China 2010 Country Progress Report en

China 2010 UNGASS Country Progress Report
(2008 - 2009)
Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China
2nd April 2010
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ 2
Status at a glance............................................................................................................ 4
(I) Participation of Stakeholders in Process of Report Drafting................................................4
(II) Overview of China’s AIDS Epidemic.................................................................................5
(III) Policies and Response Work..............................................................................................5
1 Strengthening Leadership. Following Through on Political Commitment....... 6
2 Implementation of the AIDS response........................................................... 7
3 Main Challenges and Solutions....................................................................11
(IV) Overview Table of UNGASS Core Indicator Data .........................................................13
I. Overview of the AIDS epidemic ................................................................................ 21
(I) The rate of increase in the growth of the AIDS epidemic has slowed further....................21
(II) Sexual transmission continues to be the primary mode of transmission, and homosexual
transmission is increasing rapidly ...........................................................................................22
(III) Nationally, the AIDS epidemic is in a state of low prevalence, with some areas
exhibiting serious epidemics ...................................................................................................23
(IV) Number of people affected by AIDS increasing, transmission modes diversifying........25
II. National response to the AIDS epidemic ................................................................ 26
(I) Strengthening leadership. Following through on political commitment ............................26
(II) Implementation of the AIDS Response ............................................................................31
1 AIDS Prevention Work: Progress and Achievements.................................. 31
2 Progress and achievements in HIV treatment ............................................. 37
3 Progress and achievements in HIV care and support work......................... 40
4 Strengthening Scientific Research .............................................................. 41
III. Best practice............................................................................................................. 42
(I) Following through on commitment, strengthening advocacy and training for leadership
cadres ......................................................................................................................................42
1 The Chinese leadership has taken the lead in setting a positive example,
placing great importance on the AIDS response............................................... 42
2 Government departments at all levels organising advocacy teams to carry out
advocacy and mobilization activities with leadership cadres at all levels.......... 43
3. Utilising existing leadership cadre training systems to carry out training.
Establishing a long-term mechanism for cadre training. ................................... 44
(II) Community-Based Methadone Maintenance Treatment has Achieved Significant Results
................................................................................................................................................45
1 Working principles. Community-based methadone ..................................... 46
2 Organisational management structure. ....................................................... 46
3 Specific implementation............................................................................... 46
(III) Outstanding results Seen in China Comprehensive AIDS Response (China CARES)....48
1 Characteristics of China CARES:................................................................ 48
2 Effectiveness of China CARES: .................................................................. 48
3 Main strategies and measures employed in China CARES: ....................... 49
(IV) “AIDS Care China” Community-Based Groups are Playing an Increasing Role in the
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National AIDS Response ........................................................................................................51
(I) Main Challenges ................................................................................................................54
(II) Remedial actions...............................................................................................................55
V. Support from country’s development partners ...................................................... 57
(I) Participation and Support of International Partners ...........................................................57
(II) Participation and support of business sector.....................................................................59
(III) Participation and support of civil society organisations and community-based groups ..61
VI. Monitoring and evaluation environment................................................................ 64
(I) Current State of Monitoring and Evaluation in China .......................................................64
(II) Challenges faced...............................................................................................................67
(III) The next phase of measures.............................................................................................67
Annex 1: Consultation/preparation process for the country report on monitoring the
progress towards the implementation of the Declaration of Commitment
on HIV/AIDS.................................................................................................... 68
Annex 2: Funding Matrix .............................................................................................. 73
Annex 3 Key Indicators for 2010 Reporting on the Health Sector's response to
HIV/AIDS (For Hong Kong SAR) ................................................................... 75
Annex 4 Key Indicators for 2010 Reporting on the Health Sector's response to
HIV/AIDS (For Macau SAR) ........................................................................... 77
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Status at a glance
(I) Participation of Stakeholders in Process of Report Drafting
Preparation of the 2010 China “Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS”

Implementation Progress Report (hereafter referred to as the “Report”) was led
by the Chinese Ministry of Health, and supported by the China Office of the
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). A core UNGASS
Report Working Group was established, whose members included
representatives from the Ministry of Health, the State Council AIDS Working
Committee Office (SCAWCO), the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), the UNAIDS China Office, and the China HIV/AIDS
Prevention Association (AIDS Association).
From November 2009 to February 2010 work was carried out to collect
indicator data and relevant information, and carry out analysis, with the active
participation of government departments, specialist technical institutions, UN
agencies, civil society organisations and community-based groups. In March
2010, the Ministry of Health, SCAWCO, UNAIDS, the World Health
Organization China office (WHO) and the AIDS Association together drafted
the narrative report.
In order to fully seek the opinions of stakeholders on the draft version of the
2010 China UNGASS Report, the Ministry of Health convened a consultation
meeting on 16th March 2010 and invited representatives from Ministry member
departments of the State Council AIDS Working Committee (SCAWC), experts
from the Ministry of Health HIV/AIDS Expert Consultant Committee and
representatives from specialist technical institutions, United Nations agencies,
bilateral organisations, international NGOs, businesses, civil society
organisations, community-based groups and PLHIV to share their views on the
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report. After the meeting, the core working group brought together the various
opinions, carried out analysis and research and appropriately incorporated the
opinions and recommendations into the report, revised the opinion seeking
draft, creating a draft to be submitted for approval. After approval from the
Ministry of Health, the report will be finalised.
(II) Overview of China’s AIDS Epidemic

Case reporting data show that by the end of 2009, a total of 326,000 cases of
people living with HIV had been cumulatively reported in China. Of these,
107,000 were cases of AIDS. The number of reported deaths was 54,000. The
2009 AIDS epidemic estimation for China showed: at the end of 2009, the
estimated number of alive people living with HIV in China was 740,000
(560,000 – 920,000). Women accounted for 30.5% of these cases. Prevalence
among the population as a whole was 0.057% (0.042% - 0.071%); of the total
number of cases of people living with HIV, 105,000 were cases of alive AIDS
(97,000 – 112,000); It is estimated that 48,000 people (41,000 – 55,000) were
newly infected with HIV in 2009. Overall, China is still experiencing a
low-prevalence epidemic, with some key regions experiencing high prevalence
epidemics. However, the epidemic has already started to spread from high-risk
populations to the general population. China’s AIDS epidemic is exhibiting the
following characteristics: 1. The rate of increase in the growth of the AIDS
epidemic has slowed further; 2. sexual transmission continues to be the
primary mode of transmission, and homosexual transmission is increasing
rapidly; 3. nationally, the AIDS epidemic is in a state of low prevalence, with
some areas exhibiting serious epidemics; 4. the number of people affected by
AIDS is increasing, and transmission modes are diversifying.
(III) Policies and Response Work

During 2008-2009, China has continued to build a response based on the
“Regulations on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment” and “China’s Action
Plan for Reducing and Preventing the Spread of HIV/AIDS (2006-2010),” with
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government taking the lead, multiple sectors meeting their individual
responsibilities and full-society participation. Adhering to the principles of
prioritising prevention, combining prevention and treatment and implementing
a comprehensive response, the Government of China implemented the “Four
Frees, One Care” policy and has worked to ensure a comprehensive strategy
involving prevention, treatment and support. China’s AIDS response has
achieved significant results.
1 Strengthening Leadership. Following Through on Political

Commitment
The Chinese government is continuing to strengthen leadership in the AIDS
response. President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao have participated in
World AIDS Day activities for several years running, setting a good example of
positive participation in the AIDS response. In 2008, State Council Vice
Premier Li Keqiang convened and chaired a plenary session of SCAWC,
setting out the direction and priorities for the next phase of the AIDS response.
All relevant departments formulate AIDS response action plans on an annual
basis and intensively carry out work in the AIDS response. All levels of the
Chinese government have strengthened AIDS awareness and policy
education training among leadership cadres at all levels, ensuring the effective
implementation of the AIDS response. Central government funding for the
AIDS response has also been stepped up. Funding in 2008 and 2009
amounted to 1.07 and 1.22 billion RMB respectively. Local governments are
also continuing to allocate funding to the AIDS response. The successful
application for the Global Fund AIDS Rolling Continuation Channel
Programme also facilitated the effective integration of government funds from
all levels and international programmes in the AIDS response. The Chinese
government has implemented the “Four Frees, One Care” policy, stepping up
anti-discrimination awareness raising and continuously working to protect the
rights of PLHIV as well as strengthening protection of rights to antiretroviral
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treatment (ART), medical service and education of populations affected by HIV
or AIDS.
2 Implementation of the AIDS response

The Chinese government carries out AIDS related awareness raising work
aimed at the population as a whole and has increased efforts in this area in
recent years. The government has organized a range of AIDS awareness
raising activities. Results from the interim evaluation of “China’s Action Plan for
Reducing and Preventing the Spread of HIV/AIDS (2006-2007)” (hereafter
referred to as the “Action Plan”) showed that levels of basic AIDS awareness
among urban residents, rural residents, young people in school, young people
out of school, and rural migrant workers were 84.3%, 75.5%, 85.1%, 82.3%
and 74.5% respectively. Basic AIDS awareness among different population
groups had increased significantly, and had met interim objectives.
During the past two years, at the same time as clamping down on drug dealing,
drug use and sex work, in accordance with the law, China has implemented a
number of intervention measures directed at high-risk populations, including
condom promotion, methadone maintenance treatment, needle exchange etc.
and has continuously expanded the coverage of interventions. National
sentinel surveillance data showed that the percentages of sex workers, MSM
and IDUs covered by HIV prevention programmes had increased from 46.4%,
37.8% and 24.8% respectively in 2007 to 74.3%, 75.1% and 38.5%
respectively in 2009. The percentage of sex workers who had used a condom
during their last instance of intercourse increased from 82.1% in 2007 to
85.1% in 2009. The percentage of MSM who had been tested for HIV and who
were aware of their result increased from 32.7% in 2007 to 44.9% in 2009 and
the percentage who had used a condom during their last instance of
intercourse increased from 64.4% in 2007 to 73.1% in 2009. The percentage
of drug users who had used sterile injection equipment the last time they
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injected drugs increased from 40.5% in 2007 to 71.5% in 2009.
In April 2008, the national “Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Work

Implementation Procedures (Draft)” document was drawn up. Through the
provision of comprehensive services, the coverage of PMTCT services was
continuously expanded. Central government financing supported the steady
expansion of PMTCT coverage from 271 counties (or cities, districts) in 2007
to 453 counties (or cities, districts) in 2009. The number of pregnant women
being screened for HIV increased from approximately 1.96 million annually to
more than 4 million in 2009. In 2008 and 2009, the percentages of HIV-positive
pregnant women who received antiretroviral medicines to reduce the risk of
mother-to-child transmission were 74.2% and 75.3% respectively. In 2009 the
percentage of infants born to HIV positive mothers who are also HIV positive
was 8.1%.
In accordance with relevant stipulations on blood product testing set out in

“Blood Management Measures”, “Blood Station Quality Control Standards” and
“China Blood Transfusion Technology Operating Procedures”, all blood
stations in China have put in place and set up blood product preparation
quality control systems. Blood stations in China collected 3311 tons of blood in
2008 and 3311 tons in 2009, 100% of which was screened for HIV.
The nationwide free-of-charge VCT network is now fundamentally complete.

Different models are being used in different regions to try to improve the
accessibility of VCT. By the end of 2009, a total of 7335 VCT clinics had been
established nationwide. In 2009, pre-testing counseling was given more than
1.63 million times, and testing was carried out more than 1.6 million times. HIV
positive testing rates were 1.3%. On this basis, the inclusion of testing and
counselling services in regular medical services has been actively promoted in
medical facilities.
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In 2008 the criterion for initiating antiretroviral treatment was revised from a
CD4+T lymph cell count of 200/ul to 350/ul, increasing the number of people
receiving treatment. Coverage of antiretroviral treatment increased steadily
year on year. In 2009, 20,105 adults and children living with HIV started ART,
the highest annual number of new ART recipients since 2003. By the end of
2009, the total numbers of people having ever received treatment and
currently on treatment had increased from 42,576 and 34,746 respectively in
2007 to 81,739 and 65,481 respectively. By the end of 2009, 2155 adults and
85 children had already started second-line treatment plans. The percentage
of adults and children with advanced HIV infection receiving antiretroviral
therapy was 62.4%. The percentage of adults and children with HIV known to
be on treatment 12 months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy has
remained steady at over 80% since 2006. The percentage of people living with
HIV who started treatment in 2008 and continued treatment for 12 months was
82.3%. Prior to the initiation of the free antiretroviral treatment plan, the case
mortality rate for adults with AIDS was 28/100 person years. Evaluation of the
5 years of the antiretroviral treatment plan has shown that the case mortality
rate of treatment recipients, after 6 months of receiving treatment, has fallen to
a stable rate of 5/100 person years. Coverage of the National Traditional
Chinese Medicine (TCM) HIV Treatment Programme also expanded steadily,
with coverage currently being provided to 17 provinces providing free TCM
treatment to 9,267 people living with HIV.
In 2005, China formulated the “China Tuberculosis and HIV Co-Infection

Prevention and Treatment Work Framework (trial version)”, and started in
2007 to implement a tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS co-infection response in 134
counties located in 14 provinces, which were experiencing relatively serious
epidemics. The programme provided free tuberculosis treatment and
antiretroviral treatment for the more than 2000 people found to be co-infected
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with tuberculosis and HIV annually.
On the basis of the “Four Frees, One Care” policy, the Chinese government
has issued policies providing AIDS-affected orphans with care in 9 areas,
including living conditions, education, medical treatment, recovery,
accommodation and employment, and has encouraged adoption of
AIDS-affected orphans by relatives and society. In 2009, the Ministry of Civil
Affairs issued a policy specifically concerning children affected by AIDS, and
made available project funding to establish a Support Guidance Centre for
AIDS-Affected Children, creating a vertically-integrated working system. The
China Red Ribbon Foundation, China STD & AIDS Prevention Foundation and
others have also provided funding to support implementation of care
programmes for orphans. Government departments from across China have
responded to the call made jointly by the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Civil
Affairs, All-China Women’s Federation, and other departments to initiate
support activities and public benefit activities aimed at protecting orphans, and
have issued relevant local policies. This has increased the systematization of
the care and support system, and has allowed the creation of a ‘one to one’
support mechanism, promoted implementation of care and protection
measures and organization of self-help through production and mutual support
initiatives, and improved the living conditions and development potential of
people living with HIV and provided care for orphans and old people without
family through a variety of channels.
In 2008, China launched key large scale scientific research programmes

focusing on HIV, viral hepatitis and other diseases providing strong technical
support to “reduce incidence and mortality of HIV.”.
As important government partners in the response to AIDS, international

organizations, businesses, civil society organizations, community-based
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groups, PLHIV and volunteers have played an important role, participating in a
broad range of areas within the AIDS response, and becoming an important
component of China’s overall AIDS response.
Over the past two years, China’s AIDS response monitoring and evaluation
system has undergone significant improvements.
3 Main Challenges and Solutions

