ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BUILDING AND HOUSING) VOL. 7, NO.

2 (2006)
PAGES 195-204

Technical Note

EFFECT OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES ON BEHAVIOR OF

OVER-REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

M. Al Amin Siddique∗ and Md. Abdur Rouf

Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology,
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

Reinforced concrete structures are made up of two materials with different characteristics,
namely, concrete and steel. The typical stage in the load-deformation behavior of a
reinforced concrete simply supported beam is highly nonlinear and the response can be
roughly divided into three ranges of behavior: the uncracked elastic stage, the crack
propagation stage and the plastic (yielding of steel or crushing of concrete) stage. The stress-
strain relation of concrete is not only nonlinear, but is different in tension than in
compression. A nonlinear numerical model has been developed considering material and
geometric nonlinearities. Material nonlinearity is simulated by considering parabolic stress-
strain relationship of concrete and bilinear relationship of reinforcing steel which can model
both elastic-perfectly plastic and plastic strain hardening. The modified Newton-Raphson
technique has been used for the solution of the nonlinear equations. The load-deformation
behavior of the over-reinforced high strength concrete beams has been carried out with the
model. From the analyses it is observed that for the high strength concrete the increase in
steel content increases the strength and stiffness but decreases the ductility.

Keywords: over-reinforced concrete beams, nonlinear material behavior, reinforcement

ratio, strength of concrete, ductility, numerical analysis

1. INTRODUCTION

Reinforced concrete (RC) is one of the most important building materials and is widely used
in many types of engineering structures. The economy, the efficiency, the strength and the
stiffness of reinforced concrete make it an attractive material for a wide range of structural
applications. The ultimate objective of the designer is to create a structure that is safe and

∗
Email-address of the corresponding author: [email protected]
196 M. Al Amin Siddique and Md. Abdur Rouf

economical. The safety and serviceability assessment of the structures necessitate the
development of accurate and reliable methods and models for their analysis. The rise in cost
of materials used in structures and labor costs encourage engineers to seek more economical
alternative designs often resorting to innovative construction methods but without lowering
the safety of the structure. In addition, the extent and impact of disaster in terms of human
and economical loss in the event of structural failure promote designers to check the design
thoroughly.
The development of numerical models for the analysis of the response of RC structures is
complicated due to a) Reinforced concrete is a composite material made up of concrete and
steel, two materials with very different physical and mechanical behavior; b) Concrete
exhibits nonlinear behavior even under low level loading due to nonlinear material behavior,
environmental effects, cracking, biaxial stiffening and strain softening; c) Reinforcing steel
and concrete interact in a complex way through bond-slip and aggregate interlock. These
complex phenomena have led engineers in the past to rely heavily on empirical formulas for
the design of concrete structures, which were derived from numerous experiments. With the
advent of digital computers and powerful methods of analysis, much effort to develop
analytical solutions which would obviate the need for experiments have been undertaken by
investigators.

2. NUMERICAL MODEL FOR RC BEAMS

A numerical model [1] has been developed for the analysis of reinforced concrete members.
The stiffness of concrete and reinforcing steel is formulated separately. The results are then
superimposed to obtain the element stiffness; the reinforcing steel is assumed to carry stress
along its axis only and the effect of dowel action of reinforcement is neglected. The end
displacements of the steel element are assumed to be compatible with boundary
displacements of concrete element so that perfect bond is implied. In stiffness method, at
first stiffness matrix of structural element of RC member is developed. Then for a particular
load, resulting deflection and forces of an element at node are obtained by iterative method.
To develop a nonlinear numerical model it is required to know the stress-strain relationship
of constituent materials of RC. In the design of RC structural members, uniaxial
compressive strength of concrete obtained from cylinder test is one of the most important
design parameter. Typical stress-strain curves presented in [2] and [3] for normal density
and lightweight concrete and presented in [4] for prestressed concrete had shown that
concrete had a similar nonlinear character even at a normal level of stress in compression.
The curves are linear up to about half of the compressive strength. The peak of the curve for
high strength concrete is relatively sharp, but for low strength concrete the curve has a flat
top. Simply, all the curves consist of an initial relatively straight line portion which then
begins to curve to the horizontal, reaching the maximum stress for normal density concrete
followed by a falling branch. In describing the uniaxial stress-strain behavior of concrete
various idealizations are available. The linearly elastic-perfectly plastic model was used by
[5] in a study of reinforced concrete slabs and walls. The inelastic-perfectly plastic model
proposed by the European Concrete Committee [6] made up of a parabola and a horizontal
 EFFECT OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES ON BEHAVIOR OF OVER-REINFORCED..... 197

line. The model proposed by Hognestad [7] is parabolic shape for ascending branch and
linear for descending branch is widely used for idealization of concrete uniaxial compressive
stress. In the present model parabolic stress-strain relationship for concrete for both the
ascending and descending branch is used. The stress-strain relationship of concrete used in
the model is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Stress-strain relationship of concrete used in the model

