Sound through its Jaw _____________________________________________ 7
9 Technology Education ________________________________________________________________ 8
10 Personal Politics _____________________________________________________________________ 8
11 Jean Piaget _________________________________________________________________________ 8
12 Exploring the Deep Ocean Floor _______________________________________________________ 8
13 Hip and Back Pain-Remedy ___________________________________________________________ 9
14 Estee Lauder – A Biography ___________________________________________________________ 9
15 Power Drinking in Iron Age Europe ____________________________________________________ 9
16 The Genetically Engineered Foods Question _____________________________________________ 10
17 Farming __________________________________________________________________________ 10
18 Entrepreneurs _____________________________________________________________________ 10
19 Development Strategy _______________________________________________________________ 10
20 Australian Overseas Departure _______________________________________________________ 11
21 Thea Proctor_______________________________________________________________________ 11
22 The Attitude and Behavior of Children-Centered Mothers during Purchasing ________________ 12
23 Would you credit it? ________________________________________________________________ 12
24 Funerary Violin ____________________________________________________________________ 12
25 The Role of a Doctor ________________________________________________________________ 12
26 The Market for Vegetarian Food ______________________________________________________ 12
27 A Big, Bad Idea ____________________________________________________________________ 13
28 Does Space Travel Damage Eyesight? __________________________________________________ 13
29 DNA Barcoding ____________________________________________________________________ 13
30 Empty Lecture Halls in the online Campus ______________________________________________ 14
31 Government Defends Foreign Student’s English Standards ________________________________ 14
32 Stream Plants & Animals Waltzed in from the Rumbling __________________________________ 14
33 University to Offer Arabic MBA Course ________________________________________________ 15
34 Edison ____________________________________________________________________________ 15
35 Chomolungma _____________________________________________________________________ 16
36 Language _________________________________________________________________________ 16
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37 Tall Building _______________________________________________________________________ 17

38 United Nation ______________________________________________________________________ 17
39 C. S. Lewis ________________________________________________________________________ 18
40 How to define a country? ____________________________________________________________ 18
41 Space, Time, and Why Things Are As They Are _________________________________________ 18
42 “Mud Volcano” in Indonesia Caused by Gas Exploration __________________________________ 19
43 Top Business Schools Woo Young Students to Foil Rivals__________________________________ 19
44 Stress Management _________________________________________________________________ 19
45 My Father’s Bookshelf ______________________________________________________________ 19
46 Folklore and Flying _________________________________________________________________ 20
47 William Shakespeare ________________________________________________________________ 20
48 Beijing Language Institution _________________________________________________________ 20
49 Evaluating a Career Decision _________________________________________________________ 21
50 Flying the Crowded Skies: Challenges for Aviation _______________________________________ 21
51 When Job Hunting — Dress For Success _______________________________________________ 21
52 Nature ____________________________________________________________________________ 22
53 Joy through Pain ___________________________________________________________________ 22
54 Paying for University Education ______________________________________________________ 22
55 Ikebana Flower Arrangement ________________________________________________________ 23
56 The Teen Brain ____________________________________________________________________ 23
57 A Beard Full of Bunkum _____________________________________________________________ 23
58 Basic Instincts______________________________________________________________________ 23
59 Video-conference Technology _________________________________________________________ 24
60 Letting Your Readers Know What You Mean ___________________________________________ 24
61 Has university really changed? ________________________________________________________ 24
62 Essays ____________________________________________________________________________ 25
63 Advertising ________________________________________________________________________ 25
64 Just in Time _______________________________________________________________________ 25
65 Chinese Communist Party ___________________________________________________________ 25
66 The Genetic Test for PD _____________________________________________________________ 26
67 Classic Music ______________________________________________________________________ 26
68 Banking ___________________________________________________________________________ 26
69 Advertisement _____________________________________________________________________ 27
70 Seatbelt ___________________________________________________________________________ 27
71 Smallpox __________________________________________________________________________ 28
72 Sound Depressing ___________________________________________________________________ 28
73 Assessment in Design and Technology __________________________________________________ 28
74 Works of Hans Christian Andersen ____________________________________________________ 29
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75 Why People Choose to Live Alone _____________________________________________________ 29

76 A Financial Director ________________________________________________________________ 29
77 How to Win Votes? _________________________________________________________________ 30
78 Modern Lifestyle ___________________________________________________________________ 30
79 Influential Music ___________________________________________________________________ 30
80 Popularizing Pennsylvania ___________________________________________________________ 30
81 Corporate Culture __________________________________________________________________ 31
82 Alaska’s Aleutian Islands ____________________________________________________________ 31
83 Copyright _________________________________________________________________________ 31
84 Impact and Management of Purple Loosestrife __________________________________________ 32
85 Space Work for an Astronaut _________________________________________________________ 32
86 Roman Arena ______________________________________________________________________ 33
87 Scientist's Job ______________________________________________________________________ 33
88 Dog ______________________________________________________________________________ 33
89 The Contemporary Ministerial Staffing System __________________________________________ 33
90 TV Advertising _____________________________________________________________________ 34
91 Western Words ____________________________________________________________________ 34
92 Complementary Therapies ___________________________________________________________ 34
93 Egg-eating Snakes __________________________________________________________________ 34
94 First-year Students _________________________________________________________________ 35
95 Mike’s Research ____________________________________________________________________ 35
96 The Allure of the Book ______________________________________________________________ 36
97 Siblings ___________________________________________________________________________ 36
98 Roommate _________________________________________________________________________ 36
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1 Indian Onion
With its capacity for bringing down governments and scarring political careers, the onion plays an
explosive role in Indian politics. This week, reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news
and absorbed the attention of the governing elite.
The most vital/staple ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element with which all dishes begin and,
normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping
basket of families of all classes.
But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor. Over the
past few days, another sharp surge/increase in prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban
middle classes.
The sudden spike in prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring countries and a shortage
of supply.
2 Kashmir Whispers of Rediscovered Appeal

Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of
the annual influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked* waters of Dal Lake saw
flotillas of vividly painted shikaras carrying Indian families.
Then, in 1989, everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least
35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners
venturing there risked their lives - proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and
murdered.
* The test uses a different word
3 Stress Knows Few Borders

Stress that tense feeling often connected to having too much to do, too many bill to pay and not
enough time or money is a common emotion that knows few borders.
About three-fourths of people in the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy South
Korea and the United Kingdom say they experience stress on a daily basis, according to a polling.
Those anxious feelings are even more intense during the holidays.
Germans feel stress more intensely than those in other countries polled. People in the US cite
financial pressure as the top worry. About half the people in Britain said they frequently or
sometimes felt life was beyond their control, the highest level in the 10 countries surveyed.
4 Impressionism
Movement in painting that originated in France in the 1860s and had enormous influence in
European and North American painting in the late 19th century. The Impressionists wanted to depict
real life, to paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects of light. The term was first
used abusively to describe Claude Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise (1872). The other leading
Impressionists included Paul Cezanne, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste
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Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but only Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his
career.
The core of the Impressionist group was formed in the early 1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who
met as students and enjoyed painting in the open air — one of the hallmarks of Impressionism. They
met other members of the Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They never made up a
formal group, but they organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and 1886, at the first of
which the name Impressionism was applied. Their styles were diverse, but all experimented with
effects of light and movement created with distinct brushstrokes and fragments of color dabbed
side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette. By the 1880s the movement's central
impulse had dispersed, and a number of new styles were emerging, later described as post-
Impressionism.
British Impressionism had a major influence on the more experimental and progressive British
painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the painters were affected in the circle of
Walter Sickert, who spent much of his career in France and was an influential figure who inspired
many younger artists. His friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer is generally regarded as
the most outstanding British Impressionist.
5 Edible Insects
FANCY A locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it's a different story.
Edible insects — termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs — are on the
menu for an estimated 80 per cent of the world’s population.
More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, “kungu cakes” —
made from midges — are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating — or
entomophagous — hotspot, where more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high
that 40 species are now under threat, including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila
giant-skipper butterfly fetch around $250 a kilogram.
Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female
gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 per cent protein. Insects can be a good source of vitamins and
minerals too: a type of caterpillar (Usta terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine.
What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint
and fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these
things, as insects are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug
Administration even issues guidelines for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For
example, it is acceptable for 225 grams of macaroni to contain up to 225 insect fragments.
6 Using Images in the Writing Process

It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a pre-writing stimulus are
composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process allows
students the distance to elaborate, add details, and create more coherent text.
The process of writing is more than putting words on a piece of paper. Effective authors are able to
create imagery and to communicate ideas using well-chosen words, phrases, and text structures.
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Emergent writers struggle with the mechanics of the writing process, i.e., fine motor control for
printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a result, texts
written by young writers tend to be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing
process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and more intricate than the more
traditional writing-first crayon drawing-second approach.
7 Black Diamonds from Outer Space

An exotic type of diamond may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called
carbonado or “black” diamonds, the mysterious stones are found in Brazil and the Central African
Republic. They are unusual for being the color of charcoal and full of frothy bubbles.
The diamonds, which can weigh in at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that looks like
melted glass. Because of their odd appearance, the diamonds are unsuitable as gemstones. But they
do have industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that helped dig the Panama Canal.
Now a team led by Stephen Haggerty of Florida International University in Miami has presented a
new study suggesting that the odd stones were brought to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago.
The findings were published online in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20.
The scientists exposed polished pieces of carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test
revealed the presence of many hydrogen-carbon bonds, indicating that the diamonds probably
formed in a hydrogen-rich environment—such as that found in space. The diamonds also showed
strong similarities to tiny nanodiamonds, which are frequently found in meteorites. “They're not
identical” Haggerty said, “but they’re very similar.”
Astrophysicists, he added, have developed theories predicting that nanodiamonds form easily in the
titanic stellar explosions called supernovas, which scatter debris through interstellar space.
The deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil, he said probably come from the impact of a
diamond-rich asteroid billions of years ago, when South America and Africa were joined.
8 The Snake that Hears Sound through its Jaw

The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its
head buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears.
Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich
in Germany have developed a computer model of the snake’s auditory system to explain how the
snake “hears” its prey without really having the ears for it.
Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is
not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting.
“The snakes don’t have external eardrums,” says van Hemmen. “So unless the mouse wears boots
and starts stamping, the snake won’t hear it.”
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9 Technology Education
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith
College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating
that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His
research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities,
investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The
assessment he describes is presented in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a
collaborative element and digital photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating
ideas, but does not recognize students as design innovators. The assessment sheet includes holistic
impressions as well as details about “having, growing, and proving” ideas.
Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such as “wow” and “yawn” and reward the quality and
quantity of ideas with the term, “sparkiness”, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to
design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or
complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel
ideas. The definitions for qualities such as “technical” and “aesthetic” pertaining to users, are too
narrow and ill-defined. The author provides examples of the project, its features and structures,
student’s notes and judgments, and their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages,
in the Appendix.
10 Personal Politics
The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some people
don’t contribute and many are irresponsible, the choice of those who do contribute and are
responsible is either to tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their irresponsibility
or trust the state to educate them.
11 Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life
listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world who
were doing the same. He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don’t think like grownups.
After thousands of interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to
suspect that behind their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had
their own kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein called it a discovery “so simple that only
a genius could have thought of it.”
Piaget’s insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide-
ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years--from his first scientific
publication at age 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84--Piaget had developed several new
fields of science.
12 Exploring the Deep Ocean Floor

The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine
ecosystems are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2000-km-long coral
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formation off the northeastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living
communities, depend on solar energy for growth (photosynthesis). The sun’s energy, however,
penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the water. The relatively shallow
penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to make most of the
deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms.
In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading
ridge) off the coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early
1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the active
spreading centers along the mid-oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1000 °C,
presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally
unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life – giant tube worms, huge clams,
and mussels — that thrived around the hot springs.
13 Hip and Back Pain-Remedy

Icing and anti-inflammatories will help with the pain and swelling. Vigorous massage of the knot in
the muscle will help it to relax and ease the pain. Meanwhile, work on strengthening and stretching
your hip, hamstring and lower-back muscles. For stretching, focus on the hamstring stretch, the hip
and lower-back stretch, and the hamstring and back stretch. For strengthening, try side leg lifts.
14 Estee Lauder – A Biography

Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought she
“was growing a nice little business.” And that it is. A little business that controls 45% of the
cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries and last year
grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family’s shares are worth more than $6 billion.
But early on, there wasn’t a burgeoning business, there weren’t houses in New York, Palm Beach,
Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one person to answer the
telephones who changed her voice to become the shipping or billing department as needed. You
more or less know the Estee Lauder story because it’s a chapter from the book of American business
folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father’s
hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in New York City. She started her enterprise by selling
skin creams concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts.
No doubt the potions were good — Estee Lauder was a quality fanatic — but the saleslady was
better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She stalked
the bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth
Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach that proved as
potent as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.
15 Power Drinking in Iron Age Europe

By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheet metal, primarily bronze or gold.
However, the peak of feasting — and in particular, of the “political” type of feast — came in the late
Hallstatt period (about 600 — 450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek colony of Massalia
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(Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the grape began to make its
way north and east along major river systems together with imported metal and ceramic drinking
vessels from the Greek world.
Wine was thus added to the list of mood-altering beverages — such as mead and ale available to
establish social networks in Iron Age Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hillforts such as
Heuneburg in Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater
(or wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological evidence of this interaction.
Organic containers such as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled north into
Europe but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were traded in return, but they may have
included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.
16 The Genetically Engineered Foods Question

Genetically modified foods provide no direct benefit to consumers; the food is not noticeably better
or cheaper. The greater benefit, proponents argue, is that that genetic engineering will play a crucial
role in feeding the world's burgeoning population.
Opponents disagree. Asserting that the world already grows more food per person than ever before-
more, even, than we can consume.
17 Farming
In the last years of the wheat boom, Bennett had become increasingly frustrated at how the
government seemed to be encouraging an exploitive farming binge. He went directly after his old
employer, the Department of Agriculture, for misleading people. Farmers on the Great Plains were
working against nature, he thundered in speeches across the country.
18 Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurs seek the best opportunities for production and coordinate all the other resources in
order to carry them out. An entrepreneur visualizes needs and takes the necessary actions to initiate
the process by which they will be met. This often means classifying and taking risks.
19 Development Strategy
The principal and most consistently articulated recommendation of the world conferences was that
countries must take full responsibility for their own development. National responsibility for national
development is the necessary consequence of sovereignty. The Mon-terrey Consensus states that
'Each country has primary responsibility for its own economic and social development, and the role
of national policies and development strategies cannot be overemphasized. National development
strategies and policies are therefore critically important. This was reflected most recently at the
2005 Summit when Member States agreed on a target date of 2006 for all developing countries to
adopt and start to implement/start implementation of these strategies to achieve the internationally
agreed development goals and objectives, including the M DGs.
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The automatic corollary of that principle is that each country must be free to determine its own
development strategy. It is essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country
ownership of national development strategies. This implies the acceptance of the principle that
development strategies should not only be attuned to country circumstances, but also be prepared
and implemented under the leadership of the governments of the countries themselves. The 2005
World Summit also acknowledged, in this regard, that all countries must recognize the need for
developing countries to strike a balance between their national policy priorities and their
international commitments.
20 Australian Overseas Departure

Over the past ten years, Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2 million.
This represents strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper analyses outbound travel
demand to each destination country using the travel demand models of short-term resident
departures. The models are specified in terms of a double logarithmic linear functional form, with
overseas departures as the dependent variable and real household disposable income prices of
travel and accommodation in Australia, and overseas and the exchange rate as independent
variables.
The models were estimated using historical time series data from 1973 to 1998. The data were
obtained from several sources such as the World Tourism Organization, Australian Bureau of
Statistics, World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated
elasticity parameters are consistent with standard economic theory. The number of short-term
resident departures is positively influenced by per capita real household disposable income; and the
price of domestic travel and accommodation are negatively influenced by the price of travel and
accommodation overseas. The estimated demand models were used to develop the Tourism
Forecasting Council’s long run forecasts. The forecasts suggest that the number of short-term
resident departures will increase strongly over the next ten years, largely due to the strength of the
Australian economy, competitive travel prices, and Australian’s interest in experiencing different
cultures and lifestyles.
21 Thea Proctor
Thea Proctor was just sixteen when her entry at the Bowral Art Competition caught the eye of the
judge, Arthur Streeton. It was the first of many associations with at world luminaries. The next year
saw her at the Julian Ashton Art School in the illustrious company of Elioth Gruner, Sydney Long and
George Lambert, for whom she often posed and remained her great friend until his death in 1930.
Lambert’s paintings and sketches of Proctor emphasis the elegance of her dress. A keen interest in
fashion was just one aspect of her fascination with design, and she saw herself as an early style guru
on a quest to rid Australian art of “its lack of imagination and inventive design”. Skilled in
watercolors and drawings, Proctor did not limit herself to paper, canvases or to her popular
magazine illustrations; she designed theatre sets and a restaurant interior and wrote on a range of
subjects from flower arranging to the colors of cars. It made for a busy and varied life but, as she
said she was not the sort of person “who could sit at home and knit socks”.
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22 The Attitude and Behavior of Children-Centered Mothers during

Purchasing
The conducted study serves to three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the values loaded to
the child by the child centric mother’s attitude and the behavior about the effect of 5-6 aged nursery
school children on the purchasing decision of the families who belong to high socio-economic class.
The second objective is to develop child centricity scale and the third objective is to examine the
attitude and behavior differences between low child centric and high child centric mothers.
Analyzing the data gathered from 257 mother respondents, the researchers have found out that the
lowest influence of child upon the purchasing decision of the family are those which carry high
purchasing risk and used by the whole family, whereas the highest influence of the child upon the
purchasing decision of the family are the products with low risk and used by the whole family.
Findings also reveal that there are statistically significant differences between the high child
centricity and low child centricity mothers regarding the purchasing products that are highly risky
and used by the whole family.
23 Would you credit it?
24 Funerary Violin
In the 250 years of its active evolution Funerary Violin moved from the formal to the personal. It is
clear from the earliest accounts of the form that its role during the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries was largely heraldic: to exemplify the continuity of the social structure. The few works that
have survived from this period are often surprisingly unemotional and at times overtly grandiose.
25 The Role of a Doctor

In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of
chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians’ practices don't just need to know
medicine. They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make
difficult marketing and legal decisions.
26 The Market for Vegetarian Food

Mintel Consumer Intelligence estimates the 2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that directly
replace meat or other animal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes traditional
vegetarian foods such as produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the market to nearly double by
2006 to $2.8 billion, with the highest growth coming from soymilk, especially refrigerated brands.
The Food and Drug Administration’s 1999 decision to allow manufacturers to include heart-healthy
claims on foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy protein per serving and are also low in
saturated fat and cholesterol has spurred tremendous interest in soymilk and other soy foods. A
representative of manufacturer Food Tech International (Veggie Patch brand) reported that from
1998 to 1999, the percentage of consumers willing to try soy products jumped from 32% to 67%.
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Beliefs about soy’s effectiveness in reducing the symptoms of menopause also attracted new
consumers. A 2000 survey conducted by the United Soybean Board showed that the number of
people eating soy products once a week or more was up to 27%. Forty-five percent of respondents
had tried tofu, 41% had sampled veggie burgers, and 25% had experience with soymilk (Soy-foods
USA e-mail newsletter). Mintel estimates 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meat alternatives in
food stores at nearly $300 million, with soymilk sales nearing $250 million.
27 A Big, Bad Idea

In their paper in BioScience, the two researchers showed that reintroducing the wolves was
correlated with increased growth of willow and cottonwood in the park. Why? Because grazing
animals such as elk were avoiding sites from which they couldn’t easily escape, the scientists
claimed. And as the woody plants and trees grew taller and thicker, beaver colonies expanded.
28 Does Space Travel Damage Eyesight?

Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment — such
as that inside the International Space Station (ISS) — results in loss of bone density and damage to
the body’s muscles. That’s partly why stays aboard the ISS are capped/restricted at six months. And
now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their degenerated eye vision faded after
spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned to Earth.
29 DNA Barcoding
DNA barcoding was invented by Paul Hebert of the University of Guelph, in Ontario, Canada, in 2003.
His idea was to generate a unique identification tag for each species based on a short stretch of
DNA. Separating species would then be a simple task of sequencing this tiny bit of DNA. Dr. Hebert
proposed part of a gene called cytochrome c oxidase I (CO1) as suitable to the task. All animals have
it. It seems to vary enough, but not too much, to act as a reliable marker. And it is easily extracted,
because it is one of a handful of genes found outside the cell nucleus, in structures called
mitochondria.
Barcoding has taken off rapidly since Dr. Hebert invented it. When the idea was proposed, it was
expected to be a boon to taxonomists trying to name the world’s millions of species. It has, however,
proved to have a far wider range of uses than the merely academic—most promisingly in the realm
of public health.
One health-related project is the Mosquito Barcoding Initiative being run by Yvonne-Marie Linton of
the Natural History Museum in London. This aims to barcode 80% of the world’s mosquitoes within
the next two years, to help control mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes are responsible for half a
billion malarial infections and 1m deaths every year. They also transmit devastating diseases such as
yellow fever, West Nile fever and dengue. However, efforts to control them are consistently
undermined by the difficulty and expense of identifying mosquitoes—of which there are at least
3500 species, many of them hard to tell apart.
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30 Empty Lecture Halls in the online Campus

Richard Morris, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which requires an entrance
score in the top 5 per cent of students, says attendance has been a problem since the late 1990s.
“Sometimes in the lectures we’ve only got about one third of students enrolled attending,” he said.”
It definitely is a problem. If you don’t turn up to class you’re missing out on the whole richness of the
experience: you don’t think a whole lot, you don’t engage in debates with other students - or with
your teachers.”
It is not all gloom, said Professor John Dearn, a Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Canberra,
who said the internet was transforming the way students access and use information. “It is strange
that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, traditional lectures seem to persist in our
universities.”
31 Government Defends Foreign Student’s English Standards

Federal Education Minister Julie Bishop says she has seen no evidence that foreign students are
graduating from Australian universities with poor English skills.
Research by Monash University academic Bob Birrell has found a third of foreign students are
graduating without a competent level of English.
But Ms. Bishop says Australian universities only enroll foreign students once they have achieved
international standards of language proficiency.
“This has been an extraordinary attack by Professor Birrell on our universities,” she said.
International students must meet international benchmarks in English language in order to get a
place at a university in Australia and they can’t get into university without reaching that
international standard.”
University of Canberra vice chancellor Roger Dean also says international students are required to sit
an English test before being admitted to nearly all Australian universities. “There are, of course,
intercultural difficulties as well as language difficulties,” he said. “There are, of course, also many
Australian students who don’t speak such fantastically good English either.
“So we’re trying to push the standard even higher than present but it’s a very useful one already.”
Ms. Bishop says Australia’s university system has high standards.
“I’ve seen no evidence to suggest that students are not able to complete their courses because
they’re failing in English yet they’re being passed by the universities,” she said. “I’ve not seen any
evidence to back that up.”
“International education is one of our largest exports, it’s our fourth largest export and it’s in the
interest of our universities to maintain very high standards because their reputation/recognition is at
stake.”
32 Stream Plants & Animals Waltzed in from the Rumbling

Plants & Animals are a Montreal-based indie rock trio that began playing together as kids. Touring
arduously for about five years after their proper full-length debut in 2008, they pretty much made
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their records on the go until 2013. So the band’s decision to be slow, deliberate, and thorough on
their latest offering, Waltzed in from the Rumbling, represents a major change of pace. Finally
sleeping in their in own beds while recording, the band assembled the album over the course of nine
seasons.
It’s a return to their origins, but it also pushes audaciously forward.
The aesthetic varies wildly and wonderfully from track to track, each song having its own hermetic
seal but somehow still melding cohesively as a body of work. Jangling guitars, drums leaning toward
the off-kilter swing of J Dilla, found sounds, a hint of shoegaze, and unorthodox instrumentation
come together to keep the ear constantly engaged with a feeling of constant evolution. They found
an antique guiro next to a broken VCR and recorded both. They made an empty fridge sound like a
timpani drum. They recorded gossip on a city bus. They brought in classical string flourishes. They
sometimes left mistakes if they felt they were perfectly imperfect. It’s truly DIY, but with a feel of big
production value that makes the album soar.
Contemplative lyrics anchor the album through all the exploratory wandering. The words are
delivered melodically, belying their potency, but listening beyond the pretty aesthetic reveals
piercing observations and an undeniable translation of feeling. The simplicity of the penetrating
refrain on the three-part mini opus “Je Voulais Te Dire” is a paragon of how the lyrics effortlessly cut
through the instrumentation. Guitarist/ vocalist Warren Spicer sings “It’s only love, but you want it
bad,” encompassing how we try to avoid and downplay our desire for love and affection, but
ultimately search and long for it anyway.
33 University to Offer Arabic MBA Course