China’s AIDS response still presents rigorous challenges, and some issues
remain unresolved. Furthermore, several new situations and issues have
emerged during the development of the response. The primary challenges
currently being faced are as follows: The AIDS epidemic is becoming
increasingly complex, with serious epidemics in some regions and among
some populations, and it has not been possible to effectively bring new
infections under control. Some people living with HIV also remain undiagnosed.
The risk factors promoting the spread of the AIDS epidemic still exist.
Interventions directed at high-risk groups, particularly MSM groups, still lack
effectiveness, making this work very challenging. Implementation of the “Four
Frees, One Care” policy is uneven. Coverage of PMTCT and antiretroviral
treatment is insufficient. There is potential for strengthening participation by
civil society organisations in the AIDS response. Social stigma still exists to a
considerable degree.
In order to address the issues outlined above, and as set out in the
“Regulations on the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS”, efforts will
continue to be based on the principles of “prioritising prevention, combining
prevention and treatment and implementing a comprehensive response.” By
strengthening leadership, the government will ensure that all government
departments are fulfilling their responsibilities, and promote the regularisation,
systematisation and standardisation of a sustainable AIDS response. The
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government will work to carry out AIDS response work in key geographical
areas and with migrants, expanding surveillance and testing and discovering
new cases of HIV to the greatest degree possible. The quality and outcomes of
interventions will be improved as will the availability and coverage of ART and
PMTCT services; the government will continue to implement the “Four Frees,
One Care” policy, protecting the rights of populations affected by AIDS. Civil
society organisations and community-based groups with a strong sense of
social responsibility will be supported, and the business and volunteers will be
encouraged to participate and become involved in the AIDS response. The
AIDS response will be linked to efforts to strengthen equality of public health
services as part of the reform of the healthcare system. Capacity building
among frontline medical institutions will be strengthened, improving their
capacity for comprehensive service provision.
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(IV) Overview Table of UNGASS Core Indicator Data
Numerators and
Core Indicators Data Source/Methodology Explanation
denominators
1. Domestic and ￥2,249,724,600 MoH, SCAWCO, CDC,
2008 Not applicable
international AIDS YUAN UN Agencies
spending by categories ￥2,415,305,100
and financing sources 2009 As above Not applicable
YUAN
Papers, documents,
2. National Composite
Annex 3 interviews, discussions, Not applicable
Policy Index
surveys
Numerator: Number of donated
Department of Medical blood units (tons) screened for
100%
2008 Administration, Ministry HIV in a quality assured manner. Unit: ton
(3311/3311)
3. Percentage of donated of Health Denominator: Total number of
blood units screened for donated blood units (tons).
HIV in a quality assured Numerator: Number of donated
manner Department of Medical blood units (tons) screened for
100%
2009 Administration, Ministry HIV in a quality assured manner.
(3654/3654)
of Health Denominator: Total number of
donated blood units (tons).
13
The National Center for
AIDS/STD Control and
Prevention, China CDC
carried out estimates
together with WHO and
Nationwide UNAIDS China Office of the
Numerator: Number of persons
4. Percentage of adults Comprehensive AIDS number of people requiring
receiving antiretroviral therapy
and children with Response Information antiretroviral therapy in
62.4% on 31st December 2009
advanced HIV infection Management System 2009, finding the estimated
（65481/105000） Denominator: Estimated
receiving antiretroviral number of people needing
number of AIDS patients alive at
therapy 2009 China epidemic ART treatment to be
the end of 2009
estimates approximately 190,000.
Calculating according to this
estimate, the percentage of
adults and children with
advanced HIV infection
receiving ART is 34.4%
The estimated number of
Numerator: Number of
HIV-infected pregnant
HIV-infected pregnant women
women who delivered in
PMTCT Information who delivered and received
74.2% 2008 is 7226. Calculating
2008 Management Online antiretrovirals in 2008.
（977/1316） based on this estimation, the
Direct Reporting System Denominator: Number of
5. Percentage of percentage of HIV-infected
HIV-infected women who
HIV-infected pregnant pregnant women receiving
delivered in 2008.
women who receive ART for PMTCT is 13.5%
antiretrovirals to reduce The estimated number of
the risk of mother-to-child HIV-infected pregnant
HIV-infected pregnant women
transmission women who delivered in
PMTCT Information who delivered and received
75.3% 2009 is 6953. Calculating
2009 Management Online antiretrovirals in 2009.
（1554/2065） based on this estimation, the
Direct Reporting System Denominator: Number of
percentage of HIV-infected
HIV-infected women who
pregnant women receiving
delivered in 2009.
ART for PMTCT is 22.4%.
6. Percentage of No Data Available
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estimated HIV-positive
incident TB cases that
received treatment for TB
and HIV
7. Percentage of women
and men aged 15–49 who
received an HIV test in No Data Available
the last 12 months and
who know the results
surveyed female sex workers
who had been tested for HIV The mean average is used
Female 2009 National HIV/AIDS
36.9% within the past 12 months and for this percentage value.
Sex Sentinel Surveillance
（22765/61743） who were aware of their test Median average is more
worker Results
results. generally used in China.
Denominator: Number of
female sex workers surveyed.
8. Percentage of
surveyed MSM who had been
most-at-risk populations The mean average is used
2009 National HIV/AIDS tested for HIV within the past 12
that have received an HIV 44.9% for this percentage value.
MSM Sentinel Surveillance months and who were aware of
test in the last 12 months （2836/6319） Median average is more
Results their test results.
and who know the results generally used in China.
Denominator: Number of MSM
surveyed.
surveyed IDU who had been
The mean average is used
2009 National HIV/AIDS tested for HIV within the past 12
37.3% for this percentage value.
IDU Sentinel Surveillance months and who were aware of
（9755/26141） Median average is more
Results their test results.
generally used in China.
Denominator: Number of IDU
surveyed.
9. Percentage of
most-at-risk populations
Female 74.3% 2009 National HIV/AIDS Numerator: Number of The mean average is used
reached with HIV
Sex （45984/61903） Sentinel Surveillance surveyed female sex workers for this percentage value.
worker Results who responded “Yes” to both of Median average is more
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the two questions set out in the generally used in China.
UNGASS report handbook.
female sex workers surveyed.
surveyed MSM who responded
2009 National HIV/AIDS “Yes” to both of the two
MSM Sentinel Surveillance questions set out in the
Results UNGASS report handbook.
prevention programmes generally used in China.
Denominator: Number of MSM
surveyed.
surveyed IDU who responded
2009 National HIV/AIDS “Yes” to both of the two
IDU Sentinel Surveillance questions set out in the
Results UNGASS report handbook.
Denominator: Number of IDU
surveyed.
10. Percentage of
orphans and vulnerable
children whose Data Not Relevant To Our
households received free Country
basic external support in
caring for the child
11. Percentage of schools
that provided life
skills-based HIV No Data Available
education within the last
academic year
12. Current school
attendance among
No Data Available
orphans and among
non-orphans aged 10–14
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13. Percentage of young
women and men aged 85.1% (Young people aged Interim evaluation of Percentage awareness value is
15–24 who both correctly 15-24 in education) 2008 “Action Plan” median value.
identify ways of
preventing the sexual
transmission of HIV and 82.3% (Young people aged Interim evaluation of Percentage awareness value is
who reject major 15-25 not in education) 2008 “Action Plan” median value.
misconceptions about
HIV transmission
correctly answering all 5
questions set out in the The mean average is used
54.1% UNGASS Report handbook. for this percentage value.
Sex Sentinel Surveillance
(33524/62016) Denominator: Number of Median average is more
worker Results
surveyed female sex workers generally used in China.
who responded to all of the
questions set (including answer:
14. Percentage of
“Do not know”)
most-at-risk populations
who both correctly identify
surveyed MSM correctly
ways of preventing the
answering all 5 questions set out
sexual transmission of
in the UNGASS Report The mean average is used
HIV and who reject major
51.1% handbook. for this percentage value.
misconceptions about MSM As Above
HIV transmission
surveyed MSM who responded generally used in China.
to all of the questions set
(including answer: “Do not
know”)
surveyed IDU correctly
IDU As Above answering all 5 questions set out
(15029/26233) Median average is more
in the UNGASS Report
handbook.
17
surveyed IDU who responded to
all of the questions set (including
answer: “Do not know”)
15. Percentage of young
women and men who
have had sexual No Data Available
intercourse before the
age of 15
16. Percentage of adults
aged 15–49 who have
had sexual intercourse
No Data Available
with more than one
partner in the last 12
months
17. Percentage of adults
aged 15–49 who had
more than one sexual
partner in the past 12 No Data Available
months who report the
use of a condom during
their last intercourse
who reported having used a
condom with the last client with
18. Percentage of female The mean average is used
2009 National HIV/AIDS whom they had had sexual
sex workers reporting the 85.1% for this percentage value.
Sentinel Surveillance intercourse.
use of a condom with their (49344/57973) Median average is more
Results Denominator: Number of
most recent client generally used in China.
who reported having engaged in
commercial sex during the past
12 months.
19. Percentage of men 73.1% 2009 National HIV/AIDS Numerator: Number of The mean average is used
18
reporting the use of a (3903/5339) Sentinel Surveillance surveyed MSM who reported for this percentage value.
condom the last time they Results having used a condom the last Median average is more
had anal sex with a male time they had anal sex with a generally used in China.
partner male partner.
surveyed MSM who reported
having had anal sex with a male
partner during the past 6
months.
surveyed IDU who reported the
20. Percentage of use of a condom at last sexual
injecting drug users who 2009 National HIV/AIDS intercourse.
report the use of a Sentinel Surveillance Denominator: Number of
condom at last sexual Results surveyed IDU reporting having
intercourse injected drugs and having had
sexual intercourse during the
past month.
surveyed IDU reporting having
21. Percentage of
used sterile injecting equipment The mean average is used
injecting drug users who 2009 National HIV/AIDS
71.5% the last time they injected. for this percentage value.
reported using sterile Sentinel Surveillance
(5524/7725) Denominator: Number of IDU Median average is more
injecting equipment the Results
surveyed reporting having generally used in China.
last time they injected
injected drugs during the past
month.
Numerator: Number of 15-24
year old pregnant women
22. Percentage of young diagnosed as HIV positive The mean average is used
0.2% 2009 National HIV/AIDS
women and men aged during pre-natal clinical for this percentage value.
(23/14152) Sentinel Surveillance
15–24 who are HIV checkups. Median average is more
Results
infected Denominator: Number of 15-24 generally used in China.
year old pregnant women
receiving HIV testing during
19
pre-natal clinical checkups.
Numerator: Number of female
sex workers testing positive for The mean average is used
0.6% HIV. for this percentage value.
sex Sentinel Surveillance
worker Results
female sex workers receiving generally used in China.
HIV testing.
23. Percentage of A national MSM Numerator: Number of MSM
most-at-risk populations 5.0% epidemiological survey testing positive for HIV.
MSM
who are HIV infected (1020/20266) carried out in 61 major Denominator: Number of MSM
cities in 2009 receiving HIV testing.
Numerator: Number of IDU
2009 National HIV/AIDS testing positive for HIV.
IDU Sentinel Surveillance Denominator: Number of IDU
Results receiving HIV testing.
Numerator: Number of adults
and children who were still alive
and on ART 12 months after
24. Percentage of adults initiating treatment on 31st
National Comprehensive
and children with HIV December 2009,
82.3% AIDS Response
known to be on treatment Denominator: Total number of
(14004/17007) Information
12 months after initiation adults and children who initiated
Management System
of antiretroviral therapy ART during the twelve months
prior to the beginning of the
reporting period on 31st
December 2009.
Numerator: Number of children
Following the UNGASS
infected with HIV.
report guidelines, the
25. Percentage of infants Denominator: Number of
8.1% National PMTCT Online estimated percentage of
born to HIV-infected children born to mothers
(57/702) Direct Reporting System infants born to HIV-infected
mothers who are infected infected with HIV and aged 18
mothers who are infected in
months or more at the end of
2009 is 22.3%
2009.
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I. Overview of the AIDS epidemic
Case reporting data show that by the end of 2009, a total of 326,000 cases of
people living with HIV had been cumulatively reported in China. Of these,
107,000 were cases of AIDS. The number of reported deaths was 54,000. The
2009 AIDS epidemic estimation in China showed: at the end of 2009, the
estimated number of alive PLHIV in China was 740,000 (560,000 – 920,000
people). Women accounted for 30.5% of these cases. Prevalence among the
population as a whole was 0.057% (0.042% - 0.071%); of the total number of
people living with HIV, 105,000 were cases of alive AIDS (97,000 – 112,000
people); It is estimated that 48,000 people (41,000 – 55,000) were newly
infected with HIV in 2009, and that the prevalence among the population as a
whole was 0.057%. Overall, China is still experiencing a low-prevalence
epidemic, with some key regions experiencing high prevalence epidemics.
However, the epidemic has already started to spread from high-risk
populations to the general population.
China’s AIDS epidemic is exhibiting the following characteristics:
(I) The rate of increase in the growth of the AIDS epidemic has
slowed further
Epidemic estimate results show that the estimated total number of PLHIV in
2009 is still increasing, but that the number of people newly infected with HIV is
continuing to decrease. Compared to the epidemic estimate figures from 2007,
the number of PLHIV has increased by 40,000, with the number of people
living with AIDS increasing by 20,000. However, the number of people newly
infected with HIV each year fell from 50,000 in 2007 to 48,000 in 2009.
Case reporting data shows that a cumulative total of 326,000 cases of HIV or
AIDS had been reported by the end of 2009, with 107,000 of these being
cases of AIDS; the number of reported deaths was 54,000. The large scale
screening carried out in 2004 among key populations led to the number of
reported cases for that year being noticeably higher than in the previous year.
After 2004, the number of cases reported among people who had previously
21
sold blood gradually fell year on year. The percentage of reported cases
accounted for by people who had previously sold blood also fell from 16% in
2003 and 40% in 2004 to 4-7% in 2005. After 2005, with the gradual
introduction of various AIDS prevention measures, the categories of people
receiving testing and the numbers of people receiving testing increased
significantly. However, the number of newly discovered and reported cases of
HIV increased at a relatively slower rate. The rate of year-on-year increase in
reported cases of HIV fell from 9.0% in 2006 to 5.8% in 2009.
Sentinel surveillance data showed that with the exception of MSM populations,
where the percentage of positive HIV antibody test results increased, the
percentage of positive test results among IDUs, sex workers, people seeking
treatment for STIs, and pregnant women remained relatively stable. This
shows that with the exception of MSM populations, the occurrence of new
infections has been brought under control to a considerable degree.
(II) Sexual transmission continues to be the primary mode of

transmission, and homosexual transmission is increasing
rapidly
Of the 740,000 people estimated to be living with HIV in 2009, the percentage
infected through sexual transmission reached 59.0%. 44.3% were infected
through heterosexual transmission and 14.7% through homosexual
transmission. Of those infected through heterosexual transmission, around 1/3
were infected through spousal transmission, and 2/3 through non-spousal
transmission. Among the 48,000 new infections estimated for 2009,
heterosexual transmission accounted for 42.2% and homosexual transmission
32.5% of cases. This is a significant increase compared with the 2007
estimates, where 12.2% were infected through homosexual transmission.
Homosexual transmission has therefore become a very significant mode of
transmission for new infections in 2009.
Among reported cases, the proportion due to homosexual and heterosexual

