CARL JUNG experiences stimulate biologically inherited response

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY tendency.

 Innate potential requires an individual experiences before
 Jung believed that we are motivated not only by repressed it will become activated.
experiences but also by a certain emotionally toned
ARCHETYPES
experiences inherited from our ancestors.

LEVELS OF PSYCHE  ancient or archaic images derived from all collective

unconscious
 Mind has both conscious and unconscious level.  Similar to complexes but generalized and derived from its
 Unlike Freud, Jung believed that the most important content of the collective unconscious.
portion of unconscious springs from distant past of human  Different from instinct
existence.  Instinct and archetypes are both unconsciously determined
and shape personality
CONSCIOUS
 Have biological basis but originate through the repeated
 Sensed by ego/ represent by ego experiences of human’s early ancestors
 Unconscious has no relationship with ego  Each person has countless archetypes
 More restricted compared to Freud’s DREAMS
 Center of consciousness but not the core of personality
 Main source of archetype material
EGO
 Produce motif that could have not been known to the
 Not the whole personality but must be completed by more dreamer through personal experience
comprehensive self  Often coincides with those known to ancient people or
natives of contemporary aboriginal tribes.
SELF  Jung believed that the hallucinations of psychotic patients
offered evidence of archetypes
 Center of personality that is largely unconscious.
 Kinds of archetypes are: persona, shadow, anima, animus,
 Healthy individuals are in contact with their conscious
great mother, wise old man, hero, and self.
world
 Also allow themselves to experience unconscious PERSONA

PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS  The kind of personality that we show to the world

 Refers to mask worn by actors in drama
 Individual experiences
 Originated with Jung’s no.1 personality (extravert)
 Embraces all the repressed, forgotten and subliminally
 We should not confuse our public face with our complete
perceived experiences of one particular individual.
self
 Contains repressed, infantile memories, forgotten events
 We remain unconscious of our individuality and blocked
 Formed by individual experiences, unique with each other
from attaining self-realization
 Some images can be easily recalled, some are with
 Balance between the demands of society and who we truly
difficulties
are
Complexes
SHADOW
 Contents of personal unconscious
 Archetypes of darkness and repression
 Emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas
 Qualities we do not want to acknowledge but attempt to
 Largely personal; partly derived from humanity’s
hide from ourselves and others.
collective experience
 Consists of morally objectionable tendencies and
 Partly conscious
constructive and creative qualities that we are reluctant to
 May stem from both the personal and collective
face
unconscious
 We must know our shadow to be whole – “realization of
COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS shadow”
 People who never realize their shadow come under its
 Has roots in the ancestral part of the species power and lead tragic life; running into bad luck and
 Physical content are inherited and pass from one reaping harvests of defeat and discouragement for
generation to the next as psychic energy themselves.
 contents of the collective unconscious are more or less the  First test of courage
same for all people in all culture
 Does not refer to inherited ideas rather to human’s innate
tendency to react in a particular way whenever their
ANIMA WISE OLD MAN

