Chapter 3 :

Computer Science
Class XII ( As per
CBSE Board)
File
Handling
New
Syllabus
2019-20

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File Handling
A file is a sequence of bytes on the disk/permanent storage where a
group of related data is stored. File is created for permanent storage
of data.
In programming, Sometimes, it is not enough to only display the data
on the console. Those data are to be retrieved later on,then the
concept of file handling comes. It is impossible to recover the
programmatically generated data again and again. However, if we
need to do so, we may store it onto the file system which is not
volatile and can be accessed every time. Here, comes the need of file
handling in Python.
File handling in Python enables us to create, update, read, and delete
the files stored on the file system through our python program. The
following operations can be performed on a file.
In Python, File Handling consists of following three steps:
 Open the file.
 Process file i.e perform read or write operation.
 Close the file.

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File Handling
Types of File
There are two types of files:
Text Files- A file whose contents can be viewed using a text editor is called a text
file. A text file is simply a sequence of ASCII or Unicode characters. Python
programs, contents written in text editors are some of the example of text files.
Binary Files-A binary file stores the data in the same way as as stored in the
memory. The .exe files,mp3 file, image files, word documents are some of the
examples of binary files.we can’t read a binary file using a text editor.

Text File Binary File

Its Bits represent character. Its Bits represent a custom data.
Less prone to get corrupt as change
Can easily get corrupted, corrupt on
reflects as soon as made and can be
even single bit change
undone.
Can store different types of data
Store only plain text in a file.
(audio, text,image) in a single file.
Developed for an application and
Widely used file format and can be
can be opened in that application
opened in any text editor.
only.
Mostly .txt and .rtf are used as Can have any application defined
extensions to text files. extension.

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File Handling
Opening and Closing Files-
To perform file operation ,it must be opened first then after reading
,writing, editing operation can be performed. To create any new file
then too it must be opened. On opening of any file ,a file relevant
structure is created in memory as well as memory space is created to
store contents.

Once we are done working with the file, we should close the file.
Closing a file releases valuable system resources. In case we forgot to
close the file, Python automatically close the file when program ends or
file object is no longer referenced in the program. However, if our
program is large and we are reading or writing multiple files that can
take significant amount of resource on the system. If we keep opening
new files carelessly, we could run out of resources. So be a good
programmer , close the file as soon as all task are done with it.

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File Handling
open Function-

Before any reading or writing operation of any file,it must be

opened first
of all.Python provide built in function open() for it.On calling of
this function creates file object for file operations.
Syntax
file object = open(<file_name>, <access_mode>,< buffering>)
file_name = name of the file ,enclosed in double quotes.
access_mode= Determines the what kind of operations can be
performed with file,like read,write etc.
Buffering = for no buffering set it to 0.for line buffering set it to 1.if
it is greater than 1 ,then it is buffer size.if it is negative then buffer
size is system default.

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File Handling
File opening modes-
Sr. Mode & Description
No
.
1 r - reading only.Sets file pointer at beginning of the file . This is the default mode.
2 rb – same as r mode but with binary file
3 r+ - both reading and writing. The file pointer placed at the beginning of the file.
4 rb+ - same as r+ mode but with binary file
5 w - writing only. Overwrites the file if the file exists. If not, creates a new file for writing.
6 wb – same as w mode but with binary file.
7 w+ - both writing and reading. Overwrites . If no file exist, creates a new file for R & W.
8 wb+ - same as w+ mode but with binary file.
9 a -for appending. Move file pointer at end of the file.Creates new file for writing,if not exist.
10 ab – same as a but with binary file.
11 a+ - for both appending and reading. Move file pointer at end. If the file does not exist, it creates
a new file for reading and writing.
12 ab+ - same as a+ mode but with binary mode.
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File Handling
File object attributes –
 closed: It returns true if the file is closed and false when the
file is open.
 encoding: Encoding used for byte string conversion.
 mode: Returns file opening mode
 name: Returns the name of the file which file object holds.
 newlines: Returns “\r”, “\n”, “\r\n”, None or a tuple
containing all the newline types seen.
E.g. Program
f = open("a.txt", 'a+')
print(f.closed)
print(f.encoding)
print(f.mode)
print(f.newlines)
print(f.name)
OUTPUT
False
cp1252
a+
None
a.txt

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File Handling
The close() Method
close(): Used to close an open file. After using this method,an
opened file will be closed and a closed file cannot be read or written
any more.
E.g. program
f = open("a.txt", 'a+')
print(f.closed)
print("Name of the file is",f.name)
f.close()
print(f.closed)

OUTPUT
False
Name of the file is a.txt
True

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File Handling
The write() Method
It writes the contents to the file in the form of
string. It does not return value. Due to buffering,
the string may not actually show up in the file
until the flush() or close() method is called.
The read() Method
It reads the entire file and returns it contents in
the form of a string. Reads at most size bytes or
less if end of file occurs.if size not mentioned
then read the entire file contents.

