International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015

An Overview of Composite Propellant Burning

A. M., Hegab#1, S. A. Gutub*2
#1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering at Rabigh,King Abdulaziz University, Saudi
Arabia
*2
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering at, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

Abstract An overview of theoretical and catastrophic failure for this reason, relatively small
experimental work concerning the burning process in defects can lead to catastrophic failure such as the
rocket propellant is presented. A mathematical model famous Challenger accident many year ago. For
for the 2D random packing discs strategy of rocket further information about the combustion instability,
propellants and their burning is implemented. The see Ref. [3,4,and 5]. Generally, the origin of the
current study has emphasized Ammonium Perchlorate instability in the operation of Solid Rocket
(AP) / Hydroxyl Terminated Poly-Butadiance, (HTPB) Motor(SRM) is probably associated with combustion
composites rocket propellant. These propellants are process of the heterogeneous propellant. The burning
widely used in a variety of rocket systems ranging of the solid propellant of energetic materials, it is our
from small tactical missiles to the large boosters that believe, is the back-pone for the whole system
propel the space shuttle into orbit. A detailed review simulation, since it is the deriving thermo-mechanical
for the chemical kinetics, numerical and experimental force in the operation of a solid rocket motor.
models for the burning of the monomodal, bimodal,
As a result, the objective of the current review is
and multimodal propellants is introduced. Effects of
concentrated on a model of the solid rocket motor
propellant compositions, time-dependent pressure
propellant combustion which play an important roles
fluctuations, temperature, fuel-binder types, on the
in the dependence of the burning rate on pressure.
burning rate are reviewed and discussed. The result
Rocket propellants may be divided into two general
of the current study shows the effect of pressure and
classes, double-base propellants and composite
the AP particle sizes on the burning rate, the complex
propellants. The principle components of the double
flame structure, and the morphology of the
base propellants are nitrocellulose and an explosive
combustion surface.
plasticizer, usually nitroglycerin, [6-9], while the
Keywords Composite propellant, solid particles,
composite propellants are made by embedding a finely
spheres and discs packing, sandwich propellant,
divided solid oxidizing agent in a binder. Regarding
AP/HTPB.
the latter composite propellant, oxidizing agents which
I. INTRODUCTION have been used extensively include, ammonium
perchlorate. The materials which have been employed
The designers of solid propellant rockets are still as binders are, asphalt, natural and synthetic rubbers,
facing several technological problems. These vinyl polymers, polyesters, and nitrocellulose.
problems require expertise in several diverse research Ammonium picrate, carbon black, and aluminum
areas. On the other hand side, in order to have a stable powder have been used as fuel fillers [10].
engine with high performance, the detailed whole-
The current review and study has emphasized the
system simulation of the solid rocket motors must be
composite propellants because they have been of
achieved first. The entire integration must include the
greatest general interest over the modeling time period.
modeling of; "(1) the ignition and combustion of
The modern rocket composite propellant mixture
composite energetic materials, (2) the solid mechanics
consists of the following ingredients [11]; an
of the propellant, (3) the case and insulation, (4) the
Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) as oxidizer, aluminium,
nozzle and the fluid dynamics of the interior flow and
iron oxide, Hydroxyl Terminated Poly-Butadiance,
exhaust plume, (5) the shock physics and quantum
(HTPB) fuel binder, and an epoxy curing agent. AP,
chemistry of energetic materials"[1,2]. As a result,
NH4ClO4, based composite propellants are widely
most of the research studies within the last three or
used in a variety of rocket motor systems ranging from
four decades have been conducted to examine some of
small tactical missiles to the large boosters that propel
these models separately in order to acquire some
the space shuttle into orbit. The properties used for AP
information about the complex flame structure and the
come from Tanaka and Beckstead [12,13] and Guirao
nature of the generated flow field inside the solid
and Williams [14] . Solid AP passes through two
rocket motor chamber.
phases before melting.
The coupling and feedback between the pressure
oscillations and the burning rate can lead to instability, Most of the thermodynamic and transport properties
called ―combustion instability‖. In another word, used for HTPB come from the work of Parr and
pressurization of the crack causes it to grow rapidly Hanson-Parr [ adapted from 12], Jeppson et.al. [13],
and may be the burning reach to the rocket casing in W. Cai and V. Yang [15].
very short times through the crack causing a