HERIOT-WATT University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic.
Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a distance for the business courses in their own
language. The Edinburgh Business School announced the project at a reception in Cairo on Saturday.
It is hoped the course will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A
university spokeswoman said: “The Arabic MBA will raise the profile of Heriot-Watt University and
the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic-speaking world and will create a
strong network of graduates in the region.” The first intake of students is expected later this year.
Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh Business School, said: “Arabic is a major global
language and the Arab world is a center for business and industrial development. We are proud to
work with Arab International Education to meet the demands of the region.”
34 Edison
Born in 1847. Edison would see tremendous change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be
responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of
electricity as a novelty, a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the
credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1093 inventions, earning him
the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The most famous of his inventions was an incandescent
light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the “kinetoscope,” a small
box for viewing moving films. He also improved upon the original design of the stock ticker, the
telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. He believed in hard work, sometimes working
twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent
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perspiration.” In tribute to this important American, electric lights in the United States were dimmed
for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.
35 Chomolungma
Called Chomolungma (“goddess mother of the world”) in Tibet and Sagarmatha (“goddess of the
sky”) in Nepal, Mount Everest once went by the pedestrian name of Peak XV among Westerners.
That was before surveyors established that it was the highest mountain on Earth, a fact that came as
something of a surprise - Peak XV had seemed lost in the crowd of other formidable Himalayan
peaks, many of which gave the illusion of greater height.
In 1852 the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India measured Everest’s elevation as 29,002 feet above
sea level. This figure remained the officially accepted height for more than one hundred years. In
1955 it was adjusted by a mere 26 feet to 29,028 (8,848 m).
The mountain received its official name in 1865 in honor of Sir George Everest, the British Surveyor
General from 1830-1843 who had mapped the Indian subcontinent. He had some reservations about
having his name bestowed on the peak, arguing that the mountain should retain its local appellation,
the standard policy of geographical societies. Before the Survey of India, a number of other
mountains ranked supreme in the eyes of the world. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,
the Andean peak Chimborazo was considered the highest. At a relatively unremarkable 20,561 feet
(6,310 m), it is in fact nowhere near the highest, surpassed by about thirty other Andean peaks and
several dozen in the Himalayas. In 1809, the Himalayan peak Dhaulagiri (26,810 ft.; 8,172 m) was
declared the ultimate, only to be shunted aside in 1840 by Kanchenjunga (28,208 ft.; 8,598 m),
which today ranks third. Everest’s status has been unrivaled for the last century and a half, but not
without a few threats.
36 Language
If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native
speakers, they should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were wasted. Millions
of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in
US schools. The confusion is partly political - the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is
the language of 19 separate countries and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard
dialect.
The most common Spanish dialect taught in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called
“Highland” Spanish since it is generally spoken in the mountainous areas of Latin America. While
each country retains its own accents and has some unique vocabulary, residents of countries such as
Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in urban
centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its strong “r” sounds. This
Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and was brought to the
Americas by the early colonists.
However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian, developed characteristics
that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of “ci” and “ce” as “th.” In
Madrid, “gracias” (thank you) becomes “gratheas” (as opposed to “gras-see-as” in Latin America).
Another difference is the use of the word “vosotros” (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of
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“ustedes” in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US
residents.
37 Tall Building
The Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world when it was completed in 1889. It was built for
the World’s Fair to demonstrate that iron could be as strong as stone while being infinitely lighter.
And in fact the wrought-iron tower is twice as tall as the masonry Washington Monument and yet it
weighs 70,000 tons less! It is repainted every seven years with 50 tons of dark brown paint.
Called “the father of the skyscraper,” the Home Insurance Building, constructed in Chicago in 1885
(and demolished in 1931), was 138 feet tall and 10 stories. It was the first building to effectively
employ a supporting skeleton of steel beams and columns, allowing it to have many more windows
than traditional masonry structures. But this new construction method made people worry that the
building would fall down, leading the city to halt construction until they could investigate the
structure’s safety.
In 1929, auto tycoon Walter Chrysler took part in an intense race with the Bank of Manhattan Trust
Company to build the world’s tallest skyscraper. Just when it looked like the bank had captured the
coveted title, workers at the Chrysler Building jacked a thin spire hidden inside the building through
the top of the roof to win the contest (subsequently losing the title four months later to the Empire
State Building). Chrysler also decorated his building to mirror his cars, with hubcaps, mudguards, and
hood ornaments.
38 United Nation
Founded after World War II by 51 “peace-loving states” combined to oppose future aggression, the
United Nations now counts 192 member nations, including its newest members, Nauru, Kiribati, and
Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, and Montenegro
in 2006.
United Nations Day has been observed on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the Objectives and
accomplishments of the organization, which was established on October 24, 1945.
The UN engages in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions across the globe. Though some say its
influence has declined in recent decades, the United Nations still plays a tremendous role in world
politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then Secretary-General of the UN, won the
Nobel Peace Prize “for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world.”
Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations, 16 are currently under way. Thus far,
close to 130 nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing
peacekeepers. As of August 31, 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total
of 88,230 personnel. The small island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping
operation, as has Canada.
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39 C. S. Lewis
C. S. Lewis, or Jack Lewis, as he preferred to be called, was born in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern
Ireland) on November 29, 1898. He was the second son of Albert Lewis, a lawyer, and Flora Hamilton
Lewis. His older brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis, who was known as Warnie, had been born three
years earlier in 1895.
Lewis’s early childhood was relatively happy and carefree. In those days Northern Ireland was not
yet plagued by bitter civil strife, and the Lewises were comfortably off. The family home, called Little
Lea, was a large, gabled house with dark, narrow passages and an overgrown garden, which Warnie
and Jack played in and explored together. There was also a library that was crammed with books -
two of Jack’s favorites were Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson and The Secret Garden by
Frances Hodgson Burnett.
This somewhat idyllic boyhood came to an end for Lewis when his mother became ill and died of
cancer in 1908. Barely a month after her death the two boys were sent away from home to go to
boarding school in England.
Lewis hated the school, with its strict rules and hard, unsympathetic headmaster, and he missed
Belfast terribly. Fortunately for him, the school closed in 1910, and he was able to return to Ireland.
After a year, however, he was sent back to England to study. This time, the experience proved to be
mostly positive. As a teenager, Lewis learned to love poetry, especially the works of Virgil and
Homer. He also developed an interest in modern languages, mastering French, German, and Italian.
40 How to define a country?

When people ask how many countries there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. After all,
we’ve explored the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of
global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many countries there
are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people say there
are 192 countries: but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them.
So why isn’t there a straight forward answer?
The problem arises because there isn’t a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, for
political reasons, some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries.
41 Space, Time, and Why Things Are As They Are

Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extent or
another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking
this way in day-to-day life; it’s easy to be seduced by the face nature reveals directly to our senses.
Yet, in the decades since first encountering Camus' test, I've learned that modern science tells a very
different story.
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42 “Mud Volcano” in Indonesia Caused by Gas Exploration

Gas drilling on the Indonesian island of Java has triggered a “mud volcano” that has killed 13 people
and may render four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable for years.
In a report released on January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly upwelling began
when an exploratory gas well punched through a layer of rock 9,300 feet (2,800 meters) below the
surface, allowing hot, high-pressure water to escape.
The water carried mud to the surface, where it has spread across a region 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in
diameter in the eight months since the eruption began.
The mud volcano is similar to a gusher or blowout, which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to
the surface, the team says. This upwelling, however, spews out a volume of mud equivalent to a
dozen Olympic swimming pools each day.
Although the eruption isn’t as violent as a conventional volcano, more than a dozen people died
when a natural gas pipeline ruptured.
The research team, who published their findings in the February issue of GSA Today, also estimate
that the volcano, called Lusi, will leave more than 11,000 people permanently displaced.
43 Top Business Schools Woo Young Students to Foil Rivals

In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including Harvard, Stanford, the
University of Chicago and Wharton - have moved away from the unofficial admissions prerequisite of
four years work experience and instead have set their sights on recent college graduates and so-
called “early career” professionals with only a couple years of work under their belt.
• under one’s belt = as part of one’s experience e.g. he had a linguistics degree under his belt.
44 Stress Management
Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to. When you are stressed,
your body responds as through you are in danger. It makes hormones that speed up your heart,
make you breathe faster, and give you a burst of energy. This is called the fight-or-flight stress
response. Some stress is normal and even useful. Stress can help if you need to work hard or react
quickly. For example, it can help you win a race or finish an important job on time. But if stress
happens too often or lasts too long, it can have bad effects. It can be linked to headaches, an upset
stomach, back pain, and trouble sleeping. It can weaken your immune system, making it harder fight
off disease.
45 My Father’s Bookshelf
None of the books in my father’s dusty old bookcase were forbidden. Yet while I was growing up, I
never saw anyone take one down. Most were massive tomes—a comprehensive history of
civilization, matching volumes of the great works of western literature, numerous others I can no
longer recall—that seemed almost fused to shelves that bowed slightly from decades of steadfast
support.
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But way up on the highest shelf was a thin little text that, every now and then, would catch my eye
because it seemed so out of place, like Gulliver among the Brobdingnagians. In hindsight, I’m not
quite sure why I waited so long before taking a look.
46 Folklore and Flying

Folklore is a modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and
songs that have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition
not reliant on the written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural
forms embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and
rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression
that are handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are said to
constitute an oral tradition.
47 William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, allegedly on April 23, 1564. Church records
from Holy Trinity Church indicate that he was baptized there on April 26, 1564. Young William was
born of John Shakespeare, a glover and leather merchant, and Marry Arden, a landed local heiress.
William, according to the church register, was the third of eight children in the Shakespeare
household –three of whom died in childhood. John Shakespeare had a remarkable run of success as
a merchant, alderman, and high bailiff of Stratford, during William’s early childhood. His fortunes
declined, however, in the late 1570s.
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to
personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works, and
various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are
many gaps in this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.
48 Beijing Language Institution

There were twenty-six freshmen majoring in English at Beijing Language Institute in the class of
1983, I was assigned to Group Two with another eleven boys and girls who had come from big cities
in China. I was told that language study required smallness so that we would get more attention
from the skillful teachers. The better the school, the smaller, the smaller the class.
I realized that my classmates were already all talking in English, simple sentences tossed out to each
other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their intonations were curving and
dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched to catch the drips and
drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn’t understand it all, only that it was English. Those words
now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but I had
never heard them spoken back to me in such a speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of beating the
city folks was thawing before my eyes.
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49 Evaluating a Career Decision

It has been a year since I started writing my Graduate Journal column for Nature jobs, the past 12
months have been marked with fundamental changes and fundamental constants, both of which I’m
glad to have experienced.
When I enrolled in my master’s course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school
with the decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn’t put very
much weight on this decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of
leaving my original profession. When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I
sense how our views on medical problems have diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease and
try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel
happier working on this side of the problem, although I do occasionally miss clinical work and seeing
patients.
However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated, the
years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes wonder
if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career.
Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the
biosciences when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do
with a sick child or a suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel
kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how they can strike a human being. I hope to retain these
memories as a guide in my current occupation.
50 Flying the Crowded Skies: Challenges for Aviation

By 2025, government experts say, America’s skies will swarm with three times as many planes, and
not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at
airliner altitudes, competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding
midair collisions, and with commercially operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space.
51 When Job Hunting — Dress For Success

When it comes to job-hunting, first impressions are critical. Remember, you are marketing a product
- yourself - to a potential employer. The first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your
attire; thus, you must make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking.
Will dressing properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a
positive first impression.
How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but you should also try
and do a little investigating of your prospective employer so that what you wear to the interview
makes you look as though you fit in with the organization. If you overdress (which is rare but can
happen) or under dress (the more likely scenario), the potential employer may feel that you don’t
care enough about the job.
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52 Nature
Nature is no longer an alien enigma, but instead something immediately beautiful, an exuberant
opus with space for us to join in. Bird melodies have always been called songs for a reason. As long
as we have been listening, people have presumed there is music coming out of those scissoring
beaks.
53 Joy through Pain

All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots of muscle
known as “trigger points”.
“Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting,” says Kippen. “The
contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what
deep tissue massage aims to break.”
The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe’s elbow, is to apply pressure to the point,
stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the affected area with
blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the tensed
muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one nearby. “If you cause any muscle
to contract, its opposite will expand. So you try to trick the body into relaxing the muscle that is in
spasm.”
54 Paying for University Education

Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s.
Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s,
in 1974 it assumed full responsibility for funding higher education - abolishing tuition fees with the
intention of making university accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to
participate in higher education.
Since the late 1980s there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly
student fees. In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution
Scheme (HECS) which included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions This
enabled universities to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could
afford to pay off their loans In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to
HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS).
Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines the three main
sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS While the proportion
of total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small. HECS payments are a significant component
of students’ university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving
university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their HECS
liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.
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55 Ikebana Flower Arrangement

Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It is more than simply putting flowers in a
container. It is a disciplined art form in which the arrangement is a living thing where nature and
humanity are brought together. It is steeped in the philosophy of developing a closeness with
nature. As is true of all other arts, ikebana is creative expression within certain rules of construction.
Its materials are living branches, leaves, grasses, and blossoms. Its heart is the beauty resulting from
color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the meaning latent in the total form of the
arrangement. Ikebana is, therefore, much more than mere floral decoration.
* be stepped in sth: to have a lot of a particular quality or thing. E.g. the region is steeped in history.
56 The Teen Brain

Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a
shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she textmessages her best friend and
rear-ends another vehicle.
How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible—and reckless at the same time? Easily,
according to two physicians at Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who
have been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. “The teenage brain
is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it,” says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology.
“It’s a paradoxical time of development. These are people with very sharp brains, but they’re not
quite sure what to do with them.”
57 A Beard Full of Bunkum

In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by
information. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. Of the narratives
that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those which offer us some reward.
A story which tells us that the world is cooking and that we’ll have to make sacrifices for the sake of
future generations is less likely to be accepted than the more rewarding idea that climate change is a
conspiracy hatched by scheming governments and venal scientists, and that strong, independent-
minded people should unite to defend their freedoms.
He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the rewards
might lie: that understanding what the science is saying and planning accordingly is the smart thing
to do, which will protect your interests more effectively than flinging abuse at scientists. We should
emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and
community action. Projects like the transition towns network and proposals for a green new deal tell
a story which people are more willing to hear.
58 Basic Instincts
In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has
argued that swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as evolutionary
adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes
it seems as if nothing is immune from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage,
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altruism, our tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the
small number of women who become mechanical engineers – all may have their roots in natural
selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might
differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have
little influence on personality.
59 Video-conference Technology
Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny.
Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business meetings contribute
significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment.
The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partnered
with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to become more environmentally
responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to be held across continents
without the time pressure or environmental burden of international travel.
Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The

firm’s VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations
anywhere in the world-with unrivaled transmission quality.
60 Letting Your Readers Know What You Mean

Learning to write well means discovering how to write plainly and clearly. Now that doesn’t mean
that plainness is the only beneficial style, or that you should become a slave to bare, undecorated
writing. Formality and elaborateness have their place, and incompetent hands complexity can take
us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most people, most of the time, should endeavor to be
reasonably simple, to acquire a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and comparatively simple
sentences carrying clear actions or identities. It’s quicker, it makes arguments easier to follow, it
step-ups the chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you center more
attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I don’t advise deserting altogether.
61 Has university really changed?

University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as
chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the
Royal Society of Chemistry.
The society predicts that as few as six departments could remain open by 2014. Most recently,
Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, blaming it on “market forces”, and Bristol
took in some of the refugees.
The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor: chemistry
degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that
the way the government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such
as Bristol, exacerbates the problem.
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62 Essays
Essays are used as an assessment tool to evaluate your ability to research a topic and construct an
argument, as well as your understanding of subject content. This does not mean that essays are a
“regurgitation” of everything your lecture has said throughout the course. Essays are your
opportunity to explore in greater depths aspects of the course theories, issues, texts etc., and in
some cases relate these aspects to a particular context. It is your opportunity to articulate your
ideas, but in a certain way: using formal academic style.
63 Advertising
Drive down any highway, and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants — most likely, if you
navel long and far enough, you’ll see McDonald’s golden arches as well as signs for Burger King.
Hardee’s and Wendy’s the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though, Burger King has fallen
short of claiming the burger crown unable to surpass market leader McDonald’s number 1 sales
status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains number 2.
Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its
overall quality rating dropping, while ratings for the other contenders have increased. The decline
has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain
tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing
Communication theory would suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty
years) need to be rectified before a unified, long-term strategy can be put in place.
The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has
become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must
communicate the same message as Burger King’s famous tagline, “Have it your way.” or the
customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and,
therefore, more reliable.
64 Just in Time
“Just-in-time” is a management philosophy and not a technique. It originally referred to the
production of goods to meet customer demand exactly, in time, quality and quantity, whether the
“customer” is the final purchaser of the product or another process further along the production
line. It has now come to mean producing with minimum waste. “Waste” is taken in its most general
sense and includes time and resources as well as materials.
65 Chinese Communist Party

The book advances five fundamental and, in my view, fundamentally correct propositions. First, for
all its manifest achievements. The Chinese attempt to marry a communist party-state with the
market is unsustainable. Hutton does not deny the economic achievements of the past three
decades. But he stresses that the result has been “not free-market capitalism but Leninist
corporatism”. This is not a viable new model, but an ultimately dysfunctional hybrid.
The inevitable consequences include rampant corruption, an absence of globally competitive

Chinese companies, chronic waste of resources, rampant environmental degradation and soaring
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inequality. Above all, the monopoly over power of an ideologically bankrupt communist party is
inconsistent with the pluralism of opinion, security of property and vibrant competition on which a
dynamic economy depends. As a result, Chinese development remains parasitic on know-how and
institutions developed elsewhere.
66 The Genetic Test for PD

While Florey researchers have also created a genetic test for PD (10% of PD cases are caused by
genetic factors), this new test has a broader application by screening for many different types of PD
and monitoring treatment, as well as measuring the effectiveness of drugs being developed to treat
the disease.
Dr. Qiao-Xin Li and colleagues from The University of Melbourne and The Mental Health Research
Institute of Victoria, along with Professor Malcolm Home from the Howard Florey Institute, found
people with PD had low levels of the brain-secreted protein “alpha-synuclein” in their blood, while
people without PD had high levels of the protein.
Professor Home said the test they developed measured alpha-synuclein levels in blood. “Currently
there is no specific PD diagnostic test so doctors rely on their observations to make a diagnosis,
which means some patients may not be prescribed the most suitable medication and around 15% of
those diagnosed may actually be suffering from something else,” Professor Home said.
“Further studies are required to establish whether this test can distinguish between people who are
responsive to treatment and those who are not,” he said.
The researchers are now conducting a large-scale study to determine the effectiveness of the test, to
discover whether it is applicable for all types of PD, and to find out if it can measure the rate of
progression and severity of the disease.
67 Classic Music
Away from the tumble of Shanghai’s highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll
down side streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on a weekend morning,
you’ll hear the sound of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a
grandmother in her seventies. Wander down another alley toward drab high-rises and you’ll hear
Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute.
In China, classical music is booming as mightily as the 1812 overture, its fortissimo in Shanghai, is
home to China’s oldest orchestra, forte in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in
farther-flung areas. Commanding YI00-200 (512.50425) per hour, private music teachers in Shanghai
can readily earn more than five times the average per capita monthly income.
68 Banking
The first banks were probably the religious temples of the ancient world, and were probably
established sometime during the third millennium B.C. Banks probably predated the invention of
money. Deposits initially consisted of grain and later other goods including cattle, agricultural
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implements, and eventually precious metals such as gold, in the form of easy-to-carry compressed
plates. Temples and palaces were the safest places to store gold as they were constantly attended
and well built. As sacred places, temples presented an extra deterrent to would-be thieves.
69 Advertisement
Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media, from
newspapers to the cinema to the Internet are filled with adverts. This all-pervasive presence reflects
the value of advertising to us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would struggle to inform
potential customers about the products or services they provide, and consumers would be unable to
make informed assessments when looking for products to buy and services to use. Without
advertising, the promotion of products and practices that contribute to our physical and
psychological well-being — medicines to treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us,
clothes and cosmetics to make us look and feel better — would be infinitely more problematic than
it is. And without advertisements and the aspirations represented in them, the world would be a far
duller place.
70 Seatbelt
I, for example, am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on
my bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I have
persuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call those without
helmets “donors on wheels”. But a book on ‘Risk’ by my colleague John Adams has made me re-
examine my convictions.
Adams has completely undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What
he has persuasively argued, particularly in relation to seatbelts, is that the evidence that they do
what they are supposed to do is very suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save
many thousands of lives every year. Between 1970 and 1978 countries in which the wearing of seat
belts is compulsory had on average about five percent more road accident deaths than before the
introduction of the law. In the United Kingdom road deaths decreased steadily from about seven
thousand a year in 1972 to just over four thousand in 1989. There is no evidence in the trend for any
effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983; there’s actually evidence that the number of
cyclists and pedestrians killed increased by about ten percent. That twice as many children were
killed in road accidents in 1922 as now must not be taken as evidence that there is less risk when
children play in the street today. It almost certainly reflects the care taken by parents in keeping
children off the streets.
How are these figures, which are both puzzling and shocking to be explained? The answer seems to
lie in our perception of risk and how we modify our behavior. An important concept that has been
developed to account for people's' handling of risk is the “Thermostat Model”. An individual’s
propensity to take risks is influenced by their own experience and that of others and this model
assumes that the degree to which we take risks varies from one individual to another. The key
feature in risk taking is the balancing of perceptions of the risk and the possible rewards, and this
balance may be a reflection of an individual’s particular type of personality. In general, the more
risks an individual takes the greater will be both the positive and negative rewards.
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71 Smallpox
According to the literature, the history of vaccination can be traced back to as early as the 7th
century when the monks in India tried to immunize themselves by drinking snake venom. The first
vaccination was inoculation with human smallpox, a practice widely carried out in ancient India,
Arabia, and China. This method of vaccination consisted of collecting pus from a patient suffering
from mild form of smallpox virus infection and inoculating the sample to a healthy human, which
later led to a minor infection.
This method was first introduced in England by a Greek named E. Timoni. However, this method had
a risk of spreading smallpox in the community and even worsening the health condition of the
person who received the inoculation.
While the use of human smallpox vaccine was controversial. E. Fenner came up with bovine
smallpox vaccine in 1796: this new method also faced controversy, but continued to be
universalized. Smallpox became a preventable disease by injecting pus extracted from a human
infected with cowpox virus. Jenner named the substance “vaccine” after the Latin word “vacca”
which means “cow,” and thus the process of giving vaccine became “vaccination”.
72 Sound Depressing
Sound depressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government forecasts are right,
about 20 years from now, two out of five households will be single occupancy. And there is evidence
the situation is already deteriorating. According to a report. Social Isolation in America, published in
the American Sociological Review in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends.
Twenty-five per cent of those surveyed said they do not have anyone to talk with about important
things.
And yet, while some are declaring a crisis in our ability to make friends, others are saying exactly the
opposite. For example. MSN’s Anatomy of Friendship Report, published last November, suggests
that the average Briton has 54 friends - a spectacular rise of 64 per cent since 2003.
73 Assessment in Design and Technology

Professor Richard Kimbell directed the DES funded Assessment of Performance Unit research project
in Design and Technology. In 1990 he founded the Technology Education Research Unit (TERU) at
Goldsmiths College, University of London, which is now running a wide range of funded research
projects in design and technology and IT. He has published widely in the field, including reports
commissioned by the Congress of the United States, UNESCO and NATO; he has written and
presented television programs and regularly lectures internationally. His latest book Assessing
Technology: International Trends in Curriculum and Assessment won the international technology
education book of the year award from the Council for Technology Teacher Education at ITEA in
1999 in Minneapolis, USA.
Kay Stables is Reader in Design and Technology Education and former Head of the Design
Department at Goldsmiths College, University of London. She started her career as a textiles teacher,
moving to Goldsmiths as a part of the APU D&T research team. From 1990–1992 she was Project
Director for the Key Stage 1 Technology SAT developments and followed this as Research Associate
on the Understanding Technological Approaches project which built case studies of D&T work from
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children aged 5–16. Most recently she has conducted, with Richard Kimbell, an evaluation of the
impact of a technology education initiative in South Africa and is currently researching into the use
of handling collections in developing D&T capability and literacy.
74 Works of Hans Christian Andersen

Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian Andersen. Like
Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was near-pathologically
uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course all three had to work and interact with adults,
but all three really related well to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a
puppet theatre and was incredibly popular with children, and, of course, he wrote an impressive
body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands of editions since the 19th century.
Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of Andersen’s works: “The Ugly
Duckling,” “The Emperor’s New Clothes,” “The Nightingale,” “The Little Mermaid,” “The Match Girl,”
and many others. Though, as with most folk and fairy tales, they strike adult re-readers much
differently than they do young first-time readers.
Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t fit in, only to exult in the discovery
that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages: don’t tease people
because they’re different; don’t fret about your being different because some day you’ll discover
what special gifts you have.
A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen’s tales (including “The Ugly Duckling,” which is not on our
reading list), reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often cruel and unfeeling,
love is torturous – in general, the things of the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy
ending, but it’s not conventionally happy.
Characters are rewarded, but only after they manage (often through death) to transcend the rigors
of the mortal world.
75 Why People Choose to Live Alone

https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/mar/30/the-rise-of-solo-living
76 A Financial Director
There isn’t a financial director around who wouldn’t like to accelerate cash flow by reducing debtor
days – in other words, get customers to pay up faster. In Europe’s top 1,000 quoted companies,
nearly one quarter of all invoices are unpaid at any point in time, according to recent research
carried out by the ASF organization. This means they are sitting on a total of 274bn overdue debt.
Most of this is caused by poor collection practices. According to Jan Porter, ASF’s Managing Director,
“You can set up all the systems you want, you can insist on water light contracts and payment terms,
the government can even introduce late payment legislation, but there are always some debtors
who fail to pay on time. Once a payment is overdue, your first step is to talk to your debtor. You
should let them know the payment is late and try to find out if there is a dispute about the work, or
if your debtor has financial problems.”
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It seems obvious, but Tim Vainio, a chartered accountant, believes that too many companies are
afraid of losing a relationship, and that, before undertaking any action; the focus should be on
recovering as much money as possible, rather than on preserving a relationship.
77 How to Win Votes?