transmission has exhibited a gradual growth trend over the years. The
proportion resulting from homosexual transmission increased from 2.5% of
cases in 2006 to 3.4% in 2007. In 2008 it reached 5.9% and in 2009, 8.6%;
22
heterosexual transmission increased from 30.6% in 2006 to 38.9% in 2007. In
2008 it reached 40.3% and in 2009 stood at 47.1%. Mother-to-child
transmission has fluctuated between 1.3%-1.5%.
In the past two years, national sentinel surveillance results have shown that
the rate of positive HIV antibody test results among MSM populations is
consistently greater than 1%, and is increasing year on year, becoming one of
the most important drivers of the AIDS epidemic. Results of a survey of MSM
populations in 61 cities carried out in 2008-2009 showed that the rate of
positive HIV antibody test results among MSM populations in large and
medium cities had reached an average of 5%. In the main cities of the
South-West, such as Guiyang, Chongqing, Kunming and Chengdu, the HIV
infection rate was greater than 10%, demonstrating the high speed of
transmission among this population.
(III) Nationally, the AIDS epidemic is in a state of low

prevalence, with some areas exhibiting serious epidemics
2009 epidemic estimate results showed that 6 provinces had epidemic figures
of more than 50,000 people, together accounting for 61.8% of the estimated
total national figure; 9 provinces had epidemic figures of 10,000-50,000
people; 8 provinces had epidemic figures of fewer than 5,000 people, together
accounting for 2.3% of the estimated total national figure.
Since 1998, a total of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities)

have had epidemic reports. By the end of 2009, 90.5% (2787/3080) of counties
(or districts) had reported cases of HIV or AIDS. Internet-based real-time
reporting data showed that there was a relatively large difference among the
epidemic figures reported by different provinces. The total cumulative number
of reported cases in the 6 provinces with the greatest reported numbers of HIV
and AIDS cases (in descending order: Yunnan, Guangxi, Henan, Sichuan,
Xinjiang and Guangdong) accounted for 70%-80% of the total number reported
for the whole country. The number of reported cases in the 7 provinces with the
lowest reported numbers of HIV and AIDS cases (Tibet, Qinghai, Ningxia,
Inner Mongolia, Tianjin, Gansu and Hainan) accounted for 1% of the total
23
number reported for the whole country. The 20 counties (or districts / cities)
with the highest reported numbers of HIV and AIDS cases are primarily
situated in Yunnan, Guangxi, Xinjiang, Henan, Sichuan and Guangdong
provinces.
In Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi and Xinjiang, where the AIDS epidemic is

relatively serious, regions where the increase in the rate of reported cases has
been relatively rapid since 2007 include Butuo County, Zhaojue County, Meigu
County and Yuexi County in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province; Liuzhou
City’s Luzhai County and Liujiang County and Hezhou City’s Babu District,
Guangxi Province; regions which have consistently had relatively high
numbers of reported cases include Yingjiang County, Luxi City and Ruili City in
Dehong Prefecture, Yunan Province, Kaiyuan City and Gejiu City in Honghe
Prefecture, Yunnan Province; Yining City and Tianshan District of Urumqi,
Xinjiang Province. Zhumadian City and Weishi County in Henan Province have
experienced relatively serious epidemics in the past, but these have become
more stable in recent years.
Differences in infection rates between different populations are also quite

large. HIV infection prevalence among drug users (particularly injecting drug
users) is the highest, and exhibits clear regional disparities. Sentinel
surveillance results show that sentinel sites with high infection prevalence are
also concentrated in Yunnan, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou and
Guangdong provinces. In places such as Lincang City, Dali Prefecture,
Dehong Prefecture and Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and Dazhou
City in Sichuan Province, HIV positive testing rates among drug users are all in
excess of 50%. HIV positive testing rates among sex workers in the majority of
regions remain relatively low. Sex worker surveillance sites where HIV
antibody positive testing rates exceed 1% are concentrated in Yunnan,
Xinjiang, Guangxi, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces. In HIV high-prevalence
regions, HIV infection prevalence among pregnant women is also quite high.
For example, the positive HIV antibody testing rate among pregnant women in
Yining City, Xinjiang rose continually between 1997-2008, remaining above 1%
after 2003. In the five provinces of Henan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Xinjiang and
24
Anhui, the total reported cases of mother-to-child transmission account for
78.1% of the national total.
(IV) Number of people affected by AIDS increasing,

transmission modes diversifying
Case reporting data show that there was a clear increase in reporting number
among those in the 50+ age group between 2006-2009. In the 50-64 age
group, the reported number of cases increased from 6.1% of the total number
of reported cases in 2006 to 10.6% in 2009. In the 65+ age group, the reported
number of cases increased from 1.67% of the total number of reported cases
in 2000 to 4.3% in 2009. In the 65+ age group, males accounted for the
majority of cases. Since 2005, the male to female sex ratio has exceeded
4.4:1, and sexual transmission has become the primary mode of transmission.
Case reporting shows that, the number of cases of HIV or AIDS among people
categorised as students has exhibited gradual growth. With the continuing
increase in population mobility, introduced cases of HIV resulting from women
migrating from different regions or countries for marriage have occurred in
different regions throughout the country. Surveys of women marrying into
Shandong, Shanxi, Jilin, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces show that the
introduction of these people living with HIV has resulted in spousal
transmission and mother-to-child transmission.
25
II. National response to the AIDS epidemic
During 2008-2009, in accordance with the “Regulations on Prevention and
Treatment of AIDS”, and “China’s Action Plan (2006-2010) for Reducing and
Preventing the Spread of HIV/AIDS)”, China has continued to improve and
strengthen its working mechanisms in the AIDS response, which are based on
government taking the lead, all departments fulfilling their individual
responsibilities, and full participation from all sectors of society. Based on
principles of prioritizing prevention, combining prevention and treatment,
implementing a regulated, evidence-based response, China has actively
implemented the “Four Frees, One Care” policy and carried out
comprehensive response work, which has produced significant results and
progress in the AIDS response.
(I) Strengthening leadership. Following through on political

commitment
(1) National leaders are taking the lead in setting a positive example.
On 1st December 2008, Chinese President Hu Jintao and Vice Premier Li
Keqiang visited Beijing’s Ditan Hospital to inspect AIDS prevention and
treatment work. On the 22nd World AIDS Day in 2009, President Hu Jintao and
Vice Premier Li Keqiang participated in the Capital AIDS Prevention and
Treatment Volunteer Event, and personally donating money for PLHIV. On
World AIDS Day 2008, State Council Premier, Wen Jiabao paid a special visit
to Fuyang City in Anhui Province, travelling to a village and personally visiting
people living with HIV, orphans and front-line medical workers, learning more
about the work being done in the AIDS response. On 1st December 2009,
Premier Wen Jiabao and Vice Premier Li Keqiang visited Beijing’s Ditan
Hospital to observe AIDS prevention and treatment work. They convened an
expert workshop, and set out instructions for the next phase of the AIDS
response. President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao have made
unremitting efforts, over a period of several years, to set an example for all of
society to participate in the AIDS response.
(2) Continuous stepping-up of organizational leadership, efforts of all
26
sectors strengthened.
Over the two-year period, the Chinese government’s leadership in the AIDS
response has continued to strengthen. In April 2008, the State Council
consolidated and reshuffled the members of the State Council AIDS Working
Committee. Vice Premier of the State Council Li Keqiang was appointed as
Committee Chair, with heads of 30 departments and 7 provinces (or
autonomous region) serving as members. The Ministry of Culture and the
All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce joined the Committee as new
member institutions, giving impetus to efforts to mobilise business and society,
and forging links between the AIDS response and culture initiatives. Nationally,
all 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and 88% of local
(city) level governments have established AIDS response leadership bodies. In
November 2008, a plenary meeting of the State Council AIDS Working
Committee was convened, in order to systematically summarise experiences
gained in the AIDS response, and to clarify priorities and key areas for the next
phase of the AIDS response. During the two-year period, the duties and
obligations of committee member departments have been set out more clearly.
All relevant departments are required to draft an AIDS response work plan on
an annual basis, while the government actively coordinates resources to
support AIDS response work carried out by these departments. Multiple
sectors have joined forces to create a strong force for the AIDS response,
ensuring the promulgation and implementation of a range of policy measures,
promoting the full rolling-out of a range of interventions including awareness
raising education, prevention interventions, care and support. Departments
including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Finance,
Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Railways, the Central Committee of the
Communist Youth League and the All-China Women’s Federation have
established coordinating working mechanisms. The Ministry of Civil Affairs
issued “Recommendations Regarding the further strengthening of the Welfare
System for AIDS-Affected Children”, and carried out AIDS response
awareness training for all personnel working within the system. The Ministry of
Education set out clear requirements for the inclusion of HIV prevention
content in school curricula, and the inclusion of relevant classes and lectures.
In 2008, the “Middle and Primary School Health Education Guidance
27
Framework” was issued, setting out objectives and basic content for health
education, including content related to HIV and AIDS prevention and treatment;
in 2009, the Ministry of Education organised the creation of a series of “Middle
and Primary School Health Education Teacher Guides”, covering grades from
primary 1 to senior 3. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce
established an AIDS response network team made up of more than 30,000
people. The General Administration of Press and Publishing issued a
notification requiring all Chinese newspapers and magazines to carry out AIDS
awareness raising work and also convened a Main National Media AIDS
Training Conference; the Ministry of Public Security held a National Public
Security System AIDS Knowledge Competition; the Red Cross Society of
China carried out HIV prevention peer education training with different
populations and implemented behaviour change intervention activities. The
All-China Women’s Federation conducted the “Face to Face” awareness
raising initiative, supported events supporting children orphaned by AIDS and
incorporated data on the AIDS response into the Women’s Federation annual
statistical indicator system, allowing combined planning. The Central
Committee of the Communist Youth League has conducted awareness raising
activities with young people across China, including the “Youth Red Ribbon”
and model “Face to Face” HIV prevention initiatives. The All-China Federation
of Trade Unions continued to carry out the Employee Red Ribbon Health
Initiative, which focuses on carrying out awareness raising education among
rural migrant workers. Relevant departments have continued to actively carry
out monitoring and evaluation and investigative research activities under the
framework of their individual action plans or strategic plans, giving impetus to
their own individual work in the AIDS response. In 2008 and 2009, based on
their competitive advantages and individual competencies, multiple
departments set out a clear division of labour and worked closely together to
carry out AIDS awareness raising activities targeted at workers, farmers,
women, young people, migrant workers, university students, leadership cadres,
etc., as well as support and assistance initiatives with PLHIV and their families,
and orphans.
(3) Awareness-raising training among leadership cadres strengthened,

28
promoting effective implementation of AIDS response.
As well as carrying out awareness raising activities over the two year period,
leaders from relevant departments, experts and goodwill AIDS ambassadors,
nominated by the Ministry of Health visited Jiangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi,
Yunnan, Fujian and Guizhou provinces to give AIDS awareness raising
lectures and live teleconferencing was used for the broadcasting of lectures in
some provinces. Starting in 2005, the Central Publicity Department, SCAWCO
and Tsinghua University organised four training sessions for a total of 260
people from the Publicity Departments from 31 provincial, autonomous region
and municipal committees as well as media leaders from 19 media agencies,
such as Xinhua News Agency, People’s Daily and the State Administration of
Radio, Film and Television etc. The General Administration of Quality
Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine held lectures on AIDS response
policies within their system. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social
Security continued to support vocational schools in carrying out HIV prevention
training, raising awareness among cadres within the Human Resources and
Social Security system, teachers in vocational schools and students. The
Central Party School held an AIDS response training session and workshop in
Kashi, Xinjiang Province, for Party School systems from 12 provinces and
relevant departments. Party School distance learning systems were also
utilised to carry out bilingual (Chinese and Uighur language) broadcasts to 90
receiver stations across Xinjiang province. Other departments also carried out
awareness raising training work. For example, the Ministry of Housing and
Urban-Rural Development provided training to more than 200 leaders at
division level or above through its Development System leadership cadre
training. The Central Committee of the Communist Youth League held an HIV
prevention training session in Beijing as well as the “Youth Red Ribbon”
awareness raising “Go West” activity. Training was carried out for close to
2000 League cadres, students and rights protection workers. The All-China
Federation of Trade Unions asked the China Institute of Industrial Relations to
carry out training with more than 500 Trade Union Chairpersons from large
enterprises at local city level across China. The Ministry of Education carried
out training for cadres in local departments and county offices through the
Chinese Academy of Governance, and initiated online training. All regions
29
have strengthened AIDS response knowledge and policy education for
leadership cadres at all levels, and awareness training work with leadership
cadres at all levels is being carried out nationwide.
(4) Increasing funding support, strengthening resource integration.

In recent years, central government financing for the AIDS response has
increased significantly. In 2007, dedicated funding for the AIDS response
amounted to 940 million RMB. In 2008 and 2009, this increased to 1.07 billion
RMB and 1.22 billion RMB respectively. Local government financial authorities
also continued to increase funding for the AIDS response. According to
incomplete statistics, local government financing amounted to 570 million RMB
in 2008 and 610 million RMB in 2009. In order to allocate limited resources in
the most appropriate manner, prevent overlapping investment and ensure
effective use of funding, the Ministry of Health used the successful application
for the Global Fund AIDS Rolling Continuation Channel Programme (RCC) in
2009 to carry out effective integration of national AIDS response funding at all
levels and international AIDS response programme funding, uniting forces for
full implementation of the National AIDS Response Plan.
(5) Continuing to protect the rights of PLHIV.