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 118

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015

II. SOLID AND GAS PHASES REACTIONS R1 and R2 are assumed to have the forms
The basic idea for the burning of the rocket  -E 
propellant is further illustrated in 1998 by Jeppson R1 =B 1 P X exp  1 
et.al. [16,17,18], as shown in Fig.1. The composite  R uT 
solid propellant is at a given initial temperature. As
 -E 
the temperature increases, the AP portion of the R 2 =B 2 P 2 ZY exp  2 
propellant undergoes a partial decomposition. With  R uT  (2)
further heating, the propellant ingredients can melt or
Where B’s are the exponential prefatory,
liquefy and the condensed liquid layer forms. This
condensed layer consists of many phases: solid to
liquid AP, liquid HTPB, and gas phase bubbles. These B. Gas Phase Equations
bubbles contain the gaseous species formed by the
semi-global condensed phase decomposition
The corresponding gas phase equations are;
mechanism for liquid AP and HTPB. The temperature
D   g 
rises sharply as the gas phase flame develops in the
third region ―jump conditions‖.
g   .(   )  R
Dt cp
During the last four decades, all the theoretical (3)
studies for modeling of solid propellants assumed that
T  Qg1 R1 / c p  Qg 2 R2 / c p 
the regression of the surface function is constant with
X   
time. Moreover, most of these work assumed that the   R1 
combustion surface is flat. In general these models   
  R2 
Y 
have been somewhat successful for given good insight
   
about the complex flame structure, but are not Z  ,   R1   R2 
sufficiently accurate, or complete to predict the effect
of the unsteady non-planar moving combustion (4)
surface on the burning rate and, in turn on the complex The above equations represent the constant density
flame structure. Only the work by Jackson, et.al. [16] model, where;
considered the combustion surface has a non-flat  g Dg  g / c p
(5)
function (i.e. Hills or Valleys) and no serious attempt
P=RT (6)
has been taken to advance the regression of the surface
function to be dependent with time till the year 2001,
Recently, for the first time, Hegab, et.al. in 2001 C. Solid-Phase and Solid/Gas Interface Equations
[17,18] developed a mathematical model for the
complete coupling of the burning solid propellant.
The energy equation is solved simultaneously with the
Propagation of the unsteady non-planar regressing
gas phase equation;
surface is derived and written in details in Ref. [19-22].
s
 s Tt   2T
cp
(7)
by setting;
  AP   0
s   s   AP
 B B  0
, (8)
where the subscript AP denotes to Ammonium
Percolorate and the subscript B denotes to the binder.
Suppose that;
Fig. 2. The three phases of solid propellant
combustion [ 16 ]. (x(t),y(t),t)=0

or in the vector form

A. Two-Step Kinetic Equations
  
Recently, Hegab, et.al. (2014), [23] developed  t  V .    0, V  dx / dt, dy / dt  .
"two-step kinetics that include the AP decomposition

flame and the final diffusion flame is examined first. If n is defined to be;
Thus;

AP( X ) 
R1
 decomposition products(Z ) 
 Z  Binder (Y ) 
R2
 final products n   /  ,
(1)

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 119

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015

The interface equation becomes; disks with different sizes. We start with a periodic
 arrays of 2D discs, and in one of these discs, an N
t  rb    0, points are randomly placed, each of which is randomly
(9) assigned a velocity. These points are kernels for the
where; AP particles that will eventually pack the disc. As
rAP  AAP ( P / P0 ) n AP exp  E AP / RuTAP,s   0 time advanced each kernel will grow with a certain
rb  
rB  AB ( P / P0 ) B exp  E B / RuTB ,s 
n
 0 growth rate and move randomly through the packing
(10) process.

 = y - f(x,t) (11)

Vn
v n

u
 = y - f(x,t)
Vt
rb

Figure 3 : Sketch showing the coordinate system. Fig. 4 Moving and growing of two spheres 1 and 2
from zero time to the first collision time (tc)

  f x ,1  1, f x  If two particles collide as shown in figure 20 before

n , t  the final packing is achieved, an additional centerline
1  f x2 1  f x2 force is given to make them move and continue
growing until the final packing density is satisfied.
More details about the packing algorithm and the
   uf x  v   u  vf x collision process will publish in somewhere else.
Vn  n . v  , Vt  t . v 
1  f x2 1  f x2 Figures 5-7 showed the 2D disk pack with packing
fraction 0.68 of AP for monomodal, bimodal and
Multimodal disk pack, respectively. The length scale
For no-slip boundary condition, Vt=0 which lead to; is 500 microns.
u+fx v=0 (12)

and;

f t  rb 1  f x2  0,
(13)

D. Boundary/Jump Conditions

The conditions at the boundaries are derived in[23]

and written as;
m   v.n  rb   0 ;
T   0 ;
Fig. 5 Two-dimension disk pack with packing fraction
 0.68 and monomodal disk pack
n.T   Qs m ;

mYi   Dn.Yi , i  1,2,3,
(14)
Q AP  0
Qs  
Qb  0
(15)
For all reactions."

