Its bases are like the letters of a four-letter alphabet: These "letters" can be combined to form

"words". Groups of three bases form words. They carry genetic information in living organisms.
A: Genetic code

During a chemical reaction, the reactants are used up to create the products.
A: true

They are molecules which have many different functions in living things, and are made of amino
acids.
A: Proteins

Water is one of the most common ingredients in solutions.

A: true

Nucleic acids contain the information needed for cells to make proteins.
A: true

When water (H2O) breaks down into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2).
A: decomposition reaction

These are the main chemical components of living organisms

A: organic compounds

A type of simple sugar which results from bonding two single sugars together. Also commonly called
two sugars.
A: disaccharide

Described as the "energy currency of the cell" or the "molecular unit of currency."
A: ATP

Carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.

A: True

DNA and RNA have one function relating to the genetic code and proteins.
A: False

The sterol __________ is an important part of cell membranes and plays other vital roles in the
body.
A: Cholesterol

Small building block molecule

A: Monomer

Proteins has no ability to bond with other molecules.

A: false
Proteins are similar to one another in the number and order of amino acids.
A: false

They have a "kink" or bend in their chain.

A: Unsaturated fats

Enzymes can catalyse up to several million reactions per second.

A: true

Nucleic acids are found not only in all living cells but also in viruses.
A: true

Protein, fats and carbohydrates are three of the main building blocks that make up your body.
A: true

They are organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
A: Nucleic acids

Two monosaccharides will bond together through a dehydration reaction in which a water molecule
is lost.
A: true

Glycogen is used for long term energy storage in animal cells.

A: true

________ is a strongly polar solvent and polar solvents are better at dissolving polar solutes.
A: water

Fats are liquid at room temperature, whereas oils are fluid.

A: false

Proteins can differ in both the number and order of amino acids.
A: true

Antibodies are known as "biological catalysts".

A: false

Phospolipids serve as the main component of the protective outer membrane of all cells.
A: true

Although some lipids in the diet are essential excess dietary lipids can be harmful.
A: true

are pairs of bases that bond together.

A: complementary bases
Many organic compounds and other important biochemical are polar, so they dissolve well in water.
A: true

The name given to the collection of the lump sum of chemical reactions performed by an organism to
survive
A: metabolism

These are proteins that protect you against disease.

A: Antibodies

The largest proteins have more than 20,000 amino acids.

A: false

The unique blueprints to make the proteins that give you your traits.
A: DNA

It refers to a substance that speeds up chemical reactions.

A: catalyst

When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by
ribonuleotide reductase.
A: True

Life could exist without enzymes.

A: false

It's important for you and other animals to eat food with protein because we cannot make certain
amino acids on your own.
A: true

The binding of complementary bases allows DNA molecules to take this well-known shape.
A: double helix

It is a single simple 6-carbon ring with the chemical formula C6H12O6.

A: glucose

A human stores glycogen in liver cells.

A: true

Animals use this for long term energy storage and to keep warm
A: fats

Protein that identifies pathogens by other substances as being harmful.

A: antibody

There are only 10 common amino acids needed to build proteins.

A: false

Fructose has the same chemical formula as glucose but the atoms are arranged differently.
A: true

Enzymes are type of protein that speed up chemical reactions.

A: true

DNA consists of three chains of nucleotides.

A: false

All cells are soluble in or does not mix with water.

A: false

Starches are one of the more common polysaccharides.

A: true

Reduction is the decrease of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.
A: false

In Saturated fats, some carbon are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.
A: false

Complex carbohydrate form when simple sugars bind together into a chain.
A: true

Strongly polar solvents like water can dissolve strongly nonpolar pollutes likes oil.
A: false

Enzymes bind both reactant molecules called the substrate tightly and specifically at the ________
on the enzyme molecule.
A: active site

Most anabolic reactions are endergonic.

A: true

The substances that form as a result of a chemical reaction.

A: products

It is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically two to ten) of monosaccharides

A: oligosaccharides
DNA and RNA contain genetic instructions for protein, help synthesize proteins, and pass genetic
introductions on to daughter cells and offspring.
A: True

It sometimes referred to as animal starch.

A: glycogen

Molecules that absorb specific wavelengths (colors) of light

A: pigment molecules

The proteins which speed up chemical reactions.

