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AS 3700:2018

Masonry structures
AS 3700:2018
 This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee BD-004, Masonry Structures. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 8 January 2018.
This Standard was published on 14 February 2018.

The following are represented on Committee BD-004:

 Australasian (Iron and Steel) Slag Association

 Australian Building Codes Board
 Australian Institute of Building Surveyors
 Building Designers Association of Australia
 Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia
 Concrete Masonry Association of Australia
 Consult Australia
 Engineers Australia
 Galvanizers Association of Australia
 Housing Industry Association
 Master Builders Australia
 Queensland University of Technology
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 Steel Reinforcement Institute of Australia

 Think Brick Australia
 University of Adelaide
 University of Newcastle

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR AS 3700:2017.

Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.

Keeping Standards up-to-date

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systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions
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using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been
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Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can
be found by visiting www.standards.org.au

Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to

notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at
[email protected], or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.
 AS 3700:2018

Australian Standard®

Masonry structures
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Originated in part as AS CA32—1963.

Previous edition AS 3700—2011.
Fifth edition AS 3700:2018.

COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia Limited
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968.
Published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited, GPO Box
476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 978 1 76035 989 8
 AS 3700:2018 2

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-004, Masonry
Structures, to supersede AS 3700—2011.
The objective of this Standard is to provide minimum requirements for the design and
construction of unreinforced, reinforced and prestressed masonry, including built-in
components.
The principal changes from the 2011 edition of the Standard include the following:
(a) Increased capacity reduction factor for compression in hollow masonry with wide
spaced reinforcement.
(b) Inclusion of provisions for stack bonded masonry.
(c) Compressive strength of grouted masonry.
(d) Compression design of reinforced masonry.
(e) Concentrated loads in reinforced masonry.
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(f) Minor changes to ensure consistency with AS 4773.

(g) New Appendix I on the relationship between ISO 9223 corrosivity categories and
durability class. Also includes solutions for wall ties, connectors and accessories, and
lintels and shelf angles, as provided in AS/NZS 2699.1, AS/NZS 2699.2 and
AS/NZS 2699.3 respectively.
(h) Changes to Table 10.3 to align with changes made to AS 1170.4.
The following are excluded:
(i) Thermal performance.
(ii) Acoustic insulation.
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables and figures are deemed to be
requirements of this Standard.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.
 3 AS 3700:2018

CONTENTS

Page

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES .................................................................................... 6
1.3 USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS OR METHODS .......................................... 8
1.4 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED ON DOCUMENTS ......................................... 8
1.5 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................. 9
1.6 NOTATION ............................................................................................................... 17
1.7 EXISTING STRUCTURES ....................................................................................... 24

SECTION 2 REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN

2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................... 25
2.2 AIM ........................................................................................................................... 25
2.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................. 25
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2.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................... 25

2.5 SERVICEABILITY, STRENGTH AND STABILITY .............................................. 26
2.6 LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS .................................................................. 27
2.7 LATERAL SUPPORT ............................................................................................... 28
2.8 OTHER DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................ 28

SECTION 3 DESIGN PROPERTIES

3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................... 30
3.2 MASONRY UNITS ................................................................................................... 30
3.3 MASONRY ............................................................................................................... 30
3.4 TIES AND ACCESSORIES ...................................................................................... 34
3.5 GROUT ..................................................................................................................... 34
3.6 REINFORCEMENT .................................................................................................. 34
3.7 TENDONS ................................................................................................................. 35

SECTION 4 GENERAL DESIGN ASPECTS

4.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................... 37
4.2 MEMBERS OF MIXED CONSTRUCTION ............................................................. 37
4.3 CHASES, HOLES AND RECESSES ........................................................................ 37
4.4 CAPACITY REDUCTION FACTORS...................................................................... 37
4.5 CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES ............................................................................. 38
4.6 DESIGN FOR ROBUSTNESS .................................................................................. 40
4.7 PREVENTION OF MOISTURE PENETRATION .................................................... 41
4.8 CONTROL JOINTS .................................................................................................. 42
4.9 MORTAR JOINTS .................................................................................................... 46
4.10 WALL TIES .............................................................................................................. 46
4.11 BONDING, TYING AND SUPPORTING................................................................. 47
4.12 STACK BONDED MASONRY................................................................................. 48
4.13 ARCHES AND LINTELS ......................................................................................... 49
4.14 INTERACTION BETWEEN MASONRY MEMBERS AND SLABS, BEAMS
OR COLUMNS ......................................................................................................... 50
4.15 CORBELLING .......................................................................................................... 50
4.16 ATTACHMENT TO FACE OF WALLS ................................................................... 51

SECTION 5 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY

5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................... 52
5.2 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 52
 AS 3700:2018 4