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this study, the packing strategy described the disk

pack model by assuming that the particles of the AP Fig. 6 Two-dimension disk pack with packing fraction
are 2D disks and distributing them in a random 0.68 and Bimodal disk back.
fashion and applied to a binary packs, distributions of

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 120

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015

horizontal flame structures over the combustion

surface and lies adjacent to the small and large AP
grains. As time advanced, these horizontal shapes
converted to curved ones to reflect the burned portions
of the AP grains. The second flames are the diffusion
flames that generated at the interface between the AP
grains and the fuel-binder HTPB. These flames
represent the vertical flame structure at the interfaces
points between the fuel and oxidizer. As time
advanced, these diffusion flames take a different
shapes in the gas phase and may meet each other in a
very nice way to form another flames away from the
Fig. 7 Two-dimension disk pack with packing fraction combustion surface. Note that the base of some
0.68 and multimodal disk back. diffusion flames found to be away from the interface
between the AP/HTPB region over the large AP grains.
Fig. 8 showed the position of the surface at various This important phenomenon has been noticed by
times, equally spaced, during the consumption of a others. The reason behind this shift to the location of
single square (randomly packed) of a periodic pack. the diffusion flames may be related to the
They added also some insight into the nature of the stoichiometery and the flux conditions.
combustion field supported by such a propellant as in
Fig. 6.

(a) t=t1

Fig. 8 The position of the surface at various times for

the bimodal disc back
The reaction rate contours generated from the
combustion of the 2D disc packs Fig. 6 is illustrated in
Fig.9 a and b. The combustion field is generating by
solving the full 2-D, gas equation in the gas phase
simultaneously with the energy equation in the solid
phase and the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the
moving interface as described before with the
sandwich model [23]. This figure showed huge AP
decomposition zone much of the surface, but there
were other structures extending well from the surface
on a scale defined by the particle.
The upper part is the gas phase and the lower one (b) t=t2
Fig. 9a, b: The reaction rate contours at two different
represent the solid phase. The circles region in the
times
latter represent the AP grains (gray), while the powder
around the circles represent the fuel-binder HTPB.
As the time advanced, a portion of the combustion
The combustion surface and the morphology of the
combustion surface is clearly shown. Moreover the surface be very sharp at the end of the burning of the
differences in shapes of the reaction rates contours R large AP grains. Really these notches show the ability
of the current numerical modeling and the level set
with time illustrate the behaviour of the burning rate at
strategy to deal with this sensitive changes. Moreover,
the propellant surface. In additions these figures show
if anyone look carefully to the combustion surface will
two kind of flames. The first ones are the AP
find a portion of the surface has no flame, or in
decomposition flames. These flames represents the
another word the flame structure over the surface is