Strengthening implementation of the “Regulations of AIDS Prevention and
Treatment” and ensuring that the rights and responsibilities of PLHIV are
guaranteed. In the past two years, while continuing to actively implement the
“Four Frees, One Care” policy, protecting the core rights of populations
affected by AIDS to treatment, healthcare, education, etc., the Chinese
government has strengthened protection of the rights of PLHIV. For example,
the issue of personal insurance clauses that discriminated against PLHIV was
resolved when the China Insurance Regulatory Commission encouraged the
Insurance Association of China to issue the “Standard Policy Clause Formats
for Certain Personal Insurance Product Clauses” in 2008, clarifying that
personal insurance products should no longer include “the insured person is
living with HIV or AIDS” as a clause exempting the insurer from liability. At the
same time, personal insurance companies were asked to bring policies fully up
to date, inspect existing policies and make necessary revisions. Insurance
30
companies were encouraged to explore new insurance products suitable for
PLHIV. Relevant departments of the Chinese government are also actively
organising investigation of legal regulations forbidding the entry into China of
PLHIV, and are promoting revision of these regulations, according to due
process, with the aim of completely revoking clauses prohibiting the entry into
China of people living with HIV At the same time as acting to remove
institutional discrimination, the Chinese government also stepped up
anti-discrimination awareness-raising. In 2009, the government organised the
China HIV and AIDS Anti-Discrimination Innovation Contest. All sectors of
society, including several hundred universities actively participated in this
contest, and more than 30,000 entries were received, helping to create a
positive environment for the removal of discrimination.
(II) Implementation of the AIDS Response

1 AIDS Prevention Work: Progress and Achievements
(1) Stepping up advocacy and education, improving HIV-related

awareness
In recent years, the Chinese government has carried out AIDS related
advocacy and education aimed at the population as a whole and has
organized a range of AIDS awareness raising activities. Relevant departments
have continued to run the National Rural Migrant Worker HIV Prevention
Awareness Raising Education Project, the National Farmers Health Promotion
Activity, and other health promotion activities, creating a positive advocacy
environment. In 2008, the Chinese government organised large-scale AIDS
prevention awareness raising activities in Guangxi, Qinghai and Hubei
Provinces, entitled “Red Ribbon Bringing Guangxi Together”, “Hold the Red
Ribbon, Build a New Qinghai” and “Floating Red Ribbon of Hubei”. SCAWCO,
the Ministry of Health and the Beijing Municipality AIDS Working Committee
Office, together with the UNAIDS jointly organized the World AIDS Day
National Stadium – the Bird’s Nest Red Ribbon Activity. The Ministry of
Agriculture and Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security both set up
dedicated sections on the AIDS response on their websites and in their
newspapers. In 2009, the Chinese government organized online chat activities
31
entitled “The Challenges of migrants for the AIDS Response” and “The Current
State of the AIDS Response and Policy Measures” on the Xinhua Website.
At the same time, SCAWCO, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education,
the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Population and Family Planning Commission,
the China Communist Youth League Central Committee, the All-China
Women’s Federation and the China Youth Concern Committee continued to
work together to carry out China Children and Youth AIDS Prevention
Activities, University Student AIDS Prevention awareness raising activities,
etc., and organized varied and interesting awareness raising interventions.
Over the past two years, the Ministry of Education has actively promoted the
implementation of HIV prevention education in schools across China. All
regions have taken appropriate measures to implement in-school HIV
prevention education activities according to relevant regulations and policies.
Media including radio, television, newspapers and magazines, etc., have
strengthened awareness-raising on AIDS. Civil society organizations and
community-based groups also utilized a range of channels to carry out
awareness-raising work effectively.
The results of the “China Action Plan for Reducing and Preventing the Spread
of HIV/AIDS (2006-2007)” mid-term evaluation organized by SCAWCO in 2008
showed that levels of basic HIV/AIDS awareness in China among urban
residents, rural residents, in-school youth, out of school youth and rural
migrant workers were 84.3%, 75.5%, 85.1%, 82.3% and 74.5% respectively.
Levels of basic HIV/AIDS awareness among these major population
categories all increased noticeably.
(2) Strengthening interventions with high-risk populations, reducing

transmission of HIV
At the same time as clamping down on drug dealing, drug use and sex work in
accordance with the law, in recent years, China has implemented a number of
necessary intervention measures directed at high-risk populations, including
condom promotion initiatives, methadone maintenance treatment, and needle
exchange, and has expanded the coverage of interventions, with the aim of
32
effectively slowing the spread of HIV.
By the end of 2009, 2701 counties (and districts) had carried out condom
promotion work targeted at sex workers. Each area implemented measures
based on the local situation, including intervention measures such as peer
education, outreach service provision, installation of automatic condom
vending machines, placing condoms in public facilities, 100% condom use
promotion, integrating sexually transmitted infection services and female
reproductive health and HIV behavioural interventions, etc. National sentinel
surveillance data showed that the percentage of sex workers covered by HIV
prevention programmes increased from 46.4% in 2007 to 74.3% in 2009. The
percentage of sex workers who had used a condom during their last instance
of intercourse increased from 82.1% in 2007 to 85.1% in 2009.
With regard to MSM populations, the Ministry of Health drew up the “MSM
Population Comprehensive AIDS Response Trial Work Implementation Plan”,
and carried out comprehensive AIDS response trial work with MSM
populations in 61 cities across China. This allowed a clear picture to be built up
of prevalence levels among MSM populations and the characteristics of risk
behaviour in this population. Comprehensive response measures including
testing and counseling, case reporting, medical follow-up and treatment, STI
services and core peer interventions were put in place. HIV and STI counseling
and testing services were accessed a total of 57,000 times, and 2,600 new
cases of HIV were discovered, an average infection prevalence of 5.0%.
Through implementation of the trial work, intervention work with MSM
populations is being stepped up, and coverage is being expanded. National
sentinel surveillance data showed that the percentage of the MSM population
covered by HIV prevention programmes increased from 37.8% in 2007 to
75.1% in 2009. The percentage of this population that had been tested and
was aware of the test result increased from 32.7% in 2007 to 44.9% in 2009.
The percentage who had used a condom during their last instance of
intercourse increased from 64.4% in 2007 to 73.1% in 2009.
Roll-out of methadone maintenance treatment for drug using populations

33
continued steadily, with coverage increasing continually. By the end of 2009,
680 maintenance treatment clinics had been set up, covering 27 provinces
(autonomous regions and municipalities), treating a cumulative total of 242,000
people, with 112,800 currently in treatment and an annual retention rate for
those in treatment of 65.6%. As well as providing regular medication,
methadone maintenance treatment clinics carry out regular urine tests for
morphine and tests for HIV, hepatitis C and syphilis on treatment clients.
Furthermore, other services including intervention activities and referral
services can be provided within clinics. With the constant expansion of the
scale of methadone maintenance treatment and the number of people
receiving treatment, significant changes are also being seen in the behaviour
of drug using populations. The coverage of maintenance treatment services is
also constantly improving. In 2008 and 2009, the number of needle exchange
points in 21 provinces (autonomous regions and municipals) across China was
897 and 962 respectively. The monthly average numbers of people visiting
clean needle exchange points were 36,084 and 39,075 respectively. National
sentinel surveillance data showed that the percentage of injecting drug users
covered by HIV prevention programmes increased from 24.8% in 2007 to
38.5% in 2009. The percentage of drug users who had used sterile injection
equipment the last time they injected drugs increased from 40.5% in 2007 to
71.5% in 2009.
(3) Providing comprehensive services, reducing mother-to-child

transmission
In April 2008, the national “Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Work
Implementation Procedures (Draft)” document was revised by the Ministry of
Health and a series of technical documents and guides on PMTCT were
formulated or revised. As well as this, various forms of targeted specialized or
comprehensive trainings were carried out with personnel working in relevant
fields, comprehensively improving the service capacity of frontline specialist
staff. Moreover, multi-level National, Provincial, Prefecture and County
monitoring and guidance systems have already been put in place across the
country, increasing levels of standardization in monitoring and guidance
activities at all levels and strongly promoting the implementation of a range of
34
PMTCT measures. In 2008, the “Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission
Management Online Information Direct Reporting System” was activated,
further strengthening and improving information management work.
The number of regions, and in particular the number of high HIV prevalence
provinces, which are covered by PMTCT interventions, is continually
increasing, as is the number of pregnant women, pregnant women infected
with HIV and children benefitting from these interventions. In 2007, 271
counties (and cities and districts) received central government funding
supporting the implementation of PMTCT work. This number increased
steadily, reaching 453 counties (and cities and districts) in 2009. 42.5% of
counties (and cities and districts) in the 6 provinces with the most serious AIDS
epidemics were covered; the number of pregnant women annually screened
for HIV increased from 1.96 million to 4 million in 2009. As well as central
government funding support, some provinces utilized local funding and other
programme support, and incorporated this work into standard mother and child
healthcare services, rolling these out province-wide. In 2009, the number of
pregnant women screened for HIV over several provinces was 1.4 million. In
2008 and 2009, the percentages of HIV-infected pregnant women giving birth
who received antiretroviral medicines to reduce the risk of mother-to-child
transmission were 72.4% and 75.3% respectively. In 2009, the total number of
pregnant women tested and found to be HIV positive, and reported was 3662,
of whom 2065 gave birth and 1554 (75.3%) used antiretroviral medication;
2059 live children were born, 1701 (82.6%) of whom were given antiretroviral
medication. In 2009 the percentage of infants born to HIV-infected mothers
who were also infected with HIV was 8.1%. Basing calculations on the
estimated number of HIV-infected mothers giving birth in 2009 (6953), the
estimated percentage of HIV-infected mothers giving birth in 2009 who
received ART for PMTCT was 22.4%. In 2009, the estimated percentage of
children born to HIV-infected mothers who were also HIV-infected was 22.3%.
(4) Strengthening management, ensuring safety and efficacy of blood for

clinical use
In accordance with relevant stipulations on blood product testing set out in
35
“Blood Management Procedures”, “Blood Station Quality Control Standards”
and “China Blood Transfusion Technology Operating Procedures”, all blood
stations in China have put in place and set up blood product preparation quality
control systems. All blood stations and laboratories are under government
control, and must participate in laboratory quality evaluations, organized by the
Ministry of Health, to ensure hat the quality of blood conforms to national
standards, and that blood for clinical use is safe and of use. In 2008, blood
stations in China collected 3311 tons of blood, 99.98% of which was collected
on a voluntary, non-compensated basis. In 2009, a total of 3654 tons was
collected. Blood stations and laboratories have all set up quality control
systems and standardized standard operating procedures have been issued.
100% of laboratories carry out internal quality control, and participate in mutual
evaluation with other laboratories. 100% of collected blood products are
screened for HIV.
(5) Expanding testing and counseling services, improving HIV detection

rates
In recent years, the establishment of the HIV testing laboratory network system
has seen significant progress. By the end of 2008, a total of 318 confirmation
laboratories had been established, as well as 8306 screening laboratories,
covering 93.8% of county level CDCs; 257 laboratories have CD4 testing
capabilities and 82 laboratories are able to carry out viral load testing. All
Chinese provinces, with the exception of Tibet, now have coverage. A
relatively comprehensive HIV laboratory testing quality control and quality
assurance system has also been set up, providing a solid basis for the
provision of HIV surveillance and testing.
The nationwide free-of-charge VCT network is now fundamentally complete.

All counties have established at least 1-2 free VCT points, and have used
various service models to improve the accessibility of VCT. By the end of 2009,
a total of 7335 VCT clinics had been established nationwide. VCT clinics in
CDCs accounted for 43.4% of these. VCT clinics in general hospitals (including
Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospitals) accounted for 26.1%. VCT clinics in
township health center accounted for 14.8% and VCT clinics in other places
36
accounted for 15.7%. In 2009, pre-testing counseling was given more than
1.63 million times, and testing was carried out more than 1.6 million times. HIV
positive testing rates were 1.3%. Of those found to be HIV positive, 93.9%
received positive result counseling.
Building on the basis of VCT service provision, strategic efforts have been
made to actively promote expanded HIV testing and counseling. In 2008,
China formulated the “National Guidebook for Provider Initiated HIV Testing
and Counselling (PITC) in Medical Facilities (First draft)”, setting down a
foundation for the expanded inclusion of testing and counselling into routine
medical services. From June 2008 – August 2009, PITC trials were initiated in
three provinces – Guangdong, Shandong and Liaoning. In 2007, PITC
services were initiated in Sichuan’s Liangshan Prefecture, driving the
identification of more cases of HIV and AIDS. This experience provides a
reference for the expansion of PITC services on a nationwide basis.
2 Progress and achievements in HIV treatment

(1) Strengthening follow-up services with people diagnosed with HIV or
AIDS
In recent years, government at all levels has been placing increasing
importance on follow-up of people diagnosed with HIV or AIDS. Efforts have
been stepped up at all stages of the process, from testing and diagnosis, to
provision of follow-up counseling, carrying out CD4 testing, implementing
behavioural interventions, providing antiretroviral treatment, etc. Consequently,
the percentage of PLHIV receiving follow-up and CD4 testing has significantly
increased. By the end of 2009, the percentage of PLHIV receiving follow-up
interventions had increased from the 2007 level of 32.8% to 74.6%; the
percentage receiving CD4 testing had increased from 45.3% in 2007 to 54.2%;
the rate of testing of spouses of those newly diagnosed with HIV increased
from 24.7% in 2007 to 63.4%. More and more PLHIV are receiving effective
follow-up services, and obtaining prevention, treatment and care services.
(2) Expanding antiretroviral treatment, reducing mortality from AIDS

Since 2003, China has progressively increased funding support for
37
antiretroviral medication, patient testing reagents, transport subsidies for
follow-up of PLHIV and capacity building for medical workers, thus providing
support for continued implementation of the nationwide free antiretroviral
treatment plan. In 2008, China drafted the “China Free Antiretroviral
Medication Treatment Handbook” providing recommendations on treatment
criteria for people diagnosed with HIV. The recommended criterion for initiating
antiretroviral treatment was revised from a CD4+T lymph cell count of 200/ul to
350/ul. With the support of relevant policies, the coverage of antiretroviral
treatment has increased year on year. The composition of those receiving
treatment has also gradually expanded from the start of the treatment
programme, when a majority of treatment recipients were former blood donors
or recipients to today, where treatment is expanding among children, those
infected through sexual intercourse, drug users and populations in closed
settings. By the end of 2009, the total number of people having ever received
treatment and total number of people currently on treatment had risen from
42,576 and 34,746 people respectively in 2007 to 81,739 and 65,481 people
respectively. Among these, the total number of children having ever received
ART was 1793, and the number currently receiving treatment 1594.
Calculating based on a denominator of the estimated number of people with
AIDS alive at end-2009, the percentage of adults and children with advanced
HIV infection who were receiving ART was 62.4%. In 2009, 20,105 AIDS adults
and children started ART, the highest annual number of new ART recipients
since 2003. The percentage of new treatment recipients infected through
sexual transmission (including homosexual transmission) who were receiving
ART was 57.5%. 18.7% of cases were a result of drug use. By August 2009,
treatment coverage for people with reported cases of HIV, who were available
for follow-up and who met treatment criteria was 72%. In order to ensure that
those who had become resistant to first-line medications were able to continue
to receive antiretroviral treatment. In 2009, nationwide roll-out of second-line
medication was initiated. By the end of 2009, 2,155 adults and 85 children had
begun a second line treatment plan. NCAIDS of Chinese CDC, together with
the WHO and UNAIDS China Offices carried out estimates of the number of
people requiring ART in China in 2009, arriving at a figure of about 190,000.
Calculating based on this estimate, the percentage of adults and children with
38
advanced HIV infection who are receiving ART is 34.4%.
Furthermore, in order to ensure that more people are able to obtain treatment
and care, the scope of the national Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) HIV
treatment trial programme is being expanded. Currently, this programme is
already covering 17 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities)
providing free TCM treatment to 9267 PLHIV. Furthermore, in order to
effectively carry out antiretroviral treatment work, the government has
strengthened monitoring of drug resistance.
Standardisation of antiretroviral treatment is also being continually improved.

