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    Microbiology Department FK Umsu

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    farhan
    Viruses infect host cells through attachment and entry. They then use the host cell's machinery to replicate themselves through transcription and translation of viral genes. New viral particles are assembled and released to infect new host cells, either through lysis of the host cell or budding from the cell surface. Viruses can cause disease through direct cell damage during replication or indirectly through host immune response and inflammation. Understanding viral replication and pathogenesis is important for developing antiviral treatments and vaccines.

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    Microbiology Department FK Umsu

    Uploaded by

    farhan
    41 views53 pages
    Viruses infect host cells through attachment and entry. They then use the host cell's machinery to replicate themselves through transcription and translation of viral genes. New viral particles are assembled and released to infect new host cells, either through lysis of the host cell or budding from the cell surface. Viruses can cause disease through direct cell damage during replication or indirectly through host immune response and inflammation. Understanding viral replication and pathogenesis is important for developing antiviral treatments and vaccines.

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    Viruses infect host cells through attachment and entry. They then use the host cell's machinery to replicate themselves through transcription and translation of viral genes. New viral particles are assembled and released to infect new host cells, either through lysis of the host cell or budding from the cell surface. Viruses can cause disease through direct cell damage during replication or indirectly through host immune response and inflammation. Understanding viral replication and pathogenesis is important for developing antiviral treatments and vaccines.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views53 pages

    Microbiology Department FK Umsu

    Uploaded by

    farhan
    Viruses infect host cells through attachment and entry. They then use the host cell's machinery to replicate themselves through transcription and translation of viral genes. New viral particles are assembled and released to infect new host cells, either through lysis of the host cell or budding from the cell surface. Viruses can cause disease through direct cell damage during replication or indirectly through host immune response and inflammation. Understanding viral replication and pathogenesis is important for developing antiviral treatments and vaccines.

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    MICROBIOLOGY DEPARTMENT FK UMSU

    Viruses only exist to make more


    viruses.

    The structure of viruses allows


    them to succeed in their main
    mission  reproduction
    LYTIC CYCLE
    Once attached to a host cell, the virus injects its nucleic acid
    into cell and take over the operation to produce multiple
    copies of the virus. As the host cells filled with newly
    assembled virus, it burst.
    LYSOGENIC CYCLE
    Some virus may enter host and remain hidden for years and
    doesn’t seem to affect cell function. At some point, it can
    become active and take over the cell, then destroy the host
    cells.
    Transcripti Assembly
    ATTACHM Penetration Uncoating on and and
    ENT
    Translation Release
    Adsorption
     Highly specific, the surface of
    the virion contains structures
    that interact receptors on the
    surface of the host cell. It
    defines and limits the host
    species and type of cell that can
    be infected by a particular
    virus. Damage to the binding
    sites on the virion or blocking
    by specific antibodies
    (neutralization) can render
    virions non-infectious.
    Receptors are involved
    in adsorption
    Spikes and phage tails may carry attachment protein
    PENETRATION
    The process whereby
    the virion enters the
    cell;
    as a result of direct
    fusion of the viral
    envelope with the
    plasma membrane of
    the cell or
    endocytosis.
    Uncoating
    The protein coat of the virion
    dissociates and the viral genome is
    released into the cytoplasm.
    Transcription and
    Translation
    Transcription and translation of viral
    mRNA and synthesis of the structural
    "late" proteins which are needed to make
    new virions.
     DNA viruses are mostly ds while RNA viruses are
    ss.
     RNA mutation rate is higher than DNA (because
    host DNA polymerase has refining activity)
     DNA replication takes place in the nucleus while
    RNA replication takes place in cytoplasm.
     DNA viruses are stable while RNA viruses
    areunstable.
     DNA viruses injected their viral genetic code into
    the host DNA for duplication and decoding. RNA
    viruses skip DNA for duplication and decoding.
    Assembly
    The proteins self-assemble
    and a genome enters each
    new capsid. This takes place
    either in the nucleus or in the
    cytoplasm of the cell, or
    sometimes, just beneath the
    cell surface.
    Release
    Release of new infectious
    virions is the final stage of
    replication. This may occur
    either by budding from
    plasma membrane (for
    enveloped viruses), or else
    by disintegration (lysis) of
    the infected cell (for non-
    enveloped viruses). Some
    viruses use the secretory
    pathway to exit the cell.
     Viruses that infects only bacterias
     A major factor that
    control which cell type a
    virus can infect
     presence of certain
    receptor on the cell
    surface to which the
    virus must attach in order
    to gain entry into cell
     Horizontal (from one host to another between two individuals)
     Vertical (from
    mother to
    fetus)
     Sometimes there are needs of isolation
     Most important are mucosa
    of respiratory and
    gastrointestinal tract.
     Intact epidermis presents a
    barriero viruses (but maybe
    overcome through
    microtrauma or mechanical
    inoculation – bloodsucking
    arthropoda)
    Localized
    Disseminated (eg: axonal)
    Generalized viremia /
    Lymphatics
    Generalized infection

    Viruses usually
    replicate at portal of
    entry andthen
    disseminated via the
    lymphatic or blood
    stream.
    Example: polioviruses,
    measles
    Time from exposure to an organism to the
    onset of clinical disease
     may vary from 1 days to years
    Implantation of
    virus at portal
    of entry

    Sites of
    shedding Local
    viruses to replication
    environtment

    Spread to
    target organs
    Accessibility of virus to tissue
    Cell susceptibility to virus multiplication
    Virus susceptibility to host defenses
    DIRECT CELL DAMAGE: INDIRECT CELL DAMAGE:
     Diversion of the cell’s energy  Integration of viral genome
     Shutoff of the cell  Induction of mutatons inthe
    maromolecular synthesis host genome
     Competition of viral mRNA  Inflammation
    for cellular ribosomes  Host immune response
     Inhibition of the interferon
    defense mechanism
    Organ damage caused by viruses is
    mainly DEGENERATIVE nature.
    Inflammatory reactions are secondary
    process.
    Infections may go unnoticed if cell
    destructions is insignificant  silent /
    subclinical infection
    Due to
    destroyed
    infected cells
    Exacerbation of
    infection
    Complex
    Immunological
    formed with
    process
    viral component
    Heal/subdue
    infection
    Normal cells Transformed cells
    Non specific  innate immunity.
    Recognizes acromolecules expressed
    by microbial pathogens (PAMP).
    Specific (humoral and cellular)
    specific virus-induced defense
    mechanism and must be activated by
    antigen presented.
     Different signal
    different pathway
    Most viral infections are self-limiting,
    resulting in either clearance of the pathogen or
    death of the host. However, a subset
    of viruses can establish
    permanent infection and persist indefinitely
    within the host.
    Take an example of a virus, WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW?
     Michael T Madigan_ Kelly S Bender_ Daniel Hezekiah Buckley_ W Matthew Sattley_
    David Allan Stahl-Brock Biology of Microorganisms-Pearson (2019)
     Tortora G.J., Funke B.R., Case C.L.-Microbiology_ An introduction-Pearson (2013)

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