A: enzyme

Which of the following consists of cells which contain organelles called chloroplasts (small green
ovals)
A: Elodea

Group of molecules, including chloropyll in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast, captures light
energy.
A: photosystem

The green pigment present in most plants which absorbs solar energy and helps convert that energy
into chemical energy.
A: chlorophyll

Space outside the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast site of the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.
A: stroma

When fossil fuels are burned, the chemical energy changes to thermal energy.
A: true

Sub-organelle within the chloroplast which organize patterns of proteins and other molecules which
conduct photosynthesis.
A: Thylakoid

The organelle of photosynthesis; its helps maximize photosynthesis.

A: chloroplast

Heterothroph can make their own food so they must eat or absorb it.
A: false

Chemical energy in our cells

A: ATP

It is the energy which can be found in moving objects.

A: kinetic energy
It refers to energy that is stored in objects, typically because of their position or shape.
A: Potential energy

Refers to organelles which conduct photosynthesis, and closely resemble cyanobacteria.

A: chloroplasts

Eukaryotic organelles, such as mitochondria, evolved from ancient, free-living prokaryotes that
invaded other prokaryotic cells.
A: Theory of Endosymbiosis

_______ play an important role in neutralizing acids throughout the body.

A: Bicarbonate ions

Energy transformation obeys the law of conservation of energy which states that energy cannot be
created or destroyed.
A: true

Series of electron-transport molecules that pass high-energy electrons from molecule to molecule
and capture their energy.
A: electron transport chain

It can not be created or destroyed only transformed.

A: Energy

Property of matter that is defined as the ability to do work.

A: Energy

When energy changes during Energy Transformation the energy is used up.
A: false

NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are used during
cellular respiration.
A: false

Stacks of sac-like thylakoid membranes, found in chloroplasts and photosynthetic bacteria.

A: grana

NADP+ accepts an electron at the end of the light reactions electron transport chain of
photosynthesis.
A: true

Mechanical energy commonly changes between kinetic and potential energy.

A: true

A pigment within plant cells which absorbs light.

A: Chlorophyll
Molecules that accept and temporarily hold high-energy electrons.
A: electron carrier

Kinetic energy can be used to change the position or shape of an object giving it potential energy.
A: true

Refers to the substance involved in a chemical reaction that is present at the beginning of the
reaction.
A: reactant

Refers to molecules which accept and temporarily hold high-energy electrons.

A: Electron carrier

When this occurs, the light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the membrane of chloroplasts in the plant
cell.
A: Light dependent reactions

Sunlight contains many different wavelengths which are visible when they separate into a rainbow.
A: true

An organism in a symbiotic relationship

A: Symbiont

Hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoids, forming an electrochemical gradient whose energy
builds ATP molecules.
A: true

Organism that produces organic compounds from energy and simple inorganic molecules; also
known as a producer.
A: Autotrophs

correlates with energy use, which reflects the link between oxygen and energy metabolism.
A: Respiration rate

Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen; produces 36-38 ATP molecules glucose.
A: Aerobic respiration

It can power other metabolic pathways, or in many organisms, provide energy for further ATP
synthesis.
A: hot hydrogen

During the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis only water were used to produce oxygen gas.
A: false

The second stage of photosynthesis; results in the formation of a sugar.

A: calvin cycle
The oldest and most widespread pathway for making ATP
A: Glycolysis

Photosynthesis cells arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.
A: Bundle-sheath cells

First stage of photosynthesis in which light energy from the sun is captured and transformed into
chemical energy also known as the light reaction.
A: light-dependent reaction

Light does not provides energy to split water molecules into electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen
gas.
A: false

Short term energy carrier; temporarily stores energy during cellular respiration.
A: NADH

A photosynthetic adaptation to arid conditions in some plants; allows stomata to be closed during the
day.
A: CAM photosynthesis

Energy-carrying molecule that cells use to power their metabolic process; energy currency of the
cells. (Note: acronym is also accepted)
A: ATP

The splitting of a water molecule to replace electrons used during the light reactions; splitting by
light.
A: photolysis

Exchange of gases between the body and the outside air.

A: respiration

The enzyme that combines one molecule of CO2 with a 5 carbon sugar; called ribulose biphosphate
(RUB P; the most abundant enzyme on earth).
A: RuBiSCO

Bacteria which make yogurt.

