INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

An overview on Natural Gas exploration, production

and processing at Tripura asset, ONGC.

REPORT SUBMITTED BY,

BASU DAS
3rdSEMESTER
B.TECH
(PRODUCTION ENGINEERING)

TRAINING MENTOR- ARUN PRAKASH SAHU,

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (Production),
9969226885
ONGC TRIPURA ASSET, AGARTALA
1
Page

1
 PREFACE

I had my training experience from 13/12/2018 –01/01/2019 at

ONGC Tripura asset, Agartala. I am fortunate to have my industrial
training experience in such a place where the production
Engineering mostly involve.

Here in this report I present the experience, knowledge, skills I had

during the training period. The report contains eight chapters that I
involved during the training period.

I had a very successful training period and the experience and

knowledge I got is very valuable to my future career.

Basu Das
Dept. of production engg.
Bachlor of Technology
3rd semester
NIT, Agartala
2
Page

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With due respect, I express our deep sense of gratitude to

the respected and learned guides of ONGC Tripura asset,
Agartala for providing their pain staking and untiring supervision.
I am thankful to the training centre for giving us the opportunity to
learn deeper inside the basics of ‘Natural gas production.

I sincerely thank to Mr. Pradip Das, the Sr.HR executive- TRG for
accommodating as a trainee.

I also express my gratitude towards Mr. Arun Prakash Sahu,

my mentor for his overall supervision and able guidance during my
visit and for introducing me to concerned officers of the different
sections. I am also thankful to Pankaj katiyer sir for his help in
providing me with various information to prepare my project report.

Last but not the least, I am heartily thankful to all the

managers, engineers and shift operators working under them to
give us direction and valuable inputs on each and every sections
of ‘Natural gas production’.

Basu Das

B.Tech,

3rd Semester

NIT, Agartala

3
3
Page
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the candidate Shri

BASU DAS, a 2nd year B.Tech student from Department
of Production engineering, Agartala has satisfactorily
completed the Industrial/Vocational training from 13th
December, 2018 to 1st January, 2019 under my guidance in
our organization. During his training period he has submitted a
project report titled “An overview on Natural Gas
exploration, production and processing at Tripura asset,
ONGC.” which has been properly examined and found to be
satisfactory.

During his training period we have found

him sincere and punctual, having a good potential. We wish
him great success in future.

Training Co- ordinator MENTOR

Mr. Arun Prakash Sahu
Senior HR Executive –
TRG,ONGC SE (Production)
Tripura Asset, Agartala ONGC, Tripura Asset, Agartala
4
Page

4
 CONTENTS

 ONGC – INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY OF ONGC
 ONGC- ALL OVER INDIA
 ONGC- TRIPURA ASSET
 DEPARTMENTS OF ONGC
 ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
 EXTRACTION OF PETROLEUM
 DRILLING OF OIL AND COMPLITION
 TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF PETROLEUM
 PROCESSING OF PETROLEUM
 ADB GCS
 ROKHIA GCS
 KONABAN GCS
 BARAMURA GCS

5
Page

5
 OIL AND NATURAL GAS LTD.

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is an Indian

multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India. It is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) of the
Government of India, under the administrative control of the Ministry
of Petroleum and Natural Gas. It is India's largest oil and gas exploration
and production company. It produces around 77% of India's crude oil
(equivalent to around 30% of the country's total demand) and around
62% of its natural gas.

ONGC was founded on 14 August 1956 by Government of India, which

currently holds a 68.94% equity stake. It is involved in exploring for and
exploiting hydrocarbons in 26 sedimentary basins of India, and owns
and operates over 11,000 kilometers of pipelines in the country. Its
international subsidiary ONGC Videsh currently has projects in 17
countries. ONGC has discovered 6 of the 7 commercially producing
Indian Basins, in the last 50 years, adding over 7.1 billion tonnes of In-
place Oil & Gas volume of hydrocarbons in Indian basins. Against a
global decline of production from matured fields, ONGC has maintained
production from its brownfields like Mumbai High, with the help of
aggressive investments in various IOR (Improved Oil Recovery) and EOR
6

(Enhanced Oil Recovery) schemes. ONGC has many matured fields with
Page

6
a current recovery factor of 25–33%.Its Reserve Replacement Ratio for

7
between 2005 and 2013, has been more than one. During FY 2012–13,
ONGC had to share the highest ever under-recovery of INR 494.2 billion
(an increase of INR 49.6 million over the previous financial year)
towards the under-recoveries of Oil Marketing Companies (IOC, BPCL
and HPCL).

On 31 March 2013, its market capitalisation was INR 2.6 trillion

(US$48.98 billion), making it India's second largest publicly traded
company. In a government survey for FY 2011–12, it was ranked as the
largest profit making PSU in India. ONGC has been ranked 449th in the
Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations for the year
2015. It is ranked 17th among the Top 250 Global Energy Companies by
Platts.

7
Page

8
 HISTORY OF ONGC
Before the independence of India in 1947, the Assam Oil Company in
the north-eastern and Attock Oil company in north-western part of the
undivided India were the only oil producing companies, with minimal
exploration input. The major part of Indian sedimentary basins was
deemed to be unfit for development of oil and gas resources.

After independence, the Central Government of India realized the

importance of oil and gas for rapid industrial development and its
strategic role in defense. Consequently, while framing the Industrial
Policy Statement of 1948, the development of petroleum industry in
the country was considered to be of utmost necessity.
8
Page

9
Until 1955, private oil companies mainly carried out exploration of
hydrocarbon resources of India. In Assam, the Assam Oil Company was
producing oil at Digboi (discovered in 1889) and Oil India Ltd. (a 50%
joint venture between Government of India and Burma Oil Company
was engaged in developing two newly discovered large fields
Naharkatiya and Moran in Assam. In West Bengal, the Indo-Stanvac
Petroleum project (a joint venture between Government of India and
Standard Vacuum Oil Company of USA) was engaged in exploration
work. The vast sedimentary tract in other parts of India and adjoining
offshore remained largely unexplored.

In 1955, Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas
resources in the various regions of the country as part of the Public
Sector development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas
Directorate was set up towards the end of 1955, as a subordinate office
under the then Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research.
The department was constituted with a nucleus of geoscientists from
the Geological Survey of India.

A delegation under the leadership of the Minister of Natural Resources

visited several European countries to study the status of oil industry in
those countries and to facilitate the training of Indian professionals for
exploring potential oil and gas reserves. Experts from Romania, the
Soviet Union, the United States and West Germany subsequently
visited India and helped the government with their expertise. Soviet
experts later drew up a detailed plan for geological and geophysical
9
Page

10
surveys and drilling operations to be carried out in the 2nd Five Year
Plan (1956–61).

In April 1956, the Government of India adopted the Industrial Policy

Resolution, which placed Mineral Oil Industry among the schedule 'A'
industries, the future development of which was to be the sole and
exclusive responsibility of the state.

Soon, after the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Directorate, it
became apparent that it would not be possible for the Directorate with
its limited financial and administrative powers as subordinate office of
the Government, to function efficiently. So in August, 1956, the
Directorate was raised to the status of a commission with enhanced
powers, although it continued to be under the government. In October
1959, the Commission was converted into a statutory body by an act of
the Indian Parliament, which enhanced powers of the commission
further. The main functions of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission
subject to the provisions of the Act, were "to plan, promote, organize
and implement programs for development of Petroleum Resources and
the production and sale of petroleum and petroleum products
produced by it, and to perform such other functions as the Central
Government may, from time to time, assign to it ". The act further
outlined the activities and steps to be taken by ONGC in fulfilling its
mandate.
10
Page

11
1961 to 2000

12
Since its inception, ONGC has been instrumental in transforming the
country's limited upstream sector into a large viable playing field, with
its activities spread throughout India and significantly in overseas
territories. In the inland areas, ONGC not only found new resources in
Assam but also established new oil province in Cambay basin (Gujarat),
while adding new petroliferous areas in the Assam-Arakan Fold Belt and
East coast basins (both onshore and offshore).ONGC went offshore in
early 70's and discovered a giant oil field in the form of Bombay High,
now known as Mumbai High. This discovery, along with subsequent
discoveries of huge oil and gas fields in Western offshore changed the
oil scenario of the country. Subsequently, over 5 billion tonnes of
hydrocarbons, which were present in the country, were discovered. The
most important contribution of ONGC, however, is its self-reliance and
development of core competence in E&P activities at a globally
competitive level.

ONGC became a publicly held company in February 1994, with 20% of

its equity were sold to the public and eighty percent retained by the
Indian government. At the time, ONGC employed 48,000 people and
had reserves and surpluses worth ₹104.34 billion, in addition to its
intangible assets. The corporation's net worth of ₹107.77 billion was
the largest of any Indian company.

In 1958 the then Chairman, Keshav Dev Malaviya, held a meeting with
11

some geologists in the Mussoorie office of the Geology Directorate

Page

13
where he accepted the need for ONGC to go outside India too in order
to enhance Indian owned capacity for oil production. The argument in
support for this step, by LP Mathur and BS Negi, was that Indian
demand for crude would go up at a faster rate than discoveries by
ONGC in India.

Malaviya followed this up by making ONGC apply for exploration

licences in the Persian Gulf. Iran gave ONGC four blocks and Malaviya
visited Milan and Bartlseville to request ENI and Phillips Petroleum to
join as partners in the Iran venture. This resulted in the discovery of the
Rostum oilfield in the early 'sixties, very soon after the discovery of
Ankleswar in Gujarat. This was the very first investment by the Indian
public sector in foreign countries and oil from Rostum and Raksh was
brought to Cochin where it was refined in a refinery built with technical
assistance from Phillips.