Page

5.3 EXPOSURE ENVIRONMENTS ............................................................................... 52

5.4 LOCATIONS ............................................................................................................. 53
5.5 MASONRY UNITS ................................................................................................... 54
5.6 MORTAR .................................................................................................................. 54
5.7 BUILT-IN COMPONENTS ....................................................................................... 54
5.8 GROUT ..................................................................................................................... 54
5.9 REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS ...................................................................... 56

SECTION 6 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE

6.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 58
6.2 FIRE-RESISTANCE LEVELS .................................................................................. 58
6.3 STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY ................................................................................... 58
6.4 INTEGRITY .............................................................................................................. 62
6.5 INSULATION ........................................................................................................... 63
6.6 RECESSES FOR SERVICES .................................................................................... 64
6.7 CHASES .................................................................................................................... 65
6.8 PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEELWORK .................................................. 66
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SECTION 7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY

7.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 67
7.2 GENERAL BASIS OF DESIGN ............................................................................... 67
7.3 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION ....................................................... 67
7.4 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN BENDING................................................................. 83
7.5 DESIGN FOR MEMBERS IN SHEAR ..................................................................... 90
7.6 DESIGN OF MASONRY VENEER WALLS ............................................................ 93
7.7 DESIGN OF CAVITY WALLS................................................................................. 94
7.8 DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM WALLS ........................................................................ 95

SECTION 8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF REINFORCED MASONRY

8.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................... 96
8.2 EXCLUSIONS........................................................................................................... 96
8.3 GENERAL BASIS OF DESIGN ............................................................................... 96
8.4 GENERAL REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT .................................................. 97
8.5 DESIGN OF MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION ......................................................... 97
8.6 DESIGN OF MEMBERS IN BENDING ................................................................. 101
8.7 DESIGN OF WALLS FOR IN-PLANE SHEAR ..................................................... 102
8.8 DESIGN OF WALLS FOR OUT-OF-PLANE SHEAR ........................................... 103
8.9 DESIGN OF BEAMS IN SHEAR ........................................................................... 104
8.10 DESIGN OF MEMBERS IN TENSION .................................................................. 104
8.11 DESIGN FOR COMBINED LOADING .................................................................. 104

SECTION 9 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED MASONRY

9.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................. 105
9.2 GENERAL BASIS OF DESIGN ............................................................................. 105
9.3 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PRESTRESSING TENDONS ....................................... 106
9.4 DESIGN OF MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION ....................................................... 107
9.5 DESIGN OF MEMBERS IN BENDING ................................................................. 108
9.6 DESIGN OF MEMBERS IN SHEAR ...................................................................... 110
9.7 DESIGN OF MEMBERS IN TENSION .................................................................. 110
9.8 DESIGN FOR COMBINED LOADING .................................................................. 111
9.9 DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE ZONES ...................................................................... 111
 5 AS 3700:2018

Page

SECTION 10 DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE ACTIONS

10.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................. 112
10.2 GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA............................................................................. 112
10.3 DETAILING MASONRY STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADS ............ 113
10.4 RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF LOADBEARING UNREINFORCED
MASONRY ............................................................................................................. 121

SECTION 11 MATERIALS
11.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................. 123
11.2 MASONRY ............................................................................................................. 123
11.3 MASONRY UNITS ................................................................................................. 123
11.4 MORTAR ................................................................................................................ 123
11.5 WALL TIES, CONNECTORS, ACCESSORIES AND LINTELS ........................... 125
11.6 DAMP-PROOF COURSES (DPCs), FLASHINGS AND WEATHERINGS ........... 126
11.7 GROUT ................................................................................................................... 126
11.8 REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS .................................................................... 127
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SECTION 12 CONSTRUCTION
12.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................. 128
12.2 GENERAL ............................................................................................................... 128
12.3 MATERIALS........................................................................................................... 128
12.4 WORKMANSHIP ................................................................................................... 129
12.5 TOLERANCES IN MASONRY .............................................................................. 132
12.6 SITE CONTROL ..................................................................................................... 133
12.7 ADDITIONAL SITE CONTROL OF SPECIAL MASONRY ................................. 134
12.8 GROUTED MASONRY .......................................................................................... 135
12.9 MASONRY UNDER CONSTRUCTION ................................................................ 135
12.10 CLEANING ............................................................................................................. 136
12.11 TESTING OF IN SITU MASONRY........................................................................ 136

APPENDICES
A ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH VALUES FROM TEST RESULTS .................... 137
B DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUE .......................................... 139
C METHOD OF TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ...................................... 141
D METHOD OF TEST FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH ............................................. 145
E DURABILITY TESTING ........................................................................................ 152
F METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF BOW ............................................................ 156
G STRENGTH TESTING OF IN SITU MASONRY .................................................. 157
H GUIDANCE ON THE USE OF MASONRY IN RESTORATION WORK
AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTED USING SQUARE-DRESSED
NATURAL STONE ................................................................................................. 158
I ISO 9223 CORROSIVITY CATEGORIES AND RELATIONSHIP
TO DURABILITY CLASS ...................................................................................... 159

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 165

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