ISSN(Online): 2319-8753

ISSN (Print): 2347-6710

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(A High Impact Factor, Monthly, Peer Reviewed Journal)
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Vol. 7, Issue 5, May 2018

CFD Analysis of Aerodynamics of Car

R.Varun1, Dr. S.Sankar2, Rajiv Varma3, Sreejith K.V.4
M.Tech Scholar, Dept. of ME, NCERC, Pampady, Kerala, India1
H.O.D, Dept. of ME, NCERC, Pampady, Kerala, India2
Asst. Professor, Dept. of ME, NCERC, Pampady, Kerala, India3
Asst. Professor, Dept. of ME, NCERC, Pampady, Kerala, India4

ABSTRACT:With growing awareness among people about conservation of non-renewable energy like fossil fuels
researchers and scientists are investigating a lot on how to reduce the consumption of these fossil fuels either by using
alternative fuel or by improving the performance of the gadgets like vehicles, aeroplane and other energy converting
devices. There are many papers publish in the past in field of aerodynamics of vehicles intended to optimize the
geometry of these vehicles to reduce the fuel consumption and maximize the performance by reducing the aerodynamic
drag. Researches in this field are still growing in numbers. This paper also intends to reduce the aerodynamic drag by
studying the flow field around the car. This paper compares the results obtained from CFD analysis of the existing
model and the modified model with a duct added to the roof of a sedan model car. The analysis is carried out using
ANSYS Fluent and the car 3D model is created using CATIA V5.

KEYWORDS: ANSYS CFD, Aerodynamics & Drag Force.

I. INTRODUCTION

When the vehicle is moving at a particular velocity, the viscous effects in the fluid are observed only to a thin layer
called boundary layer. Outside the boundary layer viscous effects are not felt i.e. flow is inviscid. This fluid flow
imposes pressure on the edge of boundary layer. When the air reaches the rear end of the vehicle, the fluid gets
separated. Within the boundary layer, the motion of the fluid is governed by the viscous property of the fluid. There
does not exist any Boundary layer for Reynolds number lower than 104. Reynolds number depends on the
characteristic length of the body, the kinematic viscosity and the velocity of the vehicle. In other words, the fluid
moving around the vehicle depends on the shape of the vehicle and the Reynolds number. Another phenomenon which
affects the flow of fluid past the vehicle body and the performance of the vehicle which known as ‘Wake’. When the air
moving over the vehicle gets separated at the rear end, it creates low pressure turbulent region behind the vehicle
known as the wake. This contributes to the pressure drag, which reduces of the vehicle performance.

II. RELATED WORK

Abdul Razzaque [1] studied about the design of a vehicle to minimize the drag force to get at economic model with
optimized the performance. He analysed the 3D design model of Tata Indica car designed using Pro-E 5.0 and used
ANSYS Fluent platform to analyse the flow field around the car. His work was concerned and intended on reduction of
the coefficient of drag & drag force on car body by optimizing the exterior shape using CFD software. This
analysis was done to calculate the coefficient of drag and drag resistance. Different design parameter of car was
analysed using a suitable turbulence model and comparison of coefficient of drag of the car model was carried out
using CFD software he validated his experimental result using CFD analysis/experimental studies. The experimental
results were found to agree with the results found through CFD analysis which shows that CFD analysis is an effective
tool to study the aerodynamic design of cars.

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2018.0705037 4689

 ISSN(Online): 2319-8753
ISSN (Print): 2347-6710

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(A High Impact Factor, Monthly, Peer Reviewed Journal)
Visit: www.ijirset.com
Vol. 7, Issue 5, May 2018

Rubel Chandra Dasa [2] made a detailed study about the aerodynamical shape of the car which uses approximately 3%
of fuel to resist the drag force in urban driving, while it uses 11% of fuel during the highway driving. He observed that
during highway driving fuel consumption is considerably high; this encouraged him to improve the aerodynamics of
the vehicle using optimal design changes. He was also observed that at high speeds the vehicle experience large lift
force which leads to a large number of accidents. As a result he proposed the usage of add-on devices, which could be
assembled to the existing vehicle without changing the body. His proposal was based on the design, developments and
numeral calculation of the effects of spoiler mounted at the boot of the vehicle. The analysis results like lift, drag, and
pressure distributions due to spoiler assembly were investigated and reported using Autodesk Simulation
Shreenidhi R Kulkarni [3] he analysed and simulated the existing model Tata 1613 truck in ANSYS FLUENT. He used
CATIA V5 to model the original truck and he analysed the same drag coefficient. He determined and evaluated
aerodynamic drag and fuel utilization. He made modifications in truck and again analysed for the drag and fuel
consumption. He observed that the results were promising and optimization in drag force was achieved and hence fuel
consumption was reduced by 43%.
J Abinesh he modified [4] the outer body and structure of the bus in order to reduce the drag force on the bus which in
turn minimizes utilization of fuel for the vehicle. He created two models of the external bus surface and used CFD to
analyse the model. The two models used for analysis were the existing Volvo intercity bus model and its modified
version. He observed that drag force was minimized as a result the performance of the bus improved and fuel
consumption was also reduced. The overall reduction in aerodynamic drag force was observed as 10%.
Toukir Islam et.al [5] .made a detailed study on the various kinds of drag forces that considerable in case of cars. He
calculated the aerodynamic coefficient of drag and suggested various techniques and design considerations to minimize
drag force.
Naveen Kumar[6] observed that forces like drag & lift, weight, side thrust and thrust acts while a vehicle is on motion,
this considerably increases the consumption of fuel. He observed that the aerodynamic drag is result of flow of air
around the vehicle and almost 60% of total drag is produced at the rear end. He stated Reducing drag force at the rear
end will optimize the fuel consumption. His work was intended to minimize the drag force which will optimize the fuel
consumption and ensure cleanliness of environment. He modelled a sedan car with different types of spoilers to
minimize the drag. He used CATIA-2010 for design of sedan car and the analysis was carried out in ANSYS-(fluent).
The analysis was intended to evaluate the drag and lift forces at various velocities and spoiler angles. To obtain the
flow structure around the car He proposed an effective numerical model based on the computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) approach with a rear spoiler.