The proportion of people living with HIV who completed 12 months of
treatment and completed a follow-up and a CD4 test increased from 34.0% in
2007 to 78.5% in 2009; the percentage of people with AIDS receiving
treatment who received 1 viral load test per year increased from 19.3% in 2008
to 48.5% in 2009. The percentage of adults and children with HIV known to be
on treatment 12 months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy has remained
steady at over 80% since 2006. The percentage of people living with HIV who
started treatment in 2008 and continued treatment for 12 months was 82.3%.
The national free antiretroviral treatment plan has effectively reduced the case
mortality rate of people with AIDS. Prior to the initiation of the free antiretroviral
treatment plan, the case mortality rate for adults with AIDS was 28/100 person
years. Evaluation of the 5 years of the antiretroviral treatment programme has
shown that the case mortality rate of treatment recipients, after 6 months of
receiving treatment, has fallen to a stable rate of 5/100 person years.
(3) Strengthening combined management for tuberculosis and HIV

co-infection
In 2005, the Ministry of Health established a Tuberculosis and HIV Prevention
and Treatment Coordination Group and Working Group. These groups held
regular meetings and formulated the “China Tuberculosis and HIV Co-Infection
Prevention and Treatment Work Framework (trial version)”, clearly stating for
the first time that HIV response planning and tuberculosis response planning
39
must be carried out jointly. In 2006, under the leadership of the Ministry of
Health, tuberculosis and HIV response trial sites were set up in 6 counties in 4
provinces, in order to explore working methods and processes for addressing
tuberculosis and HIV co-infection. Starting in 2007, tuberculosis and HIV
co-infection prevention and treatment work was initiated in 134 relatively high
HIV prevalence counties, located in 14 provinces. Joint action support
environments were created, and cases of HIV were discovered among PLHIV,
and cases of HIV were discovered among people with tuberculosis. The
programme also provided free tuberculosis treatment and antiretroviral
treatment for the more than 2000 people found to be co-infected with
tuberculosis and HIV annually.
3 Progress and achievements in HIV care and support work

The Chinese government has always paid serious attention to populations
affected by AIDS. On the basis of the “Four Frees, One Care” policy, the
Chinese government has issued policies providing AIDS-affected orphans with
care in 9 areas, including living conditions, education, medical treatment,
recovery, accommodation and employment, and has encouraged adoption of
AIDS-affected orphans. In order to actively encourage child fostering, the
government offers significant subsidies. Foster institutions have also been
established, providing suitable arrangements for the care of orphans. In 2009,
the Ministry of Civil Affairs issued a policy specifically concerning children
affected by AIDS, increasing the minimum childcare standard from 100 RMB
per child per month to 600 RMB per child per month, and convened a working
meeting on welfare protection for AIDS-affected children, promoting the
implementation of this policy. Project funding was also made available to
establish a Support Guidance Centre for AIDS-Affected Children, creating a
vertically-integrated working system. The China Red Ribbon Foundation,
China STD & AIDS Prevention Foundation and others have also provided
funding to support implementation of care programmes for orphans.
Government departments from across China have responded to the call made
jointly by the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Civil Affairs, All-China Women’s
Federation, and other departments to initiate support activities and public
40
benefit activities aimed at protecting orphans, and have issued relevant local
policies. This has increased the systematization of the care and support
system, and has allowed the creation of a ‘one to one’ support mechanism,
promoted implementation of care and protection measures and organization of
self-help through production and mutual support initiatives, improving the living
conditions and development potential of people living with HIV and providing
care for orphans and old people without family through a variety of channels.
Henan Province issued the “Five Ones” requirement (dispatch of one working
team and one medical team, construction of one clinic, creation of one
prevention and treatment team and formulation of one treatment and support
programme for each village with a serious epidemic), ensuring the
implementation of the “Four Frees, One Care” policy, and allowing PLHIV and
their families, as well as AIDS affected orphans to obtain the support they need
and improve their living conditions and to promote the development of a
package of effective response models. In Hubei and Sichuan provinces,
response working mechanisms for monitoring of medication use, one-to-one
support, production self-support, anti-discrimination and community care have
also been developed. The All-China Women’s Federation utilized 50 million
RMB donated by business to establish the “1st December” Care Foundation,
which in 2009 provided support to almost 10,000 children affected by AIDS. A
number of celebrities also participated in events to provide support to
populations affected by AIDS. These activities significantly improved the
quality of life of these populations affected by AIDS.
4 Strengthening Scientific Research
In order to provide support to reduce the incidence rate of infection and reduce
mortality from AIDS, China launched several major infectious disease
specialist technical institutions projects, aimed at HIV, viral hepatitis and other
diseases. Over the two year period, a total of 316,180,000 RMB was invested
to support research into HIV testing reagents, epidemic patterns, ART
treatment, immune protection and vaccination, biological prevention
interventions, etc. A range of scientific research projects are currently running
smoothly.
41
III. Best practice
(I) Following through on commitment, strengthening

advocacy and training for leadership cadres
Creating a regulated and evidence-based response is the fundamental guiding
principle in China’s AIDS response. According to the stipulations of the
“Infectious Disease Prevention Law” and the “Regulations of AIDS Prevention
and Treatment”, government departments at all levels undertake an important
role in the AIDS response in terms of organization and leadership, provision of
funding, monitoring and inspection, etc. Individual departments are responsible
for the specific formulation and implementation of AIDS prevention and
treatment policies and measures. Once policies have been set out, leadership
cadres play a decisive role in policy implementation. Insufficient awareness
and understanding among some local government departments and
leadership cadres was identified as an important problem in the 2007 report. In
2008 and 2009, the Chinese government has prioritised awareness raising
among leadership cadres at all levels, and has treated increasing training for
leaders and cadres as a key task to be prioritized, achieving significant results.
The primary measures that have been taken are outlined below:
1 The Chinese leadership has taken the lead in setting a positive

example, placing great importance on the AIDS response.
After having participated in World AIDS Day events in 2004 and 2007, Chinese
President Hu Jintao visited Beijing’s Ditan Hospital on 1st December 2008
together with State Council Vice Premier Li Keqiang to observe AIDS
prevention and treatment work and to encourage the scientific research
personnel working there to continue with their in-depth research, and to
continue to work together to conquer the global problem of AIDS as early as
possible. In 2009, on the eve of the 22nd World AIDS Day, President Hu Jintao
and State Council Vice Premier Li Keqiang once again visited the National
Conference Centre, in order to participate in the Capital AIDS Prevention and
Treatment Volunteer Activity, encourage volunteers to actively participate in
the AIDS response, and call on society as a whole to care for and protect
PLHIV. Chinese State Council Premier Wen Jiabao, has paid close attention to
42
the AIDS response for a long period of time and between 2003 and 2007
participated in AIDS prevention and treatment activities at least once a year.
On World AIDS Day 2008, Premier Wen Jiabao paid a special visit to Fuyang
City in Anhui Province, travelling to a village and personally visiting people
living with HIV, orphans and front-line medical workers, thus learning more
about the work being done in the AIDS response. On 1st December 2009,
Premier Wen Jiabao and Vice Premier Li Keqiang visited Beijing’s Ditan
Hospital to observe AIDS prevention and treatment work. They convened an
expert workshop and listened to recommendations from experts working at all
levels of the AIDS response, including international experts, community
organisations and village medical worker representatives, before setting out
requirements for the next phase of the AIDS response. The joint actions of
President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao demonstrated the great
importance placed on the AIDS response by national leaders, set an example
for government leaders at all levels to participate in the AIDS response, and
embodied the resolve of the Chinese government and Chinese people to
control AIDS.
2 Government departments at all levels organising advocacy teams to

carry out advocacy and mobilization activities with leadership cadres at
all levels. At the start of 2006, the State Council AIDS Working Committee
Prevention Policy Advocacy Team was established, and given responsibility for
setting out advocacy work plans and for carrying out AIDS prevention and
treatment awareness and policy advocacy activities for leadership cadres of
relevant departments at provincial level. After completing an advocacy tour of
16 provinces in 2006 and 2007, in 2008 and 2009, leaders from relevant
national-level departments, together with experts and Goodwill Ambassadors
nominated by MoH, travelled to seven provinces, namely Jiangxi, Hubei,
Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Fujian and Guizhou, to carry out AIDS prevention
and treatment policy advocacy activities. For some provinces, teleconferencing
was used to carry out dissemination of information. At the same time, online
learning systems were used to implement online learning for the Ministry of
Public Security, Ministry of Civil Affairs and Ministry of Agriculture. In recent
years, more than 200,000 leadership cadres at all levels have directly received
43
national-level advocacy lectures. All provinces and many cities across China
have also organised local AIDS prevention and treatment policy advocacy
teams, according to national unified arrangements, set out AIDS prevention
and treatment policy advocacy lecture training plans and actively carried out
advocacy work with local leadership cadres at all levels. In 2009, SCAWCO
issued a document expressly encouraging the initiation of advocacy work in all
regions. According to statistics: by 30th September 2009, approximately
120,000 leadership cadres and staff members from relevant provincial-level
departments, 560,000 leadership cadres and staff members from relevant
city-level departments and 760,000 leadership cadres and staff members from
relevant county-level departments had received training on HIV prevention and
treatment knowledge and policies.
3. Utilising existing leadership cadre training systems to carry out

training. Establishing a long-term mechanism for cadre training. Taking
advantage of the fact that all Chinese leadership cadres are required to receive
training through the cadre training system before receiving promotions, the
Chinese government is making full use of the existing leadership cadre training
systems existing at all levels, including Party (and League) Schools at all levels
and Administration Colleges, actively ensuring that training on AIDS prevention
and treatment policy knowledge is incorporated into Party (and League)
training curricula at all levels. During the past two years, the China Central
Party School has organised and held training classes for multiple Party School
systems, has carried out training for Party School teachers at all levels in a
planned manner. The Ministry of Human Resources has also incorporated
AIDS prevention and treatment policy and knowledge lectures into
pre-appointment training for high-level civil servants. By the end of September
2009, Provincial Party Schools from 23 of the 31 Chinese provinces had
incorporated AIDS Prevention and Treatment Policy training into teaching
plans. AIDS prevention and treatment awareness information has also been
included as central training content by the Ministry of Education National
Education Administration College, the Ministry of Health Party School, the
Ministry of Transport Party School, the State Administration for Industry and
Commerce Party School and Party Schools of other departments and
44
ministries, as well as many city and county-level party schools, and awareness
raising training is now being carried out for leadership cadres at all levels on a
nationwide basis.
As a result of the positive example set by leaders, advocacy training and

training carried out by Party (and League) Schools at all levels, leadership
cadres in the majority of regions and departments are now aware of the nature
of the AIDS epidemic, the importance of AIDS prevention and treatment work
and the long term nature and magnitude of the task ahead. They have also
learnt about relevant AIDS prevention and treatment policies, gained a more
in-depth understanding of relevant techniques and methods of AIDS
prevention and treatment, become more aware of the importance of AIDS
prevention and treatment work and strengthened leadership in the AIDS
response, and are ensuring full institutional support for the strengthening of the
AIDS response in China.
(II) Community-Based Methadone Maintenance Treatment has

Achieved Significant Results
Since 2004, when methadone community maintenance treatment work was
initiated in China in 8 clinic trial sites in 5 provinces, clinic coverage and the
number of people receiving treatment has rapidly increased year on year. By
the end of 2009, there were a total of 680 methadone maintenance clinics
spread across 27 Chinese provinces (and districts and cities). The total
number of drug addicts who had received treatment was 242,000, and 113,000
people were currently receiving treatment. According to analytical estimates of
the number of people attending maintenance treatment in 2008 and 2009,
participation in methadone maintenance treatment had reduced the likelihood
of drug users participating in HIV-related risk activities, and the rate of new HIV
infections among those receiving treatment remained below 1%; the number of
new HIV cases prevented in these two years is estimated at 3377 and 3900
respectively. Heroin consumption was reduced by an estimated 16.5 tons and
22.4 tons respectively and the value of the drugs trade was reduced by an
estimated 6.077 billion RMB and 8.3 billion RMB respectively. Criminal activity
was reduced and many opiate abusers and addicts recovered their ability to
45
operate as normal members of society, contributing to the stability of modern
society. The principal strategies employed were as follows:
1 Working principles. Community-based methadone maintenance

treatment work is carried out jointly by the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Public
Security and the State Food and Drug Administration, under the leadership of
the government. A multi-level management system is utilized and work is
carried out on a not-for-profit basis, making full use of currently existing
medical facilities, pharmaceutical production and supply resources and
community management resources.
2 Organisational management structure. A National-Level Working Group

has been established by Central Government. Provinces, autonomous regions
and municipalities carrying out maintenance treatment have established
provincial-level working groups. Areas where medical facilities carrying out
maintenance treatment work are located have established local city level
working groups. These working groups are responsible for organising
maintenance treatment work, and clarifying the working responsibilities of
different departments at different levels.
3 Specific implementation. (1). Confirmation and opening of clinics.

Not-for-profit medical institutions fulfilling the necessary criteria may make
written application to their local health authorities to establish a community
maintenance facility. After inspection has been carried out by local authorities,
the application will be passed to provincial level authorities. After the
application has undergone initial inspection by provincial-level authorities and
has been found to meet requirements, it will be submitted to the National-Level
Working Group for re-inspection and confirmation. After a maintenance
treatment facility has passed inspection and been found to meet the required
criteria, it will begin treatment according to national guidelines. (2). Criteria and
treatment procedures for treatment recipients. Treatment recipients must be
addicted opiate drug addicts aged 20 or above (drug users already infected
with HIV are exempted from this criterion), having full civil capacity, and must
have undergone multiple drug detoxification treatments and must be still
46
unable to break free of opiate addiction. Applicants for maintenance treatment
must apply for treatment according to the procedures and conditions set out in
the regulations. Treatment may commence after the application is inspected
and approved by a community treatment facility, identity information has been
registered and an informed consent form signed. (3). Supply, use and
management of medications. Methadone oral liquid is the medication used for
maintenance treatment. Raw materials are distributed from top to bottom on a
level-to-level basis, according to the treatment programme plan. Authorities at
the provincial level will then coordinate the production and distribution of
methadone oral liquid. (4). Management of maintenance treatment and
treatment recipients. Maintenance treatment facilities are responsible for
day-to-day maintenance treatment work, in accordance with the work plan.
This includes on-site monitoring of medication use by treatment recipients,
behavioural correction, psychological counselling, disease prevention
counselling, urine testing and management of maintenance treatment
medications, as well as ensuring that information relating to treatment
recipients remains strictly confidential. Treatment recipients needing to travel
to other places for short periods of time because of work, personal or other
reasons may be provided with medication services in these places. Conditions
are also set out for termination or suspension of maintenance treatment. (5).
Provision of comprehensive services. Building on the basis of provision of
maintenance treatment services, treatment recipients are provided with
comprehensive services, such as HIV prevention and treatment awareness
raising, employment skills training, implementation of the “Four Frees, One
Care” policy and other policies, etc. (6). Monitoring and evaluation.
Provincial-level authorities should incorporate the management and
supervision of maintenance treatment facilities into their standard AIDS
response work plans, and should visit maintenance treatment facilities to carry
out on-site monitoring and guidance, on both planned and unannounced visits.
The National Level Working Group should carry out spot-checks on
maintenance treatment facilities, and carry out on-site monitoring and
guidance. For facilities found to be not meeting the required criteria,
authorization to act as a maintenance treatment facility will be revoked. Where
illegal activity is found to be occurring, prosecution will be carried out according
47
to the law.
(III) Outstanding results Seen in China Comprehensive AIDS

Response (China CARES)
In 2003, the Chinese government decided to set up comprehensive AIDS
response China CARES (hereafter referred to as China CARES), applying
international experience to the actual situation in China. The objective was to
explore, over a period of 3-5 years, comprehensive mechanisms for AIDS
prevention and treatment, appropriate to the realities of China, which would
stop the spread of HIV and reduce the impact of AIDS.
1 Characteristics of China CARES: a. China CARES are made up of a

county or district, comprising a fully functional administrative and social area; b.
China CARES should be quite representative in nature. China CARES are
chosen based on a combination of different factors, including the degree of
seriousness of the epidemic, the primary transmission pathways, the state of
economic development, local customs and practices, AIDS response
capacities and the commitment of local government. A total of 127 counties (or
cities, districts) in 28 provinces (or districts, cities) were selected, covering a
total of more than 40,000 administrative villages and a population of
83,250,000. c. Comprehensive AIDS response strategies were put into place,
based on local situations; d. In order to ensure the provision of sufficient
funding for the AIDS response, the Central government and local government
made available funding of close to 400 million RMB over 5 years. Other
programme funding support amounted to 160 million RMB; e. Lessons learnt
from the China CARES were gradually expanded to other regions, and a series
of national and local AIDS response standards and specialist technical
institutions guides were drawn up.
2 Effectiveness of China CARES: The results of an evaluation organised in