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 121

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015

not continuous. This can occur if the packing process very cloe to the real one. In addition the AP size and
form a fuel-rich regions. Really, this phenomenon is the size distribution has a great effect on the burning
not desired in the rocket propellant burning since it rate. The modeling packed propellants defined in this
may lead to extinction and in turn rocket failure. way are used as the platform for the computational
techniques of burning propellants and a model which
accounts many complex different parameters. In
addition, the unsteady combustion of microscale
rocket propellant gave good insight about the transient
behaviuor of the burning process, but didn’t reflect the
acoustic instability on the large scale. Results of this
kind may used to develop the cold model as in 2015
by Hegab and Gutub with more realistic boundary
conitions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
A fruitful discussion with Prof. J. Buckmaster and
T. Jackson, UIUC, USA is deeply appreciated.
Fig. 10 The instantaneous mass of the ammonium
perchlorate. REFERENCES
[1] Sutton, G. P., ―Rocket Propulsion Elements”, 4th ed., Wiley,
New York,1975.
[2] Heath M., ―Whole—System Simulation of Solid Rocket:
Annual Report‖, Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets,
CSAR, Private Communication, 1998-1999.
[3] Cai, W. and Yang, V. ―A Model of AP/HTPB Composite
Propellant Combustion‖, AIAA Paper 2000-0311, 38th
Aerospace Science Meeting (2000).
[4] Hart, R., Bird, R., Cantrell, R., and McClure, F.
― Combustion instability in Solid Propellant Rockets‖, AIAA
Journal, Vol. 2, No.7, pp 1270-1278,1964.
[5] Culick, F. , and Yang, V., ―Prediction of the Stability of
Unsteady Motions in Solid-Propellant Rocket Motors‖,
Nonsteady Burning and Combustion Stability of Solid
Propellant, AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics,
Vol. 143, 1992.
[6] Ferreira, J.G., Bizoi, A, and Lengelle, G. ―Model for Double-
Fig. 11 The instantaneous burning rate. Base Propellants Combustion, without and with Additives‖,
19th AIAA/ASME/SAE Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA
Paper -83-1197, (1983).
[7] Wu, X., Kumar, M., and Kuo, K, ―A Comprehesive Erosive-
Burning Model for Double-Base Propellants in Strong
Turbulent Shear Flow‖; Combustion and Flame, Vol. 55, 49-
63 (1983).
[8] Most, J., and Joulain, P., ―Modeling of Normal and Erosive
Burning Rate of a Hot Double-Base Homogeneous
Propellant‖, Combustion and Flame, 105:202-210 (1996).
[9] Tseng, I.S. and Yang, V., ―Combustion of a Double-Base
Homogeneous Propellant in a Rocket Motor‖, Combustion
and Flame 96:325-342, (1994).
[10] Huggett, G, Bartley, C., and Mills, M., ―Solid Propellant
Rockets‖, Princeton University Press, 1960.
[11] Beckstead, M.W., Tanaka,M., Jing, Q., and Jeppson, M. B.,
―An Ammonium Perchlorate Model Based on a Detailed
Mechanism,‖ 33rd JANNAF Combustion Meeting, CPIA
Publ. 638, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency, Laurel,
MD, 1996, pp. 41–46.
Fig. 12 The instantaneous mass flus of the [12] Jeppson, M. B., Beckstead, M. W., and Jing, Q., ―A Kinetic
ammonium perchlorate and binder. Model for the Premixed Combustion of a Fine AP/HTPB
Composite Propellant,‖ 35th JANNAF Combustion Meeting,
The instantaneous behaviour of the chosen composites CPIA Publ. 680, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency,
Laurel, MD, 1998, pp. 639–654.
are presented in figures 10-12. [13] Guiro, C. and Williams, F. ―A Model for Ammonium
Perchlorate Deflagration between 20 and 100 atm‖ AIAA
IV. CONCLUSIONS Journal, Vol. 9, No.7, July 1971.
[14] King, M. ―Examination of Chemical Approaches to
The current study for the 2D disk random packing Stabilizing Composite-Propellant Combustion‖, Journal of
models for the rocket propellant, demonstrated that Propulsion and Power, Vol. 12, No. 3, May-June 1996.
[15] Hermance, C.E. ―A Model of Composite Propellant
real ammonium perchlorate (AP) grain sizes can be Combustion Including Surface Heterogeneity and Heat
packed theoretically with particle-size distributions Generation‖, AIAA Journal, Vol.4 PP 1629-1637, (1960).

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 122

 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 27 Number 2- September 2015

[16] Jeppson, M. B., Beckstead, M. W., and Jing, Q., ―A Kinetic [21] Hegab, A., Jackson, T., Buckmaster, J., and Stewart, S.,
Model for the Premixed Combustion of a Fine AP/HTPB ―Nonsteady Burning of Periodic Sandwich Propellant with
Composite Propellant,‖ 36th Aerospace Sciences and Exhibit, Complete Coupling between the Solid and Gas Phases‖
AIAA-98-0447, Jan. 12-15, 1998, Reno, NV. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 125(1/2), PP 1055-1070, (2001).
[17] Ward, M., Son, S., Brewster, M. ―Role of Gas- and [22] Hegab, A.M. (2003), ―Modeling of Microscale Solid
Condensed-Phase Kinetics in Burning rRate Control of Propellant Combustion‖; The Tenth International Conference
Energetic Solids‖, Combustion Theory Modeling Vol.2, on Aerospace Science & Aviation Technology, ASAT-10,
pp293-312, 1998. May 13-15, 2003, Cairo, Egypt.
[18] Ward, M., Son, S., Brewster, M. ―Steady Deflagration of [23] A.M. Hegab, H.H. Sait , A. Hussain, A.S. Said "Numerical
HMX with Simple Kinetics: A Gas Phase Chain Reaction modeling for the combustion of simulated solid rocket motor
Model‖ Combustion and Flame, 114:556-568 (1998). propellant" (2014) Computers & Fluids 89 (2014) 29–37.
[19] Jackson, T.L., Buckmaster, J. and Hegab, A.M. ― Periodic [24] A.M.Hegab, S.A. Gutub ―ACOUSTIC RESONANCE OF
Propellant Flames and Fluid-Mechanical Effects‖, Journal SIMULATED SOLID ROCKET MOTOR CHAMBER
Propulsion and Power Vol. 17, Number 2, Pages 371-379, WITH TRANSIENT SIDEWALL MASS
(2001). ADDITIONS‖ ,International Journal of Engineering Trends
[20] Hegab, A., Jackson, T., Buckmaster, J., and Stewart, S., and Technology (IJETT) – Volume (27) Number 1-
―The Burning of Periodic Sandwich Propellants‖, 36th September. 2015
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference,
AIAA Paper 2000-3459, (2000).

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 123