III. METHODOLOGY

PROJECT STATEMENT
This paper focuses understanding the flow around the sedan car model. The aerodynamic drag on the car external body can be used
by streamlining the car geometry or by using add-ons which can be attached to car’s external body. The cars performance depends
on the resistive forces acting on the car’s external body surface due to the flow of air around the car body. There are two types of
forces that act on the car the aerodynamic drag aerodynamic Lift. This paper focuses on minimizing drag force on the car
body thereby reducing fuel consumption using an air duct fixed at the roof thereby increasing the performance of the
car. Analysis is done on the existing model and the modified model using CFD Fluent 14.5 and the results obtained
for both models are compared and the best model is suggested. The car is modelled using CATIA V5. The project
focuses on reducing the wake area at the rear end of the car which is formed due to the flow reversal near the wall.

SOLID MODELING
As we discussed earlier for aerodynamics analysis we require either a scaled prototype of the car for wind tunnel
testing or a computer model to carry out simulation in ANSYS. As wind tunnel testing is expensive, requires large
set-up and time consume therefore this project relies on CFD analysis technique for carrying out analysis. For analysis
in CFD we require a 3D model which can be modelled using surface modelling softwares like Creo, CATIA V 5, and
Solidworks etc. any of these softwares can be used depending on one’s skill. For this project work CATIA V5 Surface
modeller has been used to develop a 3D-Model of the car body. Various modelling tools have been used like Multi-

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2018.0705037 4690

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Vol. 7, Issue 5, May 2018

section, Fill, 3D-curve, Connect curve, Split curve, Sweep section, Point etc. A sedan car 3D surface model has been
created and then it is converted to a solid model using ANSYS Design Modeller using Fill by Cavity Tool.

MESHING
The process of discretization model into number of elements is known as meshing. It is the most important step in a
FEA analysis. The quality of mesh defines the accuracy of the result. We must require refining the meshing to get
crisp and clear elements with uniformity. The meshing is done in ANSYS Mesh Generator. Before creating the mesh
a fluid enclosure is created using CREATE>Enclosure.

CFD SOLVER (SET UP)

This is the main part of CFD where our model solved and analysed according to the given boundary. Special care
should be taken while defining the steps in the solver. The setup of the solver varies with the type of analysis we are
performing. It takes up the most part of time of CFD analysis. It is here where the size of generated comes into play.
Finer the mesh more the time will it consume to solve our problem because the equations are solve for each and every
element, smaller the element size more will be the number of elements for a given model. The solver setup includes
following steps:-
1. Type of analysis: For our aerodynamic analysis we carry out 3D model analysis which pressure based with
relative velocity formulation. We do steady state analysis.
2. Models: here the type of numerical model used for the analysis is defined. For aerodynamic analysis Viscous
based numerical model. The type of viscous based model used is realizable k-epsilon and scalable wall
function model
3. Materials: here the material for the model is defined. In this work the analysis is carried out on Air which is
the surrounding fluid. Here properties of the material can be retrieved from ANSYS Library.
4. Boundary conditions: this is the core part of ANSYS Solver here the initial boundary conditions are defined.
Without defining these variables we cannot initialize the solution that is why they are called initial boundary
values. The initial boundary values for our analysis are :-
a. Inlet fluid velocity: - 100km/hr.
b. Wall: - Stationary
5. Solution methods :-
a. Pressure-Velocity Coupling
b. Scheme: Simple
c. Gradient: - Least Square Cell Based
d. Pressure: - second order
e. Momentum: - second order upwind
6. Monitors :- from the required Cd and Cl
After carrying out all these initial set-ups run the calculation with required number of iterations. More the number of
iterations the obtained result will be more close to the actual values. The accuracy of the results can be determined by
the convergence of the Cd and Cl plots.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The existing model was analysed in ANSYS and the following data were found:-
1. The coefficient of drag was found to be 1.02
2. The pressure at the frontal area was to be 200 Pa along the flow direction
3. The pressure at the rear end was found to be 107 Pa opposite to the direction of flow.
4. The pressure difference was found to be 93 Pa opposite to the direction of flow.
From the data we can infer that a pressure difference of 93 Pa acts opposite to the direction of flow which acts as
resistive force to the motion of car. The results obtained from the analysis of the existing models were compared with
the results obtained from the modified model with a duct fitted at the roof. Still, some small non-text objects are
detected.