 Feminine side of men  Symbolized life itself

 Jung believed all humans are psychologically bisexual and  Archetype for wisdom and meaning
possess both masculine and feminine side  Symbolizes human’s preexisting knowledge of mysteries of
 Even more difficult than becoming acquainted with shadow life
 Originate in the collective unconscious as archetypes  Unconscious and cannot be directly experience by
 Second test of courage – men must overcome their shadow individual
to realize feminine side  Man and woman dominated by the wise old man archetype
 Originated from early men’s experiences with women and may gather a large following of disciples by using
which become embedded in the collective unconscious verbiage that sounds profound but make little sense.
Collective unconscious cannot directly imparts its wisdom
ANIMUS
to an individual
 Masculine archetype of women  Danger of society when swayed by their words
 Symbolic: thinking and reasoning  Symbols in dreams: father, grandfather, teacher,
 Influencing the thinking of a woman but does not actually philosopher, guru, doctor and priest
belong to her – belongs to collective unconscious  Fairytales: king, sage, or magician, who comes to aid the
 Also an explanation for the irrational thinking and illogical trouble protagonist
opinions often attributed to women HERO
 Opinions help by women are objectively valid
 Women’s projects her distant ancestor experiences with  Represented in mythology and legends as a powerful
men onto the unsuspecting man person, sometimes part god or in the form of dragons,
 Appears in dreams, visions, and fantasies in a personified monster, serpents or demons
form  Often undone by insignificant person or even performed by
 When woman was dominated by her animus, no logical or someone vulnerable
emotional appeal can shake her beliefs  Image hero touches an archetype within us as
demonstrated by our fascination with heroes in novels,
GREAT MOTHER
movies, tv dramas, plays
 Fertility and power  When hero conquers villain – he/she frees us from feelings
 Men and women possess a great mother archetypes of impotence and misery
 Associated with both positive and negative feelings  It is a model of ideal personality
 Represents two opposing forces:  Origin: goes back to earliest human history: dawn of
a. Fertility and nourishment – capable of producing and consciousness
sustaining life  Overcoming the villain: hero overcoming darkness of pre
Symbols: tree, garden, human unconsciousness
plowed field, sea, heaven,  Ancestors greatest accomplishments
home, country, church and THE SELF
hollow objects like oven and
cooking utensils  It is the inherited tendency to move forward for growth,
b. Power and destruction – devour or neglect her perfection and completion
offspring  Archetype of all archetypes because it unites other
Symbols: godmother, the archetypes to form self-realization
mother of god, Mother  Conscious and personal unconscious but mostly formed by
Nature, mother earth, collective unconscious images
stepmother or witch  The ultimate symbol: MANDALA which is depicted as a
 Fascination of man and woman to mother in the absence of circle within a square and a square within a circle
personal experience is taken by Jung as evidence of great  Mandala represents the strivings of the collective
mother unconscious for unity, balance and wholeness
 Power and fertility rebirth – represented by the process of  Self includes both personal and collective unconscious
reincarnation, baptism, resurrection and individualism of images
self-realization  Overabundance of self thus lack “soul spark” of personality
 People are moved by the desire to be reborn; that is to  Overpowered by unconscious are often pathological, with
reach self-realization, nirvana, heaven or perfection one sided personality
 Self is almost never perfectly balanced
 People have in their unconscious the perfect, unified self
 In collective unconscious, self appears in the form of Jesus the regressive step is necessary to create a balanced
Christ, Buddha, Krishna personality and to grow toward self-realization.
 According to Jung, psychotic to Jung, psychotic patients  Regression activates the unconscious psyche, an essential
have an increased number of mandala during their period aid in the solution of most problems.
of serious psychotic disorder  Alone, neither progression nor regression leads to
development. Either can bring about too much one-
SUMMARY
sidedness and failure in adaptation; but the two, working
1. Self includes both the conscious and unconscious mind together, can activate the process of healthy personality
2. It unites the opposing elements of psyche – male, female, development (Jung, 1928/1960).
good, evil, light and dark forces PSYCOLOGICAL TYPES
3. Opposing elements are represented by yin and yang
4. Self is represented by mandala ATTITUDE
5. Mandala stands for unity, totality and order (self-
 Jung (1921/1971) defined an attitude as a predisposition to
realization)
act or react in a characteristic direction.
6. Complete self-realization is seldom achieve but as an ideal
 He insisted that each person has both an introverted and
it exists within the collective unconscious of everyone
an extraverted attitude, although one may be conscious
7. To achieve or fully experience self, people must overcome
while the other is unconscious.
their fear of unconscious, prevent persona from
 introversion and extraversion serve in a compensatory
dominating personality; recognize dark side of themselves,
master great courage to face their anima and animus. relationship to one another and can be illustrated by the
yang and yin motif
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
INTROVERSION
CAUSALITY AND TELEOLOGY
 According to Jung, introversion is the turning inward of
 Causality holds that present events have their origin in psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective.
previous experiences  Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with all its
 Teleology holds that present events are motivated by goals biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions.
and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny.  These people perceive the external world, of course, but
 Jung insisted that human behavior is shaped by both causal they do so selectively and with their own subjective view.
and teleological forces and causal explanations must be  Two episodes in Jung’s life that show evidence of
balanced with teleological ones. introversion:
 According to Jung balance is seen in his conception of 1. During his adolescence, when his no. 2
dreams personality became cognizant
2. During his midlife, when he carried
DREAMS conversation with his anima.