It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The
difficulty is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a politician’s face
without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming
grin, or a facetious smirk? It’s hard to find anyone who can look at the president without assessing
him politically as well as physically.
78 Modern Lifestyle
One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exercise in their ordinary routines. All of the
advances of modern technology – from electric can openers to power steering – have made life
easier, more comfortable and much less physically demanding. Yet our bodies need activity,
especially if they are carrying around too much fat. Satisfying this need requires a definite plan, and
a commitment.
79 Influential Music
Those were his halcyon days, when his music was heard constantly in Venice and his influence
blanketed Europe. He spent much of his time on the road, performing and overseeing productions of
his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi’s scores, copied them for performance and arranged
some for other instruments.
80 Popularizing Pennsylvania
The dramatic shift of cultural presentation between the Progressive era and the 1990s matches the
chronology historian Michael Kammen has projected for the role of tradition in American culture.
Since 1870, he has pointed out, the most significant role involved the deliberate Americanization of
folk heritage through collected and presented narrative, speech, and song. Broadly speaking, what
followed was an imperfect democratization in regions and occupations, and later pluralization in
groupings of ethnicity, race, gender, age, sexuality, appearance, and class, to name some in the ever-
growing list. Kammen also noted the influence of tourism on later uses of tradition, and
Pennsylvania, with its whopping fifty-one separate tourist agencies, certainly attests to that trend in
the state. Even more than attracting tourism, heritage-writing—indeed, a whole heritage industry—
is being called on for purposes of “economic development,” to promote community pride and
image. Judging from the meteoric increase in museums, magazines, and films on heritage during the
1980s and 1990s, and the leveling-off of American studies programs in universities, the production
of American heritage knowledge comes increasingly from media and public agencies. If the 1980s
reports on higher education are to be believed, the role for public agencies may be heightened by
the diminishing cultural authority of the academy. At the same time, American cultural education by
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many public agencies in the 1990s is a frequent target of conservative criticism in an effort to scale
back or re-devise governmental programs.
One might now forecast a period in which American folk tradition is geared toward emotional
community-building in order to deal with the role of individuals in a global mass culture, where
electronic communication and constant mobility create a need for organizing belonging. That opens
up the kinds of traditions—the kinds of communities and organizations, identities and rituals—
representing the American memory of the past, the American perception of the present, to a
tremendously wide array of possibilities for a mobile and electronically communicating society.
Muse-ums, books, films, and schools are scrambling to keep up. It used to be that Americans were
preoccupied with the ways in which such institutions and the media reflected society's traditions.
Now, and Shoemaker's building of the Pennsylvania mystique is a notable example, Americans have
a view in which they see themselves as shaping traditions, or at least as defining what's important.
Therefore, history is more than recorded; it is constructed. And folklore is more than collected; it is
projected. In Pennsylvania, much of the mystique-building through folklore and history of the
highland paradise seems to have worn off (and probably so has American romantic regionalism
generally). Nevertheless, Shoemaker would be heartened to know that Pennsylvanians have
retained their woods
81 Corporate Culture
The article subjects the assumptions and prescriptions of the ‘Corporate Culture ‘literature to critical
scrutiny. The body of the article is devoted to teasing out the distinctive basis of its appeal compared
with earlier management theory. It is seen to build upon earlier efforts (e.g. ‘theory Y’) to constitute
a self-disciplining form of employee subjectivity by asserting that ‘practical autonomy ‘is conditional
upon the development of a strong corporate culture. The paper illuminates the dark side of this
project by drawing attention to the subjugating and totalitarian implications of its excellence/ quality
prescriptions. To this end, parallels are drawn with the philosophy of control favored by the Party in
Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. Specifically, the paper critiques the ‘doublethink ‘contention that
autonomy can be realized in monoculture conditions that systematically constrain opportunities to
wrestle with competing values standpoints and their associated life projects.
82 Alaska’s Aleutian Islands

Alaska’s Aleutian Islands have long been accustomed to shipwrecks. They have been part of local
consciousness since a Japanese whaling ship ran aground near the western end of the 1,100-mile
(1,800-km) volcanic archipelago in 1780, inadvertently naming what is now Rat Island when the
ship’s infestation scurried ashore and made itself at home. Since then, there have been at least 190
shipwrecks in the islands.
83 Copyright
No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can confer so it
may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 per cent of all sales
after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that
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ignores the truth that copyright law is a scandal, recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement
with the US which required extension of copyright to 70 years after death.
Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of corporations (although
Agatha Christie’s no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of West End
success for her who dun nits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A.
Milne’s Christopher Robin books)? No. The scandal is that bien pensants politicians have attempted
to appear cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their
existence and by giving away much more in value than any public benefit could justify. In doing so
they have betrayed our trust.
84 Impact and Management of Purple Loosestrife

The invasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to integrity and function
of ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative or experimental evidence for ecosystem impacts
of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based on potential, but not presently realized,
recognized or quantified, negative impacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-
indigenous species result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently, management of
purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), has been criticized for lack of evidence demonstrating negative
impacts of L. salicaria, and management using biocontrol for lack of evidence documenting the
failure of conventional control methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts
on native wetland biota and wetland function was available at the onset of the control program in
1985, recent work has demonstrated that the invasion of purple loosestrife into North American
freshwater wetlands alters decomposition rates and nutrient cycling, leads to reductions in wetland
plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed output of the native Lythrum alatum, and reduces
habitat suitability for specialized wetland bird species such as black terns, least bitterns, pied-billed
grebes, and marsh wrens. Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have
continuously failed to curb the spread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control.
Although a number of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat
specialists are excluded by encroachment of L. salicaria. We conclude that negative ecosystem
impacts of purple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that detrimental
effects of purple loosestrife on wetland systems and biota and the potential benefits of control
outweigh potential risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents. Long-term
experiments and monitoring programs that are in place will evaluate the impact of these insects on
purple loosestrife, on wetland plant succession and other wetland biota.
85 Space Work for an Astronaut

The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines and the
work is carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the Space Travel. Outside the
craft, they can see how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them
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to investigate how seeds change their biological character. When outside the craft, they can set up
experiments or clean up the space rubbish.
86 Roman Arena
The Romans glorified the bravery shown in the arena, but trivialized the events and degraded the
participants. Mosaic pictures of executions and combats, graphically violent to our eyes, were
displayed in the public rooms and even dining rooms in the homes of wealthy Romans. How can the
viewer today possibly understand such images? Until fairly recently, modern authors writing about
the arena minimized its significance and represented the institutionalized violence as a sideline to
Roman history. The tendency was also to view the events through our own eyes and to see them as
pitiful or horrifying, although to most Romans empathy with victims of the arena was inconceivable.
In the past few decades, however, scholars have started to analyze the complex motivations for
deadly public entertainments and for contradictory views of gladiators as despised, yet beloved
hero-slaves.
87 Scientist's Job
Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do experiment. After these have been done, he
got his results. Then there are a lot of data from scientists. The scientists around the world have
a picture of world.
88 Dog
A DOG may be man’s best friend. But man is not always a dog’s. Over the centuries
selective breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque
distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people,
regarded as pathologies.
Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is
controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and
their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are,
by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of
America’s National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the
features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal.
89 The Contemporary Ministerial Staffing System

The contemporary ministerial staffing system is large, active and partisan – far larger and further
evolved than any Westminster equivalent. Ministers’ demands for help to cope with the pressures of
an increasingly competitive and professionalized political environment have been key drivers of the
staffing system’s development. But there has not been commensurate growth in arrangements to
support and control it. The operating framework for ministerial staff is fragmented and ad hoc.
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90 TV Advertising
From a child’s point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give
actors the opportunity to take a rest or （practice） their lines? Or is it done to make people buy
things? Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and commercials that commercials
are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults? As
has been shown several times in the literature (e.g. Butter et al. 1981; Donohue, Henke, and
Donohue 1980; Macklin 1983 and 1987; Robertson and Rossiter 1974; Stephens and Stutts 1982),
some children are able to distinguish between programs and commercials and are aware of the
intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.
91 Western Words
An eccentric mix of English, German and French has entered Japanese usage with grand abandon. A
“kariya” woman is a career woman, and a “manshon” is an apartment. This increasing use of
katakana, or unique Japanese versions of Western words, and the younger generation’s more casual
use of the Japanese language have prompted Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to worry that these
new words may not be understood by a wider audience. As a result, a government panel is
proposing to publish a manual on how to speak proper Japanese. Foreign words became katakana
Japanese because no existing Japanese words could quite capture a specific meaning or feeling.
When the word “cool” traveled east, all of its English connotations did not make the journey. A kuru
person in Japan is someone who is calm and never gets upset. On the other hand, someone who is
kakkoii is hip, or in translation, “cool.” Similarly, a hotto person is one who is easily excitable,
perhaps passionate, but not necessarily a popular person or personality of the moment.
92 Complementary Therapies
Complementary therapies – such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and
acupuncturists – have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades. Interest
initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact
and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of complementary therapies is being re-
visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors’ associations; their inclusion in
medical education; and scientific research into their efficacy
93 Egg-eating Snakes
Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only bird’s
eggs, which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, these snakes have
spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg open as it passes through the
throat.
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94 First-year Students
For many first-year students, the University may be their first experience living away from home for
an extended period of time. It is a definite break from home. In my point of view this is the best
thing that you can do. I know you have to fend for yourself, cook and clean after yourself, basically
look after yourself without your parents but the truth is – some time in your life you are going to
have to part with lovely Mummy and Daddy. But they are only just a phone call away and it is really
good to have some QUALITY TIME without them. The first few weeks can be a lonely period. There
may be concerns about forming friendship. When new students look around, it may seem that
everyone else is self-confident and socially successful! The reality is that everyone is having the same
concerns.
Increased personal freedom can feel both wonderful and frightening. Students can come and go as
they choose with no one to “hassle” them. The strange environment with new kinds of procedures
and new people can create the sense of being on an emotional roller coaster. This is normal and to
be expected. You meet so many more people in the halls than if you stayed at home. The main
points about living away from home are:
NO PARENTS! You don’t have to tell them where you’re going, who you’re going with, what time
you’ll be coming, why you’re going etc. etc.
You learn various social skills; you have to get along with your roommates Living with them can
present special, sometimes intense, problems. Negotiating respect of personal property, personal
space, sleep, and relaxation needs, can be a complex task. The complexity increases when
roommates are of different backgrounds with very different values. It is unrealistic to expect that
roommates will be best friends. Meaningful, new relationships should not be expected to develop
overnight. It took a great deal of time to develop intimacy in high school friendships; the same will
be true of intimacy in university friendships.
You have a phone! So if you ever get homesick or miss you Mummy then she’s always at the end of a
phone-line for you – and so are your friends.
95 Mike’s Research
In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski Award for
Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology. Mike’s research
is focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past 12 years he has studied
the microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In
addition to his research papers, he has edited a major treatise on phototrophic bacteria and served
for over a decade as chief editor of the journal Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the
editorial board of Environmental Microbiology. Mike’s nonscientific interests include forestry,
reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives beside a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife,
Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut, and Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel,
Gwen, and Festus).
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96 The Allure of the Book

