THIRD DIVISION

[ G.R. No. 224137, April 03, 2019 ]

DECISION
PERALTA, J.:
Before the Court is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court seeking the
reversal and setting aside of the Decision[1] and Resolution[2] of the Court of Appeals (CA), promulgated
on March 5, 2015 and April 12, 2016, respectively, in CA-G.R. SP No. 120047. The assailed CA
Decision affirmed the March 24, 2011 Decision[3] of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Manila, Branch
14, in Civil Case No. 10-124 82, which set aside the August 20, 2010 Decision[4] of the Metropolitan
Trial Court (MeTC) of Manila, Branch 19, in an unlawful detainer case file by herein petitioner against
respondents docketed as Civil Case No. 184 32-CV.

The factual and procedural antecedents are as follows:

Herein petitioner is the registered owner of a house and lot located at 1404 Leroy St., Paco, Manila.
Respondent Milagros Rivera (Milagros) is her sister-in-law, being the wife of her deceased brother,
Alejandro. Petitioner claims that she and her husband allowed respondents to stay in the disputed
premises out of compassion for respondent and in consideration of her deceased brother Alejandro.
However, in 2005, petitioner and her husband, finding the need to utilize the subject property and in
view of their plan to distribute the same to their children, demanded that respondents vacate the
premises in question. Petitioner and her husband have, likewise, obtained information that respondents
are financially able to rent their own place and, in fact, have acquired several residential properties and
vehicles. However, respondents refused the demand of petitioner and her husband, and even filed a case
questioning petitioner's ownership of the said property contending that they are, in fact, co-owners of the
subject property and that petitioner obtained title over the disputed lot through fraud, deceit and
falsification.[5] On May 22, 2006, petitioner sent a formal demand letter to respondents asking them to
vacate the disputed premises, but this remained unheeded. On September 3, 2007, petitioner sent
respondents another letter asking them to leave the subject property and to pay reasonable rent from the
date of receipt of the said letter until they have fully vacated the questioned premises, but to no avail.
Hence, petitioner filed an unlawful detainer case with the MeTC of Manila on March 12, 2008.

On August 20, 2010, the MeTC rendered its Decision m favor of petitioner and disposed as follows:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered:
1. Ordering defendant Milagros Rivera and their heirs with the late Alejandro Rivera and all persons
claiming rights under her to immediately vacate the premises located at No. 1404 Leroy Street, Paco,
Manila covered by Transfer Certificate of Title No. 214352 issued by the City of Manila and to
peacefully surrender to the plaintiffs the physical possession of the said premises;

2. Ordering defendant Milagros Rivera and their heirs with the late Alejandro Rivera and all persons
claiming rights under her to pay plaintiff the amount of TEN THOUSAND PESOS per month for the
use and occupancy of the subject premises from September 2007 until the defendants fully vacated
the plaintiff's property;
3. Ordering the defendants to pay the plaintiff Attorney's Fees in the amount of TWENTY
THOUSAND PESOS (P20,000.00);

4. Ordering the defendants to pay the costs of suit.

Herein respondents then filed an appeal with the RTC.

On March 24, 2011, the RTC rendered judgment granting respondents' appeal. The RTC Decision set
aside the judgment of the MeTC and dismissed the unlawful detainer case filed by petitioner on the
ground that the complaint for unlawful detainer was filed beyond the one-year reglementary period
required by the Rules of Court, thus, his remedy should have been an accion publiciana which should be
filed with the RTC. The RTC, nonetheless, held that the MeTC correctly held that petitioner has the
right to possess the disputed lot on the basis of the MeTC's provisional finding of ownership in her
favor.

After her motion for reconsideration was denied by the RTC, petitioner filed with the CA a petition for
review under Rule 42 of the Rules of Court.

