1

THE NARRATIVES OF SINGLE MOTHERS IN

RAISING PROFESSIONAL CHILDREN

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Department

University of Cebu – Banilad Campus

Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

and HUMSS’ Work Immersion

Tadiosa, Kelly Jhen

Torceno, Lorivelle

Argallon, Alddie

Yocte, Tommy

2019
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UNIVERSITY OF CEBU-BANILAD
PROGRAM RESEARCH OFFICE

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION

and HUMSS’ WORK IMMERSION, this research paper titled, THE NARRATIVES OF SINGLE
MOTHERS IN RAISING PROFESSIONAL CHILDREN, prepared and submitted by Kelly Jhen L.
Tadiosa, Alddie Argallon, Lorivelle M. Torceno and Tommy V. Yocte, has been duly examined. It is
hereby recommended for acceptance and approval.

UZZIEL FRANCIS REYES

Adviser

Accepted for Oral Examination.

BEE JAY OLITRES, LPT MALEEN GRAFILO-ORDIZ, MAT

Program Research Coordinator School Principal
University of Cebu-Banilad University of Cebu-Banilad
Senior High School Department Senior High School Department

Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with the grade of PASSED.

JASON E. ORIGENES, RPm

Chair

GLADYMIER A. SIEGA, RPm CLARINA G. JACA, RPm

Member Member
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research paper became a reality with the kind support and help of many individuals.
I would like to extend my sincerest gratitude to these following people:

Above all, we would like to thank the Almighty Father, for guiding us everywhere we went
during the conducting of survey and as well as for being our strength during the tough times in
the days when we felt like there is no hope anymore, for giving us wisdom, peace of mind and
good health in order to finish this research.
Our Family, specifically our Parents and Grandparents, for allowing us to go to different
locations to make this research and to conduct surveys possible. Moreover, thank you for the full
support you have given to us.

Jane ,thank you for helping us out for our research and for guiding us in what to do.
Our Friends, who’s one of the people who supports and motivates us that we can accomplish
this research paper and helped us find some of our respondents.
Lastly, to our classmates, who motivates and claims with us that we can all do this and we can
graduate together.

DEDICATION
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To all of the single mommy’s out there,

May God Bless You all.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Page

TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL SHEETS ........................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES.................................................................................. vi
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii

I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1
Rationale ..................................................................................................................1
Theoretical-Conceptual Framework ........................................................................2
Statement of the Problem .........................................................................................7
Significance of the Study .........................................................................................7
Definition of Terms..................................................................................................8

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES .........................................10

III. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................14

Research Design.......................................................................................................14
Setting ......................................................................................................................14
Participants ...............................................................................................................14
Instruments ...............................................................................................................15
Procedure .................................................................................................................15
Data Analysis ............................................................................................................15

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATA ....................................................................................................................16
Implications...........................................................................................................32
Limitations ............................................................................................................32

V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................................34
Summary of Findings ...........................................................................................34
Conclusions ..........................................................................................................34
Recommendations...............................................................................................35

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................37
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................39
CURRICULUM VITAE ...............................................................................................55

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

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Page
FIGURE

1. Conceptual Diagram of the Study ........................................................................6

TABLE

1. Participant Characteristics .................................................................................16

2. Gina’s Narrative Form .......................................................................................18
3. Lorena’s Narrative Form………………………………………………….. 21
4. Evelyn’s Narrative Form……………………………………………………..24
5. Rachel’s Narrative Form………………………………………………..……26
6. Narratives of Single Mother Raising Professional Children……………..31
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ABSTRACT

This research paper examines the narratives identity of single mothers raising

professional children. Four single mothers were interviewed about their stories in raising their

children to become a professional individual, how their stories started and how it ends. The

researchers used the thematic analysis as a means to gain insight and knowledge from the

narratives of single mothers who raised professional children. From their narrative structure,

(Beginning, Middle, and End) 6 stages were identified: (1) Having doubts to sustain their child’s

needs (2) Acceptance (3) Coping (4) Realization (5) Shifting to a more positive thoughts (6)

Satisfaction towards their child in becoming a professional.

Keywords: Single mothers, Professionals, narrative inquiry

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CHAPTER I

INRODUCTION

RATIONALE

There is no doubt that the trials and struggles of a single mother go beyond that of a

mother with a spouse that can lend support. The problem with this mindset is that if we don’t

take responsibility for our own reactions, then we are enforcing the victim mentality and not

taking control of our own lives. Single mothers are allowing their selves to be impacted by

whatever horrible situation has happened, and they are not taking positive steps to take charge of

their own life. Along for being a single-mother are the feelings of hurt, pain, numerous changes,

and forgiveness. Truth is, it can be easier to carry around bitterness and play the blame game.

Forgiveness is tough stuff but so life changing without a doubt (Ford, 1997).

Children do well with a single, loving adult role-model. Whether you’re a single parent or

partnered, if you spend your time with your child, he’s more likely to be happy and mentally

healthy. It’s about letting your child know you’re interested in his life. A way to dispel the myths

associated with single motherhood requires shifting society’s perspectives by presenting factors

that positively contribute to the success of children raised by single mothers. Considering that

there are a number of single female headed families who seek services from the social work

profession, it is essential for these professionals, amongst others, to understand the dimensions

that contribute to single mothers’ success in raising self-actualized children (Kruk, 2012).

Although society views single motherhood as a deficit model to parenting, there are in

fact single mothers who raise children with successful life outcomes. There is a tremendous

amount of research regarding the shortfalls of single mothers and their inability to properly care

of their children. There was a rapid and drastic increase in the number of single-mother families
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in the last of the twentieth century. This change has been used by some to argue that we are

witnessing the breakdown of the family which also defined as a married couple residing with

their dependent offspring with negative effects for children, families, and society (Popenoe,

1996).

Children from single-mother families can be described or defined as families where a

parent lives with dependent children, either alone or in a larger household, without a spouse or

partner. The phenomenon of single mothers raising children with successful life outcomes is an

understudied subject that requires empirical considerations and inquiry. However, how family

diversity is viewed, the increase in and prevalence of families headed by one parent has a major

influence on the social, economic, and political context of family life (Malachi, 2017).

Believing that single motherhood is bad for society likely has policy implications that

directly impact single mothers or would be single mothers. Given their opposition to single

motherhood, we can argue that access to contraception is a means of preventing an increase in

the number of single mothers and thus funding should not be eliminated. Also, if single

motherhood is indeed bad for society, single mothers could surely benefit from social programs

designed to mitigate the impact of these negative family conditions (McLanahan, 1994).

THEORETICAL- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A few studies and theories provided a better understanding of single mothers who raised

professional children and a framework of its built-in vulnerabilities. There are several theoretical

frameworks that inform social work practice. Family systems theory, for example, is one of

many theoretical frameworks social workers adhere to when working with children and families.

Family systems theory (also known as Bowenian theory) posits the notion that human behavior
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can be dynamically changed based on a person’s connections with others (Winek, 2010). Murray

Bowen, a psychiatrist, was the lead person in originating family systems theory.

Family systems theory has several concepts that formulate the perspective; however, the

two that are most important in grasping a general perspective of the theory are the following: (1)

differentiation and (2) the emotional system. “Differentiation is the 8 core concept in all of

Bowen’s theoretical work, and at the same time its definition is the most elusive. To a Bowenian

therapist, differentiation is related to the psychodynamic concept of ego strength” (Winek, 2010,

p. 83). In its simplest sense, differentiation is the process by which a person carefully selects

his/her associations with another to meet a specific purpose/goal. An example of differentiation

would be a mother depending on her grandmother for support, while she depends on her husband

for sexual needs. Every person, according to the theory, will differentiate their selective process

in associated with other members of the nuclear structure.