A: Lactobacillus acidophilus

The process of "splitting glucose".

A: glycolysis

The process which converts carbon dioxide in the air to organic molecules as in photosynthesis.
A: Carbon fixation
It is essential to have efficient cellular respiration; most organisms need oxygen for a single purpose
to release energy from food for use by cells.
A: Oxygen

Every seconds, the sun fuses over 600 million tons of hydrogen into 596 tons of helium, converting
over 4 tons of helium into light and heat energy.
A: true

The movement of carbon and oxygen between the ground, atmosphere, oceans and living
organisms
A: carbon-oxygen cycle

The 3-carbon product of glycolysis is called

A: Pyruvate

Ion channel and enzyme complex; chemically bonds a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP as
H+ ions flow through the ion channel.
A: ATP synthase

Glucose is the energy-rich product of photosynthesis and a universal food for life.
A: true

Kinetic Energy is the process in which energy changes from one type or form to another.
A: false

The process in which one kind of energy changes into another kind
A: Energy conversion

It provides up to 85% of the energy needs of new "flex-fuel" cars

A: Ethanol

It completes the breakdown of glucose which began with glycolysis.

A: Krebs Cycle

It is formed by the reduction of pyruvate.

A: Lactic acid

The Matrix of the Mitochondria is the site of Krebs Cycle reactions.

A: true

The type of anaerobic respiration carried out by yogurt bacteria such as Lactobacillus.
A: Lactic acid fermentation

The aerobic phases of cellular respiration in eukaryotes occur within these organelles.
A: Mitochondria
Behind each release of gas is an army gut bacteria undergoing some crazy biochemistry.
A: true

According to this theory, engulfing of some certain aerobic bacteria led to eukaryotic cells with
mitochondria.
A: Theory of Endosymbiosis

It actually prefers fermentation over aerobic respiration

A: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

It is a type of anaerobic respiration that includes glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvic acid
to ethanol and carbon dioxide and the regeneration of NAD+ from NADH.
A: Alcoholic fermentation

Hydrogen ions flows "down" the gradient from outer to inner compartment through the ion
channel/enzyme ATP synthase
A: true

Fill in the blank: _________ is an energy carrier molecule produced during the Krebs Cycle of
Aerobic Cellular respiration.
A: FADH2

Carbon is the final electron; no part of the process - from the Kreb Cycle.
A: false

Refers to the substance involved in a chemical reaction that is present at the beginning of the
reaction.
A: reactant

When bread bakes, yeast releases carbon dioxide gas.

A: true

It allows glycolysis to continue making ATP.

A: NAD+

It is importantuse to lactic acid fermentation to allow the continuous production of some ATP your
muscle cells.
A: true

The oxygen gradually formed a protective ozone layer, which helped many living organisms on
Earth.
A: true

Aerobic respiration begins with the entry of the product of glycolysis, pyruvate into the mitochondria.
A: true
Although humans are obligate aerobes, our muscles cells have not given up on ancient pathways
which allow them to keep producing ATP quickly when oxygen runs low.
A: true

The Krebs Cycle takes place within the Matrix.

A: true

The third stage of cellular respiration uses the energy stored during the earlier stages in NADH and
FADH2to make ATP.
A: true

The process for making ATP in the absence of oxygen converts glucose to ethanol and carbon
dioxide.
A: ethanol fermentation

For Lactobacillus bacteria, the acid resulting from fermentation kills bacterial competitors in
buttermilk, yogurt, and some cottage cheese.
A: true

Lactic Acid fermentation makes ATP in the absence of oxygen by converting glucose to lactic acid.
A: true

Eukaryotic single-celled microorganism classified in the kingdom Fungi.

A: yeast

Fill in the blank: In the ________ , citric acid is carried through a series of chemical reactions which
gradually release energy and capture it in several carrier molecules.
A: Citric Acid Cycle and Krebs Cycle

The process of producing ATP in the absence of oxygen, through glycolysis alone.
A: Fermentation

We employ this to use their anaerobic talents to help bread use and grapes ferment.
A: Yeast

Muscle cells cannot continue to produce ATP when oxygen runs low using lactic acid fermentation.
A: false

The primary task of the initial state of cellular respiration.

A: false