2008 of the work being carried out in China CARES showed that the planned
working objectives had mostly been achieved: Awareness of AIDS knowledge
among the public had reached 86.2% (planned objective 75%); rate of condom
use among sex workers was 85% (planned objective 70%); percentage of drug
48
users who had shared injecting equipment with another person during their last
instance of drug use was 12.1% (national level is 27.5%); the total number of
people having received antiretroviral treatment was 19,000 (accounting for
46.2% of the national total). The percentage of those living with HIV who
were still living 12 months after commencing antiretroviral treatment was
87.4%, (national level is 84.4%). PMTCT services were rolled-out fully, and the
rate of mother-to-child transmission fell to 9.1% (compared with 33% when
work began in the China CARES).
3 Main strategies and measures employed in China CARES:

a. Setting up working mechanisms based on government leadership, individual
departments assuming specific responsibilities and full participation from all
society. The China CARES took the lead in China in setting up county-level
AIDS Response Committees or Leadership Teams, making clear the
responsibilities of the different sectors of government in the AIDS response,
and mobilizing and supporting the power of society in carrying out AIDS
response activities.
b. Different categories of strategic guidance based on local conditions. China

CARES were divided into 5 categories based on their primary transmission
pathways and other epidemic characteristics, as well as the response priorities
for each zone. The five categories are as follows: priority on treatment and
care; priority on treatment and care, with attention given to sexual transmission
prevention interventions; strengthening sexual transmission prevention
interventions on a basis of awareness raising education; priority on injecting
drug transmission prevention interventions; equal importance placed on
prevention interventions aimed at injecting drug use transmission and sexual
transmission. Different guiding strategies were formulated based on the nature
and characteristics of each category.
c. Achieving organic integration of management and specialist technical

institutions support mechanisms. A four-level China CARES management
system was set up, consisting of national, provincial, local (city) level
coordinators and county (district) level offices. The national China CARES
49
management office is responsible for formulation of China CARES planning
and organisation of implementation as well as monitoring and evaluation,
training, experience sharing and roll-out work. The provincial-level Health
Authorities should establish China CARES management offices, responsible
for specific management of work carried out in China CARES. Three level
comprehensive AIDS response networks have been established in the majority
of China CARES, operating at county, township and village levels. Expert
groups have also been established, with responsibility for carrying out
specialist technical institutions guidance work to China CARES divided
between group members.
d. Development of annual working plan. China CARES should set out annual
implementation plans and budgets based on local realities, to be implemented
after inspection and clearance from provincial-level and national-level
authorities. During the process of implementation, thorough monitoring should
be carried out, and any issues discovered should be swiftly resolved. This
should lead to a constantly improving work management model operating as
follows: Drafting of plan for China CARES → Provincial level review →
National Expert Group Review and Guidance → Implementation → Monitoring
and evaluation → Issues and feedback → Revision of plans →
Re-implementation.
e. Establishing and strengthening a monitoring and evaluation system for the

whole process. The China CARES have set up regular work reporting systems
to monitor progress and the status of work implementation. Each China
CARES carries out twice-yearly self-assessments, and each province carries
out one annual comprehensive monitoring activity. National level authorities
carry out one annual spot-check monitoring activity in which multiple
departments, international organisations, civil society organisations and
experts are invited to participate. Monitoring activities involve inspection of files
and other materials, carrying out on-site observations, personnel knowledge
and skills inspection, individual interviews with stakeholders and surveys and
workshop discussions with multiple sectors.
50
f. Carrying out information exchange and experience sharing and roll-out.
“Work Status Updates” are regularly published, sharing information on
progress and lessons learned from the China CARES. By the end of 2008, a
total of 31 editions had been published. At the same time, a China CARES
section of the website has been set up, providing scientific publications on the
China CARES. Four collections of experience sharing materials have been
published. Provinces and China CARES also issue China CARES working
reports, and other documents.
Based on the lessons learned, China initiated the National AIDS Response
China CARES Expansion Programme in August 2009. The second round of
China CARES included 309 counties supported with Chinese government
funding and 441 counties supported by international cooperation programmes,
situated in 31 Chinese provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. The
achievement of universal access targets in China is moving towards a new
phase.
(IV) “AIDS Care China” Community-Based Groups are Playing

an Increasing Role in the National AIDS Response
AIDS Care China is a community-based group working on HIV/AIDS in China,
founded in 2001, with the mission of “developing and promoting best practice
and practical experience by cooperating and communicating with the
government and NGOs to create a tolerant, fair and non-prejudiced social
environment, improve the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS and
push the development of civil society.” As one of the many community-based
working groups providing services on HIV/AIDS prevention and control in
China, AIDS Care China has carried out a number of projects. In 2006, UNDP
and UNAIDS presented ACC with the inaugural Red Ribbon Award for the
organization’s community-based approach in combating HIV/AIDS. Thomas
Cai, the director of ACC, received a “Special Contribution Award” from Yunnan
Provincial government in 2008. On December 1st 2009, Thomas Cai, together
with other experts and representatives from other sectors, participated in an
AIDS work seminar hosted by Premier of the State Council Wen Jiabao, and
received Premier Wen’s recognition and encouragement for ACC’s work.
51
1 Content and Place of Work
In 2004 AIDS Care China began cooperating with medical/public health
departments to improve adherence in ARV treatment, and also began to
provide physical assistance and emotional guidance for people living with HIV,
including providing allowances for welfare and education, and medical funding
in emergencies; AIDS Care China also provided help to children affected by
HIV/AIDS; provided intervention services for migrant workers and injection
drug users. Current project areas include Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and
Hubei Provinces.
2 Working Methodologies and Outcomes

a. ACC supports the national treatment project for PLHIV through: providing
training to community staff to help them to assist with treatment-related
counselling and education; improving the environment in treatment clinics to
help PLHIV to build self-identity and confidence; developing data-management
software for regular testing, suitable for use at the grassroots level; improving
the follow-up system management, to provide timely treatment entry and
referral services and; providing support for ARV treatment in close-settings. By
the end of 2009, a total of 35 Red Ribbon Centers had been established in the
four provinces, providing ARV treatment services for 13,541 PLHIV and
follow-up services for 4,868 PLHIV who had not yet started treatment. Through
cooperation with the public security authorities and judicial authorities, ACC
also provides assistance with ARV treatment for PLHIV in closed-settings, with
a total number of 714 currently receiving treatment. By comparing pre and
post-project data it can be seen that: the average number of new ARV
treatment recipients in each project site has increased from 4.59 at the
beginning to 8.73, an increase of 90%. The annual drop-out rate during
treatment has decreased from 3.63% to 1.17%. In the Yunnan project, the
survival rate of PLHIV after 12 months of treatment is higher than 93.7%.
Among all the PLHIV that received ARV treatment in closed-settings that were
available for follow up, 92% were continuing to receive treatment after being
sent back to their place of origin.
52
b. “Self-help Network of Women Living with HIV/AIDS”. This project aims to
provide accurate information and services for female PLHIV, to protect their
rights, and to encourage them to build a confident and self-supporting attitude.
This project has provided service and support to around 1400 women in four
provinces, including counselling services, text-message and psychological
support, and community group activities. The number of key members of the
network is now almost 850.
c. Providing help to children affected by HIV/AIDS. Four “Children’s Homes”,

based on a family care model, were set up in the project area and have
provided care to 34 AIDS orphans living with HIV. Since 2005, a total number
of 256 children affected by AIDS were provided with a monthly welfare
allowance of 100–120 RMB, and 340 children affected by HIV/AIDS were
provided with an educational allowance. Moreover, a treatment fund has been
established. ACC have raised 550,000 RMB since 2007 for this fund, of which
260,000 RMB has been used to help 84 people who required medical services.
d. Prevention and Intervention. ACC have developed a handbook for positive

prevention, to provide intervention to PLHIV. A positive prevention and
intervention strategy research project into 600 PLHIV suggested that efficient
and people-friendly interventions can significantly reduce risk behaviors.
According to a one-year observation, the rate of new infections of hepatitis B
and C among the intervention group has fallen by 50%. ACC also conducted
interventions for migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta, and provided
targeted counseling and voluntary testing and referral services for more than
5000 migrant workers over a period of 15 months. ACC also cooperated with 6
Methadone treatment clinics to strengthen referral links between MMT and
ARV treatment. By the end of 2009 the positive rate from urine tests in 5 of the
cooperating MMT sites was only 12.17%, significantly lower than that of the
population not covered by this intervention (22.33%).
Currently, AIDS Care China is reviewing its past experiences, which will be
used as a basis for the expansion of this working model to other provinces.
53
IV. Major challenges and remedial actions
(I) Main Challenges

The 2007 Joint Assessment Report described 7 areas where the Chinese
AIDS response was facing challenges. Through two years of hard work, China
has made important progress in many areas, such as the coverage of
comprehensive intervention services, the quality of interventions with high-risk
groups, the participation of civil society organisations and the improvement of
the monitoring and evaluation system. Nevertheless, China’s AIDS response
still presents rigorous challenges, and some issues remain unresolved.
Furthermore, several new situations and issues have emerged during the
development of the AIDS response. The primary challenges currently being
faced are listed here:
(1) The AIDS epidemic is becoming increasingly complex, with serious

epidemics in some regions and among some populations, and it has not been
possible to effectively bring new infections under control. At the same time,
some people living with HIV have not yet been diagnosed.
(2) Leadership cadres from some regions and departments are still failing to
fully appreciate the seriousness of the AIDS epidemic, and lack awareness of
the dangerous nature of the epidemic, the difficulty and magnitude of response
work, and the urgency and long-term nature of the response. A long-term
effective response mechanism has not been in place.
(3) The risk factors promoting the spread of the AIDS epidemic still exist.
Interventions directed at high-risk groups, particularly MSM groups, lack
effectiveness, making this work very challenging. The size of the migrant
population is huge, and this population is very sexually active. Targeted
interventions remain very challenging to implement.
(4) Implementation of the “Four Frees, One Care” policy is uneven. Coverage
of PMTCT and antiretroviral treatment is insufficient.
(5) There is scope for increased participation from civil society organisations in
54
the AIDS response. The capacity of these organisations needs to be
strengthened and working methods need to be standardized.
(6) Social stigma still exists to a considerable degree. Some PLHIV, as well as
their families, still face difficulties in terms of employment, study and
healthcare.
(7) The number of people working in the AIDS response is insufficient, and the
capacity of these people needs to be strengthened, particularly in regions
where the AIDS epidemic is relatively serious.
(II) Remedial actions

Based on the “Regulations on the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS”, the
AIDS response will continue to adhere to the principles of “prioritising
prevention, combining prevention and treatment and implementing a
comprehensive response”, with primary objectives of “reducing incidence of
HIV, reducing mortality from AIDS and improving the living conditions of
PLHIV” (the two reduce, one improve target), summarising successful
experience, exploring effective models and mobilising all sides to step up
efforts to implement the “Four Frees, One Care” policy and other measures for
prevention and treatment of AIDS, effectively slowing the spread of the AIDS
epidemic in China.
(1) The government will work to strengthen organisational leadership, fully

carry out the responsibilities allocated to government in the “Regulations on
the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS”, promote the regularisation,
systematisation, standardisation and sustainability of the AIDS response and
strengthen the result-based management and assessment mechanisms of
government at all levels. Member organisations of the State Council AIDS
Working Committee will work to strengthen the distribution, implementation
and monitoring of AIDS response work carried out within the system.
(2) The government will work to strengthen AIDS response work in key regions
55
and among the migrant population, and to fully and properly implement a range
of AIDS response measures. The scope of monitoring and testing will be
expanded, and effective measures will be taken to discover new cases of HIV
to the greatest degree possible, ensuring that effective prevention and
treatment services are provided to those who need them.
(3) Work will be carried out to strengthen interventions with high-risk

populations, improve the quality and effectiveness of interventions and
continuously summarise and share experience. Mechanisms will be
strengthened to improve the accessibility of treatment and the coverage of
PMTCT interventions; prevention of spousal transmission of HIV will be
strengthened.
(4) The government will continue to implement the “Four Frees, One Care”
policy, protecting the various rights of populations affected by HIV, and will
strengthen awareness raising advocacy and education to effectively reduce
social discrimination.
(5) Social forces will be actively mobilised and channelled to participate in the
AIDS response, especially those civil society organisations and
community-based groups with a strong sense of social responsibility. Business
and volunteers will be encouraged and mobilised to participate in AIDS
response work.
(6) AIDS response work will be linked to efforts to strengthen equality of public
health services forming part of the reform of the healthcare system. Capacity
building will be strengthened among grassroots community service institutions,
particularly those medical and healthcare service institutions operating in
areas where the AIDS epidemic is more serious, improving comprehensive
service standards.
56
V. Support from country’s development partners
The Chinese government follows a working model based on government
taking the lead, multiple sectors fulfilling individual responsibilities, and joint
participation from all society in order to carry out an in-depth, sustainable AIDS
response. As important partners for the government in the AIDS response,
some supportive foreign governments, international organisations, businesses
and civil society organisations have become important partners for the
government in responding to AIDS. Their broad participation and positive
action in the AIDS response has become an important component of China’s
overall AIDS response.
(I) Participation and Support of International Partners