Like attachment theory, people are inclined to attach emotionally with other persons who

are able to meet their immediate or delayed emotional gratifications (Winek, 2010). The highly

most affected in this situation is the children, I developing emotional attachment with parents. If

they are unable to attach with their immediate nuclear system, children will find other persons to attach

with to meet their needs (Winek, 2010; O’Gorman, 2012). Differentiation and Emotional system plays a

very vital role in connecting family systems.

Frequently, single mothers have difficulties in building systems within their family

(nuclear) is is because of the separation of family members. Single mothers and children who

have severed ties in their family systems have been successful in building resilience to achieve

successful life outcomes. On a family systems perspective, this study will aim to uncover the

successful life outcomes of children who have developed other family systems outside of their
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nuclear system to obtain resiliency and successful life outcomes. There are scholars who have

studied the interconnected relationship between the parent-child attachment and that child’s self-

esteem throughout adolescence. As identified by McCormick and Kennedy (1994), “when a

child sees the parent as responsive, accepting, available, and independence-encouraging, a secure

attachment develops and the child sees her- or himself as worthy” (p. 4).

A study conducted by Seccombe, James and Walters (1998) addressed the following

issues: what are single mothers’ perceptions about other single mothers on welfare, what are

their own beliefs were about being on welfare, and their beliefs about there being criticisms

about the use of governmental assistance. Some of the social constructions about single mothers

utilizing welfare resources are that single mothers are viewed as, “lazy, unmotivated, of cheating

the system or having additional children simply to increase the amount of their benefit check”

(Seccombe et al., 1998, p. 850).The study of 47 women found that each individual recognizes

that there is someone as worthy of disgrace regarding the use of welfare. Those with more wealth

and other critical resources tend to be perceived as having a wider range of positive

characteristics than those with fewer resources. Moreover, people believe that those who appear

to be superior deserve to be more richly rewarded. This circular reasoning also implies that those

lower in the stratification system will attribute to themselves more negative characteristics and,

therefore, will believe that they deserve to have fewer resources” (Seccombe et al., 1998, p. 862).
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THE NARRATIVES OF SINGLE MOTHERS IN RAISING

PROFESSIONALCHILDREN

Narrative Identity

Structure Theme
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Having
Doubts
Plot Characters
Acceptance

Coping

Realizations

Shifting Towards
More Positive
Thoughts

Satisfaction on
what the child
had become

Figure 1. Theoretical – Conceptual Framework of the Study

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research aims to look into the processes of a single mother upon raising a child to become a

professional. Moreover, it specifically seeks to answer the following questions:

1) What are the ways of single mother in giving her support to their children’s academic

performance?

2) What are the obstacles faced by a single mother upon raising their child in becoming a

professional?

3) What is their narrative identity?

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Significance of the Study

This study focuses on the narratives of single mothers who raised professional children.

The research study specifically focused on examining the life processes of single mothers who

have parented their child without the support of the paternal father in the life of the child all

throughout in becoming a professional individual. This study will be mostly beneficial to single

mothers, who struggle for having limited resources in parenting, through the results and

conclusions gathered from this study, they will more often develop other domains that will

enable them to raise their children with successfully life outcomes. A secondary purpose of this

study is to provide social work professionals the information based from the narratives of single

mothers while bringing up the child to become a professional. With this, single mothers will be

provided to have effective psychosocial interventions and support if they are able to understand

the strengths mothers have in raising their children without the paternal support. This study also

serves as a medium to a more open-minded, knowledgeable and understanding type of society in

a way that they will refer to the narratives of each single mothers to be inspired and motivated to

bring up their children to have a successful life outcomes in their future because of the different

experiences that the single mothers had meet along their journey while they are raising by their

children. Lastly, this study will have a good impact to the future researchers, who may conduct a

research in line with this study in the future. This may serve as a reference or source for possible

future related studies.

Definition of Terms

Custody is immediate charge and control (as over a ward or a suspect) exercised by a person

or an authority.
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Desertion is the abandonment without consent or legal justification of a person, especially of

one’s spouse without consent, in violation of legal or moral obligations.

Divorce is a legal action between married people to terminate their marriage relationship. If you

get a divorce that means the marriage is officially over.

Experience is knowledge or skill of a single mother in a particular job in raising their children.

Profession is a type of job of a person who was raised by their single mother, it is a career for

someone that want to be part of society, who becomes competent by their chosen sector through

training and commits to behaving ethically to protect the interests of the public.

Professional is a person who belongs to a profession. A person who earns their living from a

specified activity.

Single Mother is a mother who has a dependent child or dependent children and who is

widowed, divorced, or unmarried.

Single Motherhood is a situation where the mother lives and take care of the children alone.

Spatial is a person who occupying or occurring in space.

Widow is a woman whose spouse has died and who has not married again.
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This research study is focused mainly on the narratives of single mothers who raised

professional children that will serve as the basis of the discussion. Single, female-headed

parenting has been a long phenomenon of continuity and change in terms of parenting practices

and the effects of having one absent parent. For the purposes of this study, the researchers are

focusing on the narrative of single mothers in raising their children to become a professional

individual, due to the limitation of this understudied topic. However, many scholars who have

explored the barriers and hardships of single mothers, further perpetuating the stigmatization of

single motherhood. Without understanding and knowing the narratives of these mothers in

raising their children all the way to become a professional, then it continues to limit the amount

of information there is regarding this phenomenon – leading to limited resources for these

households.
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In the Philippines, the Philippine Statistics Authority estimated about 3 million household

heads without spouse – two million of whom were female.

A single parent, sometimes called a solo-parent is a parent that is not living with a spouse

or partner, who has most of the day-to-day responsibilities in raising the child or children. A

single parent is usually considered the primary caregiver that the child have residency with

majority of the time (Dowd, 1997). If the parents are separated or divorced, children live with

their custodial parent and have visitation or secondary residence with their non-custodial parent

(Benokraitis, 2008). In western societies in general, following separation, a child will end up

with the primary caregiver, usually the father (Statistic, 2010). Custody battles, awarded by the

court or rationalized in other terms, determined who the child will spend majority of their time

with. This affects children in many ways, and counseling is suggested for them. Some factors are

responsible for determining the status of single parenthood. These factors are the divorce of

couples with children, desertion, and death of a partner, birth to unmarried woman or unintended

pregnancy and single parent adoption. Divorce is one of the main events that lead to single

parenting in advanced countries (Amato, 2000).

For children raised by their mothers , growing up in a married household (having a

father) doesn’t make much of a difference in terms of the likelihood that they’ll graduate from

high school and earn more than poverty-level wages by the time they’re 25 (National Bureau of

Economic Research, 2006).

In a study of K. Lee Raby on 2006, found that the type of emotional support that a child

receives during the first three and a half years has an effect on education, social life and romantic

relationships even 20 or 30 years later. Babies and toddlers that are raised in supportive and

caring home environments tended to do better on standardized tests later on, and they were more
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likely to attain higher degrees as adults. They were also more likely to get along with their peers

and feel satisfied in their romantic relationships. “It seems like, at least in these early years, the

parents’ role is to communicate with the child and let them know, ‘I’m here for you when you’re

upset, when you need me. And when you don’t need me, I’m your cheerleader” (Raby, 2006).