EXTRAVERSION

Dreams Dreams can  In contrast to introversion, extraversion is the attitude

springs from help a person distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so
past events, make that a person is oriented toward the objective and away
caused by decisions
from the subjective.
earlier about the
 Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings than
experience future
by their inner world
 They tend to focus on the objective attitude while
suppressing the subjective.
 Like Jung’s childhood No. 1 personality, they are pragmatic
and well rooted in the realities of everyday life. At the same
PROGRESSION AND REGRESSION time, they are overly suspicious of the subjective attitude,
whether their own or that of someone else.
 To achieve self-realization, people must adapt not only to
their outside environment but to their inner world as well. SUMMARY:
 PROGRESSION: Adaptation to the outside world involves
the forward flow of psychic energy. Progression inclines a 1. In summary, people are neither completely
person to react consistently to a given set of environmental introverted nor completely extraverted. Introverted
conditions. people are like an unbalanced teeter-totter with a
 REGRESSION: adaptation to the inner world relies on a heavy weight on one end and a very light weight on
backward flow of psychic energy. Jung (1961) believed that the other
 2. Conversely, extraverted people are unbalanced in the - They are usually well liked because of their sociability,
other direction, with a heavy extraverted attitude and but in their quest to conform to social standards, they
a very light introverted one may appear artificial, shallow, and unreliable.
3. However, psychologically healthy people attain a - Their value judgments will have an easily detectable
balance of the two attitudes, feeling equally false ring.
comfortable with their internal and their external - Often becomes business men and politicians
worlds  INTROVERTED FEELING - people base their value judgments
primarily on subjective perceptions rather than objective
FUNCTIONS
facts.
 Both introversion and extraversion can combine with any - These people have an individualized conscience,
one or more of four functions, forming eight possible a taciturn demeanor, and an unfathomable
orientations, or types. psyche.
 4 FUNCTIONS: - They ignore traditional opinions and beliefs, and
1. Sensing – tells people that something exists. their nearly complete indifference to the
2. Thinking – enables them to recognize its meaning objective world (including people) often causes
3. Feeling – its value/worth persons around them to feel uncomfortable and
4. Intuiting – allows them to know about it without to cool their attitude toward them.
knowing how they know
SENSING
THINKING
 The function that receives physical stimuli and transmits
 Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas is them to perceptual consciousness.
called thinking.  Sensing is not identical to the physical stimulus but is
 The thinking type can be either extraverted or introverted, simply the individual’s perception of sensory impulses.
depending on a person’s basic attitude.  These perceptions are not dependent on logical thinking or
 ENTRAVERTED THINKING - People rely heavily on concrete feeling but exist as absolute, elementary facts within each
thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas if these person.
ideas have been transmitted to them from without, for  EXTRAVERTED SENSING - people perceive external stimuli
example, from parents or teachers. objectively, in much the same way that these stimuli exist
 INTROVERTED THINKING - people react to external stimuli, in reality. Their sensations are not greatly influenced by
but their interpretation of an event is colored more by the their subjective attitudes.
internal meaning they bring with them than by the  INTROVERTED SENSING - Introverted sensing people are
objective facts themselves. largely influenced by their subjective sensations of sight,
- When carried to an extreme, introverted thinking sound, taste, touch, and so forth.
results in unproductive mystical thoughts that are so - They are guided by their interpretation of sense
individualized that they are useless to any other stimuli rather than the stimuli themselves.
person - They give a subjective interpretation to objective
phenomena yet are able to communicate
FEELING meaning to others.
- When the subjective sensing attitude is carried to
 Jung used the term feeling to describe the process of
its extreme, however, it may result in
evaluating an idea or event.
hallucinations or esoteric and incomprehensible
 Perhaps a more accurate word would be valuing, a term
speech (Jung, 1921/1971).
less likely to be confused with either sensing or intuiting.
 Feeling is the evaluation of every conscious activity, even INTUITING
those valued as indifferent.
 Most of these evaluations have no emotional content, but  Involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness.
they are capable of becoming emotions if their intensity  It is based on the perception of absolute elementary facts,
increases to the point of stimulating physiological changes ones that provide the raw material for thinking and feeling.
within the person.  It is more creative, often adding or subtracting elements
 EXTRAVERTED FEELING - people use objective data to make from conscious sensation.
evaluations.  EXTRAVERTED INTUITIVE PEOPLE - are oriented toward facts
- They are not guided so much by their subjective in the external world.
opinion, but by external values and widely accepted - Rather than fully sensing them, however, they
standards of judgment. merely perceive them subliminally.
- They are likely to be at ease in social situations, - Because strong sensory stimuli interfere with
knowing on the spur of the moment what to say and intuition, intuitive people suppress many of their
how to say it.
 sensations and are guided by hunches and  the evening sun is old age, its once bright consciousness
