Quiz 1 Stratigraphy

I.
a. Lamination
- Lacustrine
- this is formed when sediments slowly settle and accumulate which is possible in
lacustrine environments
b. Hummocky cross stratification
- littoral
- formed by the combination of unidirectional flow and oscillating waves that is
possible in littoral environments

c. Flaser Bedding
-tidal flat
- deposition of mud in rippled sand, evidence of ebb current, common in tidal flat

d. Ripple marks
-littoral
-produced by one directional flow and water turns back because of turbulent flow.

e. Varves
-Lacustrine
-alternating light and dark layers of sediment possible in a lacustrine environment
where white layers of carbonate sediment is accumulated at summer and dark
sediment accumulate at winter.
f. Boundstone
-shallow marine
-This are formed in shallow, wave-agitated area. Usually found in carbonate
ramps, a shallow marine cabonate environment

g. Remains of planktonic organisms

-deep marine
-when planktonic organisms die they settle at the bottom of the ocean

h. Siliceoous oozes
-deep marine
- they are produced by radiolaria and diatomite which are planktonic organisms

i. Remains of benthic organisms

-shallow marine
- organisms that occur at shelf margin are distinctive to shallow marine conditions

j. rudstones
-shallow marine
 - because rudstone can be found in forereef that accumulates reef talus such as
grainstone and rudstone

k. peloid skeletal packstones

-shallow marine
-it is found in backreef along with bioturbated lagoonal mudstones.

l. Imbrication
-fluvial
- this indicates paleocurrent direction due to stream currents.

m. Bouma Sequence
-deep basin margin
-Bouma sequence formalize the turbidite sequence which are formed due to
turbidites, found in submarine canyons it is the ideal vertical succession of
turbidite sequence. It is subdivided into parts:

1. muddy ,structureless
2. flat lamination
3. silt, ripple lamination
4. fine sand, flat laminatoin
5. sandy, graded, grooved in basal parts

n. gypsum, anhydrite and dolomite

-Tidal flat
-Evaporites like gypsum, anhydrite and dolomite are common in arid
environments/conditions, which makes it an environment of tidal flat

o. platy corals
-shallow marine
-These structures are associated with shelf-edge reef and these are product of
carbonate secreting organisms, kind of deposits in a shallow marine carbonate
environment.

p. contourites
-deep basin margin
- there structures are formed in deep waters by contour currents and common in
trenches agitated by water paths.

q. reactivation surfaces
-tidal flat
-it is producted when one flow in one direction is stronger than the other but the
other one is strong enough to modify the bedform shape. It is produced in tide
dominated areas.

R. Erratic lithologies
 -glacial
-Glaciers carry a wide range of different sediment sizes which results to erratic
nature.

s. Loess
-Aeolian environment
-These are well sorted, silt - sized sediment transported by wind which makes it
an aeolian environment.

t. Burrow
-littoral
-

II.

1.
Pelagic - environment where pelagic organisms live. this environment is a water colmn of t he
open ocean.
Benthic - Environment where benthic organisms live. It is the ecological region at the lowest
part of the ocean which includes the ocean floor.

2.
Hypolimnion - bottomost layer of the lake, a zone of constant cold due to the lack of oxygen and
sunglight.
Epilimnion - upper layer of the lake that is in contact with the atmosphere, oxygen rich layer and
receives sunlight.

3.
Wave dominated delta - has a cuspate areal plan. Riverine sediments are modified by ocean
waves and currents
Tide dominated - Have irregular estuarine areal plan.

4.
Fore reef deposit - have coarse deposits indicated by the accumulation of reef talus such as
rudstone and grainstone.
Backreef deposits - Have fine deposits indicated by the accumulation of bioturbated lagoonal
mudstones and peloid packstone.

5. stream flow deposit - well sorted, well stratified, clast supported deposits with imbrication,
commonly found in distal fans.
Debris flow deposit - narrow lobes of poorly sorted, unstratified, matrix supported, commonly
found in proximal fans.

6. bioherm- mound like or reef like shaped by biologically produced carbonates.

Biostrome - is a ribbon or sheet shaped structure made largely of skeletal material.
7. Braided stream deposit - have overbank deposits that are thin and discontinuous. The
bedload is coarser and more voluminous than meandering stream deposits.
Meandering stream deposits -

8. Carbonate ramp deposits -

Rimmed carbonate shelf -

9. Tempestite - are storm deposits that are hummocky and cross stratified in the form of scour
and erosional surface.
Turbidite

10. Littoral - is the s hallow zone, between high tide and low tide.
Neritic - is the marine environment of the continental shelves that extends about 200 m deep

III. Transgression / regression

Transgression - rise in sealevel, sediments move landwards, fining upward sequence

Regression - fall in sealevel, sediments move seawards, coarsening upward sequence.