The allure of the book has always been negative and positive, for the texts and pictures between the
covers have helped many young readers to discover and grasp the world around them in a
pleasurable and meaningful way. But the allure has also enabled authors and publishers to prey
upon young readers’ dispositions and desires and to sell them a menu that turns out to be junk food.
97 Siblings
No two siblings are the same, not even identical twins. Parents often puzzle about why their children
are so different from one another. They'll say, 'I brought them l up all the same.' They forget that
what determines our behavior isn't what happens to us but how we interpret what happens to us,
and no two people ever see anything in exactly the same way.
98 Roommate
If you’re choosing to use the random pairing or are letting the college choose your roommate for
you, you’ll probably have to fill out some kind of profile or questionnaire. These usually include
things like: what time do you usually go to bed, where do you prefer to study, do you keep your
space clean or are you more messy, etc. When you’re answering these questions, be as honest as
possible. If there’s something you’re dead set against (e.g., a roommate who smokes) you can mark
that and you will not be paired with someone who fits that criteria.
Choosing a roommate ca be kind of stressful. In some cases, it can feel like as big of a decision as
actually choosing which school to attend. But don’t worry, if you get to campus and live with your
roommate for a few weeks and find out that your lifestyles are just too different, you can always
move. I swapped roommates my first semester of college, and after I moved my college experience
was much more positive. In fact, I lived with different people every year of college and it all worked
out.
So have fun with it! Be open to meeting new people and trying new things. Sometimes the best
roommates are the ones that are the ones that are completely different than you because they can
not only introduce you to new cultural experiences, but they can also expand your ways of thinking
and isn’t that what college is all about?
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For more practice

1. Absence from work is a costly and (A)__________ problem for any organization. The cost of
absenteeism in Australia has been put at 1.8 million hours per day or $1400 million annually.
In 2015, a study was (B)__________ in the Prince William Hospital in Brisbane, Australia,
where, prior to this time, few active steps (C)__________ been taken to measure,
understand or manage the (D)__________ of absenteeism.
occurrence conducted had disruptive repetition
claimed has malicious
2. The coastal hypothesis (A)__________ an economy based on marine mammal hunting,

saltwater fishing, shellfish gathering, and the use of watercraft. (B)__________ of the barrier
of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, may have
been a greater (C)__________ for people to move in a southerly direction.
speed suggests recommends
impetus In spite Because
3. One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, (A) __________ that the essence of
reasoning lies in the putting together of two ‘behavior segments’ in some
(B)__________way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal. Two followers of
Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, (C) __________ a test for children that was explicitly
based on Clark Hull's principles. The children were given the task of learning to (D)
__________ a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed, they had to go through a two
stage sequence.
devised observe operate device novel
claimed manufactured
4. The new systematic nomenclature was so (A) __________ that many chemists preferred to
(B) __________ to the older trivial names that were at least shorter. At least, that is the
ostensible reason. Actually, tradition seems to carry more weight than (C) __________ with
some scientists.
irrational system cumbersome revert
longevity adapt
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5. Phoenix is adamant that the new course will teach “solid (A)__________”, but he thinks that
an attraction for students will be a teaching approach that (B)__________ significantly from
his days as an undergraduate. This takes real-life issues as the starting point of lectures and
modules, such as how drugs are made or the science behind green issues. Out of this study,
he says, students will be exposed to exactly the same core chemistry unchanged over
decades, but they will be doing it in a way that is more (C)__________ and more likely to
lead to more fundamental learning.
differs engaged chemistry engaging difference
6. An eccentric mix of English, German and French has entered Japanese usage with grand
abandon. A “kariya” woman is a career woman, and a “mansion” is an apartment. This
increasing use of katakana, or unique Japanese versions of Western words, and the younger
generation's more casual use of the Japanese language have prompted Prime Minister
Junichiro Koizumi to worry that these new words may not be understood by a wider
audience. (A)__________, a government panel is proposing to publish a manual on how to
speak proper Japanese. Foreign words became katakana Japanese (B)__________ no
existing Japanese words could quite capture a specific meaning or feeling. When the word
“cool” traveled east, all of its English connotations did not make the journey. A kuru person
in Japan is someone who is calm and never gets upset. (C)__________, someone who is
kakkoii is hip, or in translation, “cool.” (D)__________, a hotto person IS one who is easily
excitable, perhaps passionate, but not necessarily a popular person or personality of the
moment.
A result of even because similarly on the other hand
As a result similar
7. In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski
Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for
Microbiology. Mike’s research is (A)__________ on bacteria that inhabit extreme
environments, and for the past 12 years he has studied the microbiology of permanently ice-
covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his research papers, he
has edited a major treatise on phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief
editor of the (B)__________ Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial
board of Environmental Microbiology. Mike’s non-scientific (C)__________ include forestry,
reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives (D)__________ a peaceful and quiet
lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut, and Merry), and
four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus).
aimed journal paper interested interests

focused around beside
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8. One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exercise in their (A)__________
routines. All of the advances of modern technology – from (B)__________ can openers to
power steering – have made life easier, more comfortable and much less physically
(C)__________. Yet our bodies need activity, especially if they are carrying around too
(D)__________ fat. Satisfying this need requires a definite plan, and a commitment.
much so demanding electric regular

ordinary demandable
9. Complementary therapies – such as those (A)__________ by naturopaths, chiropractors and

acupuncturists – have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades.
Interest initially coincided with (B) for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased
contact and trade with China have also had an (C) __________. The status of
complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the
stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research
into their (D)__________.
influence efficacy enthusiasm practiced

influential done
10. If you have a (A)__________ disease – such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or back or
joint pain – exercise can have important health (B)__________. However, it’s important to
talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she might have (C)__________
on what exercises are safe and any precautions you might need to take while exercising.
benefits chronic waterborne cited

benefit advised
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11. Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early
1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from
the late 1950s, in 1974 it (A)__________ full responsibility for funding higher education –
(B)_________ tuition fees with the intention of making university (C)__________ to all
Australians who had the (D)_________ and who wished to participate in higher education.
Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions,
particularly student fees in 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher
Education Contribution Scheme (HECS), which included a loans scheme to help students
finance their contributions. This enabled universities to remain accessible to students by
delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian
Government (E)__________ a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students – the
Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from
various sources. This article examines the three main sources – Australian Government
funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of total (F)__________
raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of
students’ university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after
leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on
their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.
revenue ability assumed tax abolishing introduced

doctrine persecuting pretended
12. Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until recently, has
(A)__________ much of their culture since the 17th century by avoiding globalization and
staying isolated from the world. Internet, television, and western dress were banned from
the country up until ten years ago. But over the past ten years globalization has begun to
change in Bhutan, but things remain (B)__________ balanced. Bhutan is the only country in
the world that has a ‘GNH.’ You may think GNH is just another (C)_________ based term
with no real-life application, but it refers to “Gross National Happiness.” The process of
measuring GNH began when Bhutan opened up to globalization. It measures people’s
quality of life, and makes sure that “material and spiritual development happen together.”
Bhutan has done an amazing job of finding this balance. Bhutan has continually been
(ranked) as the happiest country in all of Asia, and the eighth Happiest Country in the world
according to Business Week. In 2007, Bhutan had the second fastest growing GDP in the
world, at the same time as (D)__________ their environment and cultural identity. Bhutan
is the only Buddhist Kingdom in the world; Mahayana Buddhism is the official religion of
Bhutan. Over two thirds of the people are Buddhist, and Buddhism is supported by the
government both politically and economically. The government gives subsidies to Buddhist
monasteries, shrines, monks and other Buddhist programs.
statistically preserved maintain maintaining

perfectly perfect
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13. Impressionism was an art movement of the 19th century, which began as a private
association of Paris-based artists who exhibited publicly in 1874. The term impressionism
originated from art critic Louis Leroy, who commented Monet’s painting ‘Impression: Soleil
Levant’. Leroy said that it indeed was just an impression and that the work could not be
considered finished. The Impressionists adopted this term and decided to use it for their
own (A) __________. Early Impressionist painters were (B) __________ in their time,
breaking many of the rules of picture making that had been set by earlier (C) __________.
Up until the Impressionists, history had been the accepted (D) __________ of subject matter
for paintings.
generations cost source radicals benefit

belief
14. Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the
(A)__________ of the annual influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked
waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted shikaras carrying Indian families, boho
westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers (B)__________ their
skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the houseboats Initiated by
the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. The economy boomed. Then, in 1989,
separatist and Islamist militancy struck and everything changed. Hindus and countless
Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake
stagnated and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their (C)
__________ -proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.
disseminate honed lives perspective prospect
15. Nature is no longer an alien (A) __________, but (B) __________ something immediately
beautiful, an exuberant (C) __________ with space for us to join in. Bird melodies have
always been called songs for a reason. As long as we have been listening, people have (D)
__________there is music coming out of those (E) __________ beaks.
Instead alien however exuberant assumed

enigma opus presumed scissoring
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16. Richard Morris, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which requires an
entrance score in the top 5 per cent of students, says attendance has been a problem since
the late 1990s. "Sometimes in the lectures we've only got about one- third of students (A)
__________ attending," he said. "It definitely is a problem. If you don't turn up to class
you're missing out on the whole (B) __________ of the experience: you don't think a whole
lot, you don't engage in debates with other students - or with your teachers." It is not all (C)
__________, said Professor John Dearn, a Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Canberra,
who said the Internet was (D) __________ the way students access and use information. "It
is strange that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, (E) lectures seem
to persist in our universities. “
gloom enrolment enrolled traditional

transforming gloomy richness rich
17. While Florey researchers have also created a genetic test for PD (10 0 0 of PD cases are
caused by genetic factors), this new test has a broader (A)__________by screening for many
different types of PD and monitoring treatment, as well as measuring the effectiveness of
drugs being developed to treat the disease. Dr. Qiao-Xin Li and colleagues from The
University of Melbourne and The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, along with
Prof Malcolm Horne from the Howard Florey Institute, found people with PD had low levels
of the brain-secreted protein 'alpha-syncline' in their blood, (B) __________ people without
PD had high levels of the protein. Prof Horne said the test they developed measured alpha-
syncline levels in blood. "Currently there is no specific PD diagnostic test so doctors rely on
their observations to make a diagnosis, which means some patients may not be prescribed
the most suitable medication and around 15 0 0 of those(C) __________ may actually be
suffering from something else," Prof Horne said. Further studies are required to establish
whether this test can (D) __________ between people who are responsive to treatment and
those who are not," he said. The researchers are now conducting a large-scale study to
determine the (E) __________ of the test, to discover whether it is applicable for all types of
PD, and to find out if it can measure the rate of progression and severity of the disease.
distinguish effectiveness application diagnosed

while applied whatever
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18. What is a country, and how is a country (A) __________? When people ask how many
countries there are in the world, they expect a simple (B) __________ After all, we've
explored the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of
global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many countries
there are! However, the answer to the question (C) __________ according to whom you ask.
Most people say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like
260 of them. So why isn't there a (D) __________ answer? The problem arises because there
isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political (E) __________
some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries. For
example, Taiwan claims to be a country, but China states that Taiwan is just another part of
China. The consequence is that the USA, that doesn't want to upset China, doesn't recognize
Taiwan as a country. (F) __________ from the end of the Second World War, the Soviet
Union annexed the countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania but the USA continued to
regard them as independent countries that were 'occupied' because it didn't really get on
with the USSR. So, how do governments define what makes a country?
identified varies straightforward varied

answer reasons instability in addition
defined conversely
19. It has been a year since I started writing my Graduate Journal (A) __________ for Nature
jobs. The past 12 months have been marked with fundamental changes and fundamental (B)
__________both of which I'm glad to have experienced. When I enrolled in my master's
course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with the decision to
leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn't put weight very much on
this decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the (C) __________ of leaving
my original profession. When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I
sense how our views on medical problems have diverged. They scrutinize the effects of
disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand how they come about in
the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem, although I do (D)
__________ miss clinical work and seeing patients. However, when I think about the rate at
which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated, the years spent reading weighty
medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes wonder if these years were
partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career. Nonetheless, I know the
value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences when
working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick
child or a (E) __________ elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel
kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how they can strike a human being. I hope to retain
these memories as a guide in my current occupation.
constants literature consequences column