2000 to present

In 2003, ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), the division of ONGC concerned

with its foreign assets, acquired Talisman Energy's 25% stake in the
Greater Nile Oil project.

In 2006, a commemorative coin set was issued to mark the 50th

anniversary of the founding of ONGC, making it only the second Indian
company (State Bank of India being the first) to have such a coin issued
12

in its honor.
Page

14
In 2011, ONGC applied to purchase 2000 acres of land at Dahanu to
process offshore gas. ONGC Videsh, along with Statoil ASA (Norway)
and Repsol SA (Spain), has been engaged in deep-water drilling off the
northern coast of Cuba in 2012. On 11 August 2012, ONGC announced
that it had made a large oil discovery in the D1 oilfield off the west
coast of India, which will help it to raise the output of the field from
around 12,500 barrels per day (bpd) to a peak output of 60,000 bpd.

In November 2012, OVL agreed to acquire ConocoPhillips' 8.4% stake in

the Kashagan oilfield in Kazakhstan for around US$5 billion, in ONGC's
largest acquisition to date.[14] The acquisition is subject to the
approval of the governments of Kazakhstan and India and also to other
partners in the Caspian Sea field waiving their pre-emption rights.

In January 2014, OVL and Oil India completed the acquisition of

Videocon Group’s ten percent stake in a Mozambican gas field for a
total of $2.47 billion.

In June 2015, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) given a Rs27bn
($427m) offshore contract for the Basin development project to Larsen
& Toubro (L&T).
13
Page

15
In February 2016, the board of ONGC approved an investment of Rs.
5,050 crore in Tripura for drilling of wells and creation of surface
facilities to produce 5.1 million standard cubic feet per day gas from the
state’s fields.

ONGC INDIA

 ASSETS/ PLANTS:

1. Mumbai High Asset, Mumbai

2. Neelam & Heera Asset, Mumbai

3. Bassein & Satellite Asset, Mumbai

4. Uran Plant, Uran

5. Hazira Plant, Hazira

6. Ahmedabad Asset, Ahmedabad

14
Page

16
7. Ankleshwar Asset, Mehsana

8. Mehsana Asset, Mehsana

9. Rajamundry Asset, Rajamundry

10. Karaikal Asset, Karaikal

11. Assam Asset, Nazira

12. Tripura Asset, Agartala

 BASINS:

1. Western Offshore Basin, Mumbai

2. Western Onshore Basin Vadodara

3. KG Basin, Rajamundry

4. Cauvery Basin, Chennai

5. Assam & Assam-Arakan Basin, Jorhat

6. CBM- BPM Basin, Kolkata

7. Frontier Basin, Dehradun

15

 REGIONS:
Page

17
1. Mumbai Region, Mumbai

2. Western Region, Baroda

3. Eastern Region, Nazira

4. Southern Region, Chennai

5. Central Region, Kolkata

16
Page

18
19
Page 17
  Functions & Duties

Oil And Natural Gas Corporation has been established to carry out the
objectives specified in the Memorandum & Articles of Association of
the Company. The main objectives are:

1. To acquire whole or any part of the undertaking, business, the

assets/liabilities, rights, obligations, power, goodwill, privileges,
functions and associated establishment of whatever nature of the Oil &
Natural Gas Commission [Established under the Oil & Natural Gas
Commission Act (No. 43 of 1959)] and for that purpose carry into and
carry into effect such agreements, contracts, arrangements as may
become necessary.

2. To plan, promote, organize and implement programmes for the

development of Petroleum Resources and the Production and Sale of
Petroleum and Petroleum Products produced by it and for all matters
connected there with.

3. To plan, promote, organize exploit and implement programmes for

the efficient development of petroleum and petroleum products and
alternate resources of energy, and the production, distribution,
conservation and sale of Petroleum and other products/services
18

produced by it and for all the matters connected therewith.

Page

20
4. To carry out exploration and to develop and optimise production of
hydrocarbons and to maximise the contribution to the economy of the
country. To carry out geological, geophysical or any other kind of
surveys for exploration of petroleum resources; to carry out drilling and
other prospecting operations; to probe and estimate the reserve of
petroleum resources; to undertake, encourage and promote such other
activities as may lead to the establishment of such reserves including
geological, chemical, scientific and other investigations.

5. To search for, purchase, take on lease or license, obtain concession

or otherwise acquire any estate or interest in, develop the resources of
work, dispose off or otherwise turn to account, land or sea or any other
place in whole of India or in any other part of the world containing or
likely to contain, petroleum, petroleum resources or alternative sources
of energy or other oils in any form, asphalt, bitumen or similar
substances or natural gas, chemicals or any substances used, or which
is thought likely to be useful for any purpose for which petroleum or
any oils in any form, asphalt, bitumen or similar substances or natural
gas is, or could be used or to that end to organise, equip or employ
expeditions, commissions, experts and other agents and to sink wells,
to make boring and otherwise to search for, obtain, exploit, develop,
render suitable for trade, petroleum, other mineral oils, natural gas,
asphalt, or other similar substances or product thereof.
19
Page

21
6. To undertake, assist, encourage or swap or promote the production
of petroleum resources and to carry on in all their respective branches
all or any of the business of producing, treating, (including the
redefining of crude oil) storing, transportation, importing, exporting,
swapping and generally dealing in or with, petroleum or other crude
oils, asphalt, bitumen, natural gas, refinery gasses, liquefied petroleum
gas and all other kind of petroleum products, chemicals and any such
substances aforesaid.

7. To carry on all marketing and distribution of all kinds of petroleum

products and to purchase or otherwise acquire manufacture, refine,
treat, reduce, distil, blend purify and pump, store, hold transport, use,
experiment with market distribute, exchange, supply, sell or otherwise
dispose of, import, export and trade and generally deal in any and all
kinds of petroleum products, oil, gas and other volatile substances.

8. To carry on all or any of the businesses of the sale and purchase of

petroleum and other crude oil, asphalt, bitumen, natural gas, liquefied
petroleum gas, chemicals and all kinds of petroleum products, treat and
turn to account in any manner whatsoever petroleum and other crude
oils, asphalt, bitumen, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and all kinds
of petroleum products, chemicals and any such substance as aforesaid.

9. To establish, provide, maintain and perform scientific, technical,

20

engineering, project management, consulting/contacting services

Page

22
including but without limiting to technical studies, design, construction,

23
maintenance, repair all kinds of works and buildings, procurement,
inspection expediting, management of construction and related
services for petroleum reservoir, storage and transportation of oil, gas
and other minerals by pipeline in or otherwise, seismic data acquisition,
interpretation, logging, drilling, cementing, other oil fields related
equipment.

10. To promote, organise, or carry on the business of consultancy

services in any field of activity in which the Company is engaged in or
connected therewith.

21
Page

24
 ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
Petroleum is a Latin word of (Petra ‘‘rock’’ + Oleum ‘’ oil ‘’), It is completely
different than oil that comes from vegetable sources such as the olive, but
modern research has traced its origin to the lipids (oils) of planktonic (free
floating) plants and animals which live in brackish water such as blue-green
algaes and foraminifera. The brackishness is essential because aerobic
bacteria does not live in brackish water which in turn would decompose all
of the organic matter. In brackish water the organic matter of the planktonic
plants and animals sinks to the bottom and incorporated into clay sediments
which ultimately become sedimentary rocks, as we called shale rock. Under
high pressure and temperature the oil of clay shales can be squeezed out
and into porous rock. In porous rock the oil can travel, until it reaches an
impervious barrier such as a salt dome.
Petroleum is so important to ensure life sustainability as a source of energy
which has a big impact on society from several aspects including: economy,
politics and human basic needs. It is a strategic commodity that every
country is seeking by developing new technologies which contribute
to maximizing petroleum recovery from underground.

25
 EXTRACTION OF PETROLEUM

Locating the oil field

Geologists and geophysicists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may
form oil reservoirs. The "classic" method includes making an underground explosion nearby
and observing the seismic response, which provides information about the geological
structures underground. However, "passive" methods that extract information from naturally
occurring seismic waves are also used.
Other instruments such as gravimeters and magnetometers are also used in the search for
petroleum. Extracting crude oil normally starts with drilling wells into an underground
reservoir. When an oil well has been tapped, a geologist (known on the rig as the
"mudlogger") will note its presence.
Historically in the United States, in some oil fields the oil rose naturally to the surface, but
most of these fields have long since been used up, except in parts of Alaska. Often many wells
(called multilateral wells) are drilled into the same reservoir, to an economically viable
extraction rate. Some wells (secondary wells) may pump water, steam, acids or various gas
mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure and economical
extraction rate.
Drilling
Main article: Oil well
The oil well is created by drilling a long hole into the earth with an oil rig. A steel pipe (casing)
is placed in the hole, to provide structural integrity to the newly drilled well bore. Holes are
then made in the base of the well to enable oil to pass into the bore. Finally a collection of
valves called a "Christmas Tree" is fitted to the top; the valves regulate pressures and control
flow.
Oil extraction and recovery
Primary recovery
During the primary recovery stage (also called the 'Kareem Stage'), reservoir drive comes
from a number of natural mechanisms. These include: natural water displacing oil downward
into the well, expansion of the natural gas at the top of the reservoir, expansion of gas initially
dissolved in the crude oil, and gravity drainage resulting from the movement of oil within the
reservoir from the upper to the lower parts where the wells are located. Recovery factor
during the primary recovery stage is typically 5-15%.
While the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient to force the oil to the surface,
all that is necessary is to place a complex arrangement of valves (the Christmas tree) on
the well head to connect the well to a pipeline network for storage and processing. Sometimes
pumps, such as beam pumps and electrical submersible pumps (ESPs), are used to bring the
oil to the surface; these are known as artificial lifting mechanisms.
Secondary recovery
Over the lifetime of a well, the pressure falls. At some point there is insufficient underground
pressure to force the oil to the surface. After natural reservoir drive diminishes, secondary
recovery methods are applied. These rely on supplying external energy to the reservoir by
26
injecting fluids to increase reservoir pressure, hence increasing or replacing the natural
reservoir drive with an artificial drive. Secondary recovery techniques increase the reservoir's
pressure by water injection, natural gas reinjection and gas lift, which injects air, carbon
dioxide or some other gas into the bottom of an active well, reducing the overall density of
fluid in the wellbore. The typical recovery factor from water-flood operations is about 30%,
depending on the properties of the oil and the characteristics of the reservoir rock. On
average, the recovery factor after primary and secondary oil recovery operations is between
35 and 45%.

Enhanced recovery
Steam is injected into many oil fields where the oil is thicker and heavier than normal crude oil
Enhanced, or tertiary oil recovery methods, increase the mobility of the oil in order to increase
extraction.
Thermally enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) are tertiary recovery techniques that heat
the oil, reducing its viscosity and making it easier to extract. Steam injection is the most
common form of TEOR, and it is often done with a cogeneration plant. This type of
cogeneration plant uses a gas turbine to generate electricity, and the waste heat is used to
produce steam, which is then injected into the reservoir. This form of recovery is used
extensively to increase oil extraction in the San Joaquin Valley, which yields a very heavy oil,
yet accounts for ten percent of the United States' oil extraction. Fire flooding (In-situ burning)
is another form of TEOR, but instead of steam, some of the oil is burned to heat the
surrounding oil.
Occasionally, surfactants (detergents) are injected to alter the surface tension between the
water and the oil in the reservoir, mobilizing oil which would otherwise remain in the reservoir
as residual oil.
Another method to reduce viscosity is carbon dioxide flooding.
Tertiary recovery allows another 5% to 15% of the reservoir's oil to be recovered. In some
California heavy oil fields, steam injection has doubled or even tripled the oil reserves and
ultimate oil recovery. For example, see Midway-Sunset Oil Field, California's largest oilfield.
Tertiary recovery begins when secondary oil recovery is not enough to continue adequate
extraction, but only when the oil can still be extracted profitably. This depends on the costof
the extraction method and the current price of crude oil. When prices are high, previously
unprofitable wells are brought back into use, and when they are low, extraction is curtailed.
The use of microbial treatments is another tertiary recovery method. Special blends of the
microbes are used to treat and break down the hydrocarbon chain in oil, making the oil easy

27
to recover. It is also more economical versus other conventional methods. In some states
such as Texas, there are tax incentives for using these microbes in what is called a secondary
tertiary recovery. Very few companies supply these, however, companies like Bio Tech, Inc.
have proven very successful in waterfloods across Texas.
Recovery rates and factors.
The amount of oil that is recoverable is determined by a number of factors, including
the permeability of the rock, the strength of natural drives (the gas present, pressure from
adjacent water or gravity), porosity of the reservoir rock, i.e the rock storage capacity, and
the viscosity of the oil. When the reservoir rocks are "tight", as in shale, oil generally cannot
flow through, but when they are permeable, as in sandstone, oil flows freely.
Estimated ultimate recovery.
Although recovery of a well cannot be known with certainty until the well ceases production,
petroleum engineers often determine an estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) based on decline
rate projections years into the future. Various models, mathematical techniques, and
approximations are used.
Shale rock is the hidden gem for America that many people do not even realize exists. Most
people believe the oil that we get all comes from other places, but now, America is at the top
of the oil producing rankings, passing Russia and Saudi Arabia, which would have been hard
to believe ten years ago.
Shale gas EUR is difficult to predict, and it is possible to choose recovery methods that tend to
underestimate decline of the well beyond that which is reasonable.
Health and safety.
During 2003–2013, the number of work-related fatalities in the U.S. oil and gas extraction
industry increased 27.6%, with a total of 1,189 deaths; however, the annual rate of
occupational fatalities significantly decreased 36.3% because the size of the workforce grew
during this period. Two-thirds of all worker fatalities were attributed to transportation
incidents and contact with objects or equipment. More than 50% of persons fatally injured
were employed by companies that service wells. Hazard controls include land transportation
safety policies and engineering controls such as automated technologies.

28
29
30
 PROCESSING OF PETROLEUM

Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and

other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful
products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
Petroleum refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units and auxiliary
facilities such as utility units and storage tanks. Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of
refining processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired products and economic considerations.
Some modern petroleum refineries process as much as 800,000 to 900,000 barrels (127,000 to 143,000 cubic
meters) per day of crude oil.

31
 Crude Oil Distillation unit: Distills the incoming crude oil into various fractions for further processing in other
units.
 Vacuum distillation unit: Further distills the residue oil from the bottom of the crude oil distillation unit. The
vacuum distillation is performed at a pressure well below atmospheric pressure.
 Naphtha hydrotreater unit: Uses hydrogen to desulfurize the naphtha fraction from the crude oil distillation or
other units within the refinery.
 Catalytic reforming unit: Converts the desulfurized naphtha molecules into higher-octane molecules to
produce reformate, which is a component of the end-product gasoline or petrol.
 Alkylation unit: Converts isobutane and butylenes into alkylate, which is a very high-octane component of the
end-product gasoline or petrol.
 Isomerization unit: Converts linear molecules such as normal pentane into higher-octane branched molecules
for blending into the end-product gasoline. Also used to convert linear normal butane into isobutane for use in
the alkylation unit.
 Distillate hydrotreater unit: Uses hydrogen to desulfurize some of the other distilled fractions from the crude
oil distillation unit (such as diesel oil).
 Merox (mercaptan oxidizer) or similar units: Desulfurize LPG, kerosene or jet fuel by oxidizing
undesired mercaptans to organic disulfides.
 Amine gas treater, Claus unit, and tail gas treatment for converting hydrogen sulfide gas from the
hydrotreaters into end-product elemental sulfur. The large majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur
produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from petroleum refining and natural gas
processing plants.[8][9]
 Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit: Upgrades the heavier, higher-boiling fractions from the crude oil distillation
by converting them into lighter and lower boiling, more valuable products.
 Hydrocracker unit: Uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions from the crude oil distillation and the vacuum
distillation units into lighter, more valuable products.
 Visbreaker unit upgrades heavy residual oils from the vacuum distillation unit by thermally cracking them into
lighter, more valuable reduced viscosity products.
 Delayed coking and fluid coker units: Convert very heavy residual oils into end-product petroleum coke as
well as naphtha and diesel oil by-products.

The crude oil distillation unit

The crude oil distillation unit (CDU) is the first processing unit in virtually all petroleum refineries. The CDU distills
the incoming crude oil into various fractions of different boiling ranges, each of which are then processed further
in the other refinery processing units. The CDU is often referred to as the atmospheric distillation unit because it
operates at slightly above atmospheric pressure.[1][2][11]
Below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit. The incoming crude oil is preheated by
exchanging heat with some of the hot, distilled fractions and other streams. It is then desalted to remove
inorganic salts (primarily sodium chloride).
Following the desalter, the crude oil is further heated by exchanging heat with some of the hot, distilled fractions
and other streams. It is then heated in a fuel-fired furnace (fired heater) to a temperature of about 398 °C and
routed into the bottom of the distillation unit.
The cooling and condensing of the distillation tower overhead is provided partially by exchanging heat with the
incoming crude oil and partially by either an air-cooled or water-cooled condenser. Additional heat is removed
from the distillation column by a pumparound system as shown in the diagram below.
As shown in the flow diagram, the overhead distillate fraction from the distillation column is naphtha. The
fractions removed from the side of the distillation column at various points between the column top and bottom
are called sidecuts. Each of the sidecuts (i.e., the kerosene, light gas oil and heavy gas oil) is cooled by
exchanging heat with the incoming crude oil. All of the fractions (i.e., the overhead naphtha, the sidecuts and the
bottom residue) are sent to intermediate storage tanks before being processed further.
32
Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries.

Flow diagram of a typical

Petroleum Refinery[edit]
The image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical petroleum refinery that depicts the various refining
processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the
final end-products.
The diagram depicts only one of the literally hundreds of different oil refinery configurations. The diagram also
does not include any of the usual refinery facilities providing utilities such as steam, cooling water, and electric
power as well as storage tanks for crude oil feedstock and for intermediate products and end products.[1][2][12]

33
A schematic flow diagram of a typical petroleum refinery.

34
 TRIPURA ASSET
Tripura is one of the main work centers of ONGC in north eastern
region. It is based at Agartala with man power of little more than 1000.
The work force is comprised of people from all over the country.

Geologically Tripura is a part of frontal folded belt of Assam basin and is

situated between the proven commercial oil and gas bearing region of
Sylhet in Bangladesh. Exploration activities in Tripura dates back to
1939 when Burma oil company and its subsidiary carried out photo
geological mapping. Exploration activities of ONGC were commenced in
1962. These efforts have resulted in the identification of 18 different
structures.
THE ROADWAY OF ESTABLISHMENT OF TRIPURA ON WORLD HYDROCARBON MAP

1975- Baramura

1982- Gojalia

1983- Manikya Nagar

1986- Konaban

1987- Agartala dome

2000- Tichna

2004- Sonamura

2007- Kunjaban &

Sundalbar 2008-
22

Tulamura
Page

35
2009- Khubal

36
ONGC established its project in Tripura in 1970 and drilling commenced
in 1972. Out of 18 structures, 4 structures via. Baramura, Rokhia,
Agartala dome and Gojalia are under production. Gas was stuck in the
very first well in Baramura in 1975.

 Drilling rigs-
 Work over rig-
 Production installation-
 Daily average production-
 Average monthly revenue earned-

23
Page

Fig:- Gas Fields of Tripura

37
Discovered different fields and Baramura, Gojalia,
Activities Manikyanagar, Konaban,
Agartala Dom, Tichna,
Sonamura, Sundarbari &
Kunjaban, Tulamara, khubal

In Operation (May 2016) Drilling Rig = 03, Work Over

Rig = 02, GCS = 04, GMS = 02

Total gas production (May 4.10 MMSCMD

2016)

Gas supply to Power Plant OTPC, Palatana

(Consumers) TSECL, Rokia & Baramura
NEEPCO R C nagar,
TNGC for automobile
NEEPCO Monarchok

Total wells drilled 202 nos out of which 72 nos

connected

24
Page

38
 DEPARTMENTS IN ONGC

ONGC management continues to strive for excellence in good

governance and responsible management practices, benchmarking
with best of global companies. Various departments of ONGC are –

 GEOLOGY (FORWARD BASE)

 SUB-SURFACE TEAM (SST)
 DRILLING SERVICES
 WELL LOGGING
 SURFACE TEAM
 WELL SERVICE
 SUPPORT GROUP

-Material Management

-Finance Department

-Human resources

-Medical section

- Fire services

- Security (BSF)
25
Page

39
 GEOLOGY(FORWARD BASE)

Study of geology, different layers of earth to find out in which layer the
hydrocarbons are present, are the main functions. They carry out their
operations to find whether the crude oil or natural gas is present in the
tested area by doing explosion and taking the help of acoustic studies.

 Reservoir
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool
of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock
formations. The naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude
oil or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with
lower permeability. Reservoirs are found using hydrocarbon
exploration methods.

Fig: Oil and gas reservoir

26
Page

40
Criterion of Reservoir Rock

1. Sufficient void space

2. Adequate connectivity
3. Trap Rock
Void Space
Porosity or void space is a measure of the spaces in a material,
and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume,
between 0-1, or as a percentage between 0-100%. The term
is used in multiple fields including pharmaceutics, ceramics,
metallurgy, materials, manufacturing, soil mechanics and
engineering.
Trap rock
Trap rocks is any dark colored, fine grained non-granitic intrusive
or extrusive igneous rock. Types of trap rock include basalt,
peridotite, diabase, and fine grained gabbro. Trap is also used to
refer to flood basalts i.e. the traps sand Siberian traps. The
erosion of trap rock created by the stacking of successive lava
flows often created a distinct stair-step landscape from which the
term “trap” was derived from Scandianavian word “trappa”,
which means “stair-step”.

Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the
deposition of material of the earth’s surface and within bodies of
water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that
27

cause mineral and organic particles to settle and accumulate or

Page

41
minerals to precipitate from a solution. Particles that form a

42
sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before
being deposited sediment was formed by weathering and erosion
in a source area, and then transported to the place of deposition
by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers which are called
agents of denudation.

- Clastic sedimentary rocks

They are composed of silicate minerals and rock fragments that
were transported by moving fluids and were deposited when
this fluids came to rest. Clastic rocks are composed largely of
quartz, feldspar, rock fragments, clay minerals and mica,
numerous other minerals may be present as accessories and
may be important locally.
E.g.- sandstone, siltstone, shale

- Non-clastic sedimentary rocks

These rocks form from the precipitation of minerals from ocean
water or from the breakdown of the shells and bombs of sea
creatures. Sea animals such as coral produce calcium carbonate
solutions that harden to form rocks. As the chemicals, that
come from the mineral or biological precipitation, mix with the
sediments on the floor of the ocean or lake they crystallize and
grow in the spaces around the sediment. When these crystals
grow large enough to fill the spaces they harden and form a
solid rock
E.g.- limestone, dolo stone, gypsum, chalk
28
Page

43
  Reservoir Engineering

This is a branch of petroleum engineering that applies scientific

principles to the drainage problems arising during the development and
production of oil and gas reservoirs so as to obtain a high economic
recovery. The working tools of the reservoir engineer are surface
geology, applied mathematics, and the basic laws of physics and
chemistry governing the behavior of the liquid and vapour phases of
crude oil, natural gas and water in reservoir rock. Of particular interest
to reservoir engineers is generating accurate reserves estimates for use
in financial reporting to the SEC and other regulatory bodies.

This engineering is the economic optimization of the development and

production of hydrocarbon reservoir which deals with –

- Quality of Hydrocarbon
- Recoverable Reserves
- Rate of Exploitation

-
29
Page

Fig. : Different Traps and Fault in Oil Gas reserve

44
 SUB-SURFACE TEAM (SST)
Stratigraphy of Tripura

Tripura formation is a extension of Assam-Arakan fold belt. Assam-

Arakan basin includes Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur,
Mizoram and Tripura. The area is geographically division into four parts.
The eastern limit is defined by Patkai, Barail and associated ranges
forming the Naga hills and to the north eastern Himalayas culminating
in Nancha Barwa.

In Tripura, eastern Tripura experience a less tectonic disturbance which

lead to the poor gas trapping. Stratigraphic of Tripura formation from
the surface is:

- Tipam formation
- Bokabil formation
- Upper Bhuvan
- Middle Bhuvan
- Lower Bhuvan
- Barail Bhuvan
Reservoir data acquisition

The determination of hydrocarbon in a place and technically

recoverable reserves requires the implantation of a data acquisition
scheme. The degree of understanding of reservoir continuity and
properties should improve with each well drilled but will always be a
subject of uncertainity.
30
Page

45
GEO-TECHNICAL ORDER PREPARATION:

Geo-technical order is the final representation of Well Planning. G.T.0.

Is the interface between Geologists and Drilling engineer. Various
inputs required for the GTO are:

- The objective of the wells

- Well data package consisting of seismic data, location map,

expected pore pressures offset and correlation logs and
information on formation type, top and thickness.

- Offset and correlated drilled wells data consisting of bit record,

mud reports. Mud logging data, drilling reports, well
completion reports, and production histories.

- Proposed logging, testing and coring programs.

- Government reflection and Company’s policy.

The various input data are thoroughly analyzed and G. T. O is prepared

which provides broad guidelines for drilling of the wells.
31
Page

46
 DRILLING SERVICES

Drilling engineering is a subset of Petroleum Engineering Drilling

engineers design and implement procedures to drill wells as safely and
economically as possible. They work closely with the drilling contractor,
service contractors, and compliance personals, as well as with
geologists and other technical specialists. The drilling engineers have
the responsibility for ensuring minimum cost while getting information
to evaluate the formations penetrated, protecting the health and safety
of workers and protecting the environment.

The planning phases involved in drilling an well typically involve

estimating the value of sought reserves, estimating the cost to access
reserves, acquiring property by a mineral lease, a geological survey, a
well bore plan and a lay out of the type of equipment required to reach
the depth of the well Drilling engineers are in the charge of the process
of drilling and planning wells. The responsibilites include:

- Designing casing Strings in conjunction with drilling fluid

plants to prevent blowouts and formation evaluation.

- Designing or contributing to the design of casing, cementing

plans, directional drilling plans, and drill bit programs.
32
Page

47
- Specifying equipments, material and ratings and grades to be
used in the drilling process.

- Providing technical support and audit during the drilling

process

- Performing cost estimates and analysis

- Developing contracts with vendors

-
33
Page

48
 - WELL LOGGING

When we speak of a log in the oil industry we mean “a recording

against depth of any the characteristics of the rock formations
traversed by a measuring apparatus in the well-bore". The logs are
sometimes referred to as “wire-line logs" or “well-logs”, are obtained
by means of measuring equipment (logging tools) lowered on cable
(wire-line) into the well. Measurements are transmitted up the cable
(which contains one or several conductors) to a surface laboratory or
computer unit. The recording of this information on film or paper
constitutes the well-log. Log data may also be recorded on magnetic
tape. A large number of different logs may be run, each recording a
different property of the rocks penetrated by the well. Wire line logging
is performed after an interruption (or the termination) of drilling
activity, and is thus distinguished from “drilling-logs" (of such things as
drilling-rate, mud-loss, torque, etc.) and “mud-logs" (drilling mud
salinity, pH, mud-weight, etc) obtained during drilling operations.

Well logging, also known as borehole logging is the practice of making a

detailed record (a well log) of the geologic formations penetrated by a
borehole. The log may be based either on visual inspection of samples
brought to the surface (geological logs) or on physical measurements
made by instruments lowered into the hole (geophysical logs). Well
logging can be done during any phase of a well’s history; drilling,
completing, producing and abandoning. Well logging is performed in
34

boreholes drilled for the oil and gas, groundwater, mineral and
Page

49
geothermal exploration, as well as part of environmental and
geotechnical studies.

Electrical Logs:

- Resistivity

Resistivity logging works by characterizing the rock or sediment in a

borehole by measuring its electrical resistivity.

- Image Log

Image logs use a rotating transducer to measure acoustic impedance

across the entire borehole wall. This can then be used to identify the
presence and direction of rock fractures, as well as understanding the
dip direction of the stratigraphy.

- Porosity Logs

Porosity logs measure the fraction or percentage of pore volume in a

volume of rock. Most porosity logs use either acoustic or nuclear
technology. Acoustic logs measure characteristics of sound waves
propagated through the well-bore environment. Nuclear logs utilize
nuclear reactions that take place in the down hole logging instrument
or in the formation. Nuclear logs include density logs and neutron logs,
as well as gamma ray logs which are used for correlation. [The basic
principle behind the use of nuclear technology is that a neutron source
placed near the formation of which the porosity is required to be
measured will result in neutrons being scattered by the hydrogen
atoms, largely those present in the formation fluid. Since there is little
difference in the neutrons scattered by hydrocarbons or water, the
35

porosity measured gives a figure close to the true physical porosity

Page

50
whereas the figure obtained from electrical resistivity measurements is
that due to the conductive formation fluid. The difference between
neutron porosity and electrical porosity measurements therefore
indicates the presence of hydrocarbons in the formation fluid.

- Density

The density log measures the bulk density of a formation by

bombarding it with a radioactive source and measuring the resulting
gamma ray count after the effects of Scattering and Photoelectric
absorption. This bulk density can then be used to determine porosity.

- Neutron Porosity

The neutron porosity log works by bombarding a formation with high

energy epithermal neutrons that lose energy through elastic scattering
to near thermal levels before being absorbed by the nuclei of the
formation atoms. Depending on the particular type of neutron logging
tool, either the gamma ray of capture, scattered thermal neutrons or
scattered. higher energy epithermal neutrons are detected. The
neutron porosity log is predominantly sensitive to the quantity of
hydrogen atoms in a particular formation, which generally corresponds
to rock porosity. Boron is known to cause anomalously low neutron
tool count rates due to it having a high capture cross section for
thermal neutron absorption. An increase in hydrogen concentration in
clay minerals has a similar effect on the count rate. Sonica sonic log
36

provides a formation interval transit time, which typically varies

Page

51
lithology and rock texture but particularly porosity. The logging tool

52
consists of a piezoelectric transmitter and receiver and the time taken
to for the sound wave to travel the fixed distance between the two is
recorded as an interval transit time.

37
Page

53
Lithology Logs:

- Gamma Ray

A log of the natural radioactivity of the formation along the borehole,

measured in APl, particularly useful for distinguishing between sands
and shales in a siliclastic environment. This is because sandstones are
usually nonradioactive quartz, whereas shales are naturally radioactive
due to potassium isotopes in clays, and adsorbed uranium and thorium.
- Self/Spontaneous Potential

The Spontaneous Potential (SP) log measures the natural or

spontaneous potential difference between the borehole and the
surface, without any applied current. It was one of the first wire line
logs to be developed, found when a single potential electrode was
lowered into a well and a potential was measured relative to a fixed
reference electrode at the surface.

The most useful component of this potential difference is the

electrochemical potential because it can cause a significant deflection
in the SP response opposite permeable beds. The magnitude of this
deflection depends mainly on the salinity contrast between the drilling
mud and the formation water, and the clay content of the permeable
bed. Therefore the SP log is commonly used to detect permeable beds
and to estimate clay content and formation water salinity.
38
Page

54
Logging while drilling (LWD)

In the 19705, a new approach to wire line logging was introduced in the
form of logging while drilling (LWD). This technique provides similar
well information to conventional wire line logging but instead of
sensors being lowered into the well at the end of wire line cable, the
sensors are integrated into the drill string and the measurements are
made in real-time, whilst the well is being drilled. This allows drilling
engineers and geologists to quickly obtain information such as porosity,
resistivity, hole direction and weight-on-bit and they can use this
information to make immediate decisions about the future of the well
and the direction of drilling. In LWD, measured data is transmitted to
the surface in real time via pressure pulses in the well's mud fluid
column. This mud telemetry method provides a bandwidth of less than
10 bits per second, although, as drilling through rock is a fairly slow
process, data compression techniques mean that this is an ample
bandwidth for real-time delivery of information. A higher sample rate
of data is recorded into memory and retrieved when the drill string is
withdrawn at bit changes. High-definition down hole and subsurface
information is available through networked or wired drill pipe that
deliver memory quality data in real time.
39
Page

55
Memory log

This method of data acquisition involves recording the sensor data into
a down hole memory, rather than transmitting "Real Time" to surface.
There are some advantages and disadvantages to this memory option.

- The tools can be conveyed into wells where the trajectory is

deviated or extended beyond the reach of conventional Electric
Wire line cables. This can involve a combination of weight to
strength ratio of the electric cable over this extended reach. In
such cases the memory tools can be conveyed on Pipe or Coil
Tubing.
- The type of sensors are limited in comparison to those used on
Electric Line, and tend to be focused on the eased hole,
production stage of the well. Although there are now
developed, some memory "Open Hole" compact formation
evaluation tool combinations. These tools can be deployed and
carried down hole concealed internally in drill pipe to protect
them from damage while running in the hole, and then
"pumped" out the end at depth to initiate logging. Other basic
open hole formation evaluation memory tools are available for
use in "Commodity" markets on slick line to reduce costs and
operating time.
- In cased hole operation there is normally a "Slick Line"
intervention unit This uses a solid mechanical wire (.82 .125
inches in OD), to manipulate or otherwise carry out operations
in the well bore completion system. Memory Operations are
40
Page

56
 often carried out on this Slick line conveyance in preference to
mobilizing a full service Electric Wire line unit.
- Since the results are not known until returned to surface, any
real-time well dynamic changes cannot be monitored real time.
This limits the ability to modify or change the well down hole
production conditions accurately during the memory logging by
changing the surface production rates. Something that is often
done in Electric Line operations.
- Failure during recording is not known until the memory tools
are retrieved. This loss of data can be a major issue on large
offshore (expensive) locations. 0n land locations (e.g. South
Texas, US) where there is what is called a "Commodity" Oil
service sector, where logging often is without the rig
"infrastructure. This is less problematic, and logs are often run
again without issue.
Coring

Coring is the process of obtaining an actual sample of a rock formation

from the borehole. There; are two main types of coring: 'full coring', in
which a sample of rock is obtained using a specialised drill-bit as the
borehole is first penetrating the formation and ’sidewall coring' in
which multiple samples are obtained from the side of the borehole
after it has penetrated through a formation. The main advantage of
sidewall coring over full coring are that it is cheaper (drilling doesn‘t
have to be stopped) and multiple samples can be easily acquired, with
the main disadvantages being that there can be uncertainty in the
depth at which the sample was acquired and the tool can fail to acquire
41

the sample.
Page

57
Mud logging

Mud logs are prepared by a mud logging company contracted by the

operating company. One parameter a typical mud log displays is the
formation gas (gas units or ppm). ”The gas recorder usually is scaled in
terms of arbitrary gas units, which are defined differently by the various
gas detector manufactures. in practice, significance is placed only on
relative changes in the gas concentrations detected.i17l“ The current
industry standard mud log normally includes real-time drilling
parameters such as rate of penetration (ROP), lithology, gas
hydrocarbons, flow line temperature (temperature of the drilling fluid)
and chlorides but may also include weight, estimated and corrected d-
exponent (corrected drilling exponent) for a pressure pack log Other
information that is normally notated on a mud log include lithology
descriptions, directional data (deviation surveys), weight on bit, rotary
speed, pump pressure, pump rate, viscosity, drill bit info, casing shoe
depths, formation tops, mud pump info, to name just a few.

Perforation

A perforation in the context of oil wells refers to a hole punched in the

casing or liner of an oil well to connect it to the reservoir. in cased hole
completions, the well will be drilled down past the section of the
formation desired for production and will have casing or a liner run in
separating the formation from the well bore. The final stage of the
completion will involve running in perforating guns, a string of shaped
charges, down to the desired depth and firing them to perforate the
42

casing or liner. A typical perforating gun can carry many dozens of

Page

58
charges. Commonly, perforation guns are run on E-line as it is

59
traditional to use electrical signals from the surface to tire the guns. In
more highly deviated wells, coiled tubing may beused. Newer
technologies allow the guns to be run on slick line. No communication
with the surface is possible with slick line. instead, a mechanism on the
gun arms the charges upon reaching a certain temperature and
pressure, A timer will then tire them following a set interval.

The benefit of this strategy is greater deal of control of the well. Casing
the bottom of the hole allows the well to be completed without having
to worry about reservoir fluids. It also allows precise selection of where
in the formation production will be and to be able to seal off
perforations, which are no longer useful or counterproductive, through
cementing or straddling.

The disadvantage is that perforating can lead to "skin damage", where

debris from the perforations can hinder productivity of the well. In
order to mitigate this, perforating is commonly done underbalanced
(lower pressure in the well bore than in the formation) as the higher
well bore pressure will cause a surge of fluids into the well at the point
of perforating, hopefully carrying the debris with it. Other methods of
stimulation such as acidizing and prop pant fracturing are often
required to overcome this damage and bring the well up to its full
potential. Casing and perforating as a method of completion is common
place nowadays, though in some unconsolidated formations, prone to
production of sand (BP Harding as an example), open hole completions,
43

using only sand screens, may be the preferred choice. Oil Well
Page

60
Perforation may be basically classified in two types a) Over-balanced

61
Perforating and b) Underbalanced Perforating. Overbalanced
perforating is normally carried out with the help of Perforating Guns or
Hollow carriers. In Over -balanced Perforation the weight of the Well-
bore Column is more than the Reservoir Pressure, thus it normally,
ensures that the Well does not start flowing oil or Gas immediately
after Perforation. However, it may have the effect of damaging the
formation due to forced entry of well-bore fluid (mud) into the
reservoir.
Perforating Guns:

- Casing gun
- Expendable gun
- Retrievable gun
- High-shot density gun Casing gun

44
Page

62
 WELL SERVICE
Introduction
There are two basic operations in production technology
1. Oil & gas production technology

2. Oil & gas process technology

Oil & gas production technology: After drilling operation, well is handed
over to Production section to activate the well for production. Well
Services in ONGC is associated with well completion and well activation
job with the help of other services in ONGC. The following steps are
involved in production operation/ Technology

1. Categorized of Well
2. Logging and Perforation (by Logging services)
3. Well Testing and Completion
4. Well activation and Stimulation
5. Work Over Job

Classification of Well
The wells are often classified in different ways. One way is to classify oil
wells by land or offshore wells. There is very little difference in the well
itself. An offshore well targets a reservoir that happens to be
underneath an ocean
Classify oil and gas wells are by their purpose in contributing to
the development of a resource. They can be characterized as: -
Production Wells are drilled primarily for producing oil or gas,
once the producing structure and characteristics are determined.
Appraisal Wells are used to assess characteristics (such as flow
rate) of a proven hydrocarbon accumulation.
45

Exploration Wells are drilled purely for exploratory

Page

63
(information gathering) purposes in a new area.

64
 Wildcat Wells are those drilled outside of and not in the vicinity of
known oil or gas fields.

Another way to classify the oil gas wells based on formation pressure.
1. Formation having Sub Hydrostatic pressure
2. Formation having more than hydrostatic pressure (including High
pressure and high temperature well)
3. Formation having Hydrostatic pressure

Perforation:
Perforation is the mechanism of creating holes in the casing by using
explosives to make communication between formation and borehole.
Well Completion and Well Testing
Well Completion
Completion is the process in which the well is enabled to produce oil.
The identified oil & gas bearing zone, based on interpretation the logs is
perforated.
If required, stimulation jobs are carried out.
The completion types can be classified on different basis. Some of the
completion classifications are discussed below: -
Classification Based on Casing Configuration: -
Basically, there are the following three methods for completing a well
based on
casing configuration: -
1. Open hole casing completion
2. Cased hole casing completion
3. Liner casing completion

Another way to classify the well based on pressure rating of Well head
1. Well Head – Working pressure rating up to 5000 psi
2. Well Head – Working pressure rating up to 10000 psi
46
Page

65
3. Well Head – Working pressure rating more than 10000 psi. It is
called very high pressure well.

Fig : Casing completion in production well

47
Page

66
Through the well drilling, we prepare a well bore for producing oil or
gas from the reservoir. Once the designed well depth is reached, the
formation is tested and evaluated to determine whether the well will
be completed for production or plugged & abandoned. To complete the
well for production, casing is installed and cemented. Here the well
bore is lined (cased) with steel pipe known as casings and the annulus
between well bore and casing is filled with cement.

Well Completion operation include: -

1. Perforating the production casing against the formation
2. Installed Sand Control equipment
3. Production Packer installation
4. Tubing (completion) string/ tubing hanger installation
5. X-mas tree installation

48
Page

67
The different components to complete a well are

production casing

various casing strings lowered in a well in order to support the tubular

strings, hang them, provide seals between strings and control
production from the well.

fluids. It forms the conduit for the reservoir fluids to flow from well
bore to surface. In addition, it facilitates well bore service operations
such as wire line, stimulation, circulation etc.
-Mass tree consists of an arrangement of valves, spools, flanges, and
connections to control the flow of fluids from the well. It is is the most
important well control equipment used in well completions.

thereby preventing communication of fluids. This protects the casing

from undue stress in the form of pressure differentials and also
protects the casing against the corrosion and erosion from the
produced fluids.

49
Page

68
 Well testing
The well testing operations commence after a well has been drilled to
target depth logged, cased and cemented. The main objectives of well
testing operations are to: -
tify produced fluids and determine their respective ratios

In many wells, the natural pressure of the subsurface reservoir is high

enough for the oil or gas to flow to the surface. However, this is not
always the case, especially in depleted fields where the pressures have
been lowered by other producing wells, or in low permeability oil
reservoirs (Sub hydrostatic pressure}. Artificial lift methods may also be
needed. Common solutions include down-hole pumps, gas lift, or
surface pumps like SRP or SCP. After completion of a well the next stage
comes, the production stage.
Well Testing operations are
Well Activation for hydrocarbon production
Control the flow of hydrocarbon through choke – at the bottom of
the well and also at surface
Separate oil and gas from water through
separator Sand control
Remove gas hydrate formation
Flare the gas safely
Dispose liquid hydrocarbon safely
Activation and stimulation
The production stage is the most important stage of a well's life, when
the oil and gas are produced. By this time, the oil drilling rigs or/and
50
Page

69
work-over rigs used to drill and complete the well have moved off the

70
wellbore and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves
called a x-mas tree or production tree. These valves regulate pressures,
control flows, and allow access to the wellbore, in case further
completion work is needed.
Well activation process:
Normally high reservoir pressure wells spontaneously produce
hydrocarbon. But initially it is required to activate the well by several
method.
1. Well activation with lighter fluid
2. Compressor application to displace well fluid with air
3. Nitrogen application
4. Acid Treatment
5. Hydro Fracturing for tight reservoir
6. Different lifting methods or pumps are to be used for wells with
low formation pressure.

51
Page

Fig: X-mas trees

71
Work Over Operation
Works over operations are basically remedial measures that are carried
out in a well to add/ restore the production from the well.
Need for work-over
Several problems contribute to a decrease in productivity from a well
such as: -
Well bore and reservoir problems:
o Reservoir problems – Low reservoir pressure & small pay
zone thickness
o Fluid related problems – water & gas coning, formation of
precipitates & scale, flow of heavy viscous oil
o Around well bore problems – accumulation of formation fines in
well bore & plugging of perforations
o Casing damage/ leak or wellhead component/ seal failures
o Production of sand, paraffin and scale deposition in flow conduit
o Failure of completion or A/L equipment.
o Bad cementation and channeling behind casing resulting in
production of undesired water and gas from other layers
o Loss of hydrocarbon of present layer to other layer.

52
Page

72
 SURFACE OPERATION
The whole process enters to the surface through the ‘Christmas
tree’. Here starts the job of the surface department.

In petroleum and natural gas extraction a Christmas tree is an

assembly of valves, spools and fittings used for an oil well or gas
well. It was named for its resemblance to a decorate tree.

Christmas tree is used on the surface. The primary function of tree is

to control the flow out of the well. It may also be used to control the
injection of gas or water in a non- producing rates from the wells.

A tree often provides numerous additional functions including

chemical injection points, well intervention means, pressure relief
means, monitoring points such as pressure, temperature corrosion,
flow rate, flow composition, valve and choke position feedback etc.

53
Page

Fig: Block diagram for oil gas processing

73
 AGARTALA DOME, ADB GCS

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The Gas Collecting Station located at Agartala Dome for ONGC receives
the gas from the well header. From the process flow sequence shown in
the Process Flow diagram, it can be observed that all well fluids from
the wells will be fed to GCS well manifold header through individual
flow lines only. Three well manifold headers are provided to receive the
well fluid, via.

a. HP. header

b. MP header

c. Test header

All the wells are connected to all the headers with isolation valves for
interchangeability.

H.P. header

The HP header will receive gas along with condensate and water from
high pressure wells. The gas and liquid from this header flows via bath
header(E 101A) into the HP 3-phase Seperator (V 101), which is to be
maintained at 60kg/sq.cm.g. The fluid is to be heated up to 35 degree
Celcius before sending into the HP separator.
54
Page

74
The gas from the HP separator will flow to the Gas Scrubber (V 101) at
24 kg/ sq cm g for further processing The gas from the Gas Scrubber (V
103) flows to filters(F 101A/B) to supply liquid free gas to the consumer
after measurement.

A The condensate and water from HP separator (V 101) are received in

Condensate Seperator (V 104) and Effluent water stabilizer (V 106) at
26 kg/sq.cm.g and 1.5 kg/sq.cm.g respectively for stabilization

The condensate from Condensate Separator (V 104) flows to

Condensate stabilizer (V 105) for further stabilization at 1 5 kg/sq.cm.g.
Finally the condensate from V 105 is sent to storage tanks (T 101 A/B).

The effluent water from Effluent water stabilizer (V 106) is sent to

Effluent water evaporation pit (T 111 A/B) after stabilization for onward
disposal.

M.P header

The MP header will receive gas along with condensate and water from
the medium pressure wells. The well fluid is directly sent to the MP 3-
phase separator (V 102) which is to be maintained at 28 kg/sq.cm.g.

The gas released from the MP Seperator (V 102) is sent to gas scrubber
at 24kg/sq cm. g for further processing. The gas from the V 103 flows to
Filters to supply liquid free gas to the consumer after measurement.

The condensate and produced water flow path shall be similar to that
of HP section.
55

Test header
Page

75
This is meant for testing of individual wells. The operating pressure
shall be 60kg/sq.cm. or lower up to 28kg/Sq.cm.g depending upon the
pressure of the wells to be tested. The gas and liquid from this heater
flows via Bath heater (E 101 B) into the Test 3-phase Seperator (V 107).
This separator may be used as standby of V 101 or V 102 in case of shut
down of these separators. The rest of the process is same as that of the
other two headers.

Indirect Bath heating.

An indirect bath heater is used to heat the HP header stream up to 35

degree celcius at 60kg/sq.cm.g pressure. Then the fluid is fed into HP
separator. There should not be any hydrate formation in subsequent
reduction of pressure if indirect bath heater is used to heat the gas
stream. A separate bath heater is used to heat test fluid up to 35
degree celcius before feeding in to the test separator to avoid hydrate
formation in subsequent reduction of the pressure.

The test bath heater may also be used as standby heater for HP heater,
if required.

Instrument gas system

Sufficient amount of gas is taken in the instrument gas receiver through

Gas dryer from the outlet of the gas filter for instrumentation purpose.
Heatless regenerative type Dryer is used to remove the moisture in the
gas so that dry gas IS used for instrumentation. The flare gas will flow to
56

the knock out drum where liquid droplets are arrested and after that it
Page

76
will flow to the flare stack and will be burnt out at the safe
disposal point to take care of the pollution measures.

Pre-start up checks

General

Clean up All foreign materials, grease and oil must be removed from
the interior of the equipment and lines. Foreign materials can damage
equipment or foul process controls and valves. Grease and oil can as
foam promoters.

Pre/Post-shipment commissioning and start up

There is an assortment of tasks that must be completed between the

manufacture of the equipment and the first start up. All of the items
listed below must be addressed.

a. Equipment hyrdrostatic testing and water flush

b. All process lines hydrostatically or air tested, flushed, dried

and sealed.

c. All pneumatic lines have been bubble tested for leaks and continuity

d. All pumps bump started and checked for proper rotation

e. All instrumentation has been function tested and calibrated to

ensure proper operation.
57
Page

77
f. All electrical circuits on the modules have been function tested for
proper operation. g. All orifice plates are installed and blinds are
installed or removed as required.

Materials

Sufficient chemicals and spare parts must be on site and in place for the
initial start up. Care must be taken to assure that materials stored on
site are not subject to atmospheric deterioration. This includes
exposure to rain or pest animal activity.

Inspection of equipment

Each piece of equipment and associated piping must be thoroughly

inspected by the operators and appropriate technical personnel before
start up. This ensures that everything is in proper order and if anything
needs to be replaced.

The instrumentation, vessels and internals and pumps must be strictly

checked and their functionability should be verified as proper.

58
Page

78
Start up procedure

- UTILITIES

Service Water System:

Bore well pump pumps underground water to the service water storage
tank (T-103). Service water pumps (P-109 A/B) transfer the
service water from Service water storage tank to the Bath Heater and
Service water overhead tank (T-404). From Service water overhead
tank service water is available to Water seal drum.

Before starting pump nos. (P-109 A/B), check for fully open suction
valves and also that discharge pressure gauges are in line. After starting
from the pump, slowly open the discharge valve keeping a watch on the
discharge pressure. Once the pump attains normal discharge pressure
of 4.0kg/cm2 g as indicated by the discharge pressure gauge, open the
discharge valve completely.

Instrument Gas:

Instrument gas package is provided for operation of Electro pneumatic

Instruments like level Control valves (LEV), Pressure Control Valves
(PSV), Shut Down valves (SDV) and various setting alarms.
Instrument gas is taken from the outlet Gas filters ( F-1 01A & F-1
018) of gas supply line through the Gas dryers (0-: 1 CIA/B).
59

lnstrument gas
Page

79
pressure is maintained at 7. 0kg/sq.cm.g by Self Actuating Pressure
Control valve at the outlet of the Instrument Gas Receiver.

Flare System:

Fill the Water Seal Drum with water just up-to the overflow level and
adjust the isolation valve at the water inlet to ensure slight overflow of
water from the Water seal Drum. Purge the flare system thoroughly to
ensure complete evacuation of air from the system before lighting the
flare.

Switch on the power to the PFC panel from the main control room.

The set pressure of Flame Front Generator inlet line is 4.0 kg/sq.cm.g.
Open the valves at the air and fuel gas in the FFG panel and allow the
gas and air to get mixed in the mixing chamber. Push the "ignition On"
button on the FFG panel and apply spark to the fuel gas and air mixture
thereby

Power and Motor Control Center (PMCC):

The PMCC receives the incoming supplies from the TSED through 250
KVA

Power Transformer. Second incoming provision also kept for taking

power from DC set. The incomers are of 415V, 3 Phase, 4 Wire, 50 Hz,
Power supply with 31KA for 1sec Fault Level and 450A COPPER bus bar.
There are six major areas where power is distributed from the PM CC.
60

These includes the new motors (Fire Fighting pumps, Jockey Pumps, Air
Page

80
Blowers, Flare KOD Condensate Transfer Pumps, Effluent transfer
Pumps, Service Water pumps, Hot Water Rte-Circulation Pumps,
Corrosion Inhibitor Pumps etc) for Agartala Dome GCS Plant, Existing
ASB Feeder & Submersible Pump, Lighting Transformer 8L MLDB for
non- hazardous area, UPS, Battery 8:. Battery Charger, Control Panel
for Electric Heater, Local Panel for Bath Water System. Main
Lighting Distribution Boards supplies power to small power sockets
and A/C machine Non-Hazardous area,

Lighting:

The Main Lighting Distribution Boards (MLDB-Z) for hazardous area

lighting receives power from the 2 nos. 20 KVA, 415230 V step down
lighting Transformer with 1 no bus-coupler. From this MLDB-OZ, Power
is distributed to three Normal Lighting Panels via, LP-1(N) at condensate
area, LP-2(N) at Process Area, SW-02(E) at Gas generator Shed & LP-
2(E) at Process area. Similarly the ' MLDB-01 for non-hazardous area
lighting receives power from PMCC. From this MLDB-01, power is
distributed to six normal Lighting Panels via, LP-3(N) at . control room,
LP-4(N) at fire water pump house, LP-5(N) at ClSF Barrack, HMLP- 1
at High mast-1, HMLP-Z at High Mast-2 & HMLP-4 at High Mast-3 and
four emergency lighting panels via, LP-1(E) at Switchgear Room, LP-
03(E) at Control . Room, LP-4(E) at Fire Water Pump House & LP-5(E)
at ClSF Barrack.

UPS:

81
For providing uninterrupted power supply to the critical area 1 no 75

61
KVA UPS . with necessary bypass arrangement as per standard UPS

Page

82
module has been provided The UPS has been provided with a static
stabilizer having isolation transformer and bypass line The UPS iS also
having SMF battery towards battery backup The UPS provides power to
the instrument panel.

START UP PROCESS PLANT

General Preparation:

 Close all vents and drain in vessels and lines.

 Open all pump suction valves and close all discharge isolation
valves.
 Before taking the hydrocarbon to separators, those vessels should
be purged totally by hydrocarbon gas.
 Water can create many problems in a gas collection unit during
start-up. Take this opportunity to get rid of as much as liquid
water as possible.
 Avoid leaving open drains unattended. Flammable Natural gas
escaping from an open valve is a serious fire/explosion risk. To
ensure this, confirm that all the drain valves and valves meant for
sampling are properly tightened to assure zero leakage.
 Check for all the Spectacle Blinds at the vessel inlet lines and
outlet lines are in ”Open” position.
62
Page

83
  Confirm that one of the two Pressure safety Valves (PSV)for MP
HP and Test Header are on line with its upstream and
downstream isolation valves in ”Open’ ’position and the other
Pressure Safety Valves in“ "Close position”.

Following steps to be followed during feed intake into the

system:
 Please check if the entire downstream sections of HP separator,
MP separator and Test separator during their respective use are in
line and all in interlocks are in healthy situation.
 Check that all the vessel Pressure Safety Valves are in line as
described in unit-wise general preparation.
 Keep PCV 102A manually open and PCV-1023 manually closed
with bypass valves fully closed.
 Keep one of the PSV-102A/B on line with upstream and
downstream isolation valves Open and keep other PSV on stand b
with upstream and downstream Isolation valves closed Also keep
the isolation valve on the 2 depressurization line closed. Check for
”Blind” position of the ”Spectacle Blind ” located on the 2”
depressurization line.
 Check that all the valves located on inlet and outlet lines of V~1
02 are in 3 "Open” condition.

Test-Separator (V-107):

 Keep the 2" equalization valve for SDV-107 in open condition for
avoiding any surge in the line before filling the separator (V407).
63
Page

84
 After proper streamlining and at the normal operation the
2" equalization valve should be closed.
 Similarly, check the LCV-107 and lLCV-107 are in auto mode with
their by-pass valves in closed position.
 Put LCV-107 and ILCV-107 on “Auto" mode and keep the set point
in the lower side at say, 25-30% initially to avoid liquid surge in
the separator thereby ensuring smooth operation of the level and
interface level control valves. Check physically that LUV-107 and
ILCV~107 are fully closed with no liquid in vessel as start-up.
 Keep PCV-107A manually open and PCV-107 B manually closed
with bypass valves fully closed.
 Keep one of the PSV-107A/B on line with upstream and
downstream isolation valves open and keep the other PSV on
standby with Upstream and downstream isolation valves closed.
Also keep the isolation valve on the 2” depressurization line
closed. Check for “Blind" position of the “Spectacle Blind” located
on the 2" depressurization line.
 Check that all valves located on inlet and outlet lines of V5107 are
in “open condition”

GAS SCRUBBER (V-103):

 Keep the isolation valve on the bypass line close and Open the
isolation valve at the inlet of Gas Scrubber.
 Check for LCV~103 ill auto mode with the bypass valve in closed
64

position.
Page

85
  Put LCV-103 on “Auto mode and keep the set point in the lower
side at say, 25-30% initially to avoid liquid surge in the gas
scrubber thereby ensuring smooth operation of the level control
valve. Check for ”Blind” position of the “Spectacle Blind” located
on the 2" depressurization line.
 Check that all valves located on outline lines of V-105 are in “open
condition.”

SHUTDOWN 0F GCS

lNTRODUCTlON

In the operation of the unit, these types of shutdown can be

encountered. These are short term, normal shutdown, Long-term
normal shutdown and Emergency shutdown.

In normal shutdown, sufficient time is available to perform the

complete sequence of shutdown operations. Emergency Shutdowns are
occasionally required to protect plant personnel and/or plant
equipment.

NORMAL SHUTDOWN-SHORT TERM

The normal shutdown process assumes that levels will be left in most
vessels and there is no need to drain the equipments or lines due to
expected startup in a short time. In this time close POI-1013. PCV-102
65

B, PCV-103B and PCV-107B manually.

Page

86
NORMAL SHUTDOWN-LONG TERM

 Close all the wells one by one.

 Close the 3” plug valves on the headers on the manifold.
 Isolate product gas by isolating the valves at the upstream.
 Stop corrosion inhibitor closing pump.
 One by one take PCV-101 A, PCV-101 B, PCV-102 A, PCV-102 B
in manual mode and slowly close PCV-101 A, PCV-102 A valves
and simultaneously slowly open PCV 101 B, PCB-102B
valves for depressurizing those vessels.
 Remove spectacle bind and open the isolation valves and start
depressurizing the entire system.
 Close the isolation valves located on the consumer lines.
 Take all the level control valves in “Manual” mode and keep them
fully open to effectuate maximum possible removal of the
condensate from the separators.
 Drain all the vessels by removing spectacle binds on respective
drain lines and. opening drain isolation valves.
 Drain the gas litter, instrument gas dryer system and
instrument gas receiver.
 Run flare KOD pump till it trips on Low level switch action.
 Close all the PCVS; LCVS, and ILCVs along with respective
bypass isolation valves and keep all the Vessels in boxed up
condition.
66
Page

87
EMERGENCY SHUT DOWN

The emergency shutdown system is activated when certain critical

process parameters are outside of safe limits. 550 could be initially
manually or could be initiated in ”Auto mode” when any of the gas
detectors gets activated (LEL more than 60%). Apart from the above
mentioned Emergency ' shutdown system, one more shutdown system
under tire condition (FSD) also exists.

- In the event of a fire the manual call point should be broken

that will initiate Fire Alarm signal in the “Fire Alarm Panel” in
the control room.
- Once the firewater will be utilized to tight fire the pressure in
the Fire water Header will fall.
- If the Jockey Pump is able to boost the pressure of the FW
header to the 8kg/cm2 it will automatically stop.
- On the other hand, if the jockey pump fails to boost FW
header pressure and the PW header pressure falls below
5kg/sq.cm, the motor driven main fire water pump shall be
started.
- If that firewater pump fails to raise the FW header pressure
and the header pressure falls below 4kg/sq.cm, the 2nd diesel
engine driven fire water pump will start addition to the other.
- Plant has to start as per the normal start-up procedure after
necessary corrective actions are taken during emergency
shutdown.
67
Page

88
 Effluent water collection/disposal

The effluent water from effluent stabilizer shall be collected in the

evaporation pit two numbers OWS of 5 cu.m. capacity (each shall
also be provided-1 no. located adjacent to the evaporation pit and
the other one located near flare system. All the equipment drains
collected in the OWS from where the effluent water will flow by
gravity through an overflow pipe to the evaporation pit. The other
OWS will take care of all the drains from the flare system.

Tanker loading facilities

Tanker loading facilities shall be as follows: 2 nos. loading arm

for condensate and 1 no. loading arm for effluent.’

GAS CAPACITY- 2.2 MMSCMD

CONDENSATE CAPACITY- 66 cu.m/day

EFFLUENT WATER- 55 cu.m/day

68
Page

89
90
Page 69
 ROKHIA GCS
Rokhia GCS of Tripura Asset is situated at a distance of 30 Km from base
office at Agartala. The GCS was commissioned in March 1990. The GCS
is designed to produce 0.5 MMSCMD of gas and 15 m3/day of liquid.
Gas produced is supplied to the adjacent power plant of M/s TSECL.
Condensate is sent to Assam Asset by road tankers and produced water
is transported to ADB GCS of Tripura Asset via road tankers for
treatment and disposal.

Gas from all the wells can be diverted either to Production Separator or
Test Separator. Both the separators are identical in terms of capacity
and pressure rating. Each separator is designed to handle 5.0 lakh
SCMD of gas and 15 m3/day of liquid. In normal course of operation
well fluid enters in production separator (operating at 22 kg/cm2
pressure at present) through production header. After separation, gas
is led to export header through pressure control valve and metering.
Each separator is equipped with one over pressure control valve which
opens into flare header. From the export header gas goes to filters and
then to custody transfer meter (senior orifice type) before entering into
the adjoining premises of M/s TSECL, the consumer. One over pressure
control valve is provided downstream of custody meter also.

Condensate from the production and test separator is routed by 2”

outlet line through mass flow meter and level control valve to LP
separator which is operated at 1.0 kg cmz. Stabilized condensate from
the LP separator goes to overhead storage tanks (2 numbers, 21 m3
and 45 m3 capacity each).
70
Page

91
Produced water from the production and test separator had provision
to enter in to water flash drum for stabilization before being discharged
into evaporation pit. But the water flash drum is not in operation for a
long time. Presently produced water from production and test
separator is routed along with condensate through their condensate
outlet line to LP separator. Produced water and condensate then goes
together to overhead storage tanks where they are settled by gravity
and thus gets separated. Water from bottom of the overhead storage
tanks is loaded periodically into tankers for onward transportation to
ADB GCS for treatment and disposal.

Discharge from over pressure control valves and PSVs are routed to 14”
X 20" flare header. 20” flare line from the flare header goes directly to
the 9 m high flare stack on an adjacent hillock. The flare system does
not have any Flare KOD, Water Seal Drum, conventional structure to
support the flare stack, appropriate flare tip.

Present gas potential of Rokhia GCS is 5.9 lakh SCMD with all 13 wells
flowing. However well number RO#15 and RO#35 are kept closed at
present as combined water production from these two wells is about
65 m3/day and is very difficult to handle with existing facilities.
Presently Rokhia GCS is producing about 4.7 lakh SCMD of gas and
about 15 m3/day of water from the remaining wells. Average
condensate production rate is about 0.2 m3/day.

Date of commissioning- 07/03/1990

GAS CAPACITY- 0.5 MMSCMD

CONDENSATE CAPACITY- 1.0 cu.m/day

71
Page

92
EFFLUENT WATER- 15 cu.m/day

93
94
Page 72
 KONABAN GCS
Introduction

Konaban GCS is located at a distance of 23kms from base office in

Bishalgarh sub-division of west Tripura covering a total area of 17
Acres. The capacity of this installation is 0.5 MMSCMD for gas
processing and supplying to consumers.

Process Description

The process description for new Konaban 665 is as follows:

The incoming well fluid from 22 present wells and 2 future wells for
producing condensate, gas and water using different mechanisms for
production are connected to the new Inlet Manifold consisting of HP
header and test header, rated for shut in pressure of 252 kg/cm2g.
These incoming well flow lines are provided with local PI and Tl, PT, TT,
sample connection, adjustable choke valve and retrieval type corrosion
coupon. The new HP header and Test header are connected to existing
HP and Test header. The existing Test Separator at Konaban 665 is to be
used for testing of the wells connected to new Test Header. The
interconnecting valve between existing and new test header shall be
opened only when new header wells are required to be tested.
Similarly, the interconnecting valve between new and existing HP
header shall remain closed during initial phase of operation due to high
operating pressure of the wells. A corrosion inhibitor is injected into the
73

all well flowlines by Cl injection Skid (KON-A-0410); at controlled rate

Page

to prevent the corrosion of the lines and downstream system.

95
Well fluid from new HP header is heated in Indirect Water Bath Heater
Package (KON-A0110) to 45 °C. A corrosion inhibitor is injected into the
IDBH outlet line by CI injection Skid (KON- A-0410); at controlled rate
to prevent the corrosion of the lines and downstream system.
Depressurisation line with isolation valve is provided on each flow line
as well as on manifolds to depressurise the system. This
depressurisation shall be performed in controlled manner so as to avoid
the low temperatures; care shall also be taken so that the maximum
flare load is not exceeded during depressurisation.

This heated well fluid then flows to HP production Separator (KON-

S- 0201) operating at a pressure of 27.2 kg/cm.sq.g. The separated
gas then routes to Gas Scrubber (KON-S-O301) operating at a
pressure of
26.64 kg/cm.sq.g. The separated gas from gas scrubber flows to
Palatana terminal via gas metering skid. Gas from existing plant shall
continue to be dispatched through the meter after passing through
filters. An interconnection from existing dispatch header before the
existing meter is provided in such a way» that in intent of shutdown of
existing plant, gas from new plant at downstream of Gas Scrubber
(KON-S- 0301) can be dispatched through existing meter.

Part of this gas is used for internal consumption such as Fuel gas and
Instrument gas via respective processing. This gas after pressure
reduction is sent to Fuel Gas Scrubber (RON-$4701) to knock-out the
74

96
Page
liquid, if any and sent to Fuel Gas Filter (KON-S-1702A/B). This filtered

97
gas is used as fuel gas for the consumers such as bath heater burners,
pilot burners of flare, pilot burners of evaporation pit etc. This new fuel
gas header has been connected to existing fuel gas header.

- OLD KONABAN GCS

Date of commissioning- 25/03/1999

GAS CAPACITY- 0.5 MMSCMD

CONDENSATE CAPACITY- 5.0 cu.m/day

EFFLUENT WATER- 40 cu.m/day

- NEW KONABAN GCS

Date of commissioning- October 2014

GAS CAPACITY- 1.0 MMSCMD
CONDENSATE CAPACITY- 10.0 cu.m/day
EFFLUENT WATER- 50 cu.m/day

75
Page

98
99
Page 76
 REFERENCE

1. ONGC, Wikipedia
2. ONGC (www.ongcindia.com)
3. www.ongcvidesh.com

77
Page

10
0