Quiz 2 Stratigraphy

I.

1.
Holostratotype- is the original stratotype designated by the original author and described to act
as the standard reference section or reference point within a section when the stratigraphic unit or
boundary is first established.

Parastratotype - is a supplementary stratotype used in the original definition by the original

author to illustrate the heterogeneity of the stratigraphic unit.

2. 1st order cycles- having a duration of 200 - 400 million years probably caused by major
eustatic cycles caused by the formation and breakups of super continents.
3rd order cycles - also called mesothem having a duration of 1 - 10 million years caused by
crustal flexure or changes in the geoid.

3. System - is the rank below the erathem and above the series in the chronostratigraphic
hierarchy. Its geochronologic equivalent is the period.
Series - is the rank below the system and above the stage in the chronostratigraphic hierarchy. Its
geochronologic equivalent is the epoch.

4. Type locality - is the specific geographic locality where the stratigraphic unit is situated.
Biogeographic province - is the area where a taxa is most abundant.

5. Chron - is the geochronologic unit with unspecified rank

Chronozone - is the chronostratigraphic equivalent of a chron.

6. Formation - is the primary formal unit of a lithostratigraphic succession

Lithodeme - is a defined body of intrusive igneous body metamorphosed or highly deformed
rock that generally does not comply to the law of super position.

7. horizon - is an interface indicative of a particular position in the stratigraphic sequence

Zone - is a minor body of rock in many different categories of stratigraphic classification

8. Autocyclic - autocyclic succession is controlled by processes within the depositional basin.

Allocyclic - Allocyclic succession is caused by external variations outside the depositional basin

9. Isochronous rock bodies - are bodies of rock where sediments were deposited in the same
span of time.
Diachronous rock bodies - are bodies of rock where it is bounded by two non synchronous
rocks.

10. Exus Albus biozone - is the stratal sequence or stratigraphic unit that contains the fossil
Exus Albus
Exus Albus chronozone - is the time of formation of the stratigraphic unit that contains the
geologic characteristic that is Exus Albus.

II.

1. chronozone; Chronostratigraphy in the basis of worldwide correlation but only if there is

sufficient evidence to identify the given unit.

2. ok,because each biozone have particular properties or attributes that distinguish them from one
another

3. The terms “Early and “Late” (Eg Early Miocene limestone) designating relative
positions, are used when referring to rock bodies.
Time of formation; early and late are given as time units that describe the hierarchy in the
geologic time scale, upper and lower are used in reffering to rock bodies since it describe the
designated position relative to the stratigraphic succession.

4. Biostratigraphic unit is the basic unit of geologic mapping.

Lithostratigraphic unit; biostratigraphic unit is used to correlate on the basis of fossil while
lithostratigraphic unit is based on lithologic structures of rocks which would be more useful in
mapping
5. Biostratigraphic classification is useful for worldwide correlation
chronostratigraphic, because it deals with the time of formation and deposition of rocks w hich is
a universal property useful for worldwide correlation.

6. Ok; it varies depending on the availability of the fossils to determine the thickness of the zone

7. Thickness is a determining parameter in dividing rock successions into stratigraphic units.

okay; the determining parameter for succession should be the law of super position because
using this geologist can easily interpret the successive deposition of strata

8. ok

9. ok, chronostratigraphic scale is the rock equivalent deposited at a certain geochronologic

scale. This would reference the classification of the geologic time scale.

10. All formations should be divided into members.

need not always have members in a formation is only alloted if there is a purpose or if the
formation is necessary to have members.
Quiz 3 Stratigraphy
II.

1. Structure contour map - is a map that contours the surface of an underground lithologic
unit.

Isopach Map - is a contour map that shows the isopachs or points of total equal thickness of
rock units

2. Paleogeologic map - uses subsurface information to strip away younger units to reconstruct
the pattern of outcrop before they were buried.