Parenting in general is an art; thus, qualities of parenting cannot be easily measured.

However, the literature shows that the more effective parenting practices are exercised in the

home, the more likely children will be successful in attaining success into adulthood (Brody &

Flor, 1997; Jackson & Scheines, 2005; Chester et al., 2007; Romich, 2007; Taylor et al., 2010)

Mothers who are working showed a higher level of success, which was associated with

having little to no depressive symptoms (Jackson & Scheines, 2005). In a research conducted by

Romich (2007), most participants of the sample were working single mothers raising at least one

child in the home. The mothers, who worked, however, reported not being able to attend to their

child’s needs throughout each workday, since work would take up a majority of the day. What is

unique, however, is that children who actively contribute in household chores and tasks may

develop some sense of personal responsibility, learn how to create and balance relationship

skills, and gain some knowledge needed for obtaining success into adulthood (Romich, 2007).

Mother-youth relationships marked by mutual understanding acted as resources that enabled the

families to successfully navigate daily life (Romich, 2007, p.192). Mothers who engage in

positive parenting practices more frequently than not, would result in little evidence of

depressive symptoms from their children (Chester et al., 2007).

Another study conducted by Margara Pauline Kerubo on 2009, found that parental

involvement in students’ academic achievement was very crucial to academic performance. For

instance, 41 percent of students with a single parent indicated that their parents were rarely fully
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involved in their school work compared to 16 percent of students with both parents who said that

their parents rarely involved themselves in their academic work.

Being a nurturing mother as part of a parenting style in single parenting is an important

aspect for successful life outcomes, as demonstrated from these studies. Having a good parent-

child relationship, though, is not solely by nature alone, but by parenting practices that enhance

the relationship. Some scholars have explored the importance of this notion of warm parent-child

relationships. They acknowledge the characteristics that exemplify a close relationship (family

success) as interdependence among mother and child, consensus of family needs, and sharing

household tasks as being positive characteristics for successful life outcomes of their children

(Romich, 2007; Taylor et al., 2010; Nixon et al., 2012).

The study of Raby talks about the type of emotional support that the child receives and its

effect to the education of the child while the second study, the study of Kerubo focuses on the

influence of the family and in particular single parenting on the academic performance of the

child. Both of the said studies presented above are international studies conducted abroad which

aims to identify the academic achievement of the child according to the parietal involvement

they are having in their education.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This part of the study will discuss how the study will be conducted. This section shows

the outline of the research locale, design, participants, instruments and the procedure were

presented. The researchers will also discuss on how to analyze the data collected.

Research Design

This study is qualitative research, which used descriptive data to answer and analyze the

problem that approach of conducting a research, specifically the sample survey. In a narrative

approach, the researchers conducted in depth interviews, read documents and look for theme; in

other words, how an individual story illustrate the larger life influences that created it. Selected

professionals from Cebu Province will be the representative for the whole population of

professionals raised by a single mother.

Research Environment

This study will be conducted in Cebu City, a first class highly urbanized city of the island

of Cebu. The city is a significant center of commerce, trade and education in the Visayas.

Located in the middle of the eastern side of Cebu Island. Cebu is the country’s oldest city; it was

the first Spanish settlement, and the first capital of the Philippines. It is considered the birthplace

of Christianity in the Far East.

Research Participants
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The researchers choose four single mothers who raised a professional that is currently

residing in the provinces of Cebu City as the respondents of this study. The researchers were able

to select as a conservative estimate of ten people to choose from and used the method of Simple

Random Sampling in order to choose four single mothers.

Research Instruments

The researchers used a semi-structured interview as a tool for their study. The interview

was composed of 12 questions. The questions that will be addressed during the interview will

tackle about how single mothers managed to raise a professional despite of the different

obstacles she met along her journey, and will also give emphasis on their experiences and their

strategies in coping up the challenges of raising a professional.

Data Analysis

In this study, Thematic Analysis will be used by Reissman (2008), to illuminate the data

that will be gathered from the participants who raised their children into professionals. The

answers from the interrogation will be collected from the participants will be broken down

according to the respondents’ answer from the questions and be placed by theme. The theme is

set by looking the meaning produced by the data and will be connected to the conceptual

framework of the study. The researchers used the two out of the four themes, the Communion

and Redemption by McAdams (1985). In which, themes that are centered on communion on the

other hand, tend to employ values such as love, friendship, and the sense of belonging,

nurturance, and support. Redemptive themes are applied by the conveyor when the story

describes how a bad state eventually leads to a better or good outcome.

CHAPTER IV
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PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter would present the result of the study conducted with a total number of four

participants. A summary of participants profile is shown in table 1. The narratives of each

participant are presented first with a corresponding summary of the beginning, middle, and end

of each of the narratives and analysis of the narrative form. These narrative stories are based on

the recorded interview as transcribed (see Appendix D). The narrative identity of the participants

will also be discussed in this chapter and the corresponding themes that emerged.

Table 1. Participants Demographic

Name Age Number of Children

1 Gina 48 2
2 Loreta 45 4
3 Evelyn 44 3
4 Rachel 45 2

Story One: Gina

Gina is a 48 year old single mother with two children. She is currently residing in Jubay,

Lilo-an, Cebu and is already 16 years separated to her husband due to a life changing event.

Gina narrated that it is very hard and challenging for her to raise 2 children without the

support of her husband.

“My story of being a single mom kaykuan, lisod sad oykayako ray gasalig sa akoang

kaugalingon, ni trabaho ko paras ilang kaugmaon. Naningkamot ug grabe na obstacles akoang

naagian.”

(T1, B8)
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According to her, her source of living to support the two was her work. She maintains a

good relationship to her children by setting a date to bond.

“Kuan hm, every weekend or bisag naa koy free time kay makig kaon ko nilas gawas.”

(T1, B12)

She raised her children in a way wherein when her children want to go out and bond with

their friends, there will always be a curfew for her children in what specific time should they

arrive home, and she always made sure that they are safe.

“Proper discipline lang jud pero salig sad jud ko nila kung molaag sila.”

(T1, B14)

She added that however, she tried her very best to give everything to her children by

making extra effort and hard work for her children’s future.

“Daghan-daghan sad jud oy kay kanang di man jud sayon ang ikaw ra usa mo pabuhi sa

imong anak. Di na nako ma usa usa pero naa jud toy kausaba nga naglisod nakog balance sa

akoang time sa work ug anak. lisod kaayo to para nak ojud.”

(T1, B16)

She included her failures on giving full support to her children especially on their

extracurricular activities but she believed that her children understand the situation.

“Not all the time naa jud ko sila extracurricular activities but I try my best jud nga

maabot on time. Di sad ko mosalig nila kay kasabot raman sad sila sa situation namo nga bisag

wako didto, ni supporta ra gihapon ko nila nya gipasabot naman na nako sila daan sa amoang

sitwasyon.”

(T1, B22)
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Her only inspiration to keep going was putting in mind that if she doesn’t work they

wouldn’t be able to reach these things they are holding now.

“Akong inspiration kay mo keep going rajud ko, kay kung di ko manarbaho para nila,

they wouldn’t be who they are now. Ing ana lang jud sha.”

(T1, B18)

After all the hardships, the trials, the challenges that she faced while raising up her two

good children they became successful but on other hand, Gina also felt the success that her

children achieved. She stated that being a single mother of two is a very challenging one but is

the best when you see the outcome of your sacrifices.

