| BS EN

BRITISH STANDARD |
|
| 50178:1998
|
|
|
| Incorporating
| Corrigendum No. 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Electronic equipment |
|
|
|
|
|
for use in power |
|
|
|
|
|
installations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The European Standard EN 50178:1997 has the status of a |
British Standard |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ICS 29.240.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NO COPYING WI THOUT BSI PE RMI SSI ON EXCE PT AS P ERMITTE D BY COP YRIGHT LAW |
|
|
BS EN 50178:1998

National foreword
This British Standard is the English language version of EN 50178:1997.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
PEL/22, Static power convertor equipment, which has the responsibility to:

Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;

Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the
interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;
Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgate
them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to

its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European publications
referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the
section entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using the
ªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 99 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed throughout this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
Sidelining in this document indicates the most recent changes by amendment.

This British Standard, having Amendments issued since publication

been prepared under the
direction of the Electrotechnical Amd. No. Date Comments
Sector Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Standards Committee and comes 10604 August 1999 Correction to Table 10
into effect on 15 December 1998 Corrigendum

© BSI 08-1999

ISBN 0 580 30453 1

EUROPEAN STANDARDS EN 50178
NORME EUROPEÂENNE
EUROPAÈISHE NORM October 1997

ICS 29.240.00

Descriptors: electrical installation, industrial electrical installation, electronic equipment, definitions, design, safety, protection against
electric shocks, protection against live parts, climatic conditions, electrical properties, mechanical properties, tests, marking

English version
Electronic equipment for use in power installations

EÂquipement eÂlectronique utilise dans les AusruÈstung von Starkstromanlagen mit

installations de puissance elektronischen Betriebsmitteln

This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 1997-07-01. CENELEC

members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national
standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central
Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German).
A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has
the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria,
Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comite EuropeÂen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
EuropaÈisches Komitee fuÈr Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

© 1997 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC
Members.
Ref. No. EN 50178:1997 E
Page 2
EN 50178:1997

Foreword Contents
This European Standard was prepared by the Task Page
Force CENELEC BTTF 60-1, Assembly of electronic
Foreword 2
equipment.
A first draft was submitted to CENELEC enquiry 1 Scope 8
(6MP) in August 1994 but failed to be accepted. A 2 Normative references 8
second draft was submitted to CENELEC enquiry 3 Definitions 10
(2MP) in September 1995 and was accepted. The text
of the final draft was submitted to the Unique 4 Requirements for entire system 16
Acceptance Procedure and was approved by 4.1 Normal function 16
CENELEC as EN 50178 on 1997-07-01.
4.2 Damage to persons or material 16
The following dates were fixed:
4.3 EE connected to unearthed supply
mains under condition of earth fault 17
Ð latest date by which the EN has
to be implemented at national level 4.4 Earthing requirements (grounding,
by publication of an identical earthing and screening) 17
national standard or by 4.5 Wires and cables for interconnection 17
endorsement (dop) 1998-06-01
4.6 Fuses in neutral and protective
Ð latest date by which the conductors 17
national standards conflicting with
the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2003-06-01 5 Safety requirements 18
5.1 General requirements 18
Annexes designated ªinformativeº are given for 5.2 Requirements for EE with regard to
information only. In this standard annexes A and B are protection against electric shock 20
informative.
5.2.1 Requirements for protection against
Annex A offers additional information e.g. as a basis electric shock 20
for design purposes. It also indicated items where new
standards are expected to be established. Functions or 5.2.2 Protection against direct contact 21
characteristics presented in the informative annex A 5.2.3 Protection by means of insulation of
may be used as options of the electronic equipment, live parts 21
provided that test methods are specified and test
5.2.4 Protection by means of enclosures
equipment is available. In any case, these points have
and barriers 21
to be discussed and clarified between customer and
manufacturer. 5.2.4.1 Distances 22
Annex B is under consideration. It is intended to 5.2.5 Discharge of capacitors 22
contain tables with all important figures and values. It 5.2.6 Built-in devices 22
shows a condensed overview on the conditions and
requirements for convenience of the user of the 5.2.7 EE for closed electrical operating
standard. areas 22
The requirements of this European Standard are based 5.2.8 Protection in the case of direct
on basic or generic standards issued by IEC or CLC contact 22
where these standards exist. This is valid especially for 5.2.8.1 Protection by means of extra-low
safety and environmental requirements. Additional voltage with protective separation
requirements are stipulated where necessary. (SELV- and PELV-system 22
This European Standard is a harmonized standard for 5.2.8.2 Protection by means of limitation of
electronic equipment for use in power installations the discharging energy 22
according to the Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC. No
additional requirements are to be met for compliance 5.2.8.3 Protection by means of protective
with this directive. impedance 22
5.2.8.4 Protection by using limited voltages in
control circuits 23
5.2.8.5 Connectors 23
5.2.9 Protection with regard to indirect
contact 23

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 3
EN 50178:1997

Page Page
5.2.9.1 Insulation between live parts and 5.2.18.6 Components and other electrical
exposed conductive parts 23 sub-assemblies 47
5.2.9.2 Protective bonding 23 5.3 Requirements for EEs in installations
5.2.9.3 Rating of protective bonding 24 with regard to protection against
electric shock 47
5.2.9.4 Protection against corrosion 24
5.3.1 Protection with regard to direct
5.2.9.5 Protective bonding conductor with contact 47
low cross-section 24
5.3.1.1 Cables and leads 47
5.2.9.6 EE with voltage above a.c. 1 400 V or
d.c. 2 000 V 24 5.3.1.2 Connection of EE with protective
separation 47
5.2.9.7 Interruption 24
5.3.1.3 Built-in devices in installations 47
5.2.9.8 Marking 24
5.3.1.4 EE in closed electrical operating areas 48
5.2.10 Means of connection for the protective
conductor 24 5.3.2 Protection with regard to indirect
contact 48
5.2.11 Leakage current and fault current 24
5.3.2.1 Leakage current through the
5.2.11.1 High leakage current 24 protective conductor 48
5.2.11.2 Compatibility with 5.3.2.2 Permissible touch voltage 48
residual-current-operated protective
devices in case of low leakage current 25 5.3.2.3 Protection of EE by residual-current-
operated protective device 48
5.2.12 Special features in EE for protective
class II 26 6 Environmental requirements and
conditions 48
5.2.13 Decisive voltage 27
6.1 Climatic conditions 48
5.2.14 Solid insulation, insulation of circuits 29
6.1.1 Temperature 49
5.2.14.1 Between circuits and exposed
conductive parts or accessible 6.1.1.1 Ambient air temperature 49
surfaces of EE 29 6.1.1.2 Cooling medium temperature 50
5.2.14.2 Between circuits 29 6.1.2 Humidity and air pressure 50
5.2.14.3 Bridging of the insulation via 6.1.3 Pollution 50
conductive parts 29 6.2 Mechanical requirements (general) 50
5.2.15 Clearances and creepage distances, 6.2.1 Mechanical shock 50
pollution degree 29
6.2.2 Mechanical vibration 50
5.2.15.1 Clearances and creepage distances 29
6.2.2.1 Immunity requirement to mechanical
5.2.15.2 Pollution degree 37 vibration 50
5.2.16 Clearances 37 6.2.2.2 Mechanical vibration emission
5.2.16.1 Clearances between mains-circuits and constraints 50
their environment 38 6.2.3 Sealing in case of liquid cooling 51
5.2.16.2 Clearances between non-mains-circuits 6.2.4 Sealing against dust ingress to EE 51
and their environment 39
6.3 Electrical and electromagnetic
5.2.16.3 Clearances within a circuit 40 requirements 51
5.2.17 Creepage distances 40 6.3.1 Conditions in the system (immunity
5.2.18 Protective separation 44 level for EE) 51
5.2.18.1 Constructive measures 45 6.3.2 EE connected to a.c. supply mains
5.2.18.2 Protective separation by double or (immunity) 51
reinforced insulation 45 6.3.2.1 Supply voltage variation 51
5.2.18.3 Protective separation by protective 6.3.2.2 Frequency 51
screening 45 6.3.3 EE connected to d.c. supply mains
5.2.18.4 Clearances and creepage distances in (immunity) 51
case of protective separation 46 6.3.4 Short-circuit withstand capability
5.2.18.5 Partial discharge 46 (immunity) 52

© BSI 08-1999
Page 4
EN 50178:1997

Page Page
6.3.5 Immunity from electromagnetic 8 Requirements for the assembly of
disturbance 52 EE(s) in power installations 56
6.3.6 Effects of EE(s) on the system 8.1 General 56
(emission) 52 8.2 Fitting tolerances after assembly 56
6.3.7 Rating of power electronic equipment 52 8.3 Supply mains 56
7 Requirements for electronic equipment 52 8.3.1 Monitoring of insulation 56
7.1 Design and construction 52 8.3.2 Functional earthing 56
7.1.1 General 52 8.3.3 Design and protection of conductors
7.1.2 Quality and reliability 52 to and in EE 56
7.1.3 Working life 52 8.3.3.1 Power input conductors to EE 56
7.1.4 Insulation 52 8.3.3.2 Conductors between separated parts
7.1.5 Component selection and use 53 of an EE 57
7.1.5.1 Selection criteria for components 53 8.3.3.3 Conductors on the load side of EE 57
7.1.5.2 Hazards arising from components 53 8.3.3.4 Protective conductors 57
7.1.6 Power supply switching, fusing and 9 Testing 57
usage 53 9.1 General 57
7.1.6.1 Fire protection and fire risk 53 9.1.1 Tests and methods of testing 57
7.1.6.2 Operation under fault conditions 53 9.1.1.1 Type test 57
7.1.7 Construction 53 9.1.1.2 Routine test 58
7.1.7.1 EE mounting practice Ð general 53 9.1.1.3 Sample test 58
7.1.7.2 Cooling 53 9.1.1.4 Site test 58
7.1.7.3 Mechanical protection of equipment 9.1.2 General conditions for testing 58
and sub-units 53 9.1.3 Verification procedure 58
7.1.7.4 Layout of components and equipment 53 9.2 Compliance with this European
7.1.7.5 Temperature of accessible parts 54 Standard 59
7.1.7.6 Fixing (mechanical retention of 9.3 Overview of tests 59
components and sub-units) 54 9.4 Performance of the tests 61
7.1.8 Electrical connections 54 9.4.1 Visual inspections 61
7.1.9 Multiple connectors and 9.4.2 Climatic environmental tests 61
plug-and-socket devices 54
9.4.2.1 Dry heat test 62
7.1.10 Electrical conductors 54
9.4.2.2 Damp heat test 62
7.1.10.1 Wires and cables for interconnection 54
9.4.3 Mechanical tests 63
7.1.10.2 Conventional wiring within EE 54
9.4.3.1 Topple test 63
7.1.11 Reference conductor, functional
earthing 54 9.4.3.2 Vibration test 63
7.2 Marking, identification, documentation 54 9.4.3.3 Seal test for liquid cooled EE 63
7.2.1 Marking 54 9.4.4 Safety related mechanical tests 64
7.2.2 Identification of equipment, sub-units, 9.4.4.1 Clearances and creepage distances 64
position and terminals 55 9.4.4.2 Non-accessibility test 64
7.2.3 Documentation 55 9.4.4.3 Enclosure test 64
7.2.3.1 General 55 9.4.4.4 Suitability test of varnish or coating 64
7.2.3.2 Operating documents 55 9.4.5 Safety related electrical (dielectric)
7.2.3.3 Instructions for transport, tests 64
maintenance, fault finding, repair 56 9.4.5.1 Impulse voltage test 65
7.2.3.4 Test records 56 9.4.5.2 A.c. or d.c. voltage insulation test 66
7.2.4 Drawings and diagrams 56