The steel stress-strain relationship exhibits an initial linear elastic portion, a yield plateau,
a strain hardening range in which stress again increases with strain and, finally, a range in
which the stress drops off until fracture occurs. The extent of the yield plateau is a function
of the tensile strength of steel. High-strength, high-carbon steels, generally, has a much
shorter yield plateau than relatively low-strength, low-carbon steels.

Figure 2. Stress-strain relationship of steel used in the model

198 M. Al Amin Siddique and Md. Abdur Rouf

For the analysis and design of RC structures it is required to define the shape of stress-
strain behaviour of steel reinforcement. There are a number of stress-strain relationships
available to idealize the steel as presented in [3]. The elastic perfectly plastic model is
widely used for idealization of reinforcing steel for simplicity but it neglects the strength
increase due to strain hardening. In the present model for reinforcing steel both the bilinear
(elastic strain hardening) and elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain relationship for steel are
used. Figure 2 presents the stress-strain relationship of reinforcing steel used in the present
model.
The numerical model has been developed using these nonlinear material properties. Since
behavior is nonlinear the stiffness of the RC sections become a function of the state of strain
and hence stress. This is due to the fact that strain distribution varies over the length of a
member. However, using a large number of small elements the variations of stiffness
properties over the length of member can be minimized and stiffness properties
corresponding to the middle section of the element can be considered to be that of the
element. This simplification makes it possible to derive the stiffness properties analytically.
This approach has been utilized in developing a numerical model for limit state analysis of
brickwork structures [8]. The complete derivation of stiffness of the beam-column element
is presented in [9] for cracked and uncracked concrete sections respectively. Since the
stiffness of RC members is the sum of stiffness of concrete and reinforcing steel, stiffness
properties for steel derived by [10] has also been utilized for the development of the
numerical model.
The nonlinear analysis algorithm consists of four basic steps: the formation of the current
stiffness matrix, the solution of the equilibrium equations for the displacement increments,
the determination of status of strains and internal forces in all the elements of the model and
the convergence check. These steps are presented in some detail in the flow diagram in
Figure 3.

3. RESPONSE OF OVER-REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

Many researchers have carried out a number of experimental and analytical investigations
and important advances have been made for RC beams. To illustrate the effectiveness of the
present model test results by the researchers [11] and [12] are compared with the present
model. In both cases the RC beams are over-reinforced. For such a beam, both ultimate
strength and ductility can be enhanced by increasing concrete strength. The stress-strain
curves for concrete in compression obtained from flexural tests are remarkably similar to
those generated from uni-axially loaded specimen [12]. The analysis is based on flexural
theory, but the use of stress-strain curves for axially loaded specimen gives close predictions
of the experiment data on moment-curvature relationship and ultimate moment capacity of
the beams. The stress-strain curve used for normal strength concrete is also used here to
describe the behavior of high strength plain concrete.
 EFFECT OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES ON BEHAVIOR OF OVER-REINFORCED..... 199

Figure 3. Outline of solution algorithm

To investigate whether the present numerical model is capable of predicting compression

failure of concrete structures, two beams of different sizes and made of two different
concrete types normal strength concrete (NSC) and high strength concrete (HSC) are studied
numerically and compared with the numerical results obtained by [11]. Tables 1 and 2
present the peak load and peak displacement for small RC beams and two different sizes of
beams respectively.
 200 M. Al Amin Siddique and Md. Abdur Rouf

Table 1. Summary of peak load and peak displacement for small beam [11]

Predicted Test/Predicted
Test results Present Present
Concrete Ozbolt et al. Ozbolt et al.
type analysis analysis
Pu δu δu Pu δu δtest
Pu (kN) Ptest/Pu δtest/δu Ptest/Pu
(kN) (mm) (mm) (kN) (mm) /δu
NSC 16.4 21.0 15.5 19.3 15.9 16.2 1.06 1.09 1.03 1.30
HSC 56.4 55.7 50.2 44.8 63.2 47.2 1.12 1.24 0.89 1.18

The numerical results obtained by the model observed failure due to concrete crushing in
the compressive zone of the beam as was obtained in the tests for all over-reinforced beams.
The numerical results obtained using the present model is able to predict the compressive
failure of NSC beams.
In the second comparison [12] the test program had been carried out to observe the
flexural behaviour of over-reinforced HSC beams with and without confinement in the
compression zone. Concrete strengths ranging from 60 to 110 MPa were used to observe the
flexural response of the beams. The study included the effect of concrete compressive
strength on the beam behavior. The beams were designated as A4-0.0C, B4-0.0C, C4-0.0C,
D4-0.0C. It was observed that failure of the beams was characterized by sudden crushing of
concrete prior to yielding of the steel. Since the failure of an over-reinforced beam is
typically by the spalling of concrete, measurement of curvature at or beyond the ultimate
load was very difficult and sometimes impossible. However, the results that were obtained
from test reasonably fits well with the model predictions indicating that stress-strain curves
obtained from uni-axially loaded specimens may be applicable to predict the flexural
response of a HSC beam. The ultimate moments and loads predicted by the model for beams
are presented and compared with the experimental results in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.

Table 2. Summary of peak load and peak displacement for NSC beams of two sizes,
Small (h = 200mm) and Large (h = 400 mm) [11]

Predicted Test/Predicted
Test results
Beam Present Present
Ozbolt et al. Ozbolt et al.
Size analysis analysis
Pu δu Pu δu Pu δu Ptest/P Ptest/P δtest
δtest/δu
(kN) (mm) (kN) (mm) (kN) (mm) u u /δu

Small 16.4 21.0 15.5 19.3 15.9 16.2 1.06 1.09 1.03 1.30
Large 64.1 47.8 56.0 41.1 56.5 50.4 1.14 1.16 1.13 0.95
 EFFECT OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES ON BEHAVIOR OF OVER-REINFORCED..... 201

Table 3. Comparison between test and predicted values of ultimate moment [12]

Calculated or Predicted ultimate

Test ultimate Mu,test/Mu, predicted
moment, Mu, (kN-m)
Beam moment,
Mu,test, kN-m ACI Mansur Present ACI Mansur Present
method et al.(1997) analysis method et al. analysis

A4-0.0C 106.6 98.5 112.7 108.9 1.08 0.95 0.98

B4 -0.0C 122.6 115.8 128.2 124.0 1.06 0.96 0.99

C4 -0.0C 130.1 131.0 140.4 139.9 0.99 0.93 0.94

D4-0.0C 137.6 145.1 150.9 152.9 0.95 0.91 0.90

Table 4. Comparison between test and predicted values of ultimate load and deflection [12]

Test ultimate load Predicted ultimate

and deflection at load and deflection at Test/Present analysis
Beam ultimate load ultimate load
Pult,test δtest Pu,pred.
δpred. (mm) Pult,test/Pu,pred. δtest/δpred..
(kN) (mm) (kN)
A4-0.0C 215 25 217 25.3 0.99 0.99
B4-0.0C 245 26 247 25.5 0.99 1.02
C4-0.0C 255 29 279 29.2 0.91 0.99
D4-0.0C 280 32 305 31.5 0.92 1.02

It may be observed that the ratio of test to predicted ultimate strengths varies from 0.90 to
0.98, with an average of 0.95. The reasonably good agreement between the two again shows
that stress-strain curve obtained from the uni-axially loaded specimens can be applied to
predict the response of HSC flexural members. From analytical solution it is observed that
for HSC beams the uniaxial behaviour may be reasonably simulated by the model.

4. EFFECT OF CONCRETE STRENGTH AND REINFORCEMENT

To observe the effect of concrete strength on the moment-curvature response of the beams
without any confinement, but with different concrete strengths an analytical studies have
been carried out. Figure 4 presents the moment vs. curvature curves of the beams without
any confinement, but with different concrete strengths [12]. It may be observed that an
202 M. Al Amin Siddique and Md. Abdur Rouf

increase in concrete strength increases the ultimate load carrying capacity of the beam.
In order to see the effect of percentage of steel on the response of HSC beam the beam
A4-0.0C has been considered for analysis by the model. Three percentages of steel is
considered for the analysis. Figure 5 presents the effect of steel percentages on the moment-
curvature response of the beam A4-0.0C at the centre of the span.