International cooperation projects have always constituted an important
component of China’s response to AIDS. According to incomplete statistics,
more than 100 international cooperation projects were implemented in China in
2008-2009, involving more than 30 international development partners.
Funding support for the two years amounted to 610 million RMB and 580
million RMB respectively (a combined total of approximately US $174 million).
In order to support China’s AIDS response, the United Nations Theme Group
on HIV/AIDS (UNTG) has consolidated resources to create the UN Joint
Programme on AIDS in China, which works to support China’s response to
AIDS. In order to strengthen communication and coordination, UNAIDS which,
serves as a coordinating mechanism, has set up a regular meeting system with
the Ministry of Health to facilitate information exchange and promote the
effective implementation of the UN Joint Programme. Several international
organisations, supportive foreign governments and private foundations have
provided active support to China’s AIDS response and have jointly
implemented many important cooperation projects. The implementation of
international cooperation projects not only makes up for shortages in funding
for China’s AIDS response, it more importantly introduces successful and
advanced concepts, strategies, techniques and experiences from the
international response. This provides impetus to the transformation of China’s
AIDS response political environment, and promotes the formation of working
57
mechanisms for the AIDS response. Implementation of international
cooperation projects has also promoted the development of AIDS response
teams, improving quality of service provision and comprehensive capacity.
Combining successful experiences from other countries with the situation in
China to develop models suitable for China’s AIDS response has been
especially useful, and has allowed these new models to be gradually rolled out
and applied in the Chinese AIDS response. At the same time, new experiences
can be shared with other countries, particularly developing countries. Currently,
international cooperative AIDS programmes constitute one part of China’s
AIDS response comprehensive framework, and are already providing
coverage at the national, provincial, city and county levels. Areas of work
receiving support include all sides of the AIDS response. Furthermore, under
the guidance of the UN’s “Three Ones” principle (one national AIDS
coordinating authority, one agreed HIV/AIDS action framework, one agreed
country-level monitoring and evaluation system), AIDS response resources
from all levels have been integrated, promoting the stepping up of AIDS
response work across China.
Since 2003, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (the
Global Fund) has supported China to carry out multiple rounds of cooperative
AIDS response projects, achieving highly positive results. In 2008, the
application for the 8th Round AIDS project was again successful, focusing on
comprehensive prevention and treatment among migrant populations. In 2009,
with the support of international cooperation partners, and based on the Global
Fund’s rolling principle, China successfully applied for the Global Fund
HIV/AIDS Rolling Continuation Channel Programme (RCC Programme). The
objective of the RCC programme is to achieve comprehensive consolidation of
Global Fund support funds with the resources of the recipient country,
promoting unified planning of AIDS response work and full implementation of
national AIDS response planning. The duration of the RCC programme is 6
years (2010-2015), and covers 31 provinces (and municipalities, autonomous
regions). The upper limit for total funding supported by the Global Fund is US
$510 million (including Round 8).
58
In November 2009, with the objective of strengthening information exchange
and experience sharing from international cooperation projects, China’s
Ministry of Health, together with the UN China Theme Group on HIV/AIDS
jointly hosted the 5th Conference for the International Cooperation Programme
on AIDS in Shanghai, China, providing an overview of the past 20 years of
international cooperation programmes in China. This conference fully
demonstrated the lessons and experiences gained from integration of the
priorities and strategies of international cooperation programmes into China’s
AIDS response, which has supported the AIDS response in China.
China is increasingly beginning to play a role in cross-regional cooperation on

the AIDS response. For example, the Chinese Ministry of Health has carried
out joint AIDS control programmes in the China-Myanmar, China-Laos and
China-Vietnam border regions, establishing cross-border cooperation
mechanisms to provide services to high-risk populations, carry out behavioural
interventions, hold health promotion activities, etc., jointly strengthening AIDS
prevention intervention work in border regions.
In current and future work, international cooperation partners should continue

to raise funds to introduce the newest AIDS response strategies and
experiences to China, promoting the introduction of international best practice
and strategy in China. Effective AIDS response measures should be explored,
rolled-out and implemented, using the RCC programme as an entry point,
providing support for China’s AIDS response. At the same time, practical
experience exchanges between China and other countries will be actively
strengthened, allowing China’s experiences from the AIDS response to be
shared with the world.
(II) Participation and support of business sector

In 2007, the Chinese government issued the “Notification Regarding
Mobilisation of the Business Sector for Broad Participation in the AIDS
Response”. In 2008, the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
became a member organisation of the State Council AIDS Working Committee,
and actively called on businesses to participate in the AIDS response.
59
A number of Chinese and international well-known, large-scale companies
began donating money and resources to the China Women’s and Children’s
Development Foundation, the China Red Ribbon Foundation and the Chinese
Foundation for Prevention of STD and AIDS. Several well-known banks and
companies also funded the construction of school teaching buildings,
supporting children affected by AIDS. Several Chinese producers of ART
medications have also made appropriate contributions to support treatment for
PLHIV, improving the quality of life of PLHIV, reducing medication prices and
reducing the burden placed on the government.
More and more companies have begun to set out internal AIDS prevention
strategies, and are carrying out AIDS prevention and treatment awareness
raising and anti-discrimination education within the workplace, actively fulfilling
the social responsibilities of business. Some businesses are also working to
support the migrant population, and in particular rural migrant workers, by
carrying out AIDS awareness raising education initiatives.
Merck. Co. has actively cooperated with the Chinese government to carry out
AIDS prevention and treatment programmes. In Liangshan Prefecture,
Sichuan, where the epidemic is relatively serious, Merck has mobilised
resources to study the epidemic and control the spread of HIV.
On the eve of World AIDS Day 2009, the Beijing office of the Global Business
Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GBC) launched the China
HIV/AIDS Media Partnership (CHAMP). Public service announcements
produced by CHAMP have been displayed in national media and broadcast on
provincial-level television stations. Broadcasting slots were all provided free of
charge by partner media organisations, achieving excellent results in terms of
advocacy.
Although significant results have been achieved through participation of

Chinese businesses in the AIDS response, it is important that more businesses
fulfil their social responsibility, and provide support to China’s AIDS response.
60
At the same time, companies must properly implement the “Labour Contract
Law” and “Employment Promotion Law”, ensuring that the rights of PLHIV are
protected; within companies, awareness-raising activities and training should
be carried out, reducing stigma and creating a good quality working
environment.
(III) Participation and support of civil society organisations

and community-based groups
In recent years, with the stepping up of the AIDS response, the number of civil
society organisations and community-based groups participating in the AIDS
response has steadily increased. The capacity of these organisations is also
continually increasing and the importance of their role is becoming greater and
greater. According to incomplete statistics, by the end of 2009, more than 500
civil society organisations and community-based groups were actively
participating in the AIDS response. At the same time, the number of volunteers
becoming involved in PLHIV mutual help organisations, women’s groups and
high-risk population intervention groups continued to increase, providing
support to the government with the implementation of various projects in the
AIDS response involving awareness-raising, interventions with high-risk
populations, treatment and care,etc..
Civil society organisations utilise government-provided funds mobilised from

society in the national AIDS response to implement AIDS prevention and
treatment activities. Statistics show that between 2002-2008, more than 50 civil
society organisations used funds mobilised from society of 41 million RMB to
carry out 384 projects involving awareness raising, interventions, care and
capacity building. Prior to 2007, national social mobilisation funded projects for
the AIDS response did not exceed 6 million RMB. In 2008, funding increased
to 10 million RMB, supporting civil society organisations to carry out work.
From 2005-2009, international cooperation programmes supported civil
society organisations and community-based groups to carry out projects in the
AIDS response with funding of 80.24 million RMB. Funding in 2008 amounted
to 31.06 million RMB and 37.25 million RMB in 2009. These projects did not
only support civil society organisations and community-based groups to carry
61
out a range of activities in the AIDS response, but also allowed these groups to
strengthen their own capacities. Some community-based groups are
continuing to grow, and are registering with the Ministry of Civil Affairs, thus
becoming civil-society organisations.
In 2009, the Global Fund China Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) held
elections. Two representatives were elected according to principles of
openness, transparency and equal participation representing PLHIV and
community-based groups, demonstrating the principle of full participation of
PLHIV in the AIDS response in action, and ensuring that PLHIV continue to
play an active role in planning, implementation and monitoring of the AIDS
response.
The Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, the AIDS Association, and

other public benefit civil society organisations are continuing to play an
important coordinating role. In 2007, the AIDS Association, together with 16
provincial-level associations jointly established the National STD and AIDS
Response Association System Alliance, with the objectives of supporting,
guiding and standardizing response work carried out by civil society
organisations. Currently, 19 provincial-level associations are already actively
participating. In December 2009, the AIDS Association convened the
“Inaugural All-China Civil Society Organisation Experience Sharing Meeting on
Participation in the AIDS Response” in Xi’an. 500 drafts were submitted for
experience sharing, and more than 350 representatives from 29 provinces
(and districts, cities) participated in the meeting to share experiences.
Representatives from more than 100 community-based groups engaged in
experience sharing during the meeting and in satellite meetings.
The Chinese government is now fully aware of the power and role which civil
society organisations can play in the response to AIDS, and is progressively
increasing funding and policy support, thus helping to resolve some of the
difficulties civil society organisations may face in participating in the AIDS
response. Civil society organisations should continue to carry out internal
capacity building and continue to provide prevention and treatment services to
62
key populations, in accordance with the stipulations of the “Regulations on
HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment” and the requirements of the National
HIV/AIDS Plan and Action Plan.
63
VI. Monitoring and evaluation environment
(I) Current State of Monitoring and Evaluation in China
In 2007, China issued the “China AIDS Response Monitoring and Evaluation
Framework (Trial Version)” (hereafter referred to as the “Framework”), clearly
setting out guidelines for organization and management, content and
indicators, reporting and feedback, methodology and funding support for
monitoring and evaluation (M&E). In line with the requirements set out in the
“Framework”, China has already created a system in which SCAWCO acts as
a coordinating body; NCAIDS takes responsibility for provision of support from
specialist technical institutions and; member organizations of the State Council
AIDS Working Committee are responsible for coordinating AIDS M&E work.
M&E work at all levels is carried out in accordance with national management
systems and mechanisms. Service providing institutions carry out response
work including data collection, analysis and reporting, according to procedures
and guidelines set out by national AIDS response specialist technical
institutions. AIDS Working Committee Offices and Health Departments at all
levels provide feedback and issue M&E results through appropriate channels.
In 2008, in order to provide support for the implementation of the “Framework”,
China formulated the “User Handbook of the National AIDS Response M&E
Framework (trial version)”, providing detailed operating procedures and
specialist technical institution guidance for the collection of indicator data; an
interim evaluation was then carried out on the implementation of “China’s
Action Plan for Reducing and Preventing the Spread of HIV/AIDS (2006-2010)”,
using the “Framework” as a guide.
Where regular monitoring and supervision is concerned, NCAIDS is

responsible for collection, reporting and analysis of relevant AIDS
response-related information. In January 2008 NCAIDS carried out a relatively
comprehensive electronic integration of the AIDS response information
system, creating and starting operation of the China HIV/AIDS Response
Information Management System (CRIMS), providing comprehensive, reliable,
scientific and timely data for formulation and evaluation of response planning.
In 2009, with the aim of further improving the quality of data, the government
64
issued the “AIDS Response Data Quality Evaluation Protocol” and initiated
evaluation work.
Currently, a multi-component comprehensive surveillance system has already

been established in China, including the National Internet-based Real Time
Reporting System, the HIV/AIDS Sentinel Surveillance System (including
behaviour surveillance) and the Special Epidemiological Survey. The HIV/AIDS
Sentinel Surveillance System is an important component of this system. By the
end of 2009, a total of 1318 HIV/AIDS sentinel surveillance sites were
operational and reporting data, carrying out monitoring of 14 population
categories including drug users, sex workers, males seeking treatment in STI
clinics, MSM, clients of sex workers, long-distance truck drivers, pregnant
women, people with tuberculosis, young students, migrants, spouses of PLHIV,
people undergoing pre-marital health checks, people entering and leaving
China and people seeking treatment in hospitals. In 2009, the number of
people surveyed was 460,000.
In terms of on-site supervision, China has carried out various forms of on-site
supervision work, based on principles of category-based supervision and the
requirements of response efforts. The first form of supervision was joint
multi-sectoral supervision, which aims to strengthen local government
leadership and comprehensive policy advocacy. In 2008-2009, a number of
member organisations of the State Council AIDS Working Committee carried
out multi-sectoral joint supervision in Sichuan, Guangxi, Hebei, Qinghai and
Chongqing. More than 32 people from 10 departments participated in this
supervision activity. The second form of supervision was international
cooperation programme joint supervision which is organised by the Ministry of
Health every two years. In 2008, the Ministry of Health organised for experts
and representatives from international organisations to carry out joint
supervision of international cooperation projects in Guangxi, Anhui, Guizhou
and Shandong. The third form was comprehensive supervision carried out by
AIDS response specialist technical institutions, and organised by the health
authorities, which aims to resolve specialist technical institutions issues and
check data quality. In 2008-2009, experts from the Ministry of Health HIV/AIDS
65
Expert Committee carried out comprehensive specialist technical institution
supervision of more than 100 counties in 22 provinces (or districts, cities)
including Guangdong, Liaoning, Hebei and Inner Mongolia, with the
participation of experts from relevant fields. The fourth form was dedicated
supervision activities organised by the member organizations of the State
Council AIDS Working Committee, which aims primarily to supervise various
departments within the sector in meeting their responsibilities in the AIDS
response. The fifth form was specific supervision for various programmes, for
which responsibility is mostly taken by the individual programmes, and the aim
of which is primarily to evaluate the implementation status of each programme.
In terms of publication and utilization of M&E results, China has distributed

M&E information through publication and distribution of the “Joint Assessment
of the HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and Care in China”, “China AIDS
Epidemic and Response Progress Report” and “National Comprehensive AIDS
Response Data Monthly (Quarterly and Annual) Report.” Through utilising
websites, convening press conferences, mail distribution and other such
channels, AIDS response M&E information and feedback from various levels
and departments is distributed, and guidance is provided to work being carried
out in the AIDS response. In 2008-2009, after completing supervision
activities, SCAWCO and NCAIDS provided provinces which had received
supervision with formal supervision feedback reports, providing a basis for
implementation of recommendations and promotion of reform, ensuring the
effective utilization of the M&E results.
Besides this, from June to October 2009, SCAWCO and the Global Fund AIDS
grant RCC programme office jointly organized assessment activities to analyse
and evaluate the operational situation of the national AIDS response M&E
system, according to the ‘Guidelines for the Assessment of Country AIDS
Response Monitoring and Evaluation System’ issued by UNAIDS. This
assessment identified gaps in work implementation and the main factors
causing these gaps, and provided suggestions for improvements and
recommendations.
66
(II) Challenges faced
China’s AIDS response M&E system has still not been completed. There are
no institutions or dedicated personnel at the grassroots level which are clearly
responsible for M&E activities and awareness; prioritization of M&E at the
grassroots level is still insufficient; the capacity of M&E personnel is
insufficient, particularly in terms of data analysis personnel, where capacity is
severely lacking. This creates obstacles for the effective analysis and
utilization of M&E results.
(III) The next phase of measures