In its assailed Decision dated March 5, 2015, the CA affirmed the judgment of the RTC and dismissed
petitioner's petition for review. The CA sustained the RTC in its ruling that petitioner's complaint for
unlawful detainer was filed beyond the one-year reglementary period required under the Rules of Court.
The CA ruled that this period is reckoned from petitioner's initial demand letter dated May 22, 2006 and
not the latest demand letter dated September 3, 2007, because the latter was a mere reminder or
reiteration of the original demand and, as such, does not operate to renew the one-year period within
which to file the ejectment suit.

Petitioner filed a Motion for Reconsideration,[7] but the CA denied it in its Resolution of April 12, 2016.

Hence, the instant petition for review on certiorari with the following assignment of errors:
I

THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN AFFIRMING THE RTC DECISION FOR REVERSING THE
LOWER COURT'S DECISION WHO (SIC) EARLIER RULED IN FAVOR OF THE PETITIONER
(SIC)

II.

THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN AFFIRMING THE RTC'S DECISION IN HOLDING THAT
THE ONE-YEAR PERIOD WITHIN WHICH AN UNLAWFUL DETAINER CASE MUST BE FILED
IS RECKONED FROM THE 22 MAY 2006 DEMAND LETTER AND NOT THE 7 September 2007
DEMAND LETTER AS THE FINAL ONE.[8]
The petition lacks merit.
At the outset, it bears to reiterate the settled principles governing a suit for unlawful detainer, to wit:

An action for unlawful detainer is an action to recover possession of real property from one who
unlawfully withholds possession after the expiration or termination of his right to hold possession under
any contract, express or implied.[9] The possession of the defendant in an unlawful detainer case is
originally legal but becomes illegal due to the expiration or termination of the right to possess.[10]

A complaint for unlawful detainer is sufficient if the following allegations are present:

1. initially, possession of property by the defendant was by contract with or by tolerance of the plaintiff;

2. eventually, such possession became illegal upon notice by plaintiff to defendant of the termination of
the latter's right of possession;

3. thereafter, the defendant remained in possession of the property and deprived the plaintiff of the
enjoyment thereof; and

4. within one year from the last demand on defendant to vacate the property, the plaintiff instituted the
complaint for ejectment.[11]

Moreover, the sole issue for resolution in an unlawful detainer case is physical or material possession of
the property involved, independent of any claim of ownership by any of the parties.[12] When the
defendant, however, raises the defense of ownership in his pleadings and the question of possession
cannot be resolved without deciding the issue of ownership, the issue of ownership shall be resolved
only to determine the issue of possession.[13]

In the present petition, the issue that needs to be resolved is whether or not petitioner's action for
unlawful detainer was timely filed. More particularly, the sole issue to be determined is the date upon
which the one-year prescriptive period for the filing of petitioner's unlawful detainer case should be
reckoned. Is it May 22, 2006, which is the date of the initial demand letter or September 3, 2007, which
was the latest demand letter prior to the filing of the unlawful detainer case against respondents?

Both the RTC and the CA held that the one-year prescriptive period should be counted from May 22,
2006 on the ground that the demand letter dated September 3, 2007 was merely in the nature of a
reminder or reiteration of the original demand made on May 22, 2006.

The Court notes, that the issue of whether the September 3, 2007 demand letter of petitioner to
respondents is a mere reminder of her original demand, made on May 22, 2006, is a question of fact.
While the MeTC did not make any finding or conclusion regarding this issue, both the RTC and the CA
ruled that the September 3, 2007 demand letter was a mere reiteration or reminder of petitioner's original
demand made upon respondents through her letter dated May 22, 2006. It is a long-standing policy of
this Court that the findings of facts of the RTC, which adopted and affirmed by the CA, are generally
deemed conclusive and binding.[14] This Court is not a trier of facts and will not disturb the factual
findings of the lower courts unless there are substantial reasons for doing so.[15] In the instant case, the
Court finds no exceptional reason to depart from this policy.
As correctly cited by both the RTC and the CA, the established rule as enunciated by this Court
in Racaza v. Gozum[16] is that subsequent demands that are merely in the nature of reminders of the
original demand do not operate to renew the one-year period within which to commence an ejectment
suit, considering that the period will still be reckoned from the date of the original demand. The Court is
not unaware of the principle as reiterated in the case of Republic of the Philippines, et al. v. Sunvar
Realty Development Corporation,[17] that where there were more than one demand to pay and vacate, the
reckoning point of one year for filing the unlawful detainer case is from the last demand. Sunvar,
nonetheless, acknowledged that this principle is still subject to the rule that if the subsequent demands
are mere reiterations or reminders of the original demand, the one-year period to commence an
ejectment suit would still be counted from the first demand.