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File Handling
write() ,read() Method based program
f = open("a.txt", 'w')
line1 = 'Welcome to python.mykvs.in'
f.write(line1)
line2="\nRegularly visit python.mykvs.in"
f.write(line2)
f.close()

f = open("a.txt", 'r')
text = f.read()
print(text)
f.close()

OUTPUT
Welcome to python.mykvs.in
Regularly visit python.mykvs.in

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File Handling
readline([size]) method: Read no of characters from file if size is
mentioned till eof.read line till new line character.returns empty string
on EOF.
e.g. program
f = open("a.txt", 'w')
line1 = 'Welcome to python.mykvs.in'
f.write(line1)
line2="\nRegularly visit python.mykvs.in"
f.write(line2)
f.close()

f = open("a.txt", 'r')
text = f.readline()
print(text)
text = f.readline()
print(text)
f.close()

OUTPUT
Welcome to python.mykvs.in

Regularly visit python.mykvs.in

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File Handling
readlines([size]) method: Read no of lines from file if size is
mentioned or all contents if size is not mentioned.
e.g.program
f = open("a.txt", 'w')
line1 = 'Welcome to python.mykvs.in'
f.write(line1)
line2="\nRegularly visit python.mykvs.in"
f.write(line2)
f.close()

f = open("a.txt", 'r')
text = f.readlines(1)

print(text)
f.close()

OUTPUT
['Welcome to python.mykvs.in\n']

NOTE – READ ONLY ONE LINE IN ABOVE PROGRAM.

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File Handling
Iterating over lines in a file
e.g.program

f = open("a.txt", 'w')
line1 = 'Welcome to python.mykvs.in'
f.write(line1)
line2="\nRegularly visit python.mykvs.in"
f.write(line2)
f.close()

f = open("a.txt", 'r')
for text in f.readlines():
print(text)
f.close()

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File Handling
Processing Every Word in a File
e.g.program
f = open("a.txt", 'w')
line1 = 'Welcome to python.mykvs.in'
f.write(line1)
line2="\nRegularly visit python.mykvs.in"
f.write(line2)
f.close()

f = open("a.txt", 'r')
for text in f.readlines():
for word in text.split( ):
print(word)
f.close()
OUTPUT
Welcome
to
python.mykvs.in
Regularly
visit
python.mykvs.in
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File Handling
Append content to a File
f = open("a.txt", 'w')
line = 'Welcome to python.mykvs.in\nRegularly visit python.mykvs.in'
f.write(line)
f.close() A
P
P
E
f = open("a.txt", 'a+') N
D
f.write("\nthanks") C

f.close() O
D
E

f = open("a.txt", 'r')
text = f.read()
print(text)
f.close()

OUTPUT
Welcome to python.mykvs.in
Regularly visit python.mykvs.in
thanks

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File Handling
Getting & Resetting the Files Position
The tell() method of python tells us the current position within the file,where as
The seek(offset[, from]) method changes the current file position. If from is 0, the
beginning of the file to seek. If it is set to 1, the current position is used . If it is set to 2
then the end of the file would be taken as seek position. The offset argument
indicates the number of bytes to be moved.
e.g.program
f = open("a.txt", 'w')
line = 'Welcome to python.mykvs.in\nRegularly visit python.mykvs.in' OUTPUT
f.write(line) 0
f.close()
b'Welcome'
f = open("a.txt", 'rb+') 7
print(f.tell()) b' to
print(f.read(7)) # read seven characters
print(f.tell())
python.mykvs.in\r\n
print(f.read()) Regularly visit
print(f.tell()) python.mykvs.in'
f.seek(9,0) # moves to 9 position from begining 59
print(f.read(5))
f.seek(4, 1) # moves to 4 position from current location b'o pyt'
print(f.read(5)) b'mykvs'
f.seek(-5, 2) # Go to the 5th byte before the end b'vs.in'
print(f.read(5))
f.close()
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File Handling
Methods of os module
1. The rename() method used to rename the file.
syntax
e.g.program
os.rename(current_file_name, new_file_name)
import os
2. The remove() method to delete file.
print(os.getcwd())
syntax
os.mkdir("newdir")
os.remove(file_name)
os.chdir("newdir")
3.The mkdir() method of the os module to create
print(os.getcwd())
directories in the current directory.
syntax
os.mkdir("newdir")
4.The chdir() method to change the current directory.
syntax
os.chdir("newdir")
5.The getcwd() method displays the current directory.
syntax
os.getcwd()
6. The rmdir() method deletes the directory.
syntax
os.rmdir('dirname')

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File Handling
Absolute Path vs Relative Path
The absolute path is the full path to some place on your
computer. The relative path is the path to some file with respect
to your current working directory (PWD). For example:
Absolute path: C:/users/admin/docs/staff.txt
If PWD is C:/users/admin/, then the relative path to staff.txt would
be: docs/staff.txt
Note, PWD + relative path = absolute path.
Cool, awesome. Now, if we write some scripts which check if a
file exists.
os.chdir("C:/users/admin/docs")
os.path.exists("staff.txt")
This returns TRUE if stuff.txt exists and it works. e.g.program
Now, instead if we write, import os
os.path.exists("C:/users/admin/docs/staff.txt")
print(os.getcwd())
This will returns TRUE.
If we don't know where the user executing
os.mkdir("newdir1")
the script from, it is best to compute the absolute os.chdir("newdir1")
path on the user's system using os and __file__. print(os.getcwd())
my_absolute_dirpath =
__file__ is a global variable set on every Python os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
script that returns the relative path to the *.py file print(my_absolute_dirpath)
that contains it.

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File Handling
Standard input, output, and error streams in python
Most programs make output to "standard out“,input from "standard in“, and
error messages go to standard error).standard output is to monitor and
standard input is from keyboard.
e.g.program
import sys
a = sys.stdin.readline()
sys.stdout.write(a)
a = sys.stdin.read(5)#entered 10 characters.a contains 5 characters.
#The remaining characters are waiting to be read.
sys.stdout.write(a)
b = sys.stdin.read(5)
sys.stdout.write(b)
sys.stderr.write("\ncustom error message")

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