“Nindot kaayos paminaw nga makahilak kay sa imohang paningkamot makakita kas

imong anak nga profesional makahumok kaayos dughan nya nindot pud kaayo huna hunaon.”

(T1, B26)

Table 2. Parts of Gina’s story and Narrative Form

Beginning  Had a separation from her husband

 Tried to support her children all by herself

Middle  She met trials and challenges along her journey in raising her
children
 Tried to overcome those trials and challenges
 Foresee a good future of her children because of her sacrifices
End  She successfully raised two professional children.
 Felt proud of what her children reached

Narrative Form Progressive

Story Two: Lorena

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Lorena is a 45 year old, single mother of two great kids. She and her husband separated

15 years ago. 15 years of standing as a mother and at the same time a father. She stated that even

if she is full of doubts on how to sustain her two children after her husband left her,

determination paved on her way.

“I was a single mom for about 15 years because of separation, we had two kids at that

time and I was left having doubts if I could sustain the needs of my two kids.”

(T2, B8)

Lorena also appreciated the love of her children for not leaving her after all. She

concluded that she might left hanging by her husband, but she will never felt alone and left

behind because her children was there beside her.

“Kuan, gibutang lang gyud nako sa huna huna nga wala ko mabiyae kay naa akong anak

nga nagpabilin nako.”

(T2, B12)

Trusting and understanding her children’s side was her style of raising them to become a

good model to everyone. Moreover, having an unstable work was her greatest challenge because

she is raising two children at a time and finding something to sustain them was really a tough

challenge to her.

“Dili stable akoang work, kabaw najud baya ka nga lisud pagpadako og anak labi na

ako ray nagsaguyod nila.”

(T2, B16)

According to Lorena, the support she gets from her family, relatives and friends also

give a deep impact to her to never give up. She assures that her presence is always there
 19

whenever there is a big event at school that her children are involved. That’s her way of

supporting them.

“I attend every time there is a big event. Para sad ma feel nila ba nga naa ra gihapon ko

bisag busy ko sa work.”

(T2, B22)

Imaging them marching towards the stage was the reason for her to keep going no matter

what hindrances comes along the way.

“My inspiration to keep going is imagining them marching towards the stage mao jud na

akong pinaka pangandoy nila.”

(T1, B18)

Luckily, together with the guidance of God, Ms. Lorena successfully raised two

professional children.

“Kalouy sa ginoo, ang duha professional na.”

(T2, B10)

Lorena ended up with a proud statement answering the questions on what did she felt

seeing her children marching towards the stage bringing the dream that their mother wanted them

to become.

“Do I really have to say a word? Murag makita man guro unsa ko ka happy sa naabot

nila karun. Everytime makakita ko nila Makita nako akong kaugalingon nga naglisud pero

naningkamot para maabot sila sakong asa sila karun.”

(T2, B24)

Table 3. Parts of Lorena’s Story and Narrative Form

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Beginning  Had doubts on how to sustain the needs of her children

 Having an unstable work was the greatest challenge for her
in raising her two children
Middle  Despite of all she appreciated the love of her children
 She foresee her children marching towards the stage and it
became a reason for her to keep going
End  She successfully raised two professional children

Narrative Form Progressive

Story Three: Evelyn

Evelyn is a 44 year old, single mother of three children. She and her husband separated

13 years ago. 13 years of standing as a mother and at the same time a father. She stated that after

her husband left her she experienced difficulties that lead her to motivate herself, and at the end

she made her daughter a successful architect.

“As of the moment only the eldest finished and graduated college. She is now an architect,

after all the sacrifices and trials we encountered.”

(T3, B10)

She is doing her very best to show her support for her children and the most important

thing for her is to show her love for her child. Then her determination to cope up all the trials she

encountered was her prayers.

“There are actually a lot of ways to cope up the best for my child’s.”

(T4, B12)

The best thing that helps her to cope all the trials and difficulties was her determination

and love for her daughter and her faith and prayers.

“The love and determination with prayers help me coped all those trials.”
 21

(T5, B14)

The best thing she does to sustain her child was setting aside what she wants for herself

just to pursue her daughters dream and also by supporting the finances for her children.

“Focus and hardworking to earn a living for the tuition and other needs.”

(T6, B16)

The inspiration she had was her mother’s love that she could just see how her child is

also very determined to go to school, even if she have no enough money for her child to be able

to stay long at school.

“My inspiration to keep going is my love, mother’s love and seeing my child’s

determination to go to school even without money to stay the long day at school. All the best for

my children is what matters most.”

(T7, B18)

She had the best advices and reminders for her daughter that education is very important

to be successful in the future.

“Setting aside wants helps me pursue my daughters dream supporting financial support.

Being strict, constant advice and reminders to make sure she can feel the sacrifices I am doing

for her o have quality education, and to also realize the importance of education for her future.”

(T8, B20)

As of her she consider herself a ‘stage mother’ because she encourages her child to join

extra-curricular because she thinks that’s the best way for her child to gain self-confidence, and

to learn and enhance the personal interaction for her child.

 22

“I consider myself a ‘stage mother’ I am very pro-active in letting my children join or

participate in extra-curricular activities in school, because that’s one way for them to gain self-

confidence, learn, and enhance personal interaction.”

(T9, B22)

For her being a single mother is purely hard and challenging but somehow fulfilling

because for her it is not an easy job but she continued her determination to see her child

graduate, and she experienced mixed emotions to see her child successful.

“I would say yes it is really hard to raise a child alone, but somehow fulfilling to see your

child graduate. Mixed emotions of happiness seeing your child’s successful.”

(T10, B24)

After all the difficulties she encountered it is very broad for her to explain because the

sleepless nights she experienced due to the financial problem was a shame feeling for her where

she needs help from other people. But in the end all the rejection she had strengthens her

determination and prayers for her and her daughter keeps their going to the road of success.

“Difficulties encountered is actually a very broad fact to explain, those sleepless nights

when it is time to pay the tuition yet you don’t have even a penny, the shame feelings when you

really needs to ask help from siblings or friends lending money, the feelings of rejection, but

prayers and determination of me and my daughter keeps us going.”

(T11, B26)

Table 3. Parts of Evelyn’s Story and Narrative Form

Beginning  Had all the determination to sustain her child’s finances

 Setting aside what’s for herself but instead pursuing her
daughters dream
 23

Middle  Despite of all the hardship she encountered her mother’s

love for her child will always be there
 She had experienced mixed emotions to see her daughter
graduate and being successful at the end
End  She successfully raised her daughter and her two children
which is currently studying

Narrative Form Progressive

Rachel is 45 year old single mom of one, a regular worker in a company and is

independently raising her only son for almost 8 years after her husband left.

Rachel narrates her insights about her journey on being a single mom who raised a

professional child.

“Being a single mom was not a joke. I’ve been a single mom for about 8 years ni biya

akong bana kay lagi lisud jud kayning maka bana tag for better ra dili pang worst”

(T4, B5)

According to her if you learn to put hard work and perseverance everything will be

possible and never stop dreaming for yourself but most especially for your children.

Moreover, she always reminds her son to never let problems bring you down but instead

make it as a motivation to strive harder for problems are part of living a challenging life.

“ako cya always sultian nga part ang problema sa kinabuhi maong he must strive para

makaabot sa iyang dapat again”

(T4, B8)

Challenges never stop hitting Rachel along on raising her son. As for Rachel, the greatest

challenge of being a single mom is not having enough money to sustain her son’s educational

needs.
 24

“kanang naay time nga maglisud mi sama anang ting bayad nya sa tuition pero wala pa

akong sweldo.”

