Objectives of The Project:: International Business School, Kolkata

ASSESSMENT OF SEGMENTED RISKS AND CREDIT WORTHINESS UNDER BOBRAM MODEL.
(BOB, KOLKATA DOMAIN) 1
Objectives of the project:

To assess the suitability of the company for disbursement of credit. This would involve the following
actions:
Use of credit rating charts
Evaluation of management risk
Evaluation of financial risk
Evaluation of market-industry risk
Evaluation of the facility
Evaluation of compliance of sanction terms
Calculation of credit rating
Determination of interest rate: This would entail the following sequence of actions.
Collect data regarding financial health evaluation
Noting down of credit rating
Referencing the banks’ interest rate guidelines circular
Choosing the interest rate from the circular on the basis of financial health and credit rating
To assess the financial health of organizations that approaches Bank of Baroda for credit for business
purposes. This would entail undertaking of the following procedures:
Analysis of past and present financial statements

Analysis of Balance Sheet
Analysis of Cash Flow Statements
Examination of Profitability statements
Examination of projected financial statements
Examination of CMA data
International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

ASSESSMENT OF SEGMENTED RISKS AND CREDIT WORTHINESS UNDER BOBRAM MODEL. (BOB, KOLKATA DOMAIN) 2
CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
Credit Appraisal & Credit Rating

Priority of credit appraisal
Stages of credit analysis and rating
Evaluation of credit rating
India’s credit rating agencies
SEBI’s regulations
Basis of credit appraisal methodology
Risk management
Different types of risk
Need of sound credit appraisal and
accurate risk assessment

Credit Appraisal & Credit Rating

A credit rating is an assessment by a third party of the creditworthiness of an issuer of financial
securities. It tells investors the likelihood of default, or non-payment, by the issuer of its financial obligations.
Credit analysis is the financial analysis used to determine the creditworthiness of an issuer. It examines the
capability of a borrower, or issuer of financial obligations, to repay the amounts owing on schedule or at all.
Credit rating is a tool in the hands of financial intermediaries, such as banks and financial institutions that can
be effectively employed for taking decisions relating to lending and investments. Credit rating is the assessment
of a borrower’s credit quality. Credit ratings performs the function of credit risk evaluation reflecting the
borrower’s expected capability to repay the debt as per terms of issue.
Credit rating establishes a link between risk and return. An investor or any other interested person uses
the rating to assess the risk level and compares the offered rate of return with his expected rate of return.
Establishing the creditworthiness of borrowers is one of the oldest established financial activities known.
Through history, the act of lending funds has been accompanied by an examination of the ability of the
borrower to repay the funds. The most ancient civilizations and societies known to us often show development
of sophisticated trading and banking activities. As modern accounting and finance developed during the
industrial revolution, banking and lending grew to a larger scale and became more systematic.
The analysis of the creditworthiness involves preliminary study of the factors and pre-requisites which can
affect adversely the duly repayment of the credit. It is of high importance that bank specialists demonstrate
competence and conscientiousness. Banks have at their disposal various ways for choosing suitable borrowers
to be financed and for exercising control over the special purpose of the credit resources and their expedient and
efficient spending. Today Banks and NBFC’s use their own credit rating techniques as credit rating agencies
usually done, for appraisal of credit worthiness of borrowers and assessment of total risk.

Credit Rating
Bond Equity Short Term

Rating Rating instruments
Borrower
rating
rating
(individual &
The priority of the credit analysis is to determine the following:

The managerial qualities of the loan applicant > His ability to regularly repay the loan, the interest accrued and
charges by using his current revenue from his business activity at present and in the future >The amount of his
capital and the possibility to use it to secure the borrowing of the commercial bank-creditor in the event of risky
situations >The influence of micro and macro environment over the business activity of the company during the
current period and in the future and respectively over his ability to service the bank loan >Specific risk
situations which can affect the borrower's money inflow and consequently result in problems with the
repayment of the loan >The correspondence between the extended credit and the real need for it >The
correspondence between the term of credit and the circulation speed of the funds for the raising of which it was
extended.
Traditional Approach:
There are five criteria (5 C Analysis) that most lenders use to assess a borrower’s creditworthiness:
capacity to generate sufficient cash flows to service the loan;

collateral to secure the loan in case the borrower defaults;
capital that shareholders have invested in the business;
conditions prevailing in the borrower’s industry and broader economy; and
character and track record of the borrower and the borrower’s management

The stages of the credit analysis are as follows:

•Collecting and analyzing information about the company applying for a loan and formulating
1 indicators about its financial situation
2 •. Collecting and analyzing information about the credit event
3 •Assessing the credit risk
4 •Checking the reliability of the information, provided by the company applying for a loan
5 •Preparing an analysis of the credit risk
6 •Putting weights on different parameters and making a cumulative weight gradation
7 •Taking a decision
8 •Setting the credit terms
Credit Rating is not:

>General purpose evaluation of issuer >Audit of the issuing company >onetime assessment of credit worthiness
of the issuer valid over the future life of the security.
Evaluation of Credit Rating
This concept originated in the US in 1909 AD when the founder of Moody’s Investor Service, John
Moody, rated the US Rail Road Bonds. However, the relevance of this concept was realized only after the great
depression when investors lost all their money. lack of symmetric information and high costs of collecting
information increