Choosing The Right MV Circuit Breaker

115 kV / 34.
5 kV Solar
Power Plant / Substation
Design Document
MAY1602

INDUSTRY CLIENT: Black & Veatch

CLIENT CONTACTS: Adam Literski, Rahul Ramanan
ADVISORS: Venkataramana Ajjarapu, Anne Kimber
TEAM EMAIL: [email protected]
TEAM: Chase Benton, Senko Dizdarevic, Arif Ibrahim, Makoko Mukumbilwa

MAY1602 DESIGN DOCUMENT APRIL 17, 2016
CONTENTS

1 OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Project Scope .......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1 Project Scale ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2 Utilized Software ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.1.3 Deliverables .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.4 Physical Layout ............................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.5 Drawings and Documentation ........................................................................................................ 5
1.1.6 Project Schedule and Budget ......................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Project Specification ............................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Solar Power Plant Specifications .................................................................................................... 7
1.2.2 Substation Specifications ................................................................................................................ 7
2 HIGH LEVEL SYSTEM DESIGN .......................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 System Power Flow ................................................................................................................................ 8
2.1.1 Complementary Documents ........................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Solar Component Design ........................................................................................................................ 9
2.2.1 Solar Land Requirements ............................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Important Terms and Concepts ...................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Array Layout ................................................................................................................................. 10
2.3 Substation Component Design ............................................................................................................. 11
2.3.1 Substation Component Functions ................................................................................................ 12
3 LOW LEVEL DESIGN ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Solar Component Design ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1 Array Parameters .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.2 Solar Array Layout ........................................................................................................................ 18
3.2 Substation Component Design ............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.1 Collector Arrangement ................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.2 Feeders ......................................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.3 Key Protection .............................................................................................................................. 25
3.2.4 Line Currents and Conductors ...................................................................................................... 30
3.3 NFPA70 NEC Compliance ...................................................................................................................... 30
4 PRODUCTION SIMULATION & COST ............................................................................................................. 31
4.1 Annual Solar Radiation ......................................................................................................................... 31
4.2 KWH Production ................................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 System Losses ....................................................................................................................................... 33
4.4 Cost ....................................................................................................................................................... 34
4.4.1 Solar Component Cost .................................................................................................................. 34
4.4.2 Substation Component Cost. ........................................................................................................ 34
5 APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................................................... 35
5.1 Glossary of Common Terms ................................................................................................................. 35
5.2 AutoCAD Drawing List .......................................................................................................................... 36
5.3 Document and Market Literature Sources ........................................................................................... 37
5.3.1 Market Literature Souces ............................................................................................................. 37
2

5.3.2 Arcadia Substation One-Line Diagram .......................................................................................... 39

5.4 Component Specification Sheets .......................................................................................................... 40
5.4.1 Hanwha QCELLS Q Plus L-G4.1 325 W .......................................................................................... 40
5.4.2 Eaton Xpert 1670 kW Inverter and Transformer .......................................................................... 40
5.4.3 Combiner Boxes ............................................................................................................................ 40
5.5 Original Project Plan ............................................................................................................................. 40

3

1 OVERVIEW
Solar power generation is a renewable method of proving electrical power to a grid or load. The solar plant
will produce power which will be directed to the grid via a substation. The plant will contain the solar arrays
and inverters. The substation contain all necessary components including transformers, protection relays,
monitoring equipment, and capacitor bank.

1.1 Project Scope

Due to increasing renewable energy standards set by RES, Black & Veatch is sponsoring a senior design
project to design a 60 MW grid tied solar power plant with an attached 115kV/34.5 kV substation. The
senior design team will design both parts of the project including the solar layout, substation layout,
and associated deliverables.

1.1.1 Project Scale

Due to the large scale of the solar power plant and substation project, two Black & Veatch engineers
will manage the senior design team’s design and schedule.

1.1.2 Utilized Software

The software requirements for this project are AutoCAD, HelioScope, and Microsoft Office products.

1.1.3 Deliverables
The first semester deliverables will consist of the following documents:

• Solar plant array parameters.
• Solar plant layout drawings.
• Substation one-line drawings.
• Conductor sizing.
• Engineering man-hour budget.

The second semester deliverables will consist of the following documents:

• Optimized solar plant array parameters.
• Optimized solar play layout drawings.
• Substation three-line drawings.
• Engineering man-hour budget.

4

1.1.4 Physical Layout

Solar arrays will be the vast majority of the space requirement, the substation space requirement is
minimal. The team is responsible for determining space requirements for the entire project.

1.1.5 Drawings and Documentation

The proper documentation of the design will be the responsibility of the senior design team. Detailed
drawings for the solar array and substation will be required. The first semester will focus on the solar
generation schematics and one-line drawings for the substation. During the second semester the team
will begin detailed three-line drawings for the substation.

1.1.6 Project Schedule and Budget

First and second semester engineering schedule is laid out in figure 1. The spring 2016 schedule is a
projection as of December 2015. The first semester of the design project will consist mainly of solar
plant sizing, plant layout, substation layout, component sizing, circuit protection, and budget. The
second semester will consist of finalization of design including but not limited to detailed three-line
substation drawings, optimization, and presentation to faculty and Black & Veatch.

Figure 1 shows a budget and actual hours spent on design. Additionally, it shows the percent over or
under budget of actual hours. The yellow box shows the billable hours as per budget. The actual man-
hour budget is considerably above projections. But it was a learning experience.

5

115 kV / 34.5 kV Solar Power Plant / Substation

Start Week Aug 31, 2015
Break Projected Overrun Billable Hours
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Aug Sep Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Oct Oct Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Dec Dec
Start Date
31 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 7 14 Tasks/Assignements
Meetings-client & advisors
Assign tasks/ begin research
Team roles/advisors meetings
2 0 1 5
Discuss project scope with client

Solar plant size determination
Project Plan V1
Design document V1
Solar array parameters
Solar array layout
F A L L
Solar plant conductors

Substation one-line drawings
Substation three-line drawings
Project Plan V2
Design Document V2
Presentation slides and rehearsal
Faculty presentation
Finalize deliverables
SUM
Hours Budget 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 30.0 15.0 15.0 30.0 0.0 40.0 10.0 2.0 267.0
Hours Actual 4.0 10.0 8.5 16.5 25.0 16.5 44.0 37.0 24.0 16.0 18.0 31.5 0.0 59.0 29.5 1.0 340.5
% of Budget 80 100 85 165 125 83 220 123 80 107 120 105 0 148 3 1 127.5
Start Week Jan 11, 2016

Break Projected Overrun Billable Hours
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Start Date Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr Apr
11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 Tasks/Assignements
Meetings-client & advisors
Fall 2015 review
2 0 1 6
3-line ac drawings
3-line 89 drawings
3-line bank drawings
3-line bu drawing
3-line comm drawings
3-line dc drawings/ethernet
S P R I N G
3-line feeder drawings

Design document V3
Optimization
Presentation preperation
BV presentation
IRP presentation
SUM
Hours Budget 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 15.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 20.0 2.0 165.0
Hours Actual 7.5 18.5 19.5 17.5 4.5 9.0 16.5 23.0 41.5 0.0 8.5 24.0 34.0 19.0 25.0 2.0 270.0
% of Budget 94 231 244 219 56 90 165 288 277 0 85 120 170 190 125 100 163.6

Figure 1: Project Schedule and Budget
6

1.2 Project Specification

Input and output specifications are provided by Black & Veatch, these specifications may change during
the design process. Additionally, all designs must meet NFPA70 National Electrical Code (NEC)
requirements.
1.2.1 Solar Power Plant Specifications

The specified solar array parameters and components are as follows. The team is free to utilize any
additional components and to meet or exceed specifications and IEEE standards.

• Location – Iowa
• Solar Inverter – Eaton Xpert 1670 kW
• Solar Panel – Hanwha 325 kW
• Combiner Box DC Voltage – 1500 V
• Inverter Load Ratio (ILR) – about 1.30
• Combined Solar Inverter Output – 60 MW
• Fixed Rack System

1.2.2 Substation Specifications

The substation component of the project will be based on the Arcadia single line diagram (see 5.3.2)
and specifications within System Protection Requirements provided by Black & Veatch.

• Substation collector input voltage – 34.5 kV
• Substation point of interconnect output – 115 kV

7

2 HIGH LEVEL SYSTEM DESIGN

This section will outline the high level system design and explain important terms. Focus is on single-line
diagrams.

2.1 System Power Flow

A solar (PV) plant consisting of arrays will output power to a grid-tied substation. The output of the
plant is 60 MW. Figure 2 below shows the power flow from generation to grid (left to right). The solar
power plant will produce DC current which is routed through a set of series/parallel conductors to an
inverter. The inverter outputs three phase AC current to a step-up transformer. The step-up
transformer outputs to a collector in the substation component, in which flows to the collector
arrangement, feeder arrangement and key protection component. Finally, it is fed to the grid at 115 kV.

2.1.1 Complementary Documents

Information from complementary documents will summarized and explained in this design document.
For further details and data, See list of complimentary documents below.

• Array_Parameter_Tool_13 – This file contains all calculations, parameters, conductor sizing,
and production simulation.
• Drawing_List – List of 30 AutoCAD drawings with task, title and status of each drawing. Also
provided in Appendix.
• AutoCAD drawings.
• System_Protection_Requirement

Figure 2. High Level System Block Diagram

8

2.2 Solar Component Design

This section will outline high level aspects of the solar component of the project.

2.2.1 Solar Land Requirements

After determining the solar modules to be used, 325 W, the calculation of space requirements for the
PV plant may be accomplished as follows. 60 MW is the required plant capacity, 1.30 is the desired ILR
(see Glossary of Common Terms) used to scale land requirement. Thus, we determined the amount of
space by the following calculation:

60 𝑀𝑊
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1.30 = 240000 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠
325 𝑊
𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 21.45 𝑓𝑡 >
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 = 240000 ∗ 21.45 𝑓𝑡 > = 5147990 𝑓𝑡 >

Therefore,

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 5147990 𝑓𝑡 > = 0.185 𝑚𝑖 > = 120 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠

To split the solar panels into arrays, we divided the required output by the inverter power rating.

60 𝑀𝑊
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠 = = 36 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠
1670 𝑘𝑊

Including the row spacing, inverter skid, and access road; the total area becomes about 240 acres for
the entire solar plant.

2.2.2 Important Terms and Concepts

The following is a list of important terms and concepts referenced throughout the document.

2.2.2.1 Inverter Load Ratio
The most important factor in solar power generation design is the inverter load ratio (ILR). The ILR is
the ratio of DC solar capacity and inverter AC output. Since panel production conditions and actual
conditions vary significantly at any given time and day, the DC power input design should about 130%
of the AC output rating. This corresponds to an ILR of about 1.30. For majority of the time, the
inverter input will not output above rated AC capacity, in the times that it does, the inverters will clip
output and dissipate the excess power as heat. Thus the ILR is a metric of inverter utilization.

2.2.2.2 Irradiance Correction Factor
A second safety factor called the irradiance correction factor (Isc – irradiance correction) was utilized
as a failsafe for current spikes a string may experience in times of exceptionally high solar radiation.
9

This factor is valued at 1.25. NEC690.8(B) requires a secondary correction factor before all others. All
conductors must be designed with this calculated current scalar applied.

2.2.2.3 Inverter
The inverter converts solar DC output to 3-phase output to the collector. This inverter is supplied with
a matching step up transformer.

2.2.2.4 Continuous Current Multiplier
A safety multiplier, NEC690.8(A) requires overcurrent device ratings shall not be less than 125% of
the maximum currents calculated. All conductors must be rated for continuous current along with the
irradiance correction factor.

2.2.3 Array Layout

The arrays will be laid out in a single block containing all panels, racks, inverters and step-up
transformer. There will be a total of 36 arrays in the plant. Each array measures 551.04 x 508.69 ft. See
figure 3. The row spacing is 12.0 ft, the inverter access road is 16.0 ft wide.

10

551.04 ft
91.84 ft
12.63 ft
508.69 ft
4
5
16.00 ft
6 7
10
11
12.00 ft
Legend
Rack Combiner Box with identification number
Inverter Skid -- Not to Scale Inverter/Step-up Xformer

Figure 3. Single Array Layout

2.3 Substation Component Design

The purpose of the substation is to collect all solar array power and feed into the grid after stepping up
voltage to distribution level. This substation is based on an Arcadia design (see 5.3.2), modified for the
project. Power flow is bottom to top, 34.5 kV bus to 115 kV bus. It will consist of the following major
drawings (one-line drawings).

• Collector – Input from solar arrays’ transformer.
• Feeder – Output from collector, input to 34.5 kV bus.
• Key Protection – Circuit breakers, protection relays, capacitor bank, and step-up transformer.
Outputs to grid at 115 kV.
11

The power flow block diagram in figure 4 shows the input current flow from array skids. Array skids
contain the inverter and step-up transformer. Power flow is bottom to top.

Figure 4. Substation Power Flow Block

2.3.1 Substation Component Functions

• Primary Transformer – The primary transformer is an 85 MVA that steps up the feeder bus
input of 34.5 kV to desired 115 kV
• Current Transformer (CT) – Drops current to manageable level for relay, usually between 1 and
5 amps.
• Circuit Breakers – A device in key protection that opens the feeder switch when relay detects
an overcurrent condition.
12

• Relays – Relays are monitoring devices used to detect ground fault currents and reduce
saturation. If there is an overcurrent fault they command the circuit breakers to open the
circuit. Once current reverts to normal level, the relay will command the circuit breaker closed.
• Capacitor Bank – The 9.0 MVAR capacitor bank stabilizes harmonics associated with three-
phase currents and helps maintain a power factor of 0.95. Component specifications were
provided by utility and Black & Veatch.
• Surge Arrestor – Surge Arrestors are devices that are used to maintain equipment protected
from overvoltage transients caused by lightning strikes, or switching over voltages within the
substation itself. In this project they are used to protect the four terminals going into each of
the three feeder transmission lines.

13

3 LOW LEVEL DESIGN

This section will focus on detailed design elements. Components for both the solar and substation component
will be explained in detail. The design conditions for the 60 MW power plant are based on a central Iowa solar
radiation patterns.

3.1 Solar Component Design

In this section, the low level solar design aspect will be thoroughly explained. It is important to consult
the array parameter tool, figure 6, during the entire solar design aspect.

A string consists of 28 modules (or panels) are connected in series. Two strings in parallel constitute a
rack. A total of 12 racks will be combined in parallel at the combiner boxes. The simplified rack to
transformer current path is shown in figure 5.

Figure 5. Simplified Array Power Flow Diagram

3.1.1 Array Parameters

Here we will use an array parameter tool (figure 6), is an Excel spreadsheet provided by Black & Veatch
and modified by the team, to assist in designing the solar array layout. Taking into consideration panel
parameters, string parameters, current output, combiner box capacity, inverter capacity, ILR, and
irradiance correction factor, and continuous current correction. The panels used are Hanwha QCELLS Q
Plus L-G4.1 325 W solar modules (see Appendix for specification sheet). The efficiency of the panels is
16.3%.

14

String Size Electrical Rack Size CB capacity
Min Temp -26 C Module width 3.28 ft Module/string Isc (series) 9.44 A
module height 6.54 ft Isc continous current multiplier 1.25 see (a)
Voc 46.43 V Nom Isc 11.8 A
Ref temp 25 C Rack width 28 modules Isc irradiance correction 1.25 see (b)
Rack height 2 modules Max Isc string 14.75 A
Temp Coeff of Voc -0.0029 per deg C Max Isc rack, at CB 29.5 A
Temp delta -51 Rack width 91.84 ft Allowed current CB 400 A
temp correction 1.15 Rack height 13.08 ft Max current per CB 354 A
Voc corrected 53.297 Strings per CB 27.118644
Frame width 1.38 in Number of CB per array 11
String voltage/CB in voltage 1500 V Actual strings per CB 24 ****
String size 28.14417
string size ( series ) 28 modules
String voltage calculated 1492.3 V
(a) NEC690.8(B)(1) requires overcurrent device ratings shall not be less than 125% of the maximum currents calculated.
(b) NEC690.8(A)(1) requires another 125% correction multiplier before the applicaton of other correction factors.
The irradiance correction factor is a multiplier for the current output of a solar panel. Panels can have power spikes with higher solar irradiance.
Thus the total current correction factors are 156%
(c) The total component area includes the racks and inverter skid. Does not include negligable area of converter boxes or recombiners. (rack area)(118)+(inv skid area)
(d) Referenced from true north. Azimuth is measured clockwise from true north to the point on the horizon directly below the object.
** Access road included
*** Assumes 6x6 configuration & 16 ft spacing between arrays.
**** Ecept CB6 and CB7 ,see CB & Inverter Sheet (this xlsx)
Array Design Array Size Plant Totals
A Racks per row 6 Tilt 15 Degrees Array Blocks 36

see (a) Azimuth 180 Degrees see (d)
A Rows per block 20 Rack height proj 12.63431 ft Number of CBs 396
see (b)
A Racks removed 2 Row spac 12 ft Inverters 36
A
A Total Racks 118 Pitch 24.63431 ft Modules/Panels 237888
A
Total modules in Array 6608 Array height 492.6862 ft Total Strings 236
Total Racks 472
**** Module DC capacity 325 W Array width 551.04 ft AC Plant Output 59.976 MW AC
DC Array Output 77.314 MW DC
DC capacity 2147.6 kW Access road width 16 ft
Array Size with access road & spacing: PV Plant Height 3132 ft ***
Inverter capacity 1666 kW Array height 508.6862 ft ** PV Plant Width 3386 ft ***
Inverter S capcity 1831 kVA Array width 551.04 ft
ILR ->Inv in/Inv out 1.289076 Array Area 280306.4 ft^2 Solar Plant Area 10605349 ft^2 ***
26041.32 m^2 0.380 mi^2
CB's per Array 11 Inverter skid 22 x 8.5 ft 243.5 acres
Inverter skid area 187 ft^2 985269.1 m^2
area) Power per CB 195.2364 kW Area of components 141936.5 ft^2
Power per Rack 18.2 kW Ground Coverage Ratio (GCR) 0.506362 see( c)

Figure 6. Array Parameter Tool

15

3.1.1.1 Correction Factors

The parameter tool allows efficient string and rack current calculation with the necessary 125%
continuous current multiplier in accordance with NEC 690(B)(1). Also, a second safety factor called
the irradiance correction factor is utilized as a failsafe for current spikes a string may experience in
times of exceptionally high solar radiation. This factor is also valued at 125% of calculated current.
See figure 5. The figure also contains mechanical module specifications.

The minimum temperature in figure 6 is an absolute minimum temperature recorded in central Iowa
(data provided by ASHRAE). Temperature is an important aspect of solar power generation because
open circuit voltage varies greatly with the temperature of the panels. The temperature coefficient of
open circuit voltage is the rate of voltage rise per degree Celsius, solar cell open circuit voltage rises
as temperature decreases.

3.1.1.2 String Voltage
After determining the open circuit voltage for each module, we calculated the string size of 28
modules in series to stay under the 1500 VDC requirement under absolute extreme conditions. The
actual calculated value is 1492.3 VDC.

3.1.1.3 Combiner Boxes
The series string current needs to be no more than 400 A with all correction factors taken into
consideration. 400 A is the manufacturer specified limit for the combiner box current. The standard
test condition (STC) module current is 9.44 A. Applying the correction factors, NEC mandated
continuous current and irradiance correction factor, thus increasing the design calculated string
maximum short circuit current from 9.44 A to 14.75 A (Max Isc string) and the maximum rack short
circuit current to 29.5 A (Max Isc rack). Applying the correction factors to the CB output we calculate
354 A.

Not all the CBs will have 354 A output, due to placement limitation. As seen in figure 3, no CB is
crossing the inverter. Therefore, CB6 will have 6 rack inputs (177 A), and CB7 will have 4 rack inputs
(118 A). See figure 7 for details. The combiners will be pole mounted next to the racks.

16

Combiner (CB) Strings In Racks In Per CB Output (A)

CB1 24 12 354
CB2 24 12 354
CB3 24 12 354
CB4 24 12 354
CB5 24 12 354
CB6 12 6 177
CB7 8 4 118
CB8 24 12 354
CB9 24 12 354
CB10 24 12 354
CB11 24 12 354
Total Inverter 3481

Figure 7. CB I/O Detail

3.1.1.4 Conductors and Fuse Protection
The conductor selection is based on correction scaled currents as discussed in 3.1.1.1. The string
conductor is preselected by the module manufacturer. Fuses are selected based on maximum current
calculations. The maximum calculated currents from array parameter (figure 6) and selected
conductors are listed in figure 8.

The string conductors and jumpers will be open air. DC feeder conductor will be buried at least 30
inches, measured from top of conductor, as per NEC310 Table 300.50.

Conductors Max Isc (A) Type Material AWG

String Conductor 14.75 Free Air Copper 12
Rack to CB - Jumper 29.5 Free Air Copper 10
CB to Inverter - DC feeder 354 Buried Aluminum 700
Conductors Cable Rating (A) Minimum Depth Temp (degC) Fuse
String Conductor 35 NA 75 15
Rack to CB - Jumper 50 NA 75 30
CB to Inverter - DC feeder 375 30 inch 75 355

Figure 8. Conductor Specifications

3.1.1.5 Inverter and Step-Up Transformer
The inverter (see specification sheet in Appendix) has 11 CB DC inputs, totaling 2147.6 kW. The
inverter output will be 1670 kW, 357 Vac 3-phase via direct throat connection to a matching 1831
17

kVA step-up transformer. The transformer output is 34.5 kV. The transformer high side is fed to the
collector arrangement.

3.1.1.6 Tilt Angle and Azimuth
The solar module tilt angle is determined through multiple simulation runs with HelioScope. Tilt angle
is dependent on terrain, latitude and weather pattern to a small degree. The optimal angle for the
selected area in Boone is 15%. Note, this will change based on terrain inclination. While the azimuth
of 180 degrees with respect to true north implies mid-day peak load, this angle was chosen with the
Iowa State University peak power usage for a reference.

3.1.2 Solar Array Layout

This section will explain the full solar plant layout.

3.1.2.1 Single Solar Array Drawing
The following AutoCAD drawing, figure 9, shows the detailed layout of a single array. An array
contains 118 solar racks, inverter skid, combiner boxes, and all associated conductors.

18


Figure 9. Single Array Drawing

Figure 10 shows the legend and notes section associate with figure 9. Figures 9 and 10 are from
MAY1602-W04 AutoCAD file. A single array measures 551.04 ft in width and 493.6 ft in height. The
array drawing helps show the scale of an array and conductor routing layout. The light blue conductors
are from rack to combiner box (jumpers). The magenta conductors are from combiner boxes to
inverter (DC feeders). Also seen in figure 5; each rack feeds into a combiner box, the combiner boxes
19

feed into the inverter. The ground side conductors will run alongside their respective positive side
conductors.

Figure 10. Legend for Figure 9

3.1.2.2 Complete Plant Layout
There are 36 total arrays in the solar plant, the high level overview is shown in figure 11. The 6x6
arrangement is not necessary, it is the most efficient arrangement as it pertains to the conductors.
The arrangement is flexible, could be arranged in any manner so long as a straight 16 ft access road is
maintained to each inverter skid. The total number of panels will be 237,888.

20


Figure 11. Solar Plant Layout

3.2 Substation Component Design

Power flow through the substation component begins at the collector arrangement, then flowing
through 3 feeders the 34.5 kV bus, finally voltage is stepped up and sent to the 115 kV bus. Consult
figure 4 for a simplified block. Detailed drawings are provided with the complementary documents
outlined in the drawing list.

3.2.1 Collector Arrangement

The collector arrangement is the set of inputs from inverter skid. In this project the component of the
collector arrangement consists of the inverter and transformer which sit on an inverter skid. Attached
to each of the inverter is a transformer which steps up the voltage to bring it to a sub-transmission
level (34.5kV). The collector is not directly located at the substation but is the sum of all the inverter
skids (inverters with attached transformers) in each array of the solar power plant. The AutoCAD
drawing of the collector (MAY1602-W03 file) illustrates a string, which is made up of 3 inverter skids in
parallel and being sent to a select terminal of the feeder. Using 3 1/0 concentric neutral conductors
each of these strings to direct to the feeder arrangement. However, the drawing only represents 1 of
12 of these said strings. There are 3 inverter skids per inverter string, see figure 12. There is 4 inverter
21

strings per feeder, see figure 15. And 12 inverter strings total which makes 36 total inputs from 36
arrays.

Figure 12. Inverter String in Collector

Figure 13. Collector Arrangement
22


Figure 14. Inverter Skid Detail

3.2.1.1 Surge Arrestor
In this design, there are a total of 12 Surge Arrestors with ratings of 22kV MCOV. The ratings of these
surge arrestors were obtained based on section C62.11-1987 in the IEEE standards. Each one of these
Surge Arrestors will be attached to three grouped inverter skids, see figure 13. The Collector
Arrangement drawing (MAY1602-W02) shows a clear illustration of how a single Surge Arrestor is
connected to three Inverters. The main purpose of having Surge Arrestors is to protect equipment in
the substation from the maximum continuous voltage experienced due to summing up the current
coming from each of the inverters, as well as the unexpected overvoltage caused due to lightning
strikes.

Figure 4, shows another representation of how the overall collector arrangement system is
connected to the substation through the three main feeders. We can see how there are 4 inputs per
feeder and how each of these inputs have three inverters feeding into it.

23

3.2.2 Feeders
The feeders’ role in this system is to group the outputs of the collected power into 3 feeders and then
transmit the power to the substation. Each feeder has 4 terminals with attached surge protection (all
rated at 22kV) to each terminal and a switch used for line protection. One strings which is made up of
three skids (mention earlier in section 3.2.1) is the input of each terminal. Given that there are a total
of 12 inverter-transformer skids attached to each of the 3 feeders. Figure 4 shows a representation of
the flow of power and how each string of skids is input to each terminal and how each terminal is
attached to each feeder line. With there being 4 terminals attached to each of the 3 feeders the
current is multiplied by a factor of 4. Therefore, a large cable rating is needed, in this case a 600 KCM
ACSR conductor was equipped to each line. See figure 16 for AutoCAD drawing.

Figure 15. Collector to Feeder Arrangement

24


Figure 16. Feeder Arrangement Drawing

3.2.3 Key Protection

Key protection is the bulk of the substation design, nearly all of the protection devices and circuitry is
contained in this component. Consult ANSI Standard Device Number Index in the Appendix for Device
number descriptions. The following AutoCAD drawings are key protection detail. Please note power
flow is from figure 20 to figure 19.

Figure 17. Key Protection Drawing Legend

25


Figure 18. Capacitor Bank Detail.

26


Figure 19. Key Protection 115 kV Bus

Figure 20. Feeders F1, F2 & F3
27

3.2.3.1 Relays
In this project we are using 2 different protection relays. The relays act as a central control system for
the key protection (MAY1602-W01 file) monitoring the current levels in the feeders to protect the
system from faults. They work together to direct the circuit breakers to close or trip depending on the
stability of the line. We use five SEL 351S protective relays and one SEL487E (differential relay) relay
which is the primary relay.

For our project, we have one 351S relay monitoring each feeder and is positioned ahead of each
circuit breaker (CB 311, 312, 313). Each of those relays measure the current after the circuit breaker
while relay SEL487E (connected before each circuit breaker) measures the current before each of the
circuit breakers and calculates the difference between the two. If an overcurrent is detected, the
351S relays trip the circuit breaker and will not reclose until the current is normalized.

Another 351S relay is monitoring on the higher side of our main circuit breaker (CB 317) with the
primary relay SEL 487E measuring the current below CB 317. Once again, it is calculating the
difference in the current measurements from each side and looking for over currents. If there are
over currents relay SEL 351S will trip and will not reclose the line until it stabilizes.

There is one more 351S relay, which is our backup relay, monitoring on the utility side of the
transformer. This provides back up protection and controls circuit switch 682. Each of the switches
located on our key protection are also used for maintenance purposes. If a breaker or current
transformer needs repaired or replaced, the switches allow us to isolate that part of the line.

3.2.3.2 Current Transformers
Current transformers (CT) are often used to monitor hazardously high currents and reduced them to
low currents at high voltages. In this design, we use a multitude of current transformers to help
measure the current in a variety of positions in the substation. CT’s are specified by their primary to
secondary current ratio.

3.2.3.3 Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect electrical circuits.
In the case of this project, they are controlled by the protective relays. The relays direct the circuit
breakers to interrupt the current flow by tripping the circuit if they detect a fault condition. This will
protect the electrical circuitry from serious damage. We use four circuit breakers in our substation,
three located on each of the three feeder lines and one on the primary line all with the same purpose
of protecting the line and all being controlled by the protection relays. If the relays notices a possible
fault, a drive to lockout (DTLO) input is initiated in the relay, followed by the relay outputting an
order to the circuit breaker to trip. It will remain tripped until the DTLO input has ended, then the
relay will output and order to the circuit breaker to reclose the line.

28

3.2.3.4 Capacitor Bank

The capacitor bank minimizes harmonics in the three phase system and maintain the power factor of
0.95. The capacitor bank rating of 9 MVAR is determined by running simulations using ETAP software.
In the case of this project due to licensing restrictions Black & Veatch provided us with the pf value
and capacitor bank rating. See figure 18 for capacitor bank detail. Note, the capacitor bank is
connected to the 34.5 kV bus.

3.2.3.5 Primary Line Transformer
The primary line voltage transformer is the main component of the substation and it presents the
foremost purpose of having a substation. For this project we are utilizing a step of primary
transformer between the two buses, which is stepping up from 34.5 kV to a transmission level of 115
kV.

3.2.3.6 ABS 681/684 Switches
Air-breaker Bypass Switches are manual switches on the high voltage side of the substation
transmission line (115 kV). Their main purpose is for maintenance in the transmission line.

3.2.3.7 Communications
The communication components in the substation are mostly made up of the Orion LX Remote
Terminal Unit (RTU), a Cisco 2520 Connected Grid Switches and a Cisco 2010 Connected Ground
Router. The RTU connects to substation meters, event recorders, distributed I/O, and substation’s
protective relays using Fiber and Ethernet connections. While, Cisco’s CGS 2050 and CGR 2010 deploy
together to provide a rugged networking solution that enables reliable and secure two-way
communication for substation automation.

3.2.3.8 DC Load Center
The Auxiliary DC load center is the most critical protection component of the substation, its primary
function is to power the substation’s protective relays and circuit breakers in order to detect and trip
faults. It mainly consist of a battery, battery charger, distribution system, switching, protective
devices, and monitoring equipment.

3.2.3.9 AC Load Center
The AC load center of the substation is a panelboard consisting of a single panel or a group of panels
placed inside one panel. It is usually equipped with switches to control lights, heat, and other power
circuits throughout the substation.

29

3.2.4 Line Currents and Conductors

The conductor detail is specified in the substation AutoCAD drawings. The calculated currents are
based on the 1831 kVA step-up transformer on the inverter skid by dividing by the voltage (34.5 kV). All
currents are scaled by a continuous current multiplier of 125% as per NEC690(B).

Component Max Isc (A) Size Type
Xformer to Collector / Inverter String 120 1\0 AWG Concentric Neutral - Buried
Feeder 600 600 KCM ACSR - Buried

Figure 21. Component Conductors.

3.3 NFPA70 NEC Compliance

The entirety of the system, particularly the solar component design complies with the NFPA70 National
Electrical Code. Specific code compliances are referenced throughout this document.

30

4 PRODUCTION SIMULATION & COST

The kWh production simulation was performed with HelioScope. HelioScope is a thorough simulation that
considers monthly average solar irradiation, shading, conductor losses, statistical component mismatch,
inverter clipping and soiling. Solar output will be compared to similar systems located in similar latitude and
weather settings. The solar panels are rated 325 W nominally at STC, they are capable of producing this at
Iowa latitude.

4.1 Annual Solar Radiation

The annual solar radiation data was obtained from NREL. Figure 22 shows the the annual solar radiation
monthly in convenient units.

Annual Solar Radiation

Source : NREL
Based on 30 years of weather data.
6
5.58
5.25 5.36
5.16
5
4.36 4.35
4.18
4 3.81
kWh/m^2/day
3.18
2.94
3
2.05
2 1.74
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month

Figure 22. Annual Solar Radiation.

Unsurprisingly we see a pattern of high solar energy density in the summer months with more average
sunlight and longer daylight. We can expect the summer to be the most productive period.

31

4.2 KWH Production

As previously stated, HelioScope was used to layout the solar power plant and provide proper input
including the panel specifications, ILR, inverter specifications, step-up transformer specifications,
conductor, conductor layout, precise geographic location, weather data from NREL. Weather data is a
statistical model forecast based on data thirty years prior. The results are shown in figure 23.

Estimated Monthly Production - HelioScope Simulation

14
12.24
12
10.53 10.84
9.75 9.94 9.76
10
8.59
8 7.20
6.83
kWh (in million)
6
4.86 4.81
4.36
4
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month

Figure 23. HelioScope Estimated kWh Production.

On an annual basis we have an estimated 97,713,637 million kWh (97.7 GWh). To achieve this amount
of production, tuning of the row spacing was needed to minimize shading losses. It has been
determined that 12 foot row spacing is the optimal compromise between space saving and minimal
shading using HelioScope simulations. Also, with spacing adjustment tuning it was possible to maximize
the kWh production in February and October. Thus only three months of the year will have below
average production.

32

4.3 System Losses

The primary production loss is through inverter clipping. This is a compromise between lessening the
high solar irradiance production and increasing production during lower solar irradiance. Thus
producing a more consistent daily power production. See figure 24.

Figure 24. System Losses. Source: HelioScope.

Less obvious sources of losses are explained in the following list.

• Clipping – Power loss due to inverter input voltage and output power limits.
• Mismatch – Power loss due to component manufacturing defects causing panels to perform
out of MPP range. Based on statistical data.
• Soiling – Losses due to debris build up from the environment.
• Irradiance – Losses due to dusk and evening low solar irradiance causing inverters not to turn
on. Using panel tilt tuning, this was reduced to zero.
• Shading – Losses caused by shading from rack rows casting shadows onto each other and
weather pattern forecasting.
• Reflection – Power loss due to reflectivity of panels.

The total system loss is 17.9% of total DC output of 77.3 MW. The loss minimization would have to be
tuned for every location.

33

4.4 Cost
The solar component cost was determined with NREL’s PVWatts calculator. While the substation
estimate was provided by Black & Veatch. Total cost is about $275,134,800.

4.4.1 Solar Component Cost

The projected cost of the solar component is about $255,134,800, not including any subsidies. This is
about $4.25 per MW. For comparison, the Topaz PV Plant cost was $4.53 million per MW.

4.4.2 Substation Component Cost.

Including two transformers, two rows of switchgear, and all other associated components. The cost is
about $20 Million.

34

5 APPENDIX
This appendix contains the definition of terms used throughout this design document, all associated external
document links, AutoCAD drawing list, and the original project plan link.
5.1 Glossary of Common Terms

• ILR – Inverter load ratio, the ratio DC input capacity and the inverter AC output capacity, a higher
DC input is required to overrun the inverter because the majority of operation the inverter is
underrun.
• Irradiance Correction Factor – A multiplier for the current output of a solar panel to compensate
for current spikes due to high solar radiation.
• Collector – The substation input from solar array.
• Xfmr or Xformer – Transformer abbreviation.
• CT – Current transformer.
• Feeder – Collector arrangement to 34.5 kV bus.
• Array – A complete unit of solar panels and all associated components including inverters.
• PV – Acronym for photovoltaic.
• PV module/panel – single solar module or panel unit. Module and panel are interchangeable terms.
• STC – Standard temperature conditions, 1000 watts per meter squared irradiation & -25° C.
• Inverter Skid – Base plate for inverter and step-up transformer in an array.
• Jumper – Copper conductors connecting solar modules in series string.
• String – A series combination of modules.
• Rack – Two solar strings in parallel.
• Combiner Box – Weatherproof enclosure for coupling DC conductors with serviceable disconnects,
NEC690.16(B).
• Azimuth – Angle between the north vector and the perpendicular projection of the star down onto
the horizon.
• MCOV –Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage, maximum designated RMS value of power
frequency voltage that may be applied continuously between surge arrester terminals.

35

5.2 AutoCAD Drawing List

IOWA STATE SENIOR DESIGN TEAM AUGUST 2015 - MAY 2016 BLACK & VEATCH
115KV/34.5KV SOLAR POWER PLANT/SUBSTATION DRAWING LIST PROJECT NO. MAY1602
Task No. Drawing Name Drawing Title Revision Date Drawing Status
1602 MAY1602-W01 KEY PROTECTION 7 3/2/16 COMPLETE
60 MW CAPACITY - SUBSTATION
1602 MAY1602-W02 115/34.5KV SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 6 2/29/16 COMPLETE
1602 MAY1602-W03 115/34.5KV AC SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 5 2/29/16 COMPLETE
1602 MAY1602-W04 SOLAR ARRAY LAYOUT 6 3/3/16 COMPLETE
1602 MAY1602-W05 AC SCHEMATIC BANK1 6 3/24/16 COMPLETE
115/34.5KV - PART 1
1602 MAY1602-W06 AC SCHEMATIC BANK1 6 3/10/16 COMPLETE
115/34.5KV - PART 2
1602 MAY1602-W07 DC SCHEMATIC CB 311 4 3/11/16 COMPLETE
FEEDER 1
FEEDER 2
FEEDER 3
1602 MAY1602-W10 DC SCHEMATIC 6 3/24/16 COMPLETE
ABS 681 115KV
ABS 684 115KV
1602 MAY1602-W12 DC SCHEMATIC BANK1 4 4/4/16 COMPLETE
PRIMARY RELAY
1602 MAY1602-W13 DC SCHEMATIC BANK1 3 4/4/16 COMPLETE
BACKUP RELAY
CB 317 RELAY
34.5KV BUS1 BREAKER
BANK1 ANNUNCIATOR
1602 MAY1602-W17 AC SCHEMATIC 1 3/10/16 COMPLETE
BANK1 AUXILIARY
RTU, ROUTER & ETHERNET SWITCH
RLH CARD
DISTRIBUTED I/O MODULE
MAIN CONNECTION
YARD & BUILDING LOAD CENTER
STATION BATTERY, DC LOAD CENTER & 125V BATTERY CHARGER
1602 MAY1602-W24 BUILDING 1 3/24/16 COMPLETE
LAYOUT - PART 1
LAYOUT - PART 2
LAYOUT - PART 3
1602 MAY1602-W27 PANEL ELEVATION - PANEL 101 1 3/24/16 COMPLETE
COMMUNICATION, ABS 681, ABS 684
115/34.5KV BANK 1 PROTECTION & CONTROL
34.5KV BUS CIRCUITS
115KV BUS 1 TLS CONTROLLER
36

5.3 Document and Market Literature Sources
5.3.1 Market Literature Souces

• NFPA 70 National Electrical Code (NEC) 2014 Edition.
• IEEE Standards Association.
• American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) – Solar
radiation data.
• Iowa Energy Center – Solar Calculator Tools.
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – Advanced solar radiation data.
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – Standard Device Number Index.

37

5.3.1.1 ANSI Standard Device Number Index

Use for drawing component reference.

38

5.3.2 Arcadia Substation One-Line Diagram

39

5.4 Component Specification Sheets
5.4.1 Hanwha QCELLS Q Plus L-G4.1 325 W

http://www.q-cells.us/uploads/tx_abdownloads/files/Hanwha_Q_CELLS_Data_sheet_QPLUS_G4_270-
280_2015-04_Rev02_NA.pdf
5.4.2 Eaton Xpert 1670 kW Inverter and Transformer

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0ahUKEwjmnNHTgI_MAhVIWC
YKHSvZAFMQFgglMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eaton.com%2Fecm%2Fidcplg%3FIdcService=GET_FILE%26al
lowInterrupt=1%26RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased%26no
5.4.3 Combiner Boxes

http://www.solarbos.com/data/files/60/2016 SolarBOS 1500VDC Solutions.pdf
5.5 Original Project Plan

http://may1602.sd.ece.iastate.edu/uploads/6/2/1/4/62140729/project_plan_may1602_v3_.pdf

40

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115 kV / 34.

INDUSTRY CLIENT: Black & Veatch

5.3.2 Arcadia Substation One-Line Diagram .......................................................................................... 39

1.1 Project Scope

1.1.1 Project Scale

1.1.2 Utilized Software

1.1.4 Physical Layout

1.1.5 Drawings and Documentation

1.1.6 Project Schedule and Budget

115 kV / 34.5 kV Solar Power Plant / Substation

Discuss project scope with client

Solar plant conductors

Start Week Jan 11, 2016

3-line feeder drawings

1.2 Project Specification

1.2.1 Solar Power Plant Specifications

1.2.2 Substation Specifications

2 HIGH LEVEL SYSTEM DESIGN

2.1 System Power Flow

2.1.1 Complementary Documents

2.2 Solar Component Design

2.2.1 Solar Land Requirements

2.2.2 Important Terms and Concepts

2.2.3 Array Layout

Inverter Skid -- Not to Scale Inverter/Step-up Xformer

2.3 Substation Component Design

2.3.1 Substation Component Functions

3 LOW LEVEL DESIGN

3.1 Solar Component Design

3.1.1 Array Parameters

String Size Electrical Rack Size CB capacity

A Racks per row 6 Tilt 15 Degrees Array Blocks 36

3.1.1.1 Correction Factors

Combiner (CB) Strings In Racks In Per CB Output (A)

Conductors Max Isc (A) Type Material AWG

3.1.2 Solar Array Layout

3.2 Substation Component Design

3.2.1 Collector Arrangement

3.2.3 Key Protection

3.2.3.4 Capacitor Bank

3.2.4 Line Currents and Conductors

3.3 NFPA70 NEC Compliance

4 PRODUCTION SIMULATION & COST

4.1 Annual Solar Radiation

Annual Solar Radiation

4.2 KWH Production

Estimated Monthly Production - HelioScope Simulation

4.3 System Losses

4.4.1 Solar Component Cost

4.4.2 Substation Component Cost.

5.1 Glossary of Common Terms

5.2 AutoCAD Drawing List

5.3 Document and Market Literature Sources

5.3.1 Market Literature Souces

5.3.1.1 ANSI Standard Device Number Index

5.3.2 Arcadia Substation One-Line Diagram

5.4 Component Specification Sheets

5.4.1 Hanwha QCELLS Q Plus L-G4.1 325 W