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ISSN (Print): 2347-6710

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Vol. 7, Issue 5, May 2018

(a) V. (b) (c)

Fig.1.Pressure Contour Plot at the front and rear end of the existing model (a) Original image (b) Streamline over the existing car model (c) Iterations
vs. coefficient of drag plot for existing model

(a)(b) (c)

Fig. 2Pressure Contour plot at the rear and the front end of the modified model (b) Streamline around the modified model (c) Iterations vs. coefficient
Drag plot for the modified model

Duct with the below mentioned dimensions is introduced at the roof:-

1. At Front:-
 Height= 147mm, Width= 1220mm
2. At the Rear:-
 Width = 1220 mm, Height = 235mm
3. Thickness=10mm, Length = 1630mm
Duct is diverging duct which allows the air to flow through it and compensate the wake formed behind the vehicle by
allowing and guiding the air with high pressure to fill the wake created and thereby decreasing the pressure drag. The
modified is analysed using ANSYS fluent to understand the flow through the car and whether the introduction of the
duct reduces the drag force. From the analysis following data about the aerodynamic parameters are calculated as
mentioned below:-
1. The coefficient of drag was found to be 1.196.
2. Pressure at the front of the car was calculated and found to be 253 Pa along the direction of flow or opposite to
the motion of car.
3. The pressure at the rear end was found to be 197 Pa along the direction opposite to the flow or along the
motion of car.
4. The pressure difference between the rear and the back end is 52 Pa.
This pressure difference produces a resistive force opposite the motion of car.

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2018.0705037 4692

 ISSN(Online): 2319-8753
ISSN (Print): 2347-6710

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(A High Impact Factor, Monthly, Peer Reviewed Journal)
Visit: www.ijirset.com
Vol. 7, Issue 5, May 2018

VI. CONCLUSION

From the analysis we compared the results of the existing and the modified model which is shown in tabular column
given below:-

Table 1: Showing the comparison of results obtained from CFD analysis of existing and modified model.

Model Existing Modified

Drag 1.20 1.10
Pressure at the front end 200 Pa 253 Pa
Pressure at the rear end 107 Pa 197 Pa
Pressure difference 93 Pa 56 Pa

It can be seen clearly that the modified has a low pressure drag as the pressure difference at front and the rear end is
low however there is no significant deviation in the coefficient of drag has therefore the modified model is the
optimized model.

REFERENCES

[1]. Abdul Razzaque Ansari “CFD Analysis Of Aerodynamic Design Of Tata Indica Car”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 3,pp. 344–355, March 2017
[2]. Rubel Chandra Dasa, Mahmud Riyada, “CFD Analysis of Passenger Vehicle at Various Angle of Rear End “, Science Direct, pp.160-165,
2017.
[3]. Shreenidhi R Kulkarni, Abhishek Kothari, Chetan Pavate, Chinmay Dodmani, “Aerodynamic Simulation of A Truck To Reduce The Drag
Force” , International Journal of Engineering Research ISSN:2319-6890 Volume No.4, Issue No.11, pp. : 613-617 , Nov. , 2015
[4]. J Abinesh and J Arunkumar, “CFD Analysis of Aerodynamic Drag Reduction and Improve Fuel Economy”, IJMERR, ISSN 2278 – 0149 Vol.
3, No. 4, October, 2014.
[5]. Toukir Islam, “Numerical Study on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction of Racing Cars”, Science Direct, pp.308 – 308 , 2016
[6]. V. Naveen Kumar, K. Lalit Narayan, L. N. V. Narasimha Rao and Y. Sri Ram, “Investigation of Drag and Lift Forces over the Profile of Car
with Rea spoiler using CFD”, International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research,ISSN: 2395-3616 ,pp.331-339,2015
[7]. Simon McBeath, “Competition Car Down force” , 1998
[8]. Joseph Katz, “Race Car Aerodynamics- Designing for Speed”, ed., Bently Publishers, 1995.
[9]. Dan Barbut, Eugen Mihai Negrus, “CFD analysis for road vehicles - case study”, Incas Bulletin, 3(2011) 15-22.
[10]. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, “Aircraft Performance Analysis” , 2009
[11]. Prof. Tamás Lajos, “Spoiler Basics of Vehicle Aerodynamics”, Budapest University of Technology and Economics.

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