objects occasional occasionally suffering
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20. (A)__________ , reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To
one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly
find myself thinking this way in day-to-day life; it's easy to be (A)__________ by the face
nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first (B)__________ Camus'
text, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story. The overarching lesson
that has emerged from scientific inquiry over the last century is that human experience is
often a (C) __________ guide to the true nature of reality.
Seduced reduced encountering Surely

misleading overarching overhead Mistakenly
21. The article subjects the assumptions and prescriptions of the 'Corporate Culture' literature
to (A) __________ scrutiny. The body of the article is devoted to teasing out the distinctive
basis of its appeal compared with earlier management theory. It is seen to build upon earlier
efforts (e.g. 'theory Y') to constitute a self-disciplining form of employee subjectivity by
asserting that 'practical autonomy' is (B) __________ upon the development of a strong
corporate culture. The paper illuminates the dark side of this project by (C)__________
attention to the subjugating and totalitarian implications of its excellence/quality
prescriptions. To this end, parallels are drawn with the philosophy of control (D) __________
by the Party in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. Specifically, the paper critiques the
*doublethink' contention that autonomy can be realized in monocultural conditions that
systematically constrain opportunities to wrestle with competing values standpoints and
their associated life projects.
favoured conditional mandatory catching

drawing critical tough
22. Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of
Paris-based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of
Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colors, open composition,
emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of
time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is
derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis
Leroy (A) __________ coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Radicals
in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of (B) __________ painting. They began by
giving colors, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing (C) __________from the work of
painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and
into the world. Previously, not only still lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been
painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and
transient effects of sunlight by painting en plain air (in plain air).
inadvertently regular academic inspired

inspiration exhibiting exhibits
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23. All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots of
muscle known as "trigger points." “Trigger (A) __________ are tense areas of muscle that
are almost constantly contracting," says Kippen." The contraction causes pain, which in turn
causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what (B) __________ tissue massage
aims to break." The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to apply
pressure to the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain
to flood the affected area with blood, encouraging the (C) __________to relax. At the same
time, says Kippen, you can fool the tensed muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a (D)
__________one nearby. "If you cause any muscle to contract, its opposite will expand. So,
you try to trick the body into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm."
body complementary muscle deep

points places
24. Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records
(A) __________ exist, we need to get out and start (B) __________ people, not to put too
fine a point on it, while we still have a chance. After all, if the (C) __________ aren't kept in
some form or another, then the stories are lost too.
records also too doesn’t don’t

interview interviewing
25. Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should (A)
__________a slave to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place,
and in competent hands complexity can carry us on a (B) __________, breathtaking journey.
But most students, most of the time, should strive to be sensibly simple, to develop a
baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear
actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the (C)
__________ a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention
on your moments of (D) __________ flourish, which I do not advise abandoning altogether.
chance chances rhetorical have become

dizzying
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26. Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across
extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World
Bank has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing
Power Parity (PPP); which adjusts for differences in the (A) __________ of goods and
services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the (B) __________
developed countries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle income (C)
__________such as those of East Asia and Latin America.
purchasing prices lower economies least
27. University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it
such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees,
according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society (A) __________that as few as six
departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford) could remain
(B) __________by 2014. Most recently, Exeter University closed down its chemistry
department, blaming it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The
closures have been blamed on a (C) __________in student applications, but money is a (D)
__________chemistry degrees are expensive to provide-compared with English, for example
- and some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research (E) on a small
number of top departments, such as Bristol, exacerbates the problem.
factor funding bless open predicts

fall fate
28. In the U.S., artists in the mid-1950s began to create a (A) __________ to Pop. Strongly
influenced by Dada and its emphasis on appropriation and every objects, artists increasingly
worked with (B) __________, consumer products, and a healthy dose of irony. Jasper Johns
reimagined iconic imagery like the American flag; Robert Rauschenberg employed silk-
screen printing and found objects; and Larry Rivers images of mass-produced good. All three
are considered American (C) __________of Pop.
collage together bridge forerunners fortune
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29. From a child’s point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done
to give actors the opportunity to take a (A) __________ or practice their lines? Or is it done
to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and
commercials that commercials are for (B) __________ whereas programs are not, or that
programs are for kids and commercial for adults? As has been shown several times in the
literature, some children are able to (C) __________ between programs and commercials
and are aware of the internet of TV advertising, (D) __________ others are not.
holiday whether distinguish reality real

whereas rest
30. It is the (A)__________ of this article that students who use visual art as a pre-writing
stimulus are composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art (B)
__________ process allows students the distance to elaborate, add details, and create more
coherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a (C) __________of
paper. Effective authors are able to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well-
chosen words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with the mechanics of
the writing process, i.e., fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns,
and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a result, texts written by young writers tend to
be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing process, resulting in a text
that is richer in sensory (D) __________ and more intricate than the more traditional
writing-fast crayon drawing second approach.
detail creative assertion creation fact

piece syntax detailing
31. The first banks were (A) __________the religious temples of the ancient world, and were
probably established sometime during the third (B) __________ B.C. Banks probably (C)
__________ the invention of money. Deposits initially consisted of grain and later other
goods including cattle, agricultural implements, and eventually precious metals such as gold,
in the form of easy-to-carry compressed plates. Temples and palaces were the safest places
to store gold as they were constantly attended and well built. As sacred places, temples (D)
__________ an extra deterrent to would-be thieves.
millennium probable predated probably

situated presented
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32. Genetically modified foods provide no direct benefit to consumers; the food is not (A)
__________ better or cheaper. The greater benefit, (B) __________ argue, is that genetic
engineering will play a crucial role in feeding the world's burgeoning population. Opponents
disagree, (C) __________ that the world already grows more food per person than ever
before more, even, than we can (D) __________.
proponents consume described noticeably asserting

intake
33. The inevitable consequences (A) __________ rampant corruption, an absence of globally
competitive Chinese companies, (B) __________ waste of resources, rampant
environmental (C) __________ and soaring inequality. Above all, the monopoly over power
of an ideologically bankrupt communist party is (D) __________ with the pluralism of
opinion, security of property and vibrant competition on which a dynamic economy
depends. As a result, Chinese development remains parasitic on know-how and institutions
developed elsewhere.
inconsistent independent include degradation

chronic reusable
34. The conducted study serves three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the (A)
__________ loaded to the child by the child-centric mother's attitude and the effect of 5-6
year old nursery school children on the purchasing decision of families who belong to a high
socio- economic class. The second objective is to (B) __________ a child centricity scale and
the third object is to examine the attitude and behaviour differences between low child-
centric and high child-centric mothers. (C) __________ the data gathered from 257 mother
respondents, the researchers have found that the lowest influence of the child upon the
purchasing decisions of the family are those which carry high purchasing risk and are used
by the whole family, whereas the highest influence of the child upon the purchasing
decision of the family are the products with low risk used by the whole family. Findings also
reveal that there are statistically significant (D) __________between the high child-centric
and low child-centric mothers regarding purchasing products that are highly risky and used
by the whole family.
analyzing developing develop formulating monitoring differences

values
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35. Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts,
stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall (A) __________houses. In the early evening or
on a weekend morning, you'll hear the sound of classical music drifting from a piano, played
by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. (B) __________down another alley
toward drab high-rises and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or
perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is (C) __________ as mightily as
the 1812 Overture. It's fortissimo in Shanghai, home to China's oldest orchestra, forte in
Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in farther-flung areas. Commanding Y 100-
200 ($12.50-$25) per hour, private music teachers in Shanghai can readily earn more than
five times the average per capita monthly income.
brick boosting skyscraper booming Wonder

Wander
36. Movement in painting that (A) __________in France in the 1860s and had enormous
influence in European and North American painting in the late 19th century. The
Impressionists wanted to depict real life, to paint straight from nature, and to capture the
changing effects of light. The term was first used abusively to (B) __________Claude
Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise (1872). The other leading Impressionists included Paul
Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Eduard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Augusté Renoir and Alfred
Sisley, but only Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his career.
Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met as students and enjoyed painting in the open air — one
of the hallmarks of Impressionism, formed the core of the Impressionist group in the early
1860s. They met other members of the Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They
never made up a formal group, but they organized eight group exhibitions between 1874
and 1886, at the first of which the name Impressionism was applied. Their styles were
diverse, but all (C) __________ with effects of light and movement created with distinct
brushstrokes and (D) of color dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the
palette. By the 1880s the movement's central impulse had dispersed, and a number of new
styles were emerging, later described as post-impressionism. British Impressionism had a
major influence on the more (E) __________ and (F) __________ British painters in the late
19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the painters affected were in the circle of Walter
Sickert, who spent much of his career in France and was an influential figure that (G)
__________ many younger artists. His friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer is
generally regarded as the most outstanding British Impressionist.
describe explain inspiring inspired originated

experimental divisions progressive
experimented fragments
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37. So why is it a concern? It is (A) __________ radioactivity is invisible and un-sensed, and for
that reason is perceived as scary. (B) __________, we understand quite well the radiation
levels to which people can be (C) __________ without harm, and those levels, are orders of
(D) __________ above at the typical background levels.
exposed Although in addition randomly

because magnitude Nevertheless
38. Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book "The Language Instinct", has
called music "auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle the sensitive
spots of at least six of our mental faculties. If it (A) __________ from our species, he said,
"The rest of our lifestyle would be (B) __________ unchanged." Others have argued that, on
the (C) __________ music along with art and literature, is part of what makes people
human; its absence would have a brutalizing effect. Philip Ball, a British science writer and
an avid music enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is
ingrained in our auditory, cognitive and motor functions. We have a music (D) __________
as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it if we tried.
disappear vanished virtually sense instinct

PTEMagazine contrary
39. Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It is more than simply putting flowers in
a (A) __________. It is a disciplined art form in which the (B) __________ is a living thing
where nature and humanity are brought together. It is (C) ___________ in the philosophy of
developing closeness with nature. As is true of all other alts, ikebana is creative expression
within certain rules of construction. Its materials are living branches, leaves, grasses, and (D)
__________. Its heart is the beauty resulting from color combinations, natural shapes,
graceful lines, and the meaning latent in the total form of the arrangement. Ikebana is,
therefore, much more than mere (E) __________.
floral decoration steeped written jar

container blossoms arrangement
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40. Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to
most people. When you're allergic to something, your immune system (A) __________
believes that this substance is harmful to your body. Substances that cause allergic reactions
such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines are known as allergens. In an attempt
to protect the body, the immune system produces the antibodies to that allergen. Those
antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to (B) __________ chemicals into the
bloodstream, one of which is histamine. The histamine then (C) __________ on a person's
eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the
allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger this antibody response
again. This means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have an
allergic reaction.
unfortunately absorb release do acts mistakenly
41. Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then (A) __________ the appropriate
price to sell it at. Balancing many factors including supply-and-demand, cost, desired profit,
competition, perceived value, and market behaviour sets the price. Ultimately, the final
price is determined by what the market is willing to (B) __________ for the product. Pricing
theory can be quite complex because so many (C) __________ influence what the purchaser
(D) __________ is a fair value.
sell incidences factors determine decide

decides exchange
42. A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflect the
amount of rain and the (A) __________ at which the rain fell during that particular year.
Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct (B) __________ climate; e.g., a series of
wide rings means a wet period, and a series of narrow rings means (C) __________.
past natural drought season time
43. The contemporary ministerial staffing system is large, active and partisan - far larger and
further evolved than any Westminster equivalent. Ministers' demands for help to cope with
the pressures of an increasingly competitive and professionalized political environment have
been key drivers of the staffing system's development. But there has not been
commensurate growth in (A) _________ to support and control it. The (B) __________
framework for ministerial staff is (C) and ad hoc.
constitutional operating arrangements agreements

fragmented distributed
Page 51 of 58
44. The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some
people don't (A) __________ and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do
contribute and are responsible is either to (B) __________ the free riders, refuse to pay for
the effects of their (C) __________ or trust the state to (D) __________ them.
admit irresponsibility assume help

educate tolerate contribute
45. In the 250 years of its active evolution Funerary Violin moved from the formal to the
personal. It is clear from the earliest (A) __________ of the form that its role during the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was largely heraldic: to (B) __________ the continuity
of the social structure. The few works that have survived from this period are often (C)
__________ unemotional and at times overtly (D) __________ .
simplify exemplify accounts grandoise

accounting incidentally surprisingly
46. None of the books in my father's dusty old bookcase were (A) __________. Yet while I was
growing up, I never saw anyone take one down. Most were (B) __________ tomes-a
comprehensive history of civilization, matching volumes of the great works of western
literature, numerous others I can no longer (C) __________ -that seemed almost fused to
(D) __________ that bowed slightly from decades of (E) __________support.
huge massive shelves forgiven