Thus, on the basis of this settled rule, the RTC and the CA correctly ruled that the letter of September 3,
2007, which is a mere reiteration of the original demand, will not operate to renew the one-year period
within which petitioner should file her unlawful detainer case because the said period will still be
counted from the date of the original demand which was made on May 22, 2006. Hence, on the basis of
the foregoing discussions, the instant petition should be dismissed.

Moreover, the Court could not help but agree with the observations of respondents that the present
petition is, likewise, dismissible on the ground that petitioner is guilty of a procedural transgression
which the Court cannot simply ignore.

As correctly ruled by the CA, petitioner's motion for reconsideration of the questioned CA Decision was
belatedly filed.

Doctrinally-entrenched is that the right to appeal is a statutory right and the one who seeks to avail that
right must comply with the statute or rules.[18] The requirements for perfecting an appeal within the
reglementary period specified in the law must be strictly followed as they are considered indispensable
interdictions against needless delays.[19] Moreover, the perfection of appeal in the manner and within the
period set by law is not only mandatory but jurisdictional as well, hence, failure to perfect the same
renders the judgment final and executory.[20]

Section 1, Rule 52 of the Rules of Court which, among others, governs the procedure in the CA, clearly
provides:
Sec. 1. Period for filing. A party may file a motion for reconsideration of a judgment or final resolution
within fifteen (15) days from notice thereof, with proof of service on the adverse party.
As stated above, a motion for reconsideration of a judgment or final resolution should be filed within
fifteen (15) days from notice. The fifteen day reglementary period for filing a motion for reconsideration
is nonextendible.[21] If no appeal or motion for reconsideration is filed within this period, the judgment
or final resolution shall forthwith be entered by the clerk in the book of entries of judgment as provided
under Section 10, Rule 51 of the same Rules.

In the present case, petitioner filed her Motion for Reconsideration on July 1, 2015, claiming that she
received a copy of the assailed CA Decision on June 16, 2015. However, in his reply to the letter-
inquiry[22] of the A ting Division Clerk of Court of the former Sixth Division of the CA the Postmaster
of San Juan City certified that a copy of the assailed Decision of the CA was delivered to and received,
via registered mail, by petitioner's counsel on June 15, 2015.[23] Under the Rules, petitioner was given
fifteen (15) days from such receipt, or until June 30, 2015, to file her motion for reconsideration. Per
records of the CA[24] and the admission of petitioner,[25] the latter's Motion for Reconsideration was filed
on July 1, 2015. Thus, the same was filed late.

As a step to allow an inferior court to correct itself before review by a higher court, a motion for
reconsideration must necessarily be filed w thin the period to appeal.[26] When filed beyond such period,
the motion for reconsideration ipso facto forecloses the right to appeal.[27]

In Ponciano Jr. v. Laguna Lake Development Authority, et al.,[28] the Court refused to admit a motion
for reconsideration filed only one day ate, pointing out that the Court has, in the past, similarly refused
to admit motions for reconsideration which were filed late without sufficient justification.

Indeed, there are cases where this Court allowed the liberal application of procedural rules, but these are
exceptions, sufficiently justified by meritorious and exceptional circumstances attendant therein.[29] Not
every entreaty for relaxation of rules of procedure, however, shall b so lightly granted by the Court for it
will render such rules inutile.[30] Certainly, the relaxation of the application of the Rules in exceptional
cases was never intended to forge a bastion for erring litigants to violate the rules with impunity.