guesses contrary to sensory data. now markedly dimmed
 INTROVERTED INTUITIVE PEOPLE - are guided by
CHILDHOOD
unconscious perception of facts that are basically
subjective and have little or no resemblance to external  Jung divided childhood into three sub stages: (1) the
reality. anarchic, (2) the monarchic, and (3) the dualistic.
- Their subjective intuitive perceptions are often  The anarchic phase is characterized by chaotic and sporadic
remarkably strong and capable of motivating consciousness. “Islands of consciousness” may exist, but
decisions of monumental magnitude. there is little or no connection among these islands.
- Introverted intuitive people, such as mystics,  Experiences of the anarchic phase sometimes enter
prophets, surrealistic artists, or religious fanatics, consciousness as primitive images, incapable of being
often appear peculiar to people of other types accurately verbalized.
who have little comprehension of their motives.  The monarchic phase of childhood is characterized by the
- Actually, Jung (1921/1971) believed that development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and
introverted intuitive people may not clearly verbal thinking.
understand their own motivations, yet they are  During this time children see themselves objectively and
deeply moved by them. often refer to themselves in the third person.
 The islands of consciousness become larger, more
numerous, and inhabited by a primitive ego.
Examples of the eight Jungian types  Although the ego is perceived as an object, it is not yet
Functions Attitudes aware of itself as perceiver.
Introversion Extraversion  The ego as perceiver arises during the dualistic phase of
Thinking Philosophers, Research childhood when the ego is divided into the objective and
theoretical scientists, subjective.
scientists, accountants,  Children now refer to themselves in the first person and
some mathematicia are aware of their existence as separate individuals.
inventors ns  During the dualistic period, the islands of consciousness
Feeling Subjective Real estate become continuous land, inhabited by an ego-complex that
movie critics, appraisers, recognizes itself as both object and subject (Jung,
art appraisers objective 1931/1960a).
movie critics
YOUTH
Sensing Artists, Wine tasters,
classical proofreaders,  The period from puberty until middle life
musicians popular  According to Jung (1931/1960a), youth is, or should be, a
musicians, period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing
house painters consciousness, and recognition that the problem-free era
Intuiting Prophets, Some of childhood is gone forever.
mystics, inventors,  The major difficulty facing youth is to overcome the natural
religious religious tendency (found also in middle and later years) to cling to
fanatics reformers the narrow consciousness of childhood, thus avoiding
problems pertinent to the present time of life.
 This desire to live in the past is called the conservative
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
principle.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
MIDDDLE LIFE
 Jung grouped the stages of life into four general periods—
 Jung believed that middle life begins at approximately age
childhood, youth, middle life, and old age.
35 or 40
 He compared the trip through life to the journey of the sun
 Middle life is also a period of tremendous potential.
through the sky, with the brightness of the sun
 People who have lived youth by neither childish nor
representing consciousness.
middle-aged values are well prepared to advance to middle
 The early morning sun is childhood, full of potential, but
life and to live fully during that stage.
still lacking in brilliance (consciousness);
 They are capable of giving up the extraverted goals of
 the morning sun is youth, climbing toward the zenith, but
youth and moving in the introverted direction of expanded
unaware of the impending decline;
consciousness.
 the early afternoon sun is middle life, brilliant like the late
 Their psychological health is not enhanced by success in
morning sun, but obviously headed for the sunset;
business, prestige in society, or satisfaction with family life.
 OLD LIFE  Dreams are our unconscious and spontaneous attempt to
know the unknowable, to comprehend a reality that can
 As the evening of life approaches, people experience a
only be expressed symbolically.
diminution of consciousness just as the light and warmth of
 The purpose of Jungian dream interpretation is to uncover
the sun diminish at dusk.
elements from the personal and collective unconscious and
 If people fear life during the early years, then they will
to integrate them into consciousness in order to facilitate
almost certainly fear death during the later ones.
the process of self-realization.
 Fear of death is often taken as normal, but Jung believed
 Jung believed that the natural condition of humans is to
that death is the goal of life and that life can be fulfilling
move toward completion or self-realization.
only when death is seen in this light.
 Thus, if a person’s conscious life is incomplete in a certain
SELF-REALIZATION area, then that person’s unconscious self will strive to
complete that condition through the dream process.
 Psychological rebirth also called individuation is the process  Jung felt that certain dreams offered proof for the
of becoming an individual or whole person. existence of the collective unconscious.
 It is the process of integrating the opposite poles into a  Big dreams - have special meaning for all people
single homogeneous individual.  Typical dreams - those that are common to most people.
 This process of “coming to selfhood” means that a person These dreams include archetypal figures, such as mother,
has all psychological components functioning in unity, with father, God, devil, or wise old man. They may also touch on
no psychic process atrophying. archetypal events, such as birth, death, and separation
 People who have gone through this process have achieved from parents, baptism, marriage, flying, or exploring a cave.