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 5
EN 50178:1997

Page Page
9.4.5.2.1 Relation of a.c. or d.c. test voltage to A.5.2.9.4 Protection against corrosion 77
rated insulation voltage 66 A.5.2.11.2 Compatibility with
9.4.5.2.2 Value and type of insulation test residual-current-operated protective
voltage 66 devices 77
9.4.5.2.3 Performing the insulation voltage test 67 A.5.2.13 Decisive voltage 79
9.4.5.2.4 Duration and verification of the a.c. or A.5.2.14.1 Between circuits and exposed
d.c. voltage test 69 conductive parts or accessible
9.4.5.3 Partial discharge test 69 surfaces of EE 79
9.4.5.4 Insulation resistance test in the power A.5.2.16 Clearances 82
installation 69 A.5.2.18 Protective separation 83
9.4.5.5 Protective impedance, protective A.5.2.18.1 Constructive measures 83
screening 70 A.5.2.18.7 Coil devices 84
9.4.6 Electrical environmental tests 70 A.5.2.18.8 Switchgear and electromechanical
9.4.6.1 Emission of electromagnetic components 85
disturbance 70 A.5.2.18.9 Semiconductor components and
9.4.6.2 Immunity from electromagnetic semiconductor configurations 85
disturbance 70 A.5.2.18.10 Connectors and terminal blocks 85
9.4.6.3 Short-circuit withstand capability 70 A.5.3 Requirements for EEs in installations
9.4.7 Performance test 71 with regard to protection against
Annex A (informative) Additional information 72 electric shock 85
A.2 Bibliography 72 A.5.3.2.4 Equipotential bonding between
reference conductor and protective
A.4 Requirements for entire system 72 conductor 85
A.4.4 Earthing requirements (grounding, A.6 Environmental requirements and
earthing and screening) 72 conditions 85
A.4.4.1 Functional grounding/earthing 73 A.6.1.2 Humidity and air pressure 86
A.4.4.1.1 Cable screens 73 A.6.1.3 Pollution (atmospheric) 86
A.4.4.1.2 Armoring, conduits and cable trays 73 A.6.1.4 Special stress 86
A.4.4.1.3 Reference conductors 73 A.6.2.2.1 Immunity requirement to mechanical
A.4.4.1.4 Transformer screens 74 vibration 86
A.4.4.1.5 Filter returns 74 A.6.3 Electrical and electromagnetic
A.4.4.1.6 Radio frequency (RF) screens 74 requirements 86
A.4.7 Acoustic noise 74 A.6.3.2 EE connected to a.c. supply mains
(immunity) 87
A.5 Safety requirements 74
A.6.3.2.3 Voltage dips and short supply
A.5.2.4 Protection by means of enclosures interruptions 87
and barriers 74
A.6.3.2.4 Harmonic and interharmonic voltages 87
A.5.2.4.2 Mechanical fault 74
A.6.3.2.5 Voltage notches 87
A.5.2.4.3 Mechanical durability 74
A.6.3.2.6 Voltage unbalance 88
A.5.2.4.4 Screws 74
A.6.3.3 EE connected to d.c. supply mains
A.5.2.4.5 Opening of enclosures 75 (immunity) 88
A.5.2.8 Protection in the case of direct A.6.3.5 Immunity from electromagnetic
contact 75 disturbance 88
A.5.2.8.2 Protection by means of limitation of A.6.3.5.1 Types of interference 88
discharging energy 77
A.6.3.5.2 Electrical isolation of process I/O and
A.5.2.8.3 Protection by means of protective telecommunication ports 88
impedance 77
A.6.3.6 Effects of EE(s) on the system
A.5.2.9.2 Bonding connection arrangements 77 (emission) 89
A.5.2.9.3 Rating of protective bonding 77 A.7 Requirements for electronic equipment 89

© BSI 08-1999
Page 6
EN 50178:1997

Page Page
A.7.1.2 Quality and reliability 89 A.7.2.4.2 Diagrams 94
A.7.1.5 Component selection and use 89 A.7.3 Setting-up, calibration and
A.7.1.5.3 Rating 89 maintenance 94
A.7.1.5.4 Tolerance of components 89 A.7.3.1 Objectives 94
A.7.1.5.5 Storage 89 A.7.3.2 Preset controls and adjustable
components 94
A.7.1.5.6 Failure mechanism 90
A.7.3.3 Removal and replacement of sub-units 95
A.7.1.5.7 Semiconductor devices, including
integrated circuits 90 A.7.3.4 Test points and other maintenance
aids 95
A.7.1.5.8 Indicating devices 90
A.7.3.5 Special tools 95
A.7.1.5.9 Storage/transportation 90
A.7.3.6 Power sources for test equipment 95
A.7.1.6 Power supply switching, fusing and
usage 90 A.7.3.7 Loose items 95
A.7.1.6.1 Fire protection and fire risk 90 A.8 Requirements for the assembly of
EE(s) in power installations 95
A.7.1.6.3 Power supply units 90
A.8.3.3.1 Power input conductors to EE 95
A.7.1.6.4 Power supply unit usage 90
A.9 Testing 95
A.7.1.6.5 Batteries 91
A.9.1.1.1 Type test 95
A.7.1.7 Construction 91
A.9.1.1.5 Integration tests 96
A.7.1.7.2 Cooling 91
A.9.4 Additional tests 96
A.7.1.7.7 Component mounting (avoidance of
excessive mechanical stressing) 91 A.9.4.2.3 Low temperature test 96
A.7.1.8 Electrical connections 91 A.9.4.2.4 Salt corrosion test 96
A.7.1.8.1 Soldered connections 91 A.9.4.2.5 Humidity cycling test 96
A.7.1.8.2 Component soldering 91 A.9.4.2.6 Mould growth test 96
A.7.1.8.3 Solderless wrapped connections 91 A.9.4.2.7 Industrial atmosphere test 96
A.7.1.8.4 Screwtype connections 91 A.9.4.3.4 Drop test 96
A.7.1.8.5 Current carrying parts and their A.9.4.3.5 Seismic test 96
connections 91 A.9.4.5.3 Partial discharge test 96
A.7.1.8.6 Crimped connections 91 A.9.4.6.4 High frequency disturbance test 96
A.7.1.8.7 Insulation displacement connections 91 A.9.4.6.5 Insulation tests for process I/O and
A.7.1.8.8 Terminal blocks 92 telecommunication ports with
electrical isolation 96
A.7.1.9 Multiple connectors and plug-and-
socket devices 92 A.9.4.8 Soak test 99
A.7.1.9.1 Printed circuit board connection 92 Annex B (informative) Tables and figures 99
A.7.1.10 Electrical conductors 92 Figure 1 Ð Arrangement of fuses in sub-assemblies
and in installations 18
A.7.1.10.2 Conventional wiring within EE 92
Figure 2 Ð Functional summary of protective
A.7.1.10.3 Materials and finishes 93 measures against electric shock 19
A.7.1.12 Programmable equipment 93 Figure 3 Ð Examples for protection against direct
A.7.1.12.1 Software and firmware 93 contact 20
A.7.1.12.2 Software/firmware support 93 Figure 4 Ð Flow chart leading to requirements
A.7.2 Marking, identification, documentation 93 when using EE(s) behind an RCD 26
A.7.2.2 Component identification 93 Figure 5 Ð Typical waveform for case a) a.c.
voltage 27
A.7.2.3.5 Documentation for software, firmware
and programmable logic 94 Figure 6 Ð Typical waveform for case b) d.c.
voltage 27
A.7.2.4 Drawings and diagrams 94
Figure 7 Ð Typical waveform for case c) pulsating
A.7.2.4.1 Drawings 94 voltage 28

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 7
EN 50178:1997

Page Page
Figure 8 Ð Determination of insulation within a Table 7 Ð Climatic conditions 49
circuit 31 Table 8 Ð Heating of accessible parts 54
Figure 9 Ð Determination of insulation between Table 9 Ð General test conditions 58
live parts and accessible surfaces 32
Table 10 Ð Overview of tests 60
Figure 10 Ð Determination of insulation between
circuits and environment and of insulation Table 11 Ð Dry heat test 62
between circuits 33 Table 12 Ð Damp heat test 62
Figure 11 Ð Determination of functional insulation 34 Table 13 Ð Topple test 63
Figure 12 Ð Determination of basic insulation 35 Table 14 Ð Vibration test 63
Figure 13 Ð Determination of double or reinforced Table 15 Ð Non-accessibility test 64
insulation 36
Table 16 Ð Impulse voltage test 65
Figure 14 Protective separation (with the
Table 17 Ð Impulse test voltage 66
respective subclauses in parentheses) 44
Table 18 Ð A.c. or d.c. insulation test voltage 67
Figure 15 Ð Clearances and creepage distances for
protective separation 46 Table 19 Ð Partial discharge test 69
Figure 16 Ð Voltage test procedures 68 Table 20 Ð Minimum value of insulation resistance 70
Figure A.1 Ð Examples for protection in the case Table 21 Ð Short-circuit withstand capability 71
of direct contact 76 Table A.1 Ð Values of accessible capacitance and
Figure A.2 Ð Fault-current in connections with charging voltage (threshold of pain) 77
semiconductor devices. 78 Table A.2 Ð Maximum concentration of corrosive
Figure A.3 Ð Planning example for application of gases 86
RCD Type B 79
Figure A.4 Ð Examples of subdivided insulation
against accessible surfaces of EE 80
Figure A.5 Ð Examples for the insulation of
control elements 81
Figure A.6 Ð Examples for the design of
clearances (continued) 82
Figure A.7 Ð Correlation between humidity and
temperature of the air 86
Figure A.8 Ð Periodical momentary dips of a.c.
mains voltage caused by convertors 88
Figure A.9 Ð Insulation displacement connection
with flat cable 92
Figure A.10 Ð Test set-up for EE grounded via a
dedicated earthing connection 98
Figure A.11 Ð Test set-up for EE grounded via the
power cord 98
Figure A.12 Ð Application of the test voltage to a
single port and to grouping of ports 99
Table 1 Ð Summary of the limits of the decisive
voltage UM 28
Table 2 Ð Definitions of pollution degrees 37
Table 3 Ð Clearances between mains-circuits and
their environment 38
Table 4 Ð Clearances between non-mains-circuits
and their environment 39
Table 5 Ð Clearances within a circuit 40
Table 6 Ð Minimum creepage distances 42

© BSI 08-1999
Page 8
EN 50178:1997

Introduction environmental conditions in which the electronic

equipment is operating so that they are compatible
As the title indicates this European Standard applies
with the requirements of this European Standard. This
where electronic equipment is to be installed or is used
can be done by special casing or means of filtering for
in power installations. The term electronic equipment
example. The other possibility is to improve the
denotes equipment which may contain information
electronic equipment so that it meets the requirements
technology equipment as well as power electronic
of this European Standard.
equipment and non-electronic components. Electronic
equipment may be designed and used as
stand-alone-equipment or as sub-assemblies built as 1 Scope
cubicles, plug-in-units or assembled printed circuit This European Standard applies to the use of
boards. However, the EMC requirements are always to electronic equipment (EE) in power installations where
be fulfilled on the apparatus or system level. a uniform technical level with respect to safety and
The term power installation as used in this European reliability is necessary. This standard also applies to EE
Standard denotes an installation with assembled which are not covered by a specific product standard.
electrical and electronic equipment in a given location This European Standard defines the minimum
and designed for coordinated operation and connected requirements for the design and manufacture of EE,
to an electricity supply system. Although the use of the for protection against electric shock, for testing and its
installation is not specified it is expected that the main integration into systems for power installations.
purpose will be controlling, regulating and converting
electrical energy. In all cases within this European This European Standard does not cover the following
Standard a power installation is interacting with the applications: electrical accessories and electrical
electricity supply system, either directly e.g. by means appliances for household and similar purposes, medical
of control, regulating and protection system, or equipment, electric railway equipment, data processing
indirectly e.g. by means of measurements leading to without control on systems and processes, public and
intervention by personnel. However, power installation private non-industrial telecommunication and radio
as used in other standards may have other definitions. communication equipment and networks, protection
relays, residual-current-operated protective devices,
As the title ªElectronic equipment for use in power uninterruptible power supplies, lighting equipment and
installationsº implies the standard mainly applies where public charging equipment for electrical vehicles.
electronic equipment is integrated into or is used in
power installations. As the standard is also concerned
with the design and testing of electronic equipment, 2 Normative references
the appropriate clauses within it apply in cases where This European Standard incorporates by dated or
no other applicable specifications exist in individual undated reference, provisions from other publications.
product standards. These normative references are cited at the
Beyond that the main intention of the standard is to appropriate places in the text and the publications are
stipulate minimum requirements for the design and listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent
manufacture of electronic equipment, for protection amendments to or revisions of any of these
against electric shock, for testing and for the publications apply to this standard only when
integration into systems for power installations. Right incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For
from the beginning and reflecting the experiences of undated references the latest edition of the publication
the experts it seems necessary to use minimum referred to applies.
requirements in order to achieve a certain technical European Standards
level with respect to safety and reliability. This is
EN 29000:1988, Quality management and quality
especially true where electronic equipment is
assurance Ð Guidelines for selection and use.
assembled into power installations.
EN 50081-1, Electromagnetic compatibility Ð Generic
In all cases where more severe requirements are
emission standard Ð Part 1: Residential, commercial
defined in individual product standards or purchasing
and light industry.
specifications they shall take precedence over the
requirements of this European Standard. This may be EN 50081-2, Electromagnetic compatibility Ð Generic
true for special safety related applications of electronic emission standard Ð Part 2: Industrial environment.
equipment or applications under special environmental EN 50082-1, Electromagnetic compatibility Ð Generic
conditions. immunity standard Ð Part 1: Residential,
In the other cases where a product standard does not commercial and light industry
meet the minimum requirements of this European EN 50082-2, Electromagnetic compatibility Ð Generic
Standard and therefore prevents the direct use of immunity standard Ð Part 2: Industrial
electronic equipment designed and manufactured environment.
fulfilling the requirements of those product standards prEN 50093:1991, Basic immunity standard for voltage
additional means has to be considered in power dips, short interruptions and voltage variations.
installations. One possibility is to influence the

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 9
EN 50178:1997

EN 60068-2-2 :1993, Basic environmental testing EN 61008-1:1994, Residual current operated

procedures Ð Part 2: Tests Ð Tests B: Dry heat circuit-breakers without integral overcurrent
(+A1:1993 +A2:1994). protection for household and similar uses
(IEC 68-2-2:1974 +IEC 68-2-2/A1:1993 +IEC 68-2-2/A2:1994) (RCCB's) Ð Part 1: General rules.
EN 60068-2-6:1995, Basic environmental testing (IEC 1008-1:1990 +A1:1992)
procedures Ð Part 2: Tests Ð Test Fc and guidance: EN 61136-1:1995, Semiconductor power convertors Ð
Vibration (sinusoidal). Adjustable speed electric drive systems Ð General
(IEC 68-2-6:1995) requirements Ð Part 1: Rating specifications,
EN 60068-2-31:1993, Basic environmental testing particularly for d.c. motor drives.
procedures Ð Part 2: Tests Ð Test Ec: Drop and (IEC 1136-1:1992, modified)
topple, primarily for equipment-type specimens. EN 61180-1:1994, High-voltage test technique for
(IEC 68-2-31:1969 +A1:1982) low-voltage equipment Ð Part 1: Definitions, test and
EN 60071-1:1995, Insulation coordination Ð procedure requirements.
Part 1: Terms, definitions, principle and rules (IEC 1180-1:1992)
(IEC 71-1:1993) EN 61800-3:1996, Adjustable speed electrical power
EN 60146-1-1:1993, Semiconductor convertors Ð drive systems Ð Part 3: EMC product standard
General requirements and line commutated including specific test methods.
convertors Ð Part 1-1: Specifications of basic (IEC 1800-3:1996)
requirements. ENV 61000-2-2:1993, Electromagnetic compatibility
(IEC 146-1-1:1991) (EMC) Ð Part 2: Environment Ð
EN 60269-1:1989, Low-voltage fuses Ð Part 1: General Section 2: Compatibility levels for low-frequency
requirements. conducted disturbances and signalling in public
(IEC 269-1:1986) low-voltage power supply systems.
(IEC 1000-2-2:1990, modified)
EN 60352-1:1994, Solderless connections Ð
Part 1: Solderless wrapped connections Ð General Harmonization Documents
requirements, test methods and practical guidance. HD 21.7 S1:1990, Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables of
(IEC 352-1:1983) rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V Ð
EN 60352-2:1994, Solderless connections Ð Part 7: Single core non-sheathed cables for internal
Part 2: Solderless crimped connections Ð General wiring for a conductor temperature of 90 8C.
requirements, test methods and practical guidance. HD 193 S2:1982, Voltage bands for electrical
(IEC 352-2:1990) installation of buildings.
EN 60529:1991, Degrees of protection provided by (IEC 449:1973 +A1:1979)
enclosures (IP-Code). HD 214 S2:1980, Method for determining the
(IEC 529:1989) comparative and the proof tracking indices of solid
EN 60721-3-1:1993, Classification of environmental insulation materials under moist conditions.
conditions Ð Part 3: Classification of groups of (IEC 112:1979)
environmental parameters and their severities Ð HD 243 S12:1995, Graphical symbols for use on
Storage. equipment.
(IEC 721-3-1:1987 +A1:1991) (IEC 417:1973 +IEC 417A:1974 to IEC 417M:1994)
EN 60721-3-2:1993, Classification of environmental HD 323.2.3 S2:1987, Basic environmental testing
conditions Ð Part 3: Classification of groups of procedures Ð Part 2: Tests Ð Test Ca: Damp heat,
environmental parameters and their severities Ð steady state.
Transportation. (IEC 68-2-3:1969 +A1:1984)
(IEC 721-3-2:1985 +A1:1991) HD 323.2.28 S1:1988, Basic environmental testing
EN 60721-3-3:1995, Classification of environmental procedures Ð Part 2: Tests Ð Guidance for damp
conditions Ð Part 3: Classification of groups of heat tests.
environmental parameters and their severities Ð (IEC 68-2-28:1980)
Stationary use at weatherprotected locations. HD 366 S1:1977, Classification of electrical and
(IEC 721-3-3:1994) electronic equipment with regard to protection against
EN 60721-3-4:1995, Classification of environmental electric shock.
conditions Ð Part 3: Classification of groups of (IEC 536:1976)
environmental parameters and their severities Ð HD 384.2 S1:1986, International Electrotechnical
Stationary use at non weatherprotected locations. Vocabulary (IEV) Ð Chapter 826: Electrical
(IEC 721-3-4:1995) installations of buildings.
(IEC 50(826):1982)

© BSI 08-1999
Page 10
EN 50178:1997

HD 384.3 S2:1995, Electrical installation of HD 588.1 S1:1991, High voltage test techniques Ð
buildings Ð Part 3: Assessment of general Part 1: General definitions and test requirements.
characteristics. (IEC 60-1:1989)
(IEC 364-3:1993, modified) HD 625.1 S1:1996, Insulation coordination for
HD 384.4.41 S2:1996, Electrical installation of equipment within low-voltage systems Ð
buildings Ð Part 4: Protection for safety Ð Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests.
Chapter 41: Protection against electric shock. (IEC 664-1:1992, modified)
(IEC 364-4-41:1992, modified) IEC-Publications
HD 384.4.43 S1:1980, Electrical installation of IEC 50 (151):1978, International Electrotechnical
buildings Ð Part 4: Protection for safety Ð Vocabulary (IEV) Ð Chapter 151: Electrical and
Chapter 43: Protection against overcurrent. magnetic devices.
(IEC 364-4-43:1977, modified) IEC 50 (161):1990, International Electrotechnical
HD 384.4.47 S2:1995, Electrical installation of Vocabulary (IEV) Ð Chapter 161: Electromagnetic
buildings Ð Part 4: Protection for safety Ð compatibility.
Chapter 47: Application of protective measures for IEC 364-6-61, Electrical installation of buildings Ð
safety Ð Section 470: General Ð Part 6: Verification Ð Chapter 61: Initial verification
Section 471: Measures of protection against electric (+Amendment 1:1993).
shock. IEC 536-2:1992, Classification of electrical and
(IEC 364-4-47:1981 +A1:1993, modified) electronic equipment with regard to protection against
HD 384.4.473 S1:1980, Electrical installation of electric shock Ð Part 2: Guidelines to requirements for
buildings Ð Part 4: Protection for safety Ð protection against electric shock.
Chapter 47: Application of protective measures for IEC 664-3:1992, Insulation coordination for equipment
safety Ð Section 473: Measures of protection against within low-voltage systems Ð Part 3: Use of coatings
overcurrent. to achieve insulation coordination of printed board
(IEC 364-4-473:1977, modified) assemblies.
HD 384.5.523 S1:1991, Electrical installation of IEC 747 series, Semiconductor devices, discrete devices.
buildings Ð Part 5: Selection and erection of IEC 748 series, Semiconductor devices, integrated
electrical equipment Ð Chapter 52: Wiring systems Ð circuits.
Section 523: Current-carrying capacities.
(IEC 364-5-523:1983, modified) IEC 755:1983, General requirements for
residual-current-operated protective devices
HD 384.5.54 S1:1988, Electrical installation of (+Amendment 1:1988, +Amendment 2:1992).
buildings Ð Part 5: Selection and erection of electrical
IEC 990:1990, Methods of measurement of touch
equipment Ð Chapter 54: Earthing arrangements and
current and protective conductor current.
protective conductors.
(IEC 364-5-54:1980, modified) IEC 1000-2-1:1990, Electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) Ð Part 2: Environment Ð
HD 384.6.61 S1:1992, Electrical installation of
Section 1: Description of the environment Ð
buildings Ð Part 6: Verification Ð
Electromagnetic environment for low-frequency
Chapter 61: Initial verification. conducted disturbances and signalling in public
(IEC 364-6-61:1986, modified)
power supply systems.
HD 413.3 S1:1987, Operating conditions for IEC 1140:1992, Protection against electric shock Ð
industrial-process measurement and control Common aspects for installation and equipment.
equipment Ð Part 3: Mechanical influences.
(IEC 654-3:1983) IEC 1201:1992, Extra low voltage (ELV) Ð Limit
values.
HD 472 S1:1989, Nominal voltages for low voltage
IEC-Guide 106:1989, Guide for specifying
public electricity supply systems.
environmental conditions for equipment performance
(IEC 38:1983, modified)
rating.
HD 493.1 S1:1988, Dimensions and mechanical
structures of 482,6 mm (19 in) series Ð Part 1: Panels
and racks. 3 Definitions
(IEC 297-1:1986) For the purposes of this European Standard, the
following definitions apply.
HD 540.2 S1:1991, Insulation co-ordination Ð
Part 2: Application guide. 3.1
(IEC 71-2:1976) adjacent circuits
HD 540.3 S1:1991, Insulation co-ordination Ð electric circuits which are separated from the
Part 3: Phase-to-phase insulation co-ordination Ð considered circuit by the necessary basic or
Principle, rules and application guide. double/reinforced insulation. Circuits which are
(IEC 71-3:1982) separated by far more than double or reinforced
insulation are not regarded to be adjacent

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 11
EN 50178:1997

3.2 3.9
ambient air temperature component
temperature measured at half the distance from any any item used in the composition of a device or
neighbouring equipment, but not more than 300 mm apparatus and without intrinsic function for the final
distance from the enclosure, at middle height of the user
equipment, protected from direct heat radiation from [1(IEV 161)(Sec)1318]
the equipment
[EN 60146-1-1] 3.10
considered circuit
3.3
electrical circuit which is in particular under
apparatus consideration concerning its dielectric tests or its
finished product with an intrinsic function intended for insulation to accessible surface or to adjacent circuits
the final user and intended to be placed on the market
or put into service as a single commercial unit 3.11
control (action)
3.4
includes in this European Standard manual and
basic insulation
automatic control of processes. It would apply to EE
insulation applied to live parts to provide basic in which control action is incorporated within
protection against electric shock supervisory control and data acquisition systems and
[HD 366 S1] other process control systems
3.5 3.12
(electrical) circuit cooling medium
current paths of components or assemblies, liquid (for example water) or gas (for example air)
conductors, terminals and items of equipment located which removes the heat from the equipment
within the EE and connected to each other by
electrically conducting connections. If electrical 3.13
systems are conductively connected via earth only, cooling medium temperature for air or gas
then they are regarded as separate circuits cooling
NOTE The clause ªconductively connectedº means the direct
electrical connection and the connection via components such as
average temperature measured outside the equipment
resistors, capacitors, choke-coils, semiconductor-devices, switches at points 50 mm from the inlet to the equipment
and fuses, but not, however, coupling by means of transformers or
opto-electronic devices or similar.
3.14
A protectively separated circuit of EE has protective cooling medium temperature for liquid cooling
separation from all adjacent circuits. temperature measured in the liquid pipe 100 mm
3.6 upstream from the liquid inlet
closed electrical operating area 3.15 decisive voltage
rooms or locations which are exclusively used as voltage, taking into account non-sinusoidal waveforms
enclosure for operation of electrical installations and (see 5.2.13), defining the borderlines to be used
are kept locked. The lock is only opened by authorized between extra-low-voltage, low voltage and high
persons. Access is only allowed to skilled persons voltage. These borderlines are used to determine the
whilst energized requirements of protective earthing when designing
NOTE To these locations belong e.g. closed switchplants, clearances and creepage distances for the arrangement
distribution plants, switchgear cells, transformer cells, distribution of protective measures
systems in metal-sheet enclosures or in other closed installations.
3.16
3.7
device
(electromagnetic) compatibility
combination of components having a given function,
ability of an equipment or system to function forming a part of a piece of equipment, apparatus or
satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment system
without introducing intolerable electromagnetic
NOTE 1 For example, thermostat, relay, push buttons, switch or
disturbance to anything in that environment contactor.
[IEV 161-01-07] [1(IEV 161)(Sec)1318]
NOTE 2 The terms ªcomponentº and ªdeviceº are used side by
3.8 side in this European Standard.
(electromagnetic) compatibility level
3.17
specified disturbance level at which an acceptable,
high probability of electromagnetic compatibility direct contact
should exist contact of persons or livestock with live parts
[IEV 161-03-10/A] [HD 384.2 S103-05]

© BSI 08-1999
Page 12
EN 50178:1997

3.18 3.25
(electromagnetic) disturbance (electromagnetic) emission level (of a
any electromagnetic phenomenon which may degrade disturbing source)
the performance of a device, equipment or system, or level of a given electromagnetic disturbance emitted
adversely affect living or inert matter from a particular device, equipment or system,
NOTE An electromagnetic disturbance may be noise, an measured in a specified way
unwanted signal or a change in the propagation medium itself. [IEV 161-03-11]
[IEV 161-01-05]
3.26
3.19 equipotential bonding
double insulation electrical connection putting various exposed
insulation comprising both basic insulation and conductive parts and extraneous conductive parts at a
supplementary insulation substantially equal potential
NOTE Basic and supplementary insulation are separate, each [HD 384.2 S1-04-09]
designed for basic protection against electric shock.
3.27
[HD 366 S1]
exposed conductive parts
3.20
conductive part of electrical equipment, which can be
electrical equipment touched and which is not normally live, but which may
any items used for such purposes as generation, become live under fault conditions
conversion, transmission, distribution or utilization of [HD 384.2 S1-03-02]
electrical energy, such as machines, transformers, 3.28
apparatus, measuring instruments, protective devices,
equipment for wiring systems, appliances extraneous conductive parts
NOTE This includes sub-assemblies, equipment (such as conductive part not forming part of the electrical
assembled printed circuit boards, plug-in units, cubicles) and installation and liable to introduce a potential,
installations as defined in the contract. generally the earth potential
[HD 384.2 S1-07-01 modified]
[HD 384.2 S1-03-03]
3.21 3.29
electricity supply system FELV-system (Functional Extra Low Voltage)
distribution system through which various electricity electrical system
users are fed from one or more electricity producers
Ð in which the voltage cannot exceed ELV; and
NOTE The users may be independent of each other, their
number and type are various and they may be connected or Ð in which the safety requirements for SELV- or
disconnected arbitrarily. PELV-systems are not complied with
3.22 3.30
electronic equipment (EE) forced circulation of the cooling medium or the
electrical equipment, the main function of which is heat transfer agent (forced cooling)
performed by the use of components using electron or method of circulating the cooling medium or heat
ion conduction in semiconductors, in vacuum or in transfer agent by means of blower(s), fan(s) or
gases pump(s)
NOTE 1 Electronic equipment contains data processing
3.31
equipment and/or power electronic equipment according to its
main function. It may contain non-electronic components or functional earthing
equipment.
earthing of a point in an equipment or in a system
NOTE 2 This includes sub-assemblies and equipment, such as which is necessary for a purpose other than safety
assembled printed circuit boards, plug-in units, cubicles.
3.32
3.23
functional insulation
ELV (Extra Low Voltage)
insulation between conductive parts which is necessary
any voltage not exceeding a limit which is generally
only for the proper functioning of the equipment
accepted to be a.c. 50 V and d.c. 120 V (ripple free)
[HD 625.1 S1]
3.24 3.33
(electromagnetic) emission heat transfer agent
phenomenon by which electromagnetic energy liquid (for example water) or gas (for example air)
emanates from a source within the equipment to transfer the heat from its
[IEV 161-01-08] source to a heat exchanger from where the heat is
removed by the cooling medium

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 13
EN 50178:1997

3.34 3.42
(electromagnetic) immunity (to a disturbance) live parts
ability of a device, equipment or system to perform conductor or conductive part intended to be energized
without degradation in the presence of an in normal use, including a neutral conductor, but, by
electromagnetic disturbance convention, not a PEN conductor
[IEV 161-01-20] [HD 384.2 S1-03-01]
3.35 3.43
(electromagnetic) immunity level mains-circuit
maximum level of a given electromagnetic disturbance, electrical circuit which is conductively connected to
incident in a specified way on a particular device, and energized directly from the supply mains
equipment or system, at which no degradation of
3.44
operation occurs
[IEV 161 03 14/A] malfunction
operation of EE which is outside of the specification
3.36
(electromagnetic) immunity margin 3.45
ratio of the immunity limit to the electromagnetic natural circulation of the cooling medium or
compatibility level the heat transfer agent (convection)
[IEV 161-03-16/A] method of circulating the cooling fluid (cooling
3.37 medium or heat transfer agent) which uses the change
of volumetric mass (density) with temperature
indirect contact
3.46
contact of persons or livestock with exposed
conductive parts which have become live under fault nominal value
conditions suitable approximate quantity value used to designate
[HD 384.2 S1-03-06] or identify a component, device or equipment
3.38 [IEV 151-04-01]
indirect cooling 3.47
method of cooling in which the heat transfer agent is non-mains-circuit
used to transfer heat from the part to be cooled to the electrical circuit which is not energized directly from
cooling medium the supply mains but is e.g. isolated by a transformer
3.39 for particular EE(s) or supplied by a battery
installation 3.48
several combined items of apparatus or systems put overvoltage category
together at a given place to fulfil a specific objective numeral defining an impulse withstand level
but not intended to be placed on the market as a [HD 625.1 S1]
single functional unit NOTE Overvoltage categories I, II, III and IV are used, see 5.2.16.
3.40 3.49
(electromagnetic) interference PELV-system (protective extra low voltage)
degradation of the performance of the equipment, electrical system
transmission channel or system caused by an Ð in which the voltage cannot exceed ELV; and
electromagnetic disturbance
[IEV 161-01-06] Ð with protective separation from systems other
than PELV; and
3.41 Ð with provisions for earthing of the PELV-system,
leakage current (in an installation) or its exposed conductive parts, or both
current which, in the absence of a fault, flows to earth 3.50
or to extraneous conductive parts in a circuit
[HD 384.2 S1-03-08] PEN conductor
NOTE This current may have a capacitive component including earthed conductor combining the functions of both
that resulting from the deliberate use of capacitors. protective conductor and neutral conductor
NOTE The acronym PEN results from the combination of both
symbols PE for the protective conductor and N for the neutral
conductor.
[HD 384.2 S1-04-06]

© BSI 08-1999
Page 14
EN 50178:1997

3.51 3.56
performance criteria protective class I
performance specification for the operation of the EE equipment in which protection against electric shock
throughout the environmental conditions stated in this does not rely on basic insulation only, but which
specification namely includes an additional safety precaution in such a way
Ð mechanical; that means are provided for the connection of
accessible conductive parts to the protective (earthing)
Ð climatic;
conductor in the fixed wiring of the installation in such
Ð electrical conditions a way that accessible conductive parts cannot become
3.52 live in the event of a failure of the basic
insulation
power electronic equipment [HD 366 S1]
EE, the main function of which is conversion of energy
3.57
NOTE A static switch, where the main switching function is
carried out by electronic components, converts the energy from protective class II
input to output:
equipment in which protection against electric shock
Ð without any transformation (except introduction of losses) does not rely on basic insulation only, but in which
in the ON state;
additional safety precautions such as double insulation
Ð to no energy available on the output in the OFF state.
or reinforced insulation are provided, there being no
This is a power electronic equipment. provision for protective earthing or reliance upon
NOTE 2 A switch gear, using electronics for triggering protection installation conditions
is not a power electronic equipment and is not an EE. (The main
function is to establish or eliminate a contact performed by use of
[HD 366 S1]
mechanical components.) 3.58
3.53 protective class III
power installation equipment in which protection against electric shock
installation with assembled electrical equipment or relies on supply at safety extra-low voltage (SELV) and
electronic equipment or a combination of electric and in which voltages higher than those of SELV are not
electronic equipment in a given location and designed generated
for coordinated operation and connected to an [HD 366 S1]
electricity supply system. The use of the installation is 3.59
not specified, but it is interacting with the electricity
supply system, either directly e.g. by means of control, protective conductor
regulating and protection equipment, or indirectly conductor required for protection against electric
e.g. by means of measurements leading to intervention shock by electrically connecting any of the following
by personnel parts:
NOTE Instead of ªpower installationº sometimes the wording Ð exposed conductive parts;
ªelectrical installationº may be used.
Ð extraneous conductive parts;
3.54 Ð main earthing terminal;
protective bonding Ð earth electrode;
electrical connection of exposed-conductive-parts or of Ð earthed point of the source or artifical neutral
protective screening to provide electrical continuity by [HD 384.2 S1-04-05, modified]
means of connection to an external protective
conductor which is securely returned to earth 3.60
[IEC 536-2, modified] protective earthing
3.55 earthing of a point in a system, installation or
equipment for protection against electric shock in case
protective class 0
of a fault
equipment in which protection against electric shock
relies upon basic insulation; this implies that there are 3.61
no means for the connection of accessible conductive protective impedance device
parts, if any, to the protective conductor in the fixed component or assembly of components the impedance
wiring of the installation, reliance in the event of a and construction of which are such that it reliably
failure of the basic insulation being placed upon the limits steady-state current and discharge to a
environment non-hazardous level
[HD 366 S1] [IEC 1140]

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 15
EN 50178:1997

3.62 3.68
protective screening reinforced insulation
separation of circuits from hazardous live-parts by single insulation system applied to live-parts, which
means of an interposed conductive screen, connected provides a degree of protection against electric shock
to the means of connection for an external protective equivalent to double insulation under the conditions
conductor specified in the relevant IEC standard
[IEC 536-2] NOTE The term ªinsulation systemº does not imply that the
insulation must be one homogeneous piece. It may comprise
3.63 several layers which cannot be tested singly as supplementary or
protective separation basic insulation.
[HD 366 S1]
separation between circuits by means of basic and
supplementary protection (basic insulation plus 3.69
supplementary insulation or protective screening) or by relative short-circuit power
an equivalent protective provision (e.g. reinforced
insulation) ratio of the short-circuit power of the source to the
[IEC 536-2] fundamental apparent power on the line side of the
convertor(s). It refers to a given point of the network,
3.64 for specified operating conditions and specified
rated insulation voltage (RIV) network configuration
[EN 60146-1-1]
withstand voltage value assigned by the manufacturer
to the equipment or to a part of it, characterizing the 3.70
specified (long-term) withstand capability of its SELV-system (safety extra low voltage)
insulation
electrical system
NOTE 1 The rated insulation voltage is higher or equal to the
rated voltage of the equipment, or to the rated voltage of the Ð in which the voltage cannot exceed ELV; and
concerned part of the equipment, which is primarily related to
functional performance.
Ð with protective separation from systems other
than SELV; and
[HD 625.1 S1, modified]
NOTE 2 The rated insulation voltage refers to the insulation Ð with no provisions for earthing the SELV-system,
between electric circuits, between live parts and exposed or its exposed conductive parts; and
conductive parts and within an electric circuit. Ð with simple separation from earth
NOTE 3 For clearances and solid insulation the peak value of the
voltage occurring across the insulation or clearance is the 3.71
determining value for the rated insulation voltage. For creepage
distances the r.m.s. value is the determining value.
shields/screens
fully or partly closed electrically or magnetically
3.65 conductive coverings which prevents the reception or
rated value radiation of noise signals to some defined level
quantity value assigned, generally by a manufacturer, 3.72
for a specified operating condition of a component,
device or equipment short supply interruption
[IEV 151-04-03] disappearance of the supply voltage for a period of
time not exceeding 1 min. Short supply interruptions
3.66 can be considered as voltage dips with 100 % amplitude
rated voltage [IEC 10002-1]
value of voltage assigned by the manufacturer, to a 3.73
component, device or equipment and to which
operation and performance characteristics are referred simultaneity factor
NOTE Equipment may have more than one rated voltage value ratio of the sum of the fundamental apparent power of
or may have a rated voltage range. power convertors connected to a section of the supply
[HD 625.1 S1] mains which inevitably commutates during the same
time, to the sum of the rated values of the fundamental
3.67 apparent power of all power convertors connected to
reference conductor the same section of the supply mains
conductor to which the potential of other conductors
is related

© BSI 08-1999
Page 16
EN 50178:1997

3.74 Ð equipment maintenance has not yet reached the

supplementary insulation stage of being uneconomic;
independent insulation applied in addition to basic Ð replacement parts are still available;
insulation in order to provide protection against Ð failure rate is still in a specified level;
electric shock in the event of a failure of basic Ð the performance of the equipment has not
insulation degraded to a point where even with replacement of
NOTE Basic and supplementary insulation are separate, each components and application of maintenance
designed for basic protection against electric shock. procedures, it no longer meets its specification
[HD 366 S1] requirements.
3.75 EE is considered to have come to the end of its
working life when any of the above criteria is no
supply voltage variation
longer true.
change of the supply voltage to a higher or lower value
than the nominal voltage. The duration of the change
can be short or long 4 Requirements for entire system
[prEN 50093] The requirements of this European Standard are
3.76 minimum requirements and apply to the design and
manufacture of EE and for its erection in power
system installations.
several items of apparatus combined to fulfil a specific To achieve a uniform technical level with respect to
objective and intended to be placed on the market as a safety and reliability this European Standard defines
single functional unit the minimum requirements which are necessary when
3.77 EE(s) are assembled into power installations.
used as intended Ð Where an EE has to meet more severe
requirements as defined in its individual product
powered up, and in the operational state(s) stated in standards, these requirements shall take precedence
the relevant performance specifications of the EE over the requirements of this European Standard.
concerned
Ð Where an EE does not meet sufficient safety
3.78 requirements, that is to say the minimum
voltage dip requirements of this European Standard, and
therefore prevents its direct use in a power
sudden reduction of the voltage at a point in the
installation,
electrical system, followed by voltage recovery after a
short period of time, from half a cycle to a few a) either the environmental conditions for the EE
seconds shall be made compatible by additional means; or
[ENV 61000-2-2] b) the equipment shall be improved after agreement
between the manufacturers of the EE and of the
3.79 power installation, or selected to meet the
voltage notch requirements of this European Standard.
voltage change with a duration much shorter than the 4.1 Normal function
a.c. period, which may appear on an a.c. voltage
Electronic equipment shall be designed and
e.g. due to the commutation process in a convertor
manufactured so that it fulfils its function and does not
[IEV 161-08-12]
endanger persons and property in normal operation
3.80 when set up as specified and used as intended. This
voltage unbalance also applies to the interaction of EE(s) with the entire
installation.
in a polyphase system, a condition in which the r.m.s
values of the phase voltages or the phase angles For testing see 9.1.3 and 9.4.7.
between consecutive phases are not all equal 4.2 Damage to persons or material
[IEV 161-08-09]
Damage to persons
3.81 The requirements for limiting the effects of fault
withstand conditions are the same for EE as for other equipment.
state of survival of the EE to the related imposed However, in the context of EE the breakdown/shorting
environmental or test condition (e.g. impulse withstand of components (such as semiconductor junctions) shall
voltage) be taken into account in a design. The application of
safety techniques shall be considered such as
3.82
Ð within EE itself by safe practice, circuit
working life arrangement and other measures, for example,
defined for EE by all the following factors: fail-safe techniques, redundancy, diversity; and/or

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 17
EN 50178:1997

Ð by additional independent EE or measures 4.4 Earthing requirements (grounding, earthing

(e.g. by another EE which adopts the function of the and screening)
failed EE); or Earthing in EE is required not only to reduce the
Ð by electrical or non-electrical protective effects of interference, but also, and more importantly,
arrangements (for example, interlocks in the power for reasons of personnel safety. Where there is any
section, mechanical lock-out); or conflict between these two requirements, personnel
Ð by measures that cover the entire system safety shall always take precedence (see annex A).
(e.g. automatic disconnection in case of fire); or 4.5 Wires and cables for interconnection
Ð by human action (where this is not the only Wires and cables specified in accordance with
measure). IEC standards for telecommunication systems and
When designing the entire installation, it shall be broadcasting systems may be used between
determined which safe practice measures should be components, sub-assemblies and equipment; etched
applied assuming that no such safe practice measure printed wiring may also be used inside sub-assemblies.
has been applied within EE itself.
The following shall apply for connections between
NOTE The use of measure ªhuman actionº assumes that the
person assigned for this purpose can recognize a fault function
components, sub-assemblies and equipment:
which endangers persons and immediately can take measures to Conductors and their cross sections shall comply with
avoid danger. the electrical, mechanical and climatic requirements of
Material damage this European Standard. Furthermore, the structure of
Depending on the requirements, measures shall be the conductors and their cross sections shall be
taken to avoid material damage in the event of failure matched to the connection method used (e.g. connection
of an EE. method without screws or soldering shall be according
to the series of EN 60352-1 or EN 60352-2).
4.3 EE connected to unearthed supply mains
under condition of earth fault 4.6 Fuses in neutral and protective conductors
According to 8.3.1 a monitoring device for the Fuses in protective conductors are not permitted.
insulation resistance is required in an IT-network giving Neutral and protective conductors shall not be
an alarm signal in case of an earth fault. This limits the connected together in any assembly or piece of
risk that another earth fault occurs before the first equipment.
earth fault is attended to. Generally it is not permitted to use a fuse in a neutral
NOTE It is assumed here that the EE is connected to a supply conductor. However, the following exceptions are
mains with normal earth capacitances not exceeding 5 mF per permitted.
phase and that the overvoltages caused by the earth fault do not
exceed the values referred to in A.6.3.5.1. Special agreements a) A fuse may be used in the neutral conductor if
would be required in the case of extensively large supply mains the phase conductors are automatically disconnected
with higher earth capacitances. at the same time as the neutral conductor.
Earth fault in the supply mains b) Fuses which function as overload protection in
An earth fault in the supply mains to which the EE is EE which is designed for connection to any type of
connected with or without electrical isolation mains-circuit, may be located in any live conductor.
(transformer), shall neither cause any damage to the Short-circuit protection shall be ensured by other
EE nor cause any protective device (e.g. fuse) of the means (see Figure 1).
EE to operate. The EE should be able to continue its (see annex A for A.4.7 Acoustic noise)
operation trouble-free when an earth fault occurs,
throughout the fault condition and when it is cleared.
Earth fault at the output
If required in the purchasing specification a single
earth fault at the power output of an EE connected to
unearthed supply mains shall neither cause any
damage to the EE nor cause any protective device
(e.g. fuse) of the EE to operate, regardless whether the
power output is conductively coupled to the supply
mains or not. The EE should be able to continue its
operation when an earth fault occurs, during the earth
fault and when it is cleared. However, the tolerance
limits of the normal operation may be exceeded.
Tripping or fuse blowing in the EE caused e.g. by
double earth fault in the installation shall be accepted
in agreed cases.

© BSI 08-1999
Page 18
EN 50178:1997

Figure 1 Ð Arrangement of fuses in sub-assemblies and in installations

5 Safety requirements
5.1 General requirements
The protection of persons against electric shock shall
be arranged so in the case of EE that a single fault
does not cause a hazard. This is considered to be
fulfilled if the requirements of 5.2 and 5.3 are
complied with.
Figure 2 presents a summary for the design,
construction and assembly of EE with regard to
protection against electric shock arising from direct
and indirect contact.
This figure is expanded upon, and complemented by
Figures 8 to 13, (see 5.2.15.1) which lead to
identification of the grade of insulation which together
with Tables 3 to 6 (see 5.2.16 to 5.2.17) lead to the
selection of the clearance, creepage distance and
puncture strength of solid insulation which are
required to satisfy this European Standard.

© BSI 08-1999
© BSI 08-1999

RCD Ð residual current operated protective device

Figure 2 Ð Functional summary of protective measures against electric shock

EN 50178:1997
Page 19
Page 20
EN 50178:1997

5.2 Requirements for EE with regard to The principle of the above mentioned standards is:
protection against electric shock The protection of persons and livestock against electric
5.2.1 Requirements for protection against electric shock shall be maintained in single fault conditions as
shock well as under normal conditions. This protection shall
HD 384.4.41 S2 covers protection against electric shock be achieved by the application of 5.2 to the design and
within electrical installations of buildings and construction of EE.
HD 366 S1 covers protection against electric shock The testing of components and equipment with regard
from electrical equipment. The documents to protection against electric shock shall be conducted
IEC 536-2 and IEC 1140 contain guidelines for the as type tests and routine tests as defined in
requirements for installation and equipment with clause 9.
regard to protection against electric shock.
This European Standard provides additional
requirements regarding special operational conditions
for EE where the relevant information is not available
within the above or other international standards.

*)
A Ð live part M Ð conductive part also applies to plastic screws
B Ð basic insulation V Ð reinforced insulation
D Ð double insulation Z Ð supplementary insulation **) clearance from A to M
I Ð insulation smaller than B PE Ð protective earth
L Ð clearance (or distance) L9 Ð clearance accord. to double insulation
accord. to basic insulation
Figure 3 Ð Examples for protection against direct contact

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 21
EN 50178:1997

5.2.2 Protection against direct contact Ð when it is positioned between live parts and the
Protection against direct contact is employed to surface of accessible parts of EE that are
prevent the live parts of EE being touched by persons. non-conductive or conductive, but are not connected
It shall be provided by one or more of the measures to the protective conductor; and
given in 5.2.2 to 5.2.7. Ð when live parts have a decisive voltage UM #
Any conductive part that is not separated from the live a.c. 50 V or d.c. 120 V and are separated by basic
parts by at least basic insulation shall be considered to insulation from adjacent circuits which have a
be a live part. UM > a.c. 50 V or d.c. 120 V.
A metallic accessible part is considered to be b)3) Basic insulation for the rated insulation
conductive, if its surface is bare or is covered by an voltage of the circuit corresponding to a.c. 25 V or
insulating layer which does not comply with the d.c. 60 V < UM # a.c. 50 V or d.c. 120 V
requirements of basic insulation. Ð when it is positioned between live parts and the
With respect to testing of components and surface of accessible parts of EE that are
equipment, the measures taken in accordance non-conductive or conductive, but are not connected
with 5.2.2 to 5.2.7 shall be checked for compliance by to the protective conductor; and
visual inspection. These requirements shall also apply Ð with live parts of the circuits at a.c. 25 V or
to devices constructed or installed during the d.c. 60 V < UM # a.c. 50 V or d.c. 120 V that have
implementation of the installation. protective separation (see 5.2.18) from adjacent
circuits with decisive voltage UM a.c. 50 V or
5.2.3 Protection by means of insulation of live
d.c. 120 V.
parts
b)4) No insulation required for live parts
Live parts shall be completely surrounded with
designed according to 5.2.8 with a decisive voltage
permanent (non removable) insulation. This insulation
of UM # a.c. 25 V or d.c. 60 V that have protective
shall be designed for a rated insulation voltage (RIV)
separation from adjacent circuits.
according to
A flow chart for determination of insulation between
Ð Table 3 in 5.2.16.1; (according to Tables 1 and 2 live parts and accessible surface is given in Figure 9
of HD 625.1 S1) of 5.2.15.1.
Ð Table 4 in 5.2.16.2; NOTE Examples for insulation between live and accessible parts
Ð 5.2.14.1. are shown in Figure 3 and for insulation between separate
electrical circuits and accessible parts are shown in
The grade of insulation Ð basic, double or Figures A.4 and A.5 of A.5.2.14.1.
reinforced Ð depends upon: Basic insulation and double or reinforced insulation
Ð the decisive voltage UM (see 5.2.13) of the circuit shall be subjected to voltage tests as given in
under consideration; Table 17 of 9.4.5.1 and/or Table 18 of 9.4.5.2.2.
Ð the limits for extra-low voltage a.c. 50 V or 5.2.4 Protection by means of enclosures and
d.c. 120 V; barriers
Ð the use of extra-low voltage systems (SELV or EE shall comply with the relevant requirements of
PELV); HD 384.4.41 S2 and IEC 536-2.
in accordance with 411.1.1, 411.1.4, 411.1.5 of Live parts shall be arranged in enclosures or located
HD 384.4.41 S2, HD 193 S2 and IEC 1201. behind barriers that meet at least the requirements of
The choice of insulation shall be determined from list the Protective Type IP2X according to 5.1 of EN 60529.
a) or b)1), b)2), b)3) and b)4) below (referring also to The top surfaces of enclosures or barriers that are
Figure 3). easily accessible shall meet at least the requirements of
a) Basic Insulation with the rated insulation the Protective Type IP4X.
voltage (RIV) of the circuit (case i 1) The minimum protection provided shall take account
Ð when it is positioned between live parts and of the particular circumstances of the installation and
accessible conductive parts of EE that are connected in addition, such protection shall be provided in
to the protective conductor via protective bonding. accordance with the expected environmental
conditions as given in clause 6 (see annex A).
b)1) Double or reinforced insulation with the
rated insulation voltage of the circuit (cases i 2 or i 3) Testing shall be by visual inspection. In case of doubt,
re-measurement of the enclosure openings and testing
Ð when it is located between live parts and the with a probe according to clause 12 of EN 60529 shall
surface of accessible parts of EE that are be conducted. In this context, the test procedure laid
non-conductive or conductive, but are not connected down in 12.2 of EN 60529 (i.e., with test lamp and
to the protective conductor; and voltage at least 40 V) can be used when it is ensured
Ð when live parts have a decisive voltage UM that contact of the probe with a live part of the circuit
a.c. 50 V or d.c. 120 V. in the EE to be tested will in fact result in a test
b)2) Basic insulation for the rated insulation indication. If this is not the case, then non-contact of
voltage (RIV) corresponding to the highest RIV of the probe with live parts shall be determined in
adjacent circuits another manner.

© BSI 08-1999
Page 22
EN 50178:1997

5.2.4.1 Distances These clauses apply to the entire circuit including

As an alternative to insulation according to 5.2.3, a power supplies and if necessary associated peripheral
clearance according to 5.2.15.1 and 5.2.16 or a devices (see annex A).
distance corresponding to a clearance as shown by L Testing for protective separation shall be according
and L9 in Figure 3 of 5.2.3, cases ii, may be totally or to 9.4.5.1, 9.4.5.2.2, 9.4.5.2.3, 9.4.5.3 and 9.4.5.5 if
partially provided (see Figure 3, case ii 1 or cases applicable.
ii 2 and ii 3).
5.2.8.1 Protection by means of extra-low voltage with
Testing shall be by visual inspection and/or if necessary protective separation (SELV- and PELV-system)
by applying the probe test according to clause 12
of EN 60529. Where SELV- or PELV-systems are applied in EE or in
parts of EE, the respective requirements shall be
5.2.5 Discharge of capacitors fulfilled.
After switching-off the EE, capacitors shall be When the decisive voltage according to 5.2.13 is not
discharged down within 5 s to a residual charge higher than a.c. 25 V or d.c. 60 V [see Figure A.1a)
of 50 mC (see A.5.2.8.2) or to a voltage of 60 V. If such in A.5.2.8], and equipment is used within a zone of
a measure interferes with the operation of the EE, a equipotential bonding, then protection against direct
warning sign shall be placed where it is easily contact is not necessary.
observable, indicating that the discharging time is
In an area of limited space where the live parts are
greater than 5 s. In the case of installed EE, where the
protected against direct contact according to 5.2.2 the
voltage at the plug-and-socket devices of EE can be
decisive a.c. voltage may vary between 25 V and 50 V to
touched and these devices may be pulled out when
produce a supply voltage of up to d.c. 60 V.
live without the use of tools, the capacitors shall be
discharged within 1 s to a charge of 50 mC, or to a For testing protection using extra-low voltage with
voltage of 60 V (see 5.1.2 of IEC 536-2). protective separation, the decisive voltage (as
With respect to the above two discharge cases, testing determined by 5.2.13) shall, in case of doubt be
shall be by re-calculation of the energy or re-measured. If applicable, the area of limited space as
measurement of the voltage 5 s or 1 s after switching defined in paragraph 3 above shall be tested for
off of the EE. Where several capacitors are protection against direct contact in accordance
interconnected throughout the circuit, this shall be with 5.2.2 to 5.2.5.
allowed for in such calculations. 5.2.8.2 Protection by means of limitation of the
5.2.6 Built-in devices discharging energy
Sub-assemblies and devices that are intended for The stored charge available between simultaneously
inclusion within a larger device or enclosure which accessible parts protected by protective impedance
offers the required protection do not need themselves shall not exceed 50 mC (see 4.4.3.2 of IEC 536-2).
a protective measure against direct contact. However, According to 6.5 of IEC 1201 the charging voltage and
where there are components requiring manual operation capacitance should be limited as given in
on or closer to them, 5.1.1 of IEC 536-2 shall be taken Table A.1 of A.5.2.8.2 (see annex A).
into consideration. When testing protection which uses limitation of the
5.2.7 EE for closed electrical operating areas discharging energy, calculations and/or measurements
EE which is intended for installation in closed shall be performed to determine the charge or the
electrical operating areas need not have a protective voltage and capacitance.
measure itself against direct contact (however, 5.2.8.3 Protection by means of protective impedance
see note 2 in A.5.2.8). Where EE requires manual The connection of accessible live parts to a circuit
intervention (e.g. for repair, replacements of bulbs, having a higher decisive voltage (5.2.13) than a.c. 25 V
fuses, batteries etc.), 412.2.1 of HD 384.4.41 S2 shall be or d.c. 60 V as mentioned in 5.2.8.1 shall only be made
consulted. through a protective impedance (411.1.2.4 of
5.2.8 Protection in the case of direct contact HD 384.4.41 S2, 4.4.1 of IEC 5362).
Protection in the case of direct contact is required to The same constructional provisions as those for
ensure that contact with live parts of EE does not protective separation (see 5.2.18) shall be applied for
produce any dangerous shock current. the construction and arrangement of protective
The protection against direct contact according impedance. The current value stated below shall not be
to 5.2.2 through 5.2.7 may be waived if the contact exceeded in the event of failure of a single part. When
with the live parts does not produce any dangerous capacitors are connected to the protective impedance,
shock current. This applies to circuits according to one the residual charge shall be in accordance with 5.2.5.
of the measures given in 5.2.8.1 to 5.2.8.5 provided The protective impedance shall be designed so that the
that protective separation according to 5.2.18 from all current through the protective impedance does not
other circuits is ensured. exceed a value of a.c. 3,5 mA or d.c. 10 mA. It shall be
Any external terminals which belong to EE circuits noted that the decisive voltage (see 5.2.13) of the
dealt with in 5.2.8 shall be identified in the operating circuit having the higher voltage appears across the
manuals. protective impedance (see 4.4.3.1 of IEC 5362).

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 23
EN 50178:1997

The voltage endurance for the protective impedance This protection shall be designed according to the
shall be designed in such a manner that the protective following requirements:
impedance withstands the impulse withstand For EE constructed to protective class I (see 3.2 of
voltage 1,2/50 ms in accordance with column 8 in HD 366 S1) the requirements as given in 5.2.9.1
Table 3 of 5.2.16.1 respectively column 8 in Table 4 to 5.2.11 apply.
of 5.2.16.2 (see annex A). The content of 5.2.12 deals with particular aspects of
This protection method shall be verified by visual protective class II.
inspection and by fault simulation. During fault Protective class III is rarely applicable for EE.
simulation, calculations shall be performed to Protective class 0 is not acceptable for EE.
determine whether the current remains below the At a decisive voltage higher than a.c. 1 400 V or
limits laid down in paragraph 2 and 3 above. d.c. 2 000 V only protective class I is acceptable.
For details of testing see 9.4.5.1 and 9.4.5.5. All conductive parts which are not separated from live
5.2.8.4 Protection by using limited voltages in control parts by at least basic insulation (see HD 366 S1) shall
circuits be treated as live parts.
This type of protection is applicable only in control With respect to testing of components and
circuits for the purpose of forming reference and equipment, the measures taken according to 5.2.9
actual values [see Figure A.1d) of A.5.2.8]. This type of to 5.2.12 shall be checked for compliance by means of
protection shall not be used in EE of protective class II visual inspection. These requirements shall also apply
as given in 3.3 of HD 366 S1, because of the provision to devices constructed or installed during the
of earthing (PE) at the basepoint of the voltage divider. implementation of the installation.
This part of control circuit shall be designed reliably in 5.2.9.1 Insulation between live parts and exposed
such a way that, even if a fault occurs in the EE, the conductive parts
voltage across its output terminals as well as the Exposed conductive parts of EE shall be separated
voltage to earth will not become higher than the from live parts at least by basic insulation or by
decisive voltage of a.c. 25 V or d.c. 60 V according clearances in accordance with Table 3 or 4 of 5.2.16.1
to 5.2.8.1. The same constructive measures as in to 5.2.16.2 respectively.
protective separation (see 5.2.18) shall be employed in Testing shall be by visual inspection. In cases of doubt
this case. re-measurement of clearances, creepage distances and
solid insulation, shall be made.
When providing disconnection points for a circuit with
protective separation, A.5.2.8.3 should apply, where 5.2.9.2 Protective bonding
relevant. Protective bonding shall always be provided between
When testing protection by means of voltage limitation, exposed conductive parts of EE and the means of
it shall be verified by visual inspection and by fault connection for the protective conductor; it is not
simulation. During fault simulation, calculations shall however essential when the following apply:
be performed to determine whether the voltage a) when exposed conductive parts are exclusively
remains below the limits laid down in related to electrical circuits with protection in case
paragraph 2 above. of direct contact according to 5.2.8, with the limiting
value of the decisive voltage increased to a.c. 50 V or
5.2.8.5 Connectors d.c. 120 V (413.1.1.1 of HD 384.4.41 S2) for SELV- or
In addition to the measures as given in 5.2.8.1 PELV-systems (see 5.2.8.1), alternatively where
to 5.2.8.4, Ð SELV, PELV, limited discharging energy, protection is provided by means of voltage limitation
protective impedance, limited voltage Ð it shall be (see 5.2.8.4); or
ensured that in the event of error or polarity reversal b) when magnet cores are used, for example,
of connectors no voltages that exceed a.c. 25 V or transformers, chokes and contactors; or
d.c. 60 V can be connected into a circuit with c) when exposed conductive parts of small
protective separation. This applies e.g. to dimensions (about 50 mm 3 50 mm) cannot be
plug-in-sub-assemblies or other plug-in devices which touched or grasped when the EE is used as intended
can be plugged-in without the use of a tool (key) or and which have a low probability of contact. Such
which are accessible without the use of a tool. This exposed conductive parts are, for example, screws,
does not apply to EE which is intended for assembly rivets, nameplates and cable clamps (see 471.2.2 of
in closed electrical operating areas (see 5.2.7). See HD 384.4.47 S2).
also 7.1.9. NOTE Conductive parts which are separated from live parts
If required, testing of non-interchangeability and using double or reinforced insulation (see 5.2.18.2) they are no
longer considered to be exposed conductive parts and therefore,
protection against polarity reversal of connectors, require no protective bonding.
plugs and socket outlets shall be confirmed by visual Testing shall be by visual inspection. When claiming
inspection and trial insertion. one of the exceptions from the requirements of
5.2.9 Protection with regard to indirect contact providing protective bonding in accordance with a), b)
Protection against indirect contact is required to or c), it shall be confirmed by documentation that
prevent shock currents which can result from exposed these requirements are met.
conductive parts of EE during an insulation failure. (For bonding connection arrangements see A.5.2.9.2.)

© BSI 08-1999
Page 24
EN 50178:1997

5.2.9.3 Rating of protective bonding without destruction. When marking by colours, the
Protective bonding shall withstand the highest thermal colour combination green-yellow shall be used.
and dynamic stresses that can occur to the EE item(s) Insulated single-core protective bonding conductors
concerned when they are subjected to a fault shall be green-yellow along their entire length. The
connecting to exposed conductive parts (according colour coding green-yellow shall be used only for the
to 4.1.2 of IEC 536-2). protective bonding conductors and for the protective
In order to avoid thermal overload, the requirements conductors (4.1.9 of IEC 536-2).
of 8.3.3.4 shall be applied to the design of the 5.2.10 Means of connection for the protective
protective bonding (4.1.4 of IEC 536-2) (see annex A). conductor
For testing, the resistance of protective bonding shall EE with internal protective bonding shall have means
in case of doubt be measured in accordance with of connection for the external protective conductor
paragraph 3 of A.5.2.9.3, the voltage drop in case of near the terminals for the respective live conductors.
short-circuit with respect to an exposed conductive They shall be corrosion-resistant and shall be suitable
part shall then be determined from this measurement. for the connection of the protective conductor
5.2.9.4 Protection against corrosion cross-section which is determined from the dimension
of the live conductors according to Table 54F of
Protective connections shall be protected against
HD 384.5.54 S1, unless a larger cross-section is required
corrosion under the specified ambient conditions (4.1.4
according to 8.3.3.4. The means of connection for the
of IEC 536-2) (see annex A).
protective conductor shall not be used as a part of the
5.2.9.5 Protective bonding conductor with low mechanical assembly of the EE.
cross-section The means of connection for the protective conductor
Where the exposed conductive parts of EE are should be marked in a well recognizable way with
connected to the protective conductor of EE using a
protective bonding conductor with small cross-section, Ð the symbol No. 5019 according to HD 243 S10; or
care shall be taken that a fault between these exposed Ð the letters ªPEº; or
conductive parts and live parts with larger Ð the colour coding green-yellow.
cross-section is prevented. This can be achieved by a
suitable construction or by double or reinforced Marking should not be done on easily changeable
insulation. fixtures such as screws. This marking is not necessary
NOTE This applies for example for data processing equipment for connectors (5.2.2.4 of IEC 536-2). The content
within power electronic equipment. of 7.1.9 applies to the external connectors.
5.2.9.6 EE with voltage above a.c. 1 400 V or 5.2.11 Leakage current and fault current
d.c. 2 000 V 5.2.11.1 High leakage current
In EE with a decisive voltage (5.2.13) of more than Where an EE has a continuous leakage current of
a.c. 1 400 V or d.c. 2 000 V, accessible and non-accessible more than a.c. 3,5 mA or d.c. 10 mA in normal use, a
conductive parts which are not live parts shall be fixed connection is required for protection; this shall
included within the protective bonding. Excepted are be stated in the operating manuals.
conductive parts with small dimensions or those The combination of a residual-current-operated
assigned to circuits with protective separation and protective device (RCD) with in particular several EEs
extra-low voltage or magnet cores according may be incompatible if the resulting leakage current
to 5.2.9.2a) to c). drawn by their radio frequency filters is so high that
5.2.9.7 Interruption the RCD is triggered.
The protective bonding of EE shall be permanently When several items of EE are connected to a source of
connected and not be interrupted by a switch or an supply, the total leakage current of a.c. 3,5 mA or
electronic device (4.1.8 of IEC 536-2). d.c. 10 mA in the protective conductor may be
Where the protective connection to a sub-assembly of exceeded. In these cases and where the protective
EE is made by a plug-and-socket device when it is live conductor is interrupted, it is possible for a person to
or conducting, the protective connection shall not be become exposed to a leakage current higher than the
broken before the live conductors. On re-connection limit a.c. 3,5 mA or d.c. 10 mA. Under such conditions,
the protective conductor shall re-connect before the and as long as no international standard exists on the
live connection, or at the latest, together with the live measures to be taken to prevent this, the following
conductors (4.1.7 of IEC 536-2). shall be provided:
5.2.9.8 Marking Ð duplication of the protective conductor; or
Protective bonding conductors shall be easily Ð automatic disconnection of the supply in case of
recognizable from their shape, location (e.g. short discontinuity of the protective conductor; or
visible pieces of conductors) or colour coding; Ð incorporation of a double-wound transformer
exceptions are the protective bonding conductors on (or equivalent) in the supply with the circuit
printed circuit boards and such protective bonding protective conductor connected to the exposed
conductors in wire-wrap and similar back wiring of conductive parts of the EE and to the secondary
electronic sub-assemblies which cannot be unfastened winding of the transformer.

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 25
EN 50178:1997

Measurement of leakage current is required on EE c) Permanently connected EE shall have the design
which is not intended for permanent connection: notice (see above) fitted to the equipment and
The EE shall be set up in an insulated state without written in the operating manual.
connection of the protective earth conductor and shall In particular, operation of an RCD connected in series
be operated at rated voltage. Under these conditions, with EE shall not be prevented by a d.c. component in
the current shall be measured at the following points: the fault current.
a) for an EE which is intended for connection to a Circuits 2, 3, 6 and 7 in Figure A.2 of A.5.2.11.2, may
TT- or TN-system, between the protective terminal contain a high d.c. component in the residual current
conductor and the protective earth conductor itself; and reduce the sensitivity of the RCDs of type A and
b) for an EE which is intended for connection to an AC, therefore these combinations are unacceptable.
IT-system, between the protective terminal conductor Suitable and acceptable are combinations of the
and each outer conductor. circuits mentioned with RCDs of type B, which are
triggered by all waveforms of residual current
The current measuring circuit shall be performed
occurring (see Figure A.2 of A.5.2.11.2)
according to Figure 3 in 5.1 of IEC 990.
NOTE RCDs suitable to be triggered by differing waveforms of
NOTE New limits for the leakage current are expected in 7.5 of residual current should be marked with symbols as defined in
IEC 1140. amendment 2 of IEC 755 as follows:
5.2.11.2 Compatibility with residual-current-operated
protective devices in case of low leakage current : Type A
A residual-current-operated protective device (RCD) Ð a.c. current sensitive and pulse
may be used to provide protection in case of indirect current sensitive (suitable for
contact or/and with rated fault current Ifn # 30 mA circuits 1, 4, 5, 8, 9 according to
according to 412.5 of HD 384.4.41 S2 supplementary Figure A.2 of A.5.2.11.2)
protection in case of direct contact. It is presupposed : Type B
that the leakage current of the EE(s) according Ð universal current sensitive
to 5.2.11.1 is low enough not to trigger unintendedly (suitable for all circuits according to
the RCD connected in series. Figure A.2 of A.5.2.11.2)
Before connecting an EE to a supply protected by an
RCD, the compatibility of the EE with the RCD shall For design and construction of electrical installations
be verified, by reference to Figure 4 and the paragraphs care shall be taken with RCDs of type B, see 5.3.2.3
below. Depending on the supply side circuitry of the and design example in Figure A.3 of A.5.2.11.2.
EE and the type of RCD (type A or AC according to If necessary, re-checking should be carried out to
amendment 2 of IEC 755), EE and RCD may be confirm the compatibility of the RCD (according to
compatible or incompatible. Figure 4 indicates: EN 610081 respectively to amendment 2 of IEC 755)
1) when an EE is required to be compatible with with the circuitry employed in the EE (see Figure A.2
the RCD; of A.5.2.11.2).
2) when a design notice as given below shall be
fitted to the EE requiring the use of an RCD
Type B or of another protection (Type B
according to amendment 2 of IEC 755).
Design notice: Where residual-current-operated
protective device (RCD) is used for protection in
case of direct or indirect contact, only RCD of
Type B is allowed on the supply side of this
Electronic Equipment (EE). Otherwise another
protective measure shall be applied such as
separation of the EE from the environment by
double or reinforced insulation or isolation of EE
and supply system by a transformer.
a) Movable EE with rated input # 4 kVA shall be
designed to be compatible with RCD of type A Ð
protection in case of indirect or/and direct contact.
b) Movable EE with rated input < 4 kVA, shall have
the design notice (see above) fitted to the equipment
and written in the operating manual.

© BSI 08-1999
Page 26
EN 50178:1997

Figure 4 Ð Flow chart leading to requirements when using EE(s) behind an RCD

5.2.12 Special features in EE for protective Ð Metal-encased EE of protective class II

class II may have provision on its enclosure for the
If EE is designed to use double or reinforced connection of an equipotential bonding conductor
insulation between live parts and accessible surfaces of (413.4 of HD 384.4.41 S2 and Note 4 in 3.3 of
an EE in accordance with 5.2.3b)1) or 5.2.4, then the HD 366 S1).
design is considered equivalent to protective class II if Ð EE of protective class II may have provision for
the following also apply (5.2.3.1.1 of IEC 536-2). the connection of a functional earthing conductor or
Ð EE designed to protective class II shall not have for the damping of overvoltages; it shall, however, be
means of connection for the protective conductor insulated as though it is a live part.
(PE or PEN). However this does not apply if the
Ð EE of protective class II shall be classified on
protective conductor is passed through the EE to
equipment series-connected beyond it. In the latter the name plate ith the symbol No. 5172
event, the protective conductor and its means for according to HD 243 S10.
connection shall be insulated with basic insulation
against the accessible surface of the EE and against
circuits, which employ protective separation,
extra-low voltage, protective impedance and limited
discharging energy, according to 5.2.8. This basic
insulation shall correspond to the rated insulation
voltage of the series-connected equipment.

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 27
EN 50178:1997

5.2.13 Decisive voltage

The decisive voltage of a circuit in respect of the
protective measures to be employed against electric
shock is the highest voltage which occurs continuously
between any two arbitrary live parts of the EE during
rated worst operating conditions when used as
intended. If continuous direct earthing of the circuit of
EE is provided through conductors of sufficiently low
impedance, then the decisive voltage is the highest
voltage which occurs continuously between any
arbitrary live part of this circuit and earth (e.g. circuits
connected to an earthed three-phase supply). Figure 5 Ð Typical waveform for case a) a.c.
The decisive voltage applies to all parts of circuits of voltage
the EE under consideration.
No agreed procedure is available for the calculation of Case b) for d.c. voltage (see Figure 6) where
the decisive voltage at the present time. Therefore the UDC = a d.c. voltage of mean value in which the
method of calculation which follows shall be used to ripple content giving rise to UDCP is not more
determine the measures to be taken to provide than 10 % (10 % r.m.s. ripple content resulting from
adequate protection. These measures fall into the ratio of the r.m.s. values of the superimposed a.c.
categories described by the limit levels according to voltage and of the smooth d.c. voltage);
the classifications in column 1 of Table 1. UDCP = the repetitive peak value of the d.c. voltage
The actual classification of a circuit of EE with regard in volts;
to protection against electric shock is dependent upon UDCL = the limit of the d.c. voltage mean value in
the decisive voltage UM which relates to the a.c. and volts, chosen from column b) of Table 1.
d.c. voltage of the circuit. UM is also affected by the U
nature of the voltage waveforms and these shall be If DC $ 1 and UDCP $ 1 then UM #UDCL
taken into consideration when calculations are UDCL 1,17UDCL
performed (i.e. the ripple voltage, chopped voltage, and But if one or both conditions are not true, then
recurring overshoots that may occur). repeat the calculation with the next higher value of
UDCL in Table 1.
It should be understood that the method of calculation
in the procedure to be adopted below does not lead to The value for UDCL for which both conditions are
a definite solution for a value for decisive voltage UM. true shall be used to decide which range applies in
It does however allow a decision to be made as to Table 1 to the circuit considered. If one of the
which classification of Table 1 the value of UM fits. conditions is not true even with UDCL = d.c. 2 000 V,
then the higher voltage range applies (Table 1, last
Three cases a), b) and c) of waveforms are given for
row).
deciding which classification of a circuit shall be
chosen from Table 1.
Case a) for a.c. voltage (see Figure 5) where
UAC = an a.c. voltage (r.m.s.) in volts with;
UACP = a repetitive peak value in volts, and a value
of;
UACL = the limit of the a.c. voltage (r.m.s.) chosen Figure 6 Ð Typical waveform for case b) d.c.
from column a) of Table 1. voltage
U
If AC # 1 and UACP #1 then UM #UACL
UACL √2UACL
Case c) for pulsating voltage (see Figure 7)
But if one or both conditions are not true, then
repeat the calculation with the next higher value of For a pulsating voltage (d.c. voltage where the ripple
UACL in Table 1. content is more than 10 %) the evaluation of both
components is made separately according to the
The value for UACL for which both conditions are
formula below where:
true shall be used to decide which range applies in
Table 1 to the circuit considered. If one of the UAC = a.c. voltage component (r.m.s. value), in volts;
conditions is not true even with UACL = a.c. 1 400 V, UDC = d.c. voltage component (mean value), in volts;
then the higher voltage range applies (Table 1, last UACP = repetitive peak value of the a.c. voltage
row). component, in volts.

© BSI 08-1999
Page 28
EN 50178:1997

UAC UDC UACP UDC # and 5.2.8.4.

If
UACL + UDCL # 1 and √2UACL + 1,17UDCL UDCL = 120 V as upper limit for circuits with exposed
1 then UM # UDCL and UACL conductive parts without protective bonding
But if one or both conditions are not true, then according to 5.2.9.2a).
repeat the calculation with the next higher values of UDCL = 2 000 V as limit of the d.c. voltage according
UACL and UDCL in Table 1. to 5.2.9, 5.2.9.6 and 5.2.14.2.
The values for UACL and UDCL for which both These voltages are mean values allowing for a ripple
conditions are true shall be used to decide which content of not more than 10 % r.m.s.
range applies in Table 1 to the circuit considered. If Table 1 gives a summary of the limits of the decisive
one of the conditions is not true even with UACL = voltage. According to the three limit levels for the
a.c. 1 400 V or UDCL = d.c. 2 000 V, then the higher decisive voltage in Table 1 four voltage ranges exist:
voltage range applies (Table 1, last row). 1) UM # a.c. 25 V or d.c. 60 V
applies to circuits without protection against direct
contact, but with protective separation to adjacent
circuits with UM a.c. 50 V or d.c. 60 V;
2) a.c. 25 V or d.c. 60 V < UM # a.c. 50 V or d.c. 120 V
applies to circuits with protection against direct
contact and protective separation to adjacent
circuits with UM a.c. 50 V or d.c. 120 V, but without
Figure 7 Ð Typical waveform for case c) protective bonding of the exposed conductive
pulsating voltage parts;
3) a.c. 50 V or d.c. 120 V < UM # a.c. 1 400 V or
d.c. 2 000 V
The following give additional information relating to applies to circuits with protection against direct
the limit voltages of cases a), b) and c) of Table 1: contact and protective separation to adjacent
UACL Ð limit of a.c. voltage (see Table 1): circuits with UM a.c. 1 400 V or d.c. 2 000 V and
UACL = 25 V as upper limit of protective extra-low with protective bonding or double or reinforced
voltage (SELV or PELV) according to 5.2.8.1 insulation of exposed conductive parts. Basic
and 5.2.8.4. insulation is required from adjacent circuits with
a.c. 50 V or d.c. 120 V < UM # a.c. 1 400 V or
UACL = 50 V as upper limit for circuits with exposed d.c. 2 000 V;
conductive parts without protective bonding
4) UM a.c. 1 400 V or d.c. 2 000 V
according to 5.2.9.2a).
applies to circuits with protection against direct
UACL = 1 400 V as limit of the a.c. voltage according contact, with protective bonding of exposed
to 5.2.9, 5.2.9.6 and 5.2.14.2. conductive parts and with basic insulation to
UDCL Ð limit of d.c. voltage (see Table 1): adjacent circuits with UM a.c. 1 400 V or
UDCL = 60 V as upper limit of protective extra-low d.c. 2 000 V.
voltage (SELV or PELV) according to 5.2.8.1 For the design of the insulation depending on these

Table 1 Ð Summary of the limits of the decisive voltage UM

Classification of a circuit Limit of decisive voltage UM Subclause
in EE
a) b) c)
a.c. voltage d.c. voltage a.c. voltage
(r.m.s. value) (mean value) (peak value)
UACL UDCL UACL* √2
V V V
Electric circuits with 25 60 35 5.2.8.1, 5.2.8.4
protective separation and
without protection against
direct contact
Exposed conductive parts of 50 120 71 5.2.9.2a)
circuits with protective
separation and without
protective bonding
Circuits with higher voltage 1 400 2 000 2 000 5.2.9, 5.2.9.6,
5.2.14.2
NOTE The extra-low-voltage limits of decisive voltage are those from 411.1.4.3 and 411.1.5.2 of HD 384.4.41 S2.

© BSI 08-1999
 Page 29
EN 50178:1997

voltage ranges see Figures 9 and 10 (see annex A). Ð between circuits designed for a decisive voltage
5.2.14 Solid insulation, insulation of circuits of more than a.c. 1 400 V or d.c. 2 000 V and other
circuits designed for a lower decisive voltage.
Solid insulation shall be designed to resist the stresses
These circuits shall be insulated to the requirements of
occurring, especially mechanical, electrical, thermal
protective separation (see 5.2.18; double or reinforced
and climatic stresses that are to be expected in normal
insulation or protective screening).
use and, it shall have a sufficient resistance to ageing
NOTE In this case earthing of transformer secondary is not
during the life time of EE. This applies also to liquid necessary.
insulation. Thin, easily damageable materials such as The insulation shall be designed for an impulse
coating with lacquer or oxides and anode coatings are withstand voltage which corresponds to the respective
considered insufficient to satisfy these requirements rated insulation voltage, determined from
(412.1 of HD 384.4.41 S2). columns 6 or 8 in Tables 3 or 4 of 5.2.16.1 or 5.2.16.2.
The design of solid insulation as for clearances and For voltage tests see 9.4.5.
creepage distances results from Figures 11 to 13 in
relation to Figures 8 to 10. Additional requirements are 5.2.14.3 Bridging of the insulation via conductive
given in 5.2.14.1 to 5.2.14.3. parts
Testing shall be by visual inspection. In case of doubt Conductive parts, for example resistors and capacitors,
measurement of the thickness of the insulation and which bridge over an insulation according to 5.2.14.1
re-calculation of its dielectric strength shall be made. or 5.2.14.2 shall withstand the same electric stress as
that defined for the insulation concerned. If these
5.2.14.1 Between circuits and exposed conductive components bridge over a double or reinforced
parts or accessible surfaces of EE insulation, then they shall correspond additionally to
Basic, supplementary, double or reinforced insulation the requirements of protective impedance according
shall be applied for the protection against electric to 5.2.8.3 (4.4.1 of IEC 536-2).
shock. For voltage tests see 9.4.5.
This insulation shall be designed according to the rated
5.2.15 Clearances and creepage distances,
insulation voltage (RIV) for an impulse withstand
pollution degree
voltage, determined from Table 3 or 4, column 6 or 8,
according to 5.2.16.1 or 5.2.16.2. 5.2.15.1 Clearances and creepage distances
Where the appropriate clearances are not designed to Clearances and creepage distances shall be selected
meet overvoltage category III (see Table 1 of according to the principles of HD 625.1 S1.
HD 625.1 S1) as set out in column 6 of The determined clearances and creepage distances are
Table 3 according to 5.2.16.1, and it is decided to minimum values. Manufacturing tolerances shall be
choose alternative clearances according to paragraph 3 taken into account, when installing or connecting EE
or 4 of 5.2.16.1, then the impulse withstand voltage on site. Greater clearances and creepage distances
appropriate to these clearances determines the RIV. shall be provided particularly, when they may be newly
The following shall apply for the insulation between created or changed by the kind of mounting or method
live parts and the surface of accessible parts of EE of wiring during installation or connection of the EE
according to 5.2.3b)1) to b)4). on site (see 8.2). The defined minimum values shall
When a design involves subdivided basic and not diminish during the working life of the EE.
supplementary insulation or subdivided double The design of clearances and creepage distances shall
insulation with an electrical circuit in between, then make allowance for the total degradation to be
the highest of the RIVs shall be employed for design expected during the working life in the expected
purposes, and not the voltage of the particular circuit. environment.
Figure A.4 in A.5.2.14.1 shows an example. In addition, where there is a requirement for enhanced
The foregoing paragraph does not apply to parts with reliability, it is appropriate to increase the distances
small dimension (approximately 50 mm 3 50 mm) considerably.
which Ð when the EE is used as intended Ð are not The determination of clearances and creepage
required to be touched or cannot be grasped or where distances does not apply to the interior of enclosures
the danger of touch is not significant (471.2.2 which provide a sealed environment which has been
of HD 384.4.47 S2). proven to be impervious to pollution, or precipitation
Figure A.5 in A.5.2.14.1, shows examples for the of moisture.
insulation required for control elements. Also the determination of clearances and creepage
For voltage tests see 9.4.5.1 and 9.4.5.2. distances does not apply to active or passive
components when pollution, or precipitation of
5.2.14.2 Between circuits moisture is avoided by suitable construction methods.
Basic insulation shall be applied between separate Examples are semiconductors, capacitors, and printed
circuits of an EE. circuit boards which have been covered with varnish
Exceptions are: or protective coating of adequate and proven quality
Ð between circuits designed according to 5.2.8 and for protection of the item against pollution and
other circuits not designed according to 5.2.8; moisture to the requirements of 4.1 of IEC 664-3. In

© BSI 08-1999
Page 30
EN 50178:1997

the case of use of items which have been covered with

varnish or protective coating the test of 9.4.4.4 shall
be applied.
Eleven examples showing how to measure a clearance
or a creepage distance are contained in 4.2
of HD 625.1 S1.
Clearances and creepage distances shall be selected
under consideration of the following influences:
Ð pollution degree;
Ð overvoltage category;
Ð rated insulation voltage;
Ð kind of insulation;
Ð location of insulation;
Ð kind of circuit considered.
The type of insulation and the rated insulation voltage
shall be determined using the flow charts in
Figures 8 to 10.
The clearances and creepage distances shall be
determined using the flow charts in Figures 11 to 13 and
Tables 3 to 6 (see 5.2.16 to 5.2.17).
Tests shall be made by visual inspection. In case of
doubt, re-measurement of clearances and creepage
distances shall be made according to 9.4.4.1.

© BSI 08-1999
© BSI 08-1999

FI = Functional insulation
URIV = Rated insulation voltage*
* Definitions see 5.2.16.3 for clearances and 5.2.17, paragraph 3 for creepage distances.

EN 50178:1997
Figure 8 Ð Determination of insulation within a circuit

Page 31
 EN 50178:1997
Page 32
UM = Decisive voltage No No protective insulation required
BI = Basic insulation URIV Rated insulation voltage*
DRI = Double or reinforced insulation
© BSI 08-1999

* Definitions see 5.2.16.1 for clearances mains-circuits, 5.2.16.2 for clearances non-mains-circuits, 5.2.17, paragraph 2 for creepage distances.
Figure 9 Ð Determination of insulation between live parts and accessible surfaces
© BSI 08-1999

UM = Decisive voltage
BI = Basic insulation
URIV = Rated insulation voltage*
DRI = Double or reinforced insulation
* Definitions see 5.2.16.1, paragraph 1 for clearances mains-circuits, 5.2.16.2, paragraph 1 for clearances non-mains-circuits, 5.2.17, paragraph 2 for creepage distances

EN 50178:1997
between circuits.
Figure 10 Ð Determination of insulation between circuits and environmental and of insulation between circuits

Page 33