(T4, B10)

To know how did Rachel survived this challenges, her only inspiration was to prove to

the world that being a single mother can never be an excuse and she believed that through her

she can stand as a voice to all single mothers out there that if there’s a will there’s a way.

“Akong inspiration? Hmmm.. maybe I want to prove nga dili rason ang pagka single

mother para dili makahuman sa pagskuyla ang imong anak.”

(T4, B12)

Rachel is constantly determined to give her son the successful life outcome through her

constant hard work. Just as what they say, if someone is willing to look for a way, everything is

possible and reachable. Rachel did raise a professional one.

“Blessed and thankful kayo ko sa tanang tao nga akong nadaganan sa panahong

nanginahanglan mi og support og specially sa ginoo.”

(T4, B14)

Table 5. Parts of Rachel’s Story and Narrative Form

Beginning  Got separated from her husband

 Raising her independently
 Looking for a job that could sustain her
child’s needs
Middle  Staying to be positive during tough times
 Constantly guiding her son along his
journey
 Take failures as an opportunity to improve
End  Successfully raised her son as a
professional individual
 25

Narrative Form Progressive

As what can be inferred from the narratives of the participants, all of them have a

progressive narrative form. These narratives show a pattern of advancement (Gergen&Gergen,

1983). And are those of people who show a shift from negative standpoint to a positive one. All

narratives show a pattern of single mother having doubts of being able to sustain alone their

child’s needs. But all ended to realized that these life events are a just challenge that is trying to

break them but instead of seeing it as a negative one they took it as an opportunity.

Single mothers’ process of raising professional children

Moreover, from all four of the narratives above, the researchers found common themes in

the beginning, middle and end of their stories which is shown in table 7. The researchers

proposed 6 stages from the stories shared by single mothers who raised professional children and

is called 6 stages of single mothers raising professional children. The proposed stages were

categorized based on the structure of the participants’ narratives. The stages under beginning are

(1) having doubts (to sustain the needs of the child), (2) acceptance, under the middle is (3)

coping and (4) realization and under the end are as follows: (5) shifting towards more positive

thoughts, (6) satisfaction on what their child had become.

Having Doubts. This stage narrates the time they started to have doubts on their ability to

sustain the needs of their children. It can be noted that all of the participants were able to confirm

their doubts on sustaining the needs of their child all by their selves.

As Lorena narrates

“I was a single mom for about 15 years because of separation we had two kids at that

time and I was left having doubts if I could sustain the needs of my two kids.”
 26

(T2, B8)

Gina had a similar situation also.

“My story of being a single mom kay kuan, lisod sad oy kay ako ray gasalig sa akoang

kaugalingon, ni trabaho ko para sa ilang kaugmaon.”

(T1, B8)

The other two respondents also have doubts to their selves on their capability of raising

their child expecting them to have a successful life outcome knowing that they only have their

selves who can they run to.

Acceptance. The second stage where the participants began to process the reality of what has

happened without trying to change it whatsoever. This includes being able to accept not just the

reality of the situation but also the fact that the relationship is no longer to survive.

As narrated by Rachel, accepting the reality that they must be separated is not easy. But

she was able to accept the fact.

“Being a single mom was not a joke. I’ve been a single mom for about 8 years ni biya

akong bana kay lagi lisud jud kayning makabana tag for better ra dili pang worst”

(T4, B5)

Coping. This stage is the part where the participants exert a conscious effort in dealing with the

problem that they are facing and their effort to cope up with their daily lives.

Gina narrated her story towards her experience and how did she cope up on raising her child to

become a professional individual as a single mother.

“My story of being a single mom kay kuan, lisod sad oy kay ako ray gasalig sa akoang

kaugalingon, ni trabaho ko paras ilang kaugmaon. Naningkamot ug grabe na obstacles akoang

naagian.”
 27

(T1, B8)

Realization. This stage involves the participants’ process of thinking the situation through and

realizing things along the process. This refers to the stage where the participants start to have a

broader view of the situation and become more aware of other important matters such as their

children’s future and their own self-worth.

Lorena stated that putting in mind that she might left hanging by her husband, but she

will never felt alone and left behind because her children was there beside her.

“Kuan, gibutang lang gyud nakos huna huna nga wala ko ma biyae kay naa akong anak

nga nag pabilin nako.”

(T2, B12)

Shifting Towards More Positive Thoughts. This stage involves the participants being able to

let go of the negative emotions and thoughts they had after the incident and begin to think more

productively and positively. More over this stage is in line with Meneses and Greenberg’s (2011)

study which found evidence of a shift from a negative to a more positive attitude of individuals.

Rachel survived the challenges of raising her child, her only inspiration was to prove to

the world that being a single mother can never be an excuse and she believed that through her

she can stand as a voice to all single mothers out there that if there’s a will there’s a way.

“Hmmm.. maybe I want to prove nga dili rason ang pagka single mother para dili

makahuman sa pagskuyla ang imong anak.”

(T4, B12)

Gina also has this statement with her focusing to more positive thoughts.

“Mo keep going rajud ko, kay kung di ko manarbaho para nila, they wouldn’t be who

they are now. Ing ana lang jud sha.”

 28

(T1, B18)

Evelyn realized lots of things along her journey, but realizations come along her way.

“Difficulties encountered is actually a very broad fact to explain, those sleepless nights

when it is time to pay the tuition yet you don’t have even a penny, the shame feelings when you

really needs to ask help from siblings or friends lending money, the feelings of rejection, but

prayers and determination of me and my daughter keeps us going.”

(T11, B26)

Satisfaction on What Their Child Had Become. This stage involves the participants being able

to feel satisfaction on the outcome of what their children had become. More over this stage

presents the mother having contentment on the result of their hard work.

Lorena ended up with a proud statement,

“Do I really have to say a word? Murag makita man guro unsa ko ka happy sa naabot

nila karun. Everytime makakita ko nila makita nako akong kaugalingon nga naglisud pero

naningkamot para maabot sila sakong asa sila karun.”

(T2, B24)

Same with Rachel who is constantly determined to give her son the successful life

outcome through her constant hard work and says,

“Blessed and thankful kayo ko sa tanang tao nga akong nadaganan sa panahong

nanginahanglan mi og support og specially sa ginoo.”

(T4, B14)

Evelyn never hides her feelings on how she felt and on being satisfied of what her child

had become.
 29

“I would say yes it is really hard to raise a child alone, but somehow fulfilling to see your

child graduate. Mixed emotions of happiness seeing your child’s successful.”

(T10, B24)

Table 7. Narratives of Single Mother Raising Professional Children

Structu Stag Specific Description

re es Theme
Beginn 1 Having started to have doubts on their ability to sustain the needs of their
ing Doubts children

“I was a single mom for about 15 years because of separation we

had two kids at that time and I was left having doubts if I could
sustain the needs of my two kids.” (T2, B8)

2 Accepta where the participants began to process the reality of what has
nce happened without trying to changed it whatsoever

“Being a single mom was not a joke. I’ve been a single mom for
about 8 years nibiya akong bana kay lagi lisud jud kayning
makabana tag for better ra dili pang worst”
Middle 3 Coping exert a conscious effort in dealing with the problem that they are
facing and their effort to cope up with their daily lives

“My story of being a single mom kay kuan, lisod sad oy kay ako ray
gasalig sa akoang kaugalingon, nitrabaho ko paras ilangkaugmaon.
Naningkamot ug grabe na obstacles akoang naagian.”