realization of the self, minimized their persona, recognized They may also include archetypal objects, such as sun,
their anima or animus, and acquired a workable balance water, fish, snakes, or predatory animals.
between introversion and extraversion.  Earliest dreams - These dreams can be traced back to about
 In addition, these self-realized individuals have elevated all age 3 or 4 and contain mythological and symbolic images
four of the functions to a superior position, an extremely and motifs that could not have reasonably been
difficult accomplishment experienced by the individual child.
 The self-realized person must allow the unconscious self to
become the core of personality. ACTIVE IMAGINATION
 To merely expand consciousness is to inflate the ego and to
 A technique Jung used during his own self-analysis as well
produce a one-sided person who lacks the soul spark of
as with many of his patients was active imagination.
personality.
 This method requires a person to begin with any
 The self-realized person is dominated neither by
impression—a dream image, vision, picture, or fantasy—
unconscious processes nor by the conscious ego but
and to concentrate until the impression begins to “move.”
achieves a balance between all aspects of personality.
 The person must follow these images to wherever they
“If you call me an occultist because I am seriously investigating lead and then courageously face these autonomous images
religious, mythological, folkloristic and philosophical fantasies in and freely communicate with them.
modern individuals and ancient texts, then you are bound to diagnose  The purpose of active imagination is to reveal archetypal
Freud as a sexual pervert since he is doing likewise with sexual images emerging from the unconscious.
fantasies”  It can be a useful technique for people who want to
become better acquainted with their collective and
-Carl Jung’s letter to Calvin Hall personal unconscious and who are willing to overcome the
resistance that ordinarily blocks open communication with
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST
the unconscious.
 His original purpose in using the word association test was  Jung believed it has more advantaged over dream analysis
to demonstrate the validity of Freud’s hypothesis that the because the mind is in conscious state thus making the
unconscious operates as an autonomous process. images
 However, the basic purpose of the test in Jungian
PSYCHOTHERAPY
psychology today is to uncover feeling-toned complexes.
 The word association test is based on the principle that Jung (1931/1954b) identified four basic approaches to
complexes create measurable emotional responses. therapy, representing four developmental stages in the history of
psychotherapy.
DREAM ANALYSIS
1. Confession of a pathogenic secret – cathartic method used
 Jung believed that dreams should be taken seriously and
by Josef Breuer to his patient Anna O. For patients who
dreams spring from the unconscious and their latent
merely have a need to share their secrets, catharsis is
meaning are expressed in symbolic form.
effective.
2. interpretation, explanation, and elucidation - gives the  Cultures, he found the differences to be superficial, the
patients insight into the causes of their neuroses, but may similarities profound.
still leave them incapable of solving social problems.  Thus, analytical psychology can also be rated high on
3. Approach adopted by Adler - includes the education of similarities among people and low on individual
patients as social beings. Unfortunately, says Jung, this differences.
approach often leaves patients merely socially well
adjusted.
4. Transformation - he meant that the therapist must first be
transformed into a healthy human being, preferably by
undergoing psychotherapy. Only after transformation and
an established philosophy of life is the therapist able to
help patients move toward individuation, wholeness, or
self-realization.
 The ultimate purpose of Jungian therapy is to help neurotic
patients become healthy and to encourage healthy people
to work independently toward self-realization.
 Jung also admitted the importance of Transference.
 Jung also recognized the process of countertransference, a
term used to describe a therapist’s feelings toward the
patient.
 Like transference, countertransference can be either a help
or a hindrance to treatment, depending on whether it leads
to a better relationship between doctor and patient,
something that Jung felt was indispensable to successful
psychotherapy.

CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

 Jung’s saw humans as complex beings of two opposing

poles.
 To him, people are motivated partly by conscious thoughts,
partly by images from their personal unconscious, and
partly by latent memory traces inherited from their
ancestral past. Their motivation comes from both causal
and teleological factors.
 The complex makeup of humans invalidates any simple or
one-sided description.
 According to Jung, each person is a composition of
opposing forces.
 No one is completely introverted or totally extraverted; all
male or all female; solely a thinking, feeling, sensing, or
intuitive person; and no one proceeds invariably in the
direction of either progression or regression.
 The persona is but a fraction of an individual. What one
wishes to show others is usually only the socially
acceptable side of personality. Every person has a dark
side, a shadow, and most try to conceal it from both society
and themselves. In addition, each man possesses an anima
and every woman an animus.
 On the dimension of biological versus social aspects of
personality, Jung’s theory leans strongly in the direction of
biology.
 The collective unconscious, which is responsible for so
many actions, is part of our biological inheritance. Except
for the therapeutic potential of the doctor-patient
relationship, Jung had little to say about differential effects
of specific social practices. In fact, in his studies of various