Paleogeographic Map- shows the distribution of ancient environments of a given time in

geologic history

3. Depositional Sequence - is genetically related strata bounded by surfaces of erosion or non-

deposition of their correlative conformities

Parasequence - are relatively conformable succession of genetically related beds or bedsets

bounded by marine flooding surfaces or their correlative surfaces.
4. Allostratigraphy - Study of sedimentary strata that can be defined and identified from the
discontinuities bounding them, and that can be mapped.

Sequence stratigraphy - Based on the premise that sedimentary successions can be divided into
unconformity-bounded units (sequences) that form during a single, major cycle of sea-level
change.

5. pedostratigraphic unit - is a buried, traceable, three-dimensional body of rock that consists

of one or more differentiated pedologic horizons.
pedologic soil profile - is composed of one or more soil horizon

6. Retrogradational - each parasequence is shifted landwards relative to the the preceding

parasequence.
Progradational - each parasequence is shifted somewhat farther seaward than the parasequence
before.

7. high stand - Produced with a rise in relative sea level .

Low stand - Produced when relative sea level drops rapidly

III.
1. What is a sedimentary basin?
A low lying area in the Earth's crust where sediments accumulate
2.
Sedimentological analysis - provenance studies determines the source and direction of transport
of basin sediments. This requires detailed petrographic analysis
North palawan- West central Rift basin Late mesozoic and
mindoro basin philippines, offshore tertiary
South east luzon South east luzon, Backarc Oligocene to holocene
onshore
Visayan samar basin Central philippines, Backarc Upper oligocene to
offshore holocene
Sulu sea basin Northeast borneo, Balabac & Bancauan: Paleogene-Neogene
malaysia ; forearc
Sandakan: backarc
South palawan shelf Southwest of uligan Rift basin Upper mesozoic to
reed bank bay fault quarternary
Agusan Davao Basin Eastern Mindanao forearc cenozoic
Cotabato Basin South central backarc holocene
Mindanao; onshore
Cagayan Basin Northeast luzon; backarc Upper Oligocene-
onshore Holocene
Central Luzon Basin Central Luzon, backarc Eocene to Holocene
offshore
Iloilo shelf and west Central philippines, forearc Oligocene to holocene
masbate shelf offshore
Bicol Shelf - Lamon Southeast luzon; forearc Oligocene and
Bay basin offshore younger clastics
West Luzon West of the Central Backarc basin Oligocene-Holocene
Platform Basin and on the east
side of the west Luzon
Trough
Ilocos Basin Northwest Luzon Forearc basin Upper Oligocene to
Holocene
Type of Basin Mode of Formation Environment Deposits
Rift Lithospheric extension ranging from Coarse to fine
on a craton, presumably nonmarine (fluvial, siliciclastics, usually
by regional lacustrine) nonmarine; often
sublithospheric heating, lacustrine sediments;
causes major interbedded basalts
rifts(divergent)
Trench Deep troughs formed by Deep marine varies from thin
subduction of oceanic pelagic sediments
lithosphere (fine abyssal muds,
(convergent) volcanic ash) to thick
(arc-derived coarse
siliciclastics and
volcaniclastics)
Forearc As subduction proceeds, Fluvial and deltaic nonmarine
a relatively low area, siliciclastic fluvial to
usually below sea level, deltaic deposits at the
is formed between the arcward margin pass
relatively high outer arc seaward into deep
upraised by subduction marine siliciclastics,
and the inner volcanic mainly sediment-
arc built by subduction gravityflow deposits,
magmatism.(convergence all interbedded with
setting) arc-derived volcanics
flows and
pyroclastics.
Backarc Produced behind the marine Volcaniclastic
active arc when turbidites,
intraoceanic arcs exhibit montmorillonitic
backarc spreading clays from weathered
volcanics, biogenic
ooze, and small
amount of eolian dust
from the continent
Intracratonic Formed by subsidence of Shallow marine shallow-water
the lithosphere when cratonal sediments
plates (carbonates, shales,
diverge(divergence) sandstones)
Retroarc Created by the Shallow marine, There can be a
compression of the deltaic, and fluvial complete mixture of
intracontinental arc shallow marine,
which, forms the deltaic, and fluvial
foreland fold-thrust belt. sandstones and
shales
Aulacogen are commonly presumed Shallow marine coarse to fine
to be rifts that failed but siliciclastics, mostly
were reactivated during coarse, minor
convergent tectonics carbonates; mostly
nonmarine, some
marine
Pull apart Formed at strike slip Alluvial environment Clastics(has alluvial
faults or transform faults fans) and turbidites
that are stepped or
curved causing
tension(transform
boundary)