The next phase of work involves further improving the “Framework”, clarifying
the duties and responsibilities of various departments in terms of M&E,
establishing and completing M&E organization and management systems and
corresponding M&E information systems; funding for M&E should be utilised
and managed to ensure the correct use of dedicated funds; the establishment
of M&E work groups and personnel capacity building should be stepped up.
The construction of M&E teams must be strengthened and the capacity of the
team members should be improved. Effective utilisation of AIDS response data
should be strengthened.
Annex 1: Consultation/preparation process for the country report on monitoring

the progress towards the implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on
HIV/AIDS
Annex 2: Funding Matrix
Annex 3: Key indicators for 2010 Reporting on the Health Sector’s response to
HIV/AIDS (For Hong Kong SAR)
Annex 4: Key Indicators for 2010 Reporting on the Health Sector’s response to
HIV/AIDS (For Macau SAR)
67
Annex 1: Consultation/preparation process for the country
report on monitoring the progress towards the implementation
of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS
Preparation of the 2010 Progress Report on the implementation of “Declaration

of Commitment on HIV/AIDS” (hereafter referred to as the “Report”) was led by
the Chinese Ministry of Health, which coordinated relevant multi-sectors and
organizations on the collection, verification, discussion, analysis of data, and
drafted the narrative reports, before submitting the report through the online
system to UNAIDS. Stakeholders including government departments, civil
society organisations and international organisations actively participated in
this process, and made significant contributions. Here, a brief overview is
given outlining the report preparation and completion process and of the
report.
1. Establishing a core working group, carrying out thorough preparations

for the report.
In July 2009, the Chinese Government initiated preparation work for the
country progress report on implementation of the UNGASS “Declaration of
Commitment on HIV/AIDS”. Designated personnel were requested to study the
Guidelines on Construction of Core Indicators, analyse other countries’ report
submissions for the previous period on the UNAIDS website, and to analyse
the feedback and recommendations provided by UNAIDS on the previous
report round.
From 29th September to 2nd October 2009, the Chinese government sent
representatives to participate in the 3rd Asia Pacific Monitoring and Evaluation
Meeting in Bangkok, organised by the Asia-Pacific Regional Office of UNAIDS,
to receive training on preparation for the 2010 UNGASS Report. After the
meeting, a report preparation work plan and timetable was immediately
prepared, and a core working group, headed up by the Ministry of Health, was
established, composed of representatives from the Ministry of Health, the
Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, the China Office of
UNAIDS and the AIDS Association. All members were allocated specific
68
working responsibilities.
On 26th October 2009, the core working group held its inaugural meeting,
where information regarding this round of reporting was discussed, including
the background to the report, report format, content and requirements, and
arrangements for completion of work. The guidelines on the construction of
core indicators were analysed in depth; the applicability and availability in
China of the 25 core indicators was analysed, as were data sources, tools,
data collection and analysis procedures, and the principles upon which the
drafting of the report should be based. An initial division of labour was set out,
and working mechanisms and procedures for the core working group were
drawn up, ensuring the smooth implementation of the various areas of work.
2. Collecting data through a range of channels and report drafting,

building a comprehensive picture of China’s AIDS response.
From November 2009 to February 2010, the core working group carried out
collection, review and analysis of indicator data. With significant support from
the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of
Science, NCAIDS, China CDC, Maternal and Child Health Center, Center for
TB Prevention and Control, as well as international organisations and
civil-society organisations, the majority of indicator data was obtained, and
substantial amounts of material were provided for the narrative report.
Furthermore, through carrying out literature review and interviews with relevant
organisations and individuals, NCAIDS completed Part A of National
Composite Policy Index.
Work on National Composite Policy Index Part B was led by the Chinese AIDS
Association. The China HIV/AIDS Information Network (CHAIN), the Dongjen
Center for Human Rights Education and Action and other organisations
worked together to coordinate participation of community-based groups in
filling out the responses to this section. UNAIDS China office provided
specialist technical support. On 16th November 2009, the Chinese Association
of STD & AIDS Prevention and Control organised a discussion meeting, setting
out clearly work planning and a division of labour; On 2nd December, a second
69
meeting was convened, and a report drafting working team was established,
including representatives from civil society organisations and
community-based groups among its members. Through a variety of methods,
the working group mobilised civil society organisations to actively participate in
the survey. These methods included setting up a page on the CHAIN website,
http://www.chain.net.cn and establishing an email account for posting
information and collecting feedback. In December 2009, the AIDS Association
convened a seminar and an opinion-seeking meeting. Through distributing and
collecting questionnaires at these meetings, mobilising participants to fill in
online surveys, and encouraging mailed-in and email feedback, opinions and
recommendations were broadly sought from civil society organisations and
community-based groups, particularly PLHIV networks and representatives of
high-risk populations and other vulnerable groups. According to incomplete
statistics, 58 civil society organisations and community-based groups
participated in online surveys, workshops and opinion-seeking meetings, and a
total of 66 completed questionnaire surveys were received from
representatives civil society organisations, community-based groups or
individuals from more than 20 provinces (or districts, cities) from across China.
CHAIN and the Beijing Aizhixing Research Institute carried out analysis of
relevant laws and regulations. From January to February 2010, the National
Composite Policy Index Part B working group carried out data analysis and
review, filled in the questionnaire, and organised a consultation meeting with
the participation of civil society organisations and community-based groups to
discuss initial findings.
From 3rd – 15th March 2010, the Ministry of Health, the UNAIDS China Office
and the WHO China Office jointly discussed and developed the draft narrative
report. The UNAIDS China Office also allocated a dedicated member of staff to
carry out translation of the report.
3. Achieving consensus on the report through a broad process of

opinion-seeking.
In order to fully seek the opinions of stakeholders on the draft of the report, the
Ministry of Health, UNAIDS and the AIDS Association convened a meeting and
70
discussed methods and processes for seeking opinions. It was decided that a
consultation meeting should be used for this purpose, and a list of participants
was created. On 16th March 2010, the Ministry of Health convened a
consultation meeting. More than 50 representatives from SCAWC member
organisations, the Ministry of Health Expert Consultant Committee, specialist
technical institutions, UN agencies, bilateral organisations, international NGOs,
businesses, civil society organisations, community-based groups and PLHIV.
All parties gave full approval and recognition to the initial draft, and a range of
opinions and recommendations were given regarding the initial draft. After the
meeting, the core working group brought together the various opinions, carried
out analysis and appropriately incorporated the opinions and
recommendations into the report, and revised the opinion seeking draft,
creating a draft to be submitted for approval. After review and approval from
Ministry of Health leaders, the final draft will be submitted to UNAIDS.
The UNGASS report constitutes a relatively comprehensive overview of

China’s work in the AIDS response. It fully reflects the progress that has been
made in implementing the “Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS” in China.
After the report has been submitted to UNAIDS, it will be made publicly
available, allowing governments, organisations, scientific research bodies and
civil society within and outside China, who have an interest in China’s AIDS
response to study and use. Data and survey results for the various indicators
included in the report are held by SCAWCO. SCAWCO is also responsible for
carrying out interpretation of report content.
4. Clarification
The following clarification is given regarding a number of the results from the
survey for NCPI survey section B: (1) Mobilisation and report filling methods
used for the completion of section B for this report were different from those
used in 2007. As a result, it is not appropriate to compare the results obtained
from this year’s survey and the 2007 survey. (2) Although a variety of methods
were used to carry out mobilisation, only a limited number of civil society
organisations and community-based groups participated in the survey, giving
71
the results limited representativeness. (3) Through workshop discussions it
has been established that civil society organisations and community-based
groups experienced significant difficulty in interpreting the content and text of
the questionnaire, with some questions being insufficiently clear. This is likely
to have affected the ways in which questions were interpreted and
answered.(4) In some questions, response options were not clear, and only
“yes” or “no” were provided as options, meaning that proper explanation of
answers could not be provided.
72
Annex 2: Funding Matrix
UNGASS “Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS” Core Indicator 1
(Domestic and international AIDS spending by categories and financing sources). Funding Matrix – 2009 (units: 10,000 Yuan RMB)
Public spending International funding

Category of AIDS Total
spending (RMB) All other
Sub-National UN Global
Total Central/National-Level Total Bilateral international
Level Agencies Fund
financing
Total (RMB) 241530.51 183581.00 122295.00 61286.00 57949.51 7631.96 4815.32 31418.01 14084.22
1. Prevention 31045.61 4773.61 2627.99 15731.49 7912.52

2.Care and
9316.52 571.85 374.00 5048.57 3322.10
treatment
3. Orphans and
1179.80 1179.80
vulnerable children
4. Project
management and
3023.91 76.16 1281.75 1666.00
administrative
strengthening
5.Human
3270.63 42.45 2248.18 980.00
resources
6. Social protection
44.20 44.20
and social services
7. Supportive
10066.80 2286.50 468.68 7108.02 203.60
environment
8. HIV-related
2.04 2.04
research
73
UNGASS “Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS” Core Indicator 1
(Domestic and international AIDS spending by categories and financing sources). Funding Matrix – 2008 (units: 10,000 Yuan RMB)
Public spending International funding

Category of Total All other
AIDS spending (RMB) Sub-National UN Global
Total Central/National-Level Total Bilateral international
Level Agencies Fund
financing
Total (RMB) 224972.46 163952.00 107069.00 56883.00 61020.46 9087.19 5431.95 30567.13 15934.19
1. Prevention 32625.37 5035.70 2888.32 15624.55 9076.80

2. Care and
6205.42 516.51 3725.64 1963.27
treatment
3. Orphans and
vulnerable 1005.78 951.08 54.70
children
4. Project
management
and 5682.66 3184.98 776.39 1701.29 20.00
administrative
strengthening
5.Human
7770.78 350.00 441.52 2360.56 4618.70
resources
6. Social
protection and
social services
7. Supportive
7569.89 214.08 7155.09 200.72
environment
8. HIV-related
160.56 160.56
research
74
Annex 3 Key Indicators for 2010 Reporting on the Health Sector's response to HIV/AIDS
(For Hong Kong SAR)
(A) Testing & counseling
Indicator Numerator Denominator Indicator value % Comment
Number (and percentage) of people
age 15 and over who receive HIV
- - - No local data is available
testing and counselling and know the
result
Percentage of women and men aged
15-49 who received an HIV test in the
last 12 months and who know the result
Proportion of sexually active young

men and women aged 15-24 who had
an HIV test in the preceding 12 months
and who know the results
Percentage of pregnant women who Information derived from the
know their HIV status 51,737 52,688 98.2% Universal Antenatal HIV Testing
Programme in 2008
Men who have sex with Information obtained from the

men； following surveys / surveillance
Percentage of most-at-risk populations MSM MSM 35.7%
system:
who received an HIV test in the last 12 Female sex workers； FSW FSW 48.8%
MSM – PriSM 2008
months and who know their results Heroin drug users attending HDU HDU 81%
FSW – CriSP 2009
methadone clinics HDU – MUT 2009
Percentage of TB clients who had an
Information derived from patient
HIV test result recorded in the TB
4,121 4,585 89.9% records of government TB & Chest
register
Clinics in 2008
75
(B) Prevention of mother to child transmission
Percentage of HIV-infected pregnant

women who received antiretrovirals to Information derived from the data in the
1 1 100%
reduce the risk of mother-to-child Mother-to-child Transmission Registry in 2008
transmission
Percentage of infants born to
Information derived from the data in the
HIV-infected women who receive an HIV 1 1 100%
Mother-to-child Transmission Registry in 2008
test within 12 months
Distribution of feeding practices
(exclusive breastfeeding, replacement
feeding, mixed feeding/other) for infants
born to HIV-infected women
(C ) Antiretroviral therapy
Percentage of adults and children with
Adults Information derived from facility-based
advanced HIV infection receiving Adults 1,386 Adults 91.3%
1,517 antiretroviral therapy registers in 2008
antiretroviral therapy
76
Annex 4 Key Indicators for 2010 Reporting on the Health Sector's response to HIV/AIDS (For Macau SAR)
(A) Testing & counseling
Number (and percentage) of people
age 15 and over who receive HIV 188 (2009) NA
testing and counselling and know the 209 (2008) NA
result
Percentage of women and men aged
15-49 who received an HIV test in the
- - NA
last 12 months and who know the
result
Proportion of sexually active young
men and women aged 15-24 who had
- - NA
an HIV test in the preceding 12
months and who know the results
The numerator is the number of blood samples
Percentage of pregnant women who collected from pregnant women for HIV testing
5967(2009) NA >90%
know their HIV status and is usually slightly greater than the actual
5462(2008) NA 93.92%
number of the pregnant women. Data of 2009 is
still under collection and not yet confirmed.
For the most-at-risk populations, only a KAB
Percentage of most-at-risk
survey on female sex-workers was conducted in
populations who received an HIV test
2008 but this question was not covered in the
in the last 12 months and who know - - NA
survey. Trials of regular behaviour survey covering
their results
this issue will be started in 2010 on sex-workers
and drug users.

Percentage of TB clients who had an HIV 362 (2009) 362 100% All newly diagnosed TB clients at TB clinic
test result recorded in the TB register 418 (2008) 418 100% have to undergo routine HIV test. The
77
numerator and denominator is the number
of incident TB cases in that year
(B) Prevention of mother to child transmission

Percentage of HIV-infected pregnant
No pregnant women was found HIV-infected
women who received antiretrovirals to
0 0 NR through our prenatal surveillance on
reduce the risk of mother-to-child
pregnant women in 2008 or 2009
transmission
Percentage of infants born to
No infant born to HIV-infected women in
HIV-infected women who receive an 0 0 NR
2008 or 2009
HIV test within 12 months
Distribution of feeding practices
(exclusive breastfeeding, replacement No infant born to HIV-infected women in
0 0 NR
feeding, mixed feeding/other) for 2008 or 2009
infants born to HIV-infected women
(C ) Antiretroviral therapy
Percentage of adults and children with
advanced HIV infection receiving NA NA
antiretroviral therapy
NA= Not Assessed
78

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China 2010 Country Progress Report en

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China 2010 UNGASS Country Progress Report

Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China

2nd April 2010

(I) Participation of Stakeholders in Process of Report Drafting

Preparation of the 2010 China “Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS”

(II) Overview of China’s AIDS Epidemic

(III) Policies and Response Work

1 Strengthening Leadership. Following Through on Political

2 Implementation of the AIDS response

In April 2008, the national “Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Work

In accordance with relevant stipulations on blood product testing set out in

The nationwide free-of-charge VCT network is now fundamentally complete.

In 2005, China formulated the “China Tuberculosis and HIV Co-Infection

In 2008, China launched key large scale scientific research programmes

As important government partners in the response to AIDS, international

3 Main Challenges and Solutions

China’s AIDS epidemic is exhibiting the following characteristics:

(II) Sexual transmission continues to be the primary mode of

Among reported cases, the proportion due to homosexual and heterosexual

(III) Nationally, the AIDS epidemic is in a state of low

Since 1998, a total of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities)

In Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi and Xinjiang, where the AIDS epidemic is

Differences in infection rates between different populations are also quite

(IV) Number of people affected by AIDS increasing,

(I) Strengthening leadership. Following through on political

(2) Continuous stepping-up of organizational leadership, efforts of all

(3) Awareness-raising training among leadership cadres strengthened,

(4) Increasing funding support, strengthening resource integration.

(5) Continuing to protect the rights of PLHIV.

(II) Implementation of the AIDS Response

(1) Stepping up advocacy and education, improving HIV-related

(2) Strengthening interventions with high-risk populations, reducing

Roll-out of methadone maintenance treatment for drug using populations

(3) Providing comprehensive services, reducing mother-to-child

(4) Strengthening management, ensuring safety and efficacy of blood for

(5) Expanding testing and counseling services, improving HIV detection

The nationwide free-of-charge VCT network is now fundamentally complete.

2 Progress and achievements in HIV treatment

(2) Expanding antiretroviral treatment, reducing mortality from AIDS

Standardisation of antiretroviral treatment is also being continually improved.

(3) Strengthening combined management for tuberculosis and HIV

3 Progress and achievements in HIV care and support work

4 Strengthening Scientific Research

(I) Following through on commitment, strengthening

1 The Chinese leadership has taken the lead in setting a positive

2 Government departments at all levels organising advocacy teams to

3. Utilising existing leadership cadre training systems to carry out

As a result of the positive example set by leaders, advocacy training and

(II) Community-Based Methadone Maintenance Treatment has

1 Working principles. Community-based methadone maintenance

2 Organisational management structure. A National-Level Working Group

3 Specific implementation. (1). Confirmation and opening of clinics.

(III) Outstanding results Seen in China Comprehensive AIDS

1 Characteristics of China CARES: a. China CARES are made up of a

2 Effectiveness of China CARES: The results of an evaluation organised in

3 Main strategies and measures employed in China CARES:

b. Different categories of strategic guidance based on local conditions. China

c. Achieving organic integration of management and specialist technical