175

150

125
Moment (kN-m)

100

75

50

25

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Curvature(rad/m)

Figure 4. Effect of concrete compressive strength on the moment-curvature response of the

beams predicted by the model

120

100

80
Moment (kN-m)

60

40

20

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Curvature(rad/m)

Figure 5. Effect of percentage of steel on the moment-curvature response of the A4-00.C beam
predicted by the model
 EFFECT OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES ON BEHAVIOR OF OVER-REINFORCED..... 203

A numerical investigation has also been carried out by the present model for the beam
A4-0.0C to observe the effect of percentage of steel on the response of various parameters
such as load, deformation, stiffness (force required per unit deflection of the member at
centre of the span) and curvature. Figures 6, 7, 8 and 9 present the variations of these
parameters due to percentage of steel.

Ultimate Load vs. % of steel Deflection vs.% of steel

250 40

200
30
Ultimate Load (kN)

Deflection (mm)
150
20
100

10
50

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
% of steel % of steel

Figure 6. Effect of percentage of steel on load Figure 7. Effect of percentage of steel on

deflection at ultimate load

Stiffness vs. % of steel Curvature vs.% of steel

10 0.05

8 0.04
Curvature (rad/m)
Stiffness (kN/mm)

6 0.03

4 0.02

2 0.01

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
% of steel % of steel

Figure 8. Effect of percentage of steel on Figure 9. Effect of percentage of steel on

stiffness curvature

From the above figures it is observed that an increase in tension steel increases the ultimate
204 M. Al Amin Siddique and Md. Abdur Rouf

load carrying capacity and stiffness but decreases the deflection and curvature of the section.
5. CONCLUSIONS

The objective of this paper is to predict the behavior of over-reinforced concrete beams. The
numerical model which included the combined stiffnesses of concrete and reinforcing steel
and cracking of the concrete can predict the behavior of the over-reinforced concrete beams.
The model also included the nonlinear stress-strain relationships of constituents of
reinforced concrete. From the analysis carried out by the model it is observed that for the
case of high strength concrete beams an increase in the reinforcing steel increases the
strength and stiffness of the members but decrease the deflection and curvature of the
members and the curvature of over-reinforced concrete beams increases as the strength of
concrete is increased.

REFERENCES

1. Siddique, M.A.A., A Nonlinear Numerical Model for Analyzing Reinforced Concrete

Structures, M.Sc. Engg. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka,
Bangladesh, 2005.
2. Nilson, N.H., Darwin, D. and Dolan, C.W., Design of Concrete Structures, 13th edition,
Mc-Graw Hill, USA, 2003.
3. Park, R. and Paulay, T., Reinforced Concrete Structures, A Willey Interscience
Publications, New York, USA, 1975.
4. Lin, T.Y. and Burns, N. H., Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures, 3rd edition, John
Willey and Sons, New York, 1982.
5. Lin, C.S. and Scordelis, A.C., Nonlinear Analysis of RC Shells of General Form,
Journal of Structural Division, ASCE, 101(1975) 523-538.
6. Comité Euro-International du Beton (CEB), CEB-FIP Model Code of Concrete
Structures. Bulletin d'Information 124/125E, Paris, France, 1978.
7. Hognestad, E. , A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in Reinforced Concrete
Members, University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin Series No.
399, Bulletin No. 1, 1951.
8. Sawko, F. and Rouf, M.A., On the Stiffness Properties of Masonry, Proceedings of
Institution of Civil Engineers, TN 381, Part 2, 77(1984) 1-12.
9. Rouf, M.A., The Fundamental Properties of Brickwork with Particular Emphasis to
Brickwork Arches, Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool, U.K, 1984.
10. Rashid, M.A., An Analytical Investigation into the Stiffness Properties of Reinforced
and Prestressed Concrete Sections, M.Sc. Engg. thesis, Department of Civil
Engineering, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1988.
11. Ozbolt, J., Mestrovic, D., Li, Y.-J. and Eligehausen, R., Compression Failure of Beams
Made of Different Concrete Types and Sizes, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE,
126(2000) 200-209.
12. Mansur, M.A., Chin, M.S. and Wee, T.H., Flexural behavior of high-strength concrete
beams, ACI Structural Journal, 94(1997) 663-674.