4 Realizati Process of thinking the situation through and realizing things along
on the process

“Kuan,
gibutanglanggyudnakoshunahunangawalakomabiyaekaynaaakongan
aknganagpabilinnako.”

End 5 Shifting being able to let go of the negative emotions and thoughts they had
to more after the incident and begin to think more productively and
Positive positively
Thought
s “Hmmm.. maybe I want to prove nga dili rason ang pagka single
mother para dili makahuman sa pagskuyla ang imong anak.”

Satisfact Being able to feel satisfaction on the outcome of what their children
6 ion what had become
 30

their
Child “Do I really have to say a word? Murag makita man guro unsa ko
Had ka happy sa naabot nila karun. Everytime makakita ko nila makita
Become nako akong kaugalingon nga naglisud pero naningkamot para
maabot sila sa kong asa sila karun.”

Implications

This study would help future researchers to get an idea of what are the experiences of a

single mother raising their professional children alone. The approach we used to further

investigate the experiences of the single mother in raising professional children is something that

will contribute to those who only wants to cognize the accounts of experiences of the single

mothers. The study we conducted focuses more on the said experiences of the participants, so the

findings that were concluded in this study will be a great addition to the few studies that use the

same narrative approach like ours.

Limitations

The current study primarily focused on single mothers who raised professional

children. The sides of the children who are raised professionals were not taken into account in

this study which may give us clearer understanding of each of the participant’s narratives.

There were only four participants in this qualitative study conducted and did not include

single mothers who are cohabiting without getting married and single mothers who are in a non-

material relationship such as boyfriend/girlfriend relationship. The study also only included

mothers who are married once, regardless of the reason behind of being a single mother on the

current situation and thus strictly included mothers who are single, and who independently raised
 31

a child unto becoming a professional without the help or support from the husband or from the

father of the child.

 32

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This section of this chapter shows the summary of the overall findings of the study that

has been conducted by the researchers.

Summary of Findings

The findings of this study suggested that participants accept the fact that they are single

mothers. It is when they show the hidden strength of these women being a single mother who

manners to raise a child to become a professional individual. The journey they went through

didn’t make them unworthy for being left behind by their husband. But instead made them the

model of how a strong woman can do.

Participants’ were also asked if what they think will happen to them after they

experienced all the trials due to lack of financial support. The researchers found out that

participants are finding other way of coping up with all the challenges they encountered.

Conclusions

The researchers in this study wanted to know the story of single mothers who raised

professional children. Their story of being a single mother shed light to the researchers that even

though people nowadays judge them easily they will not give interests to the people who will

give them negative thoughts instead they will do what’s best for their children. The result shows

how single mothers can also be the light of the home and at the same time the pillar of the home.

The journey they went through made them even stronger to face all the trials, and show their full

support of their child.

 33

The researchers would want to highlight the narratives of these single mothers who

experienced difficulties in sustaining the needs of their child independently. Despite the fact that

raising a child to become a professional one is a very impossible thing to achieve most specially

if the child is raised by a single mother. These single mothers continue to pursue their dreams for

their child no matter what discrimination doubts and lack of assistance. Being a woman at the

same time a mother is not only exclusive for the house doing household chores but instead a

woman being called a woman is not just itself. But there is an under lying truth that women can

do more of what can men do.

The researchers salute this single mother who never loses courage, determination, and

perseverance, to raise a professional child.

Recommendations

Considering that the scope of this study is confined within the narratives of single mother

in raising professional children, it would be good if the future studies would also take more

exertion on its scopes.

Also, it is recommended for future studies to have more respondents to increase data

quality in order for the research not to be biased. Moreover, the researchers recommend future

studies to take consideration into the profession of their children and their child’s view in having

a single mother as their companion and partner in achieving to become a personal individual to

give more light to the topic.

Furthermore, future researchers are also encouraged to study deeper and give more

information on the topic, and provide more respondents to see different views and opinions from

different single mothers. Lastly, it is recommended that future researchers take more actions on

the scope of the study to improve the quality of the data and widen the scopes of the research.
 34

References
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37/h0080417
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how-do-they-really-fare

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Scroufe, A., Egeland B., Carlson E. and Collins, A. (1975). The Development of the person: The
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/successful-single-parent-habits-2997593
 37

APPENDICES

Approval Letter

Informed Consent Form

Instruments

Location Map of the Study

Coding Tables

Grammarly Plagiarism Scan Report

Declaration of No Conflict of Interest

 38

AP P END IX A

T ransmittal Letter
 39

APPENDIX B

Informed Consent Form

HUMSS’ SOCIAL RESEARCH: 3I’s + Work Immersion

Consent-to-Participate Form

“THE NARRATIVES OF SINGLE MOTHERS IN

RAISING PROFESSIONAL CHILDREN”

Dear Participant,
The following information is provided for you to decide whether you wish to participate in the
present study. You should be aware that you are free to decide not to participate or to withdraw at any
time without affecting your relationship with the department, the adviser, or the University of Cebu-
Banilad.
The purpose of this study is to know the experiences of a single mother raising their professional
children. You are chosen as a participant of this study because you have met our criteria in participant
selection: (a.)Single Mothers (b.) 40-50 years old
The data collection will involve interviews. Individuals involved in the data collection are the
researchers of this study.
Do not hesitate to ask any questions about the study either before participating or during the time
that you are participating. We would be happy to share our findings with you after the research is
completed. However, your name will not be associated with the research findings in any way, and only
the researchers will know your identity as a participant.
There are no known risks and/or discomforts associated with this study. The expected benefits
associated with your participation are the information about the experiences in learning qualitative
research and the opportunity to participate in a qualitative research study.
Please sign your consent with full knowledge of the nature and purpose of the procedures. A copy
of this consent form will be given to you to keep.

_____________________________________________
Participant’s Printed Name and Signature Date
_____________________________________________
Participant’s Printed Name and Signature Date
 40

APPENDIX C

Instruments

To begin, let us introduce ourselves to you…

The purpose of this study is to know the experiences of a single mother raising their
professional children.
You were selected as a possible participant because you meet the standards qualifications
of our target participants that would help the outcome of our research. If you agree to participate,
you will be one of the 4 respondents which we’ve chosen from Cebu City.
The semi-structured interview will take up to 10-15 minutes depending on the time you
will be answering verbally the given question to be asked by the researcher. Audio recordings
will also be made. The audio-tape will be accessed by the researchers and will be used for
educational purposes only and would be disposed after the present study will be done.
Shall we begin?
Demographic Purpose/Goal
 Name To have a background of all the
participants’ personal information. These
 Age questions would also give researchers some
insights on the interview for the analysis and
 Number of children
discussion.

Main Interview Purpose/Goal

 May I know your story of being a single To collect a narrative of the participants’
mother? story of being a single mother who raised a
 Out of (state the number of child that the professional child. These questions will inquire
respondent is having) children, how many on the participants’ on how they managed the
of them you have been able to raise as different challenges being a single mother who
professional individuals? raised professional children. And what are their
 After all the experiences you had being a strategies in handling her responsibility as being
single mother, what are your ways in the primary caregiver to the child.
coping up to do the best for your child?
 What are your ways in handling your child?
 What are the difficulties you encounter as a
single mother?

Follow-up Questions Purpose/Goal

 41

 What was your inspiration to keep going in These set of questions are more focused on
sustaining your child’s expenses in terms of the mother’s way of surpassing all of the
school tuition? hindrances she faced in raising the child.
 What do you think helped you in the
process of sustaining the needs of your
child?
 What are your ways of supporting your
child on his or her extra-curricular
activities?

Questions on their Narrative Identity Purpose/Goal

 How are you feeling right now? These set of questions in the interview will
sum up the mother’s perception in raising a
 Was it hard to raise your child in child to become a professional.
your own?
 How does it feel that your child
became successful in your own full
support?

I think that would be the end of our interview ma’am. Thank you for your time and also for
trusting us and letting us hear your story. I would just like to reassure you that anything about the
interview will be held confidential and will only be used for academic purposes only.
For questions about the study or a research-related inquiry, contact the researcher, Kelly
Jhen Tadiosa, at 09958379428. In the event of an emergency, you may contact Alddie Argallon
at 09655103466.

Thank you and good day!

 42

AP P END IX D

M ap of the research environment

 43

APPENDIX E

Coding Tables

PARTICIPANT # 1

LINE PERSO TEXT THEMES RATE RATER FINAL

N 2 RATING
R1
1 INT I: Good morning maam, May I know
your name and age?
Demographic
2 P.A Gina s 1 1
3 P.A 48 1 1
4 INT May I know your story of being a 1 1
single mother?
5 P.A My story of being a single mom kay Realization 1 1
kuan, lisod sad oy kay ako ray
gasalig sa akoang kaugalingon,
nitrabaho ko para silang kaugmaon.
Naningkamot ug grabena obstacles
akoang naagian.
6 INT Out of the number of children you Demographic
have, how many of them you have s
been able to raise as professional
individuals?
7 P.A Still ang eldest, kay uhm oo young Demographic 1 1
pa ang manghod gud
8 INT After all the experiences you had 1 1
being a single mother, what are your
ways in coping up to do the best for Demographic
your child?
9 P.A Kuan hm, every weekend or bisag Coping 1 1
naa koy free time kay makigkaon ko
nilas gawas.
10 INT What are your ways in handling Demographic
your child? s
 44

11 P.A Uhmmmm, Proper discipline lang Coping 1 1

jud pero salig sad jud ko nila kung
molaag sila
12 INT What are the difficulties you
encounter as a single mother?

13 P.A Daghan-daghan sad jud oy kay Coping 1 1

kanannng di man jud sayon ang
ikaw ra usa mo pabuhi sa imong
anak. Di nanako ma usa usa pero naa
jud toy kausa ba nga naglisod nakog
balance sa akoang time sa work ug
anak. Lisod kaayo to para nako judd
14 INT What was your inspiration to keep
going in sustaining your child’s
expenses in terms of school tuition?
15 P.A Akong inspiration kay mo keep Coping 1 1
going rajud ko, kay kung di ko
manarbaho para nila, they wouldn’t
be who they are now. Ingana lang
jud sha.
16 INT What do you think helped you in the
process of sustaining the needs of
your child?

17 P.A My work rajud. Coping 1 1

18 INT What are the ways of supporting
your child on his or her extra-
curricular activities?

19 P.A Kuan, not all the time naa jud kos ila Coping 1 1
extracurricular activities but I try my
best jud nga maabot on time. Di sad
ko mosalig nila kay kasabot raman
 45

sad sila sa situation namo nga bisag

wa ko didto, nisupporta ra gihapon
konila nya gipasabot naman na nako
sila daan sa amoang sitwasyon.
20 INT How are you feeling right now?

21 P.A Uhm, ok raman heavy pud ni Shifting to a 1 1

natopic para nako gud hahah more positive
attitude
22 INT Was it hard to raise your child in
your own?

23 P.A Yes, kaayo jud kay uhm…. akoa Coping 1 1

baya jud tanan lihok ug wana ko
nagsalig sa uban pa para sa mga
bayrunon og sa ilang mga
kailanganon pero gi tunga jud nako
akoang time para nila aron way gap
between us three
24 INT How does it feel that your child
became successful in your own full
support?

25 P.A Nindotkaayos paminaw nga Satisfaction 1 1

makahilak kaysa imohang
paningkamot makakita kas imong
anak nga profesional makahumok
kaayos dughan nya nindot pud
kaayo hunahunaon.

PARTICIPANT # 2

LIN PERS TEXT THEMES RATER RATER FINAL

E ON 1 2 RATING
1 INT Good morning maam,
May I know your name
and age?
 46

2 P.B Lorena Opena 1 1

Demograph
ic
3 P.B 45 1 1
4 INT Ma’am pwede ko
makahibaw sa story
nimo a as single mother?

5 P.B I was a single mom for Acceptance 1 1

about 15 years because
of separation, we had
two kids at that time and
I was left having doubts
if I could sustain the
needs of my two kids.
6 INT Gawas sa upat nimo ka
mga anak, pila man ang
nakahuman nila og
nahimong professional?
7 P.B Kalouy sa ginoo, ang Demograph 1 1
duha professional na. ics
8 INT Human sa imong mga 1 1
naagian sa pagka single
mom, unsa man imong
mga paagi sa pag cope
up para mhatag nimo ang
imong best sa imong
anak?
9 P.B Kuan, gibutang lang Realization 1 1
gyud nakos huna huna
nga wala ko mabiyae kay
naa akong anak nga
nagpabilin nako.
10 INT Giunsa man nimo
pagdala imong mga
anak?

11 P.B Trust and understand Coping 1 1

each one lang jud
 47

12 INT Unsa mansay mga

kalisud nga imong
naagian isip usa ka single
mom?

13 P.B Dili stable akoang work, Realization 1 1

kabaw najud baya ka nga
lisud pagpadako og anak
labi na ako ray
nagsaguyod nila.
14 INT What was your
inspiration to keep going
to sa pag sustento in
terms of school tuition?

15 P.B My inspiration to keep Shifting to a 1 1

going is imagining them more
marching towards the positive
stage mao jud na akong attitude
pinaka pangandoy nila.

16 INT What do you think

helped you in the process
of sustaining the needs of
your children?

17 P.B I get a lot of support Coping 1 1

from my family, relative,
and friends.
 48

18 INT What are your ways of

supporting your child on
his extra-curricular
activities?

19 P.B I attend every time there Coping 1 1

is a big event. Para sad
ma feel nila ba nga naa
ra gihapon ko bisag busy
ko sa work

20 INT How are you feeling 1 1

right now seeing what
your child had become?

21 P.B Do I really have to say a Satisfaction 1 1

word? Murag Makita on what the
man guro unsa ko ka child had
happy sa naabot nila become
karun. Everytime
makakita ko nila Makita
nako akong kaugalingon
nga naglisud pero
naningkamot para
maabot sila sa kong asa
sila karun.
22 INT How does it feel that
your children became
successful in your own
full support?
23 P.B Very intimidating, uhm.. Satisfaction 1 1
Unexplainable but yes on what the
my children did it. We child had
did it! become
PARTICIPANT # 3
 49

LIN PERS TEXT THEMES RATER 1 RATER 2 FINAL

E ON RATING
1 INT Good morning maam,
May I know your name
and age?