forbidden recall steadfast
47. Entrepreneurs seek the best opportunities for production and (A) __________ all the other
resources in order to carry them out. An entrepreneur (B) __________ needs and takes the
necessary actions to initiate the (C) __________ by which they will be (D) __________. This
often means (E) __________and taking risks.
meet met decides visualizes control coordinate

process innovate innovating
48. . In the last years of the wheat boom, Bennett had become increasingly (A) __________ at
how the government seemed to be encouraging an (B) __________ farming binge. He went
directly after his old employer, the Department of Agriculture, for (C) __________ people.
Farmers on the Great Plains were working against nature, he (D) __________ in speeches
across the country; they were asking for trouble.
frustration underrated frustrated emerging

exploitive thundered misleading
Page 52 of 58
49. Fancy a locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it's a different
story. Edible insects-termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs-
are on the menu for an (A) __________80 percent of the world's population.
More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, "kungu
cakes"-made from midges-are a (B) __________ in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-
eating-or enotomophagoushotspot, were more than 200 insect species are consumed.
Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat, including white agave worms. The
caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly (C)__________ around $250 a kilogram.
Eating insects make (D) __________ sense. Some contain more (E) __________ instance, is
about 80 percent protein. Insects can be a good (F) __________ eaten in Angola is rich in
iron, zinc and thiamine than meat or fresh fish. The female gypsy moth, for of vitamins and
minerals too: a type of caterpillar.
What do they taste like'? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs
taste of mint and fire and pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already
tasted some of these things, as insects are often accidental tourists in other types of food.
The US Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines for the number of insect parts
allowed in certain foods. For example, it is (G) __________ for 225 grams of macaroni to
contain up to 225 insect fragments.
source like granted estimated

fetch protein acceptable delicacy
nutritional given
50. Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as 'the corn
people'. The phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's mean to (A)
__________ their abiding dependence on this miraculous grass, the (B) __________of their
diet for almost 9000 years.
The supermarket itself-the wallboard and joint compound, the linoleum and fiberglass and
adhesives out of which the building itself has been built-is in no small measure a (C)
__________of corn.
manifestation staple acknowledge acknowledgement

demonstration
51. Research has suggested that major stressors in our lives are life (A) __________, for
example, moving house, marriage or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, (B)
__________ unemployment and boredom, are also common (C) __________ of stress.
Differences in personality may also (D) __________a part.
including keep changes changing play

causes
Page 53 of 58
52. Learning to write well in college means learning (or re- learning) how to write plainly and
clearly. Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should
become a (A) __________ to spare, unadorned writing.
Formality and ornateness have their place, and in (B) __________ hands complexity can
carry us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should (C)
__________to be sensibly simple, to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs,
and relatively simple sentence (D) __________ clear actions or identities. It's faster, it makes
arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will bother to pay
attention, and it lets you (E) __________ more attention on your moments of rhetorical
flourish, which I do not advise abandoning altogether.
conveying focused potential competent

focus slave strive fact
53. Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are (A) __________ for jury
service. A jury is (B) __________ to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. (C)
__________ and requirements may include a fluent understanding of the language and the
opportunity to test jurors' neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as likely
to be less than (D) __________ or partial to one side.
procedures skewed neutral intention qualified

intended devoted
54. One city will start to attract the (A) __________ of public and/ or private investment. This
could be due to (B) __________ advantage or political decisions. This in turn will (C)
__________ further investment due to the multiplier effect and (D) __________ rural to
urban migration. The investment in this city will be at the (E) __________ of other cities.
stimulate progress natural void important

majority PTEMagazine expense enhance significant
55. A few summers ago I visited two dairy farms, Huls Farm and Gardar Farm, which despite
being located thousands of miles apart were still remarkably similar in their strengths and
vulnerabilities. Both were by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically
advanced farms in their respective (A) __________. In particular, each was cantered around
a magnificent state-of-the-art barn for (B) and milking cows. Those structures, both neatly
(C) __________ into opposite-facing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in the
district. Both farms let their cows (D) __________ outdoors in lush pastures during the
summer, produced their own hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows
through the winter, and increased their production of summer fodder and winter hay by
irrigating their fields. The two farms were similar in area (a few square miles) and in barn
size, Huls barn holding somewhat more cows than Gardar barn (200 vs. 165 cows,
respectively). The owners of both farms were viewed as leaders of their respective societies.
Both owners were deeply religious. Both farms were located in gorgeous natural setting that
attract tourists from afar, with backdrops of high snowcapped mountains drained by
streams teaming with fish and sloping down to a famous river (below Huls Farm) or 30rd
(below Gardar Farm).
sheltering providing shelter graze

divided districts division
Page 54 of 58
56. The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible (A) __________called
dark matter (25 percent) and a force that (B) __________ gravity known as dark energy (70
percent). Scientists have not yet (C) __________ dark matter directly. It doesn't interact with
baryonic matter an; it's completely invisible to light and other forms of electromagnetic
radiation, making dark matter impossible to (D) __________ with current instruments. But
scientists are confident it exists because of the gravitational effects it appears to have on
galaxies and galaxy clusters.
repels find calculated observed detect

objects substance find
57. Equitable and sustainable (A) __________ of water resources is a major global challenge.
About one third of the world's population lives in countries with moderate to high water
stress with (B) __________ high impacts on the poor. With current projected human
population growth, industrial development and the expansion of irrigated (C) __________ in
the next two decades, water demand will rise to levels that will make the task of providing
water for human (D) __________ more difficult.
agriculture proportionately disproportionately

sustenance industry management sustain
58. Called Chomolungma ("goddess mother of the world") in Tibet and Sagarmatha ("goddess of
the sky") in Nepal, Mount Everest once went by the pedestrian name of Peek XV among
Westerners. That was before (A) __________ established that it was the highest mountain
on Earth, a fact that came as something of a surprise - Peak XV had seemed lost in the crowd
of other formidable Himalayan peaks many of which gave the (B) __________ of greater
height.
In 1852 the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India measured Everest's elevation as 29,002
feet above sea level. This figure remained the officially (C) __________ height for more than
one hundred years. In 1955 it was adjusted by a mere 26 feet to 29,028 (8,848 m).
The mountain received its official name in 1865 in honor of Sir George Everest, the British
Surveyor General from 1830-1843 who had mapped the Indian subcontinent. He had some
(D) __________ about having his name bestowed on the peak, arguing that the mountain
should retain its local appellation, the standard policy of geographical societies.
Before the Survey of India, a number of other mountains ranked supreme in the eyes of the
world. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Andean peak Chimborazo was
considered the highest. At a relatively unremarkable 20,561 feet (6,310 m), it is in fact
nowhere near the highest, (E) __________ by about thirty other Andean peaks and several
dozen in the Himalayas. In 1809, the Himalayan peak Dhaulagiri (26,810 ft: 8,172 m) was
declared the ultimate, only to be shunted aside in 1840 by Kanchenjunga (28,208 it; 8,598
m), which today ranks third. Everest's status has been unrivaled for the last century and a
half, but not without a few threats.
purveyors surpassed allusion surveyors

illusion accepted reservations
Page 55 of 58
59. Leadership is all about being granted (A) __________ by others to lead their thinking. It is a
bestowed moral authority that gives the right to organize and direct the efforts of others.
But moral authority does not come from simply managing people effectively or
communicating better or being able to motivate. It comes from many (B) __________,
including being authentic and genuine, having integrity, and showing a real and deep
understanding of the business in question. All these (C) __________build confidence.
methods source can factors materials

permission
Page 56 of 58
The answers:
1) disruptive, conducted, had, occurrence
2) suggests, Because, impetus
3) claimed, novel, devised, operate
4) cumbersome, revert to, system
5) chemistry, differs, engaging
6) As a result, because, on the other hand, similarly
7) focused, journal, interests, beside
8) ordinary, electric, demanding, much
9) practiced, enthusiasm, influence, efficacy
10) chronic, benefits, advised
11) assumed, abolishing, accessible, ability, introduced, revenue
12) preserved, perfectly, statistically, maintaining
13) benefit, radicals, generations, source
14) prospect, honed, lives
15) enigma, instead, opus, presumed, scissoring
16) enrolled, richness, gloom, transforming, traditional
17) application, while, diagnosed, distinguish, effectiveness
18) defined, answer, varies, straightforward, reasons, conversely
19) column, constants, consequences, occasionally, suffering
20) Surely, seduced, encountering, misleading
21) critical, conditional, drawing, favored
22) inadvertently, academic, inspiration
23) points, deep, muscle, complementary
24) don’t, interviewing, records
25) become, dizzying, chances, rhetorical
26) prices, least, economies
27) predicts, open, fall, factor, funding
28) bridge, collage, forerunners
29) rest, real, distinguish, whereas
30) Assertion, creation, piece, detail
Page 57 of 58
31) Probably, millennium, predated, presented
32) Noticeably, proponents, assertion, consume
33) Include, chronic, degradation, inconsistent
34) Values, develop, Analyzing, differences
35) Brick, wander, booming,
36) originated, describe, experimented, fragments, experimental, progressive, inspired
37) Because, nevertheless, exposed, magnitude
38) vanished, virtually, contrary, instinct
39) container, arrangement, steeped, blossoms, floral, decoration
40) mistakenly, release, acts
41) determine, exchange, factors, decides
42) season, past, drought
43) arrangements, operating, fragmented
44) contribute, tolerate, irresponsibility, educate
45) accounts, exemplify, surprisingly, grandiose
46) forbidden, massive, recall, shelves, steadfast
47) coordinate, visualizes, process, met, innovating
48) frustrated, exploitive, misleading, thundered
49) estimated, delicacy, fetch, nutritional, protein, source, acceptable
50) acknowledge, staple, manifestation
51) changes, including, causes, play
52) slave, competent, strive, conveying, focus
53) qualified, intended, procedures, focus
54) majority, natural, stimulate, significant, expense
55) districts, sheltering, divided, graze
56) substance, repels, observed, detect
57) management, disproportionately, agriculture, sustenance
58) surveyors, illusion, accepted, reservation, surpassed
59) permission, sources, factors
Page 58 of 58

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• 18 new passages added to the pamphlet.

1 Indian Onion _______________________________________________________________________ 5

37 Tall Building _______________________________________________________________________ 17

75 Why People Choose to Live Alone _____________________________________________________ 29

2 Kashmir Whispers of Rediscovered Appeal

* The test uses a different word

3 Stress Knows Few Borders

6 Using Images in the Writing Process

7 Black Diamonds from Outer Space

8 The Snake that Hears Sound through its Jaw

12 Exploring the Deep Ocean Floor

13 Hip and Back Pain-Remedy

14 Estee Lauder – A Biography

15 Power Drinking in Iron Age Europe

16 The Genetically Engineered Foods Question

20 Australian Overseas Departure

22 The Attitude and Behavior of Children-Centered Mothers during

23 Would you credit it?

25 The Role of a Doctor

26 The Market for Vegetarian Food

27 A Big, Bad Idea

28 Does Space Travel Damage Eyesight?

30 Empty Lecture Halls in the online Campus

31 Government Defends Foreign Student’s English Standards

32 Stream Plants & Animals Waltzed in from the Rumbling

It’s a return to their origins, but it also pushes audaciously forward.

33 University to Offer Arabic MBA Course

40 How to define a country?

So why isn’t there a straight forward answer?

41 Space, Time, and Why Things Are As They Are

42 “Mud Volcano” in Indonesia Caused by Gas Exploration

43 Top Business Schools Woo Young Students to Foil Rivals

46 Folklore and Flying

48 Beijing Language Institution

49 Evaluating a Career Decision

50 Flying the Crowded Skies: Challenges for Aviation

51 When Job Hunting — Dress For Success

53 Joy through Pain

54 Paying for University Education

55 Ikebana Flower Arrangement

56 The Teen Brain

57 A Beard Full of Bunkum

Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The

60 Letting Your Readers Know What You Mean

61 Has university really changed?

65 Chinese Communist Party

The inevitable consequences include rampant corruption, an absence of globally competitive

66 The Genetic Test for PD

73 Assessment in Design and Technology

74 Works of Hans Christian Andersen

75 Why People Choose to Live Alone

77 How to Win Votes?

82 Alaska’s Aleutian Islands

84 Impact and Management of Purple Loosestrife

85 Space Work for an Astronaut

89 The Contemporary Ministerial Staffing System

96 The Allure of the Book

For more practice

occurrence conducted had disruptive repetition