Petitioner's bare invocation of "the interest of justice" is not a magic wand that will automatically
compel this Court to suspend procedural rules. Procedural rules are not to be belittled or dismissed
simply because their non-observance may have prejudiced a party's substantive rights.[31] Like all rules,
they are required to be followed except only for the most persuasive of reasons when they may be
relaxed to relieve a litigant of an injustice not commensurate with the degree of his thoughtlessness in
not complying with the procedure prescribed.[32]

Hence, since petitioner's Motion for Reconsideration was belatedly filed, the Decision of the CA dated
March 5, 2015 became final and executory by operation of law. In other words, the petitioner's failure to
timely file her Motion for Reconsideration foreclosed any right which she may have had under the rules
not only to seek reconsideration of the CA's assailed Decision but more importantly, such failure
prevents her from exercising her right to assail the CA Decision before this Court.

The foregoing being the case, all is not lost for petitioner as she can still opt to file another action to
recover possession of the subject property which should be brought in the proper court, taking into
consideration the assessed value of the lot and the fact that dispossession has lasted for more than one
year.

WHEREFORE, the instant petition is DENIED. The Decision and Resolution of the Court of Appeals,
promulgated on March 5, 2015 and April 12, 2016, respectively, in CA-G.R. SP No. 120047, are
hereby AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.

Leonen, A. Reyes, Jr., Hernando, and Carandang,* JJ., concur.

May 14, 2019

Sirs / Mesdames:

Please take notice that on April 3, 2019 a Decision, copy attached hereto, was rendered by the Supreme
Court in the above-entitled case, the original of which was received by this Office on May 14, 2019 at
4:10 p.m.

Very truly yours,

(SGD) WILFREDO V.
LAPITAN
Division Clerk of Court

*
Designated Additional Member per Special Order No. 2624 dated November 28, 2018.
[1]
Penned by Associate Justice Eduardo B. Peralta, Jr., with Associate Justices Jose C. Reyes, Jr. (now a
member of this Court) and Francisco P. Acosta, concurring; rollo, pp. 19-28.
[2]
Rollo, pp. 30-31.
[3]
Penned by Judge B. Albert J. Tenorio, Jr., CA rollo, pp. 42-46.
[4]
Penned by Judge Felicitas O. Laron-Cacanindin, id. at 33-41.
[5]
Pending resolution of the unlawful detainer case by the MeTC, respondents filed with the RTC of
Manila a case for cancellation of petitioner's title and partition with damages, docketed as Civil Case
No. 06-115716.
[6]
CA rollo, pp. 40-41.
[7]
Id. at 307-313.
[8]
Rollo, pp. 10-11.
[9]
Go v. Looyuko, et al., 713 Phil. 125, 131 (2013).
[10]
Id.
[11]
French v. Court of Appeals, et al., GR. No. 220057, July 12, 2017, 831 SCRA 157, 164.
[12]
Gov. Looyuko, supra note 9.
[13]
Id.
[14]
Spouses Padilla v. Velasco, et al., 596 Phil. 237, 245 (2009).
[15]
Id.
[16]
523 Phil. 694, 710 (2006).
[17]
688 Phil. 616, 640 (2012).
[18]
De Leon v. Hercules Agro industrial Corporation, et al., 734 Phil. 652, 660 (2014).
[19]
Id.
[20]
Id.
[21]
Barrio Fiesta Restaurant, et al. v. Beronia, 789 Phil. 520, 535 (2016); Ponciano, Jr. v. Laguna Lake
Development Authority, et al., 591 Phil. 194, 209 (2008).
[22]
See CA rollo, p. 315.
[23]
Id. at 320.
[24]
Id. at 313.
[25]
Id. at 324.
[26]
Barrio Fiesta Restaurant, et al. v. Beronia, supra note 21.
[27]
Id.
[28]
Supra note 21.
[29]
Id. at 536.
[30]
Id. at 209.
[31]
Foculan-Fudalan v. Spouses Ocial, et al., 760 Phil. 815, 829 (2015).
[32]
Id.