2 P.C I consider myself a single Acceptance 1 1

mom since my ex-
husband left us 13 years
ago.
3 INT Gawas sa tulo nimo ka
mga anak, pila man ang
nakahuman nila og
nahimong professional?
4 P.C As of the moment only Realizations 1 1
the eldest finished and
graduated college. She is
now an architect, after all
the sacrifices and trials
we encountered.
5 INT Human sa imong mga
naagian sa pagka single
mom, unsa man imong
mga paagi sa pag cope up
para mhatag nimo ang
imong best sa imong
anak?
6 P.C There are actually a lot of coping 1 1
ways to cope up the best
for my child’s.
7 INT Giunsa man nimo
pagdala imong mga
anak?
8 P.C The love and Realization 1 1
determination with
 50

prayers help me cope all

those trials.
9 INT Unsa mansay mga
kalisud nga imong
naagian isip usa ka single
mom?
10 P.C Focus and hardworking Coping 1 1
to earn a living for the
tuition and other needs.

11 INT What was your

inspiration to keep going
to sa pag sustento in
terms of school tuition?
12 P.C My inspiration to keep 1 1
going is my love,
mother’s love and seeing Shifting to a
my child’s determination more
to go to school even positive
without money to stay thoughts
the long day at school.
All the best for my
children is what matters
most.
13 INT What do you think
helped you in the process
of sustaining the needs of
your children?
14 P.C Setting aside wants helps Coping 1 1
me pursue my daughters
dream supporting
financial support. Being
strict, constant advice
and reminders to make
sure she can feel the
sacrifices I am doing for
her o have quality
education, and to also
realize the importance of
education for her future.
15 INT What are your ways of
supporting your child on
 51

his extra-curricular
activities?
16 P.C I consider myself a 1 1
“stage mother” I am very
pro-active in letting my Coping
children join or
participate in extra-
curricular activities in
school, because that’s
one way for them to gain
self-confidence, learn,
and enhance personal
interaction.
PARTICIPANT # 4

LIN PERS TEXT THEMES RATER 1 RATER 2 FINAL

E ON RATING
1 INT Good morning maam,
May I know your name
and age?

2 P.D Rachel Demographi 1 1

cs

3 P.D 47 years old 1 1

4 INT Ma’am pwede ko
makahibaw sa story nimo
as a single mother?
5 P.D Being a single mom was Acceptance 1 1
not a joke. I’ve been a
single mom for about 8
years nibiya akong bana
kay lagi lisud jud
kayning makabana tag
for better ra dili pang
worst hahaha
6 INT Human sa imong mga 1 1
naagian sa pagka single
 52

mom, unsa man imong

mga paagi sa pag cope up
para mahatag nimo ang
imong best sa imong
anak?
7 P.D Hardwork og Shifting to a 1 1
perseverance lang jud nia more
dapat ka maghuna huna positive
unsay kaugmaons anak thoughts
nmo kung mo stop ka
8 INT Giunsa man nimo
pagdala imong anak?

9 P.D ako cya always sultian Coping 1 1

nga part ang problema sa
kinabuhi maong he must
strive para makaabot sa
iyang dapat again
10 INT Unsa mansay mga
kalisud nga imong
naagian isip usa ka single
mom?

11 P.D kanang naay time nga Coping 1 1

maglisud mi sama anang
ting bayad nya sa tuition
pero wala pa akong
sweldo.
12 INT What was your
inspiration to keep going
to sa pag sustento in
terms of school tuition?

13 P.D Akong inspiration? Realization 1 1

Hmmm.. maybe I want to
prove nga dili rason ang
pagka single mother para
dili makahuman sa pag
skuyla ang imong anak.
14 INT What do you think
 53

helped you in the process

of sustaining the needs of
your children?
15 P.D Ang pagka determinado Shifting to a 1 1
nako nga pahumanon more
siyag paskuyla. positive
thoughts
16 INT What are your ways of
supporting your child on
his extra-curricular
activities?

17 P.D I’m a regular worker nya Demographi 1 1

usahay mangita kog raket cs
para dagdag income.
18 INT How are you feeling right
now seeing what your
child had become?

19 P.D Blessed and thankful Satisfaction 1 1

kaayo ko sa tanang tao on what
nga akong nadaganan sa their child
panahong had become
nanginahanglan mi og
support og specially sa
ginoo.
20 INT How does it feel that
your children became
successful in your own
full support?

21 P.D Feeling nako duha mi Satisfaction 1 1

nga successful kay kung on what
unsay ilang nakab ot mao their child
sad akong gipangandoy. had be
come
54
 55

APPENDIX F

GRAMMARLY PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

DOCUMENT SCORE

THE NARRATIVES OF 29of 100

SINGLE MOTHERS IN ISSUES FOUND IN THIS TEXT

RAISING PROFE 582

PLAGIARISM

0%
Contextual Spelling 284

Misspelled Words 169

Unknown Words 98

Confused Words 14

Commonly Confused Words 3

Grammar 94
Determiner Use (a/an/the/this, etc.) 39

Wrong or Missing Prepositions 20

Faulty Subject-Verb Agreement 15

Incorrect Verb Number 9

Incorrect Noun Number 5

Modal Verbs 2

Faulty Tense Sequence 2

Pronoun Use 1

Misuse of Modifiers 1

Punctuation 49
Punctuation in Compound/ Complex Sentences 25
 56

Comma Misuse within Clauses 16

Closing Punctuation 1

Sentence Structure 9
Misplaced Words or Phrases 9

Incomplete Sentences 4

Faulty Parallelism 1

Style 77
Passive Voice Misuse 33

Wordy Sentences 20

Improper Formatting 11

Intricate Text 9

Weak or Uncertain Language 2

Inappropriate Colloquialisms 2

Vocabulary Enhancement 69
Word Choice 69
57
 58

APPENDIX G

DECLARATION OF NO CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors whose names appear immediately below declare that they have no conflict of interest in
this manuscript. This statement is signed by all the authors to indicate agreement that this information
is true and correct:

_____________________________ ___________
Author’s Name (printed) and Signature Date

_____________________________ ___________
Author’s Name (printed) and Signature Date

_____________________________ ___________
Author’s Name (printed) and Signature Date

_____________________________ ___________
Author’s Name (printed) and Signature Date

_____________________________ ___________
Author’s Name (printed) and Signature Date
 59

CURRICULUM

VITAE
 60

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Kelly Jhen L. Tadiosa

Age: 19
Birth Date: August 9, 1999
Religion: Roman Catholic
Status: Single

Educational Background
Senior High School: University of Cebu – Banilad Campus
Strand: HUMSS
Junior High School: Jugan National High School

Skills
Dancing
Pianist
Badminton Player
Editor

Curriculum Vitae
 61

Name: Alddie Argallon

Age: 18
Birth Date: July 11, 2000
Religion: Roman Catholic
Status: Single

Educational Background
Senior High School: University of Cebu – Banilad Campus
Strand: HUMSS
Junior High School: La Consolacion College – Liloan, Cebu, Inc.

Skills
Dancing
Singing
Badminton Player

Curriculum Vitae
 62

Name: Lorivelle Torceno

Age: 18
Birth Date: December 26, 2000
Religion: Roman Catholic
Status: Single

Educational Background
Senior High School: University of Cebu – Banilad Campus
Strand: HUMSS
Junior High School: Jugan National High School

Skills
Singing
Cooking

Curriculum Vitae
 63

Name: Tommy Yocte

Age: 18
Birth Date: August 17, 2000
Religion: Roman Catholic
Status: Single

Educational Background
Senior High School: University of Cebu – Banilad Campus
Strand: HUMSS
Junior High School: Eduardo T. Oporto Memorial National High School

Skills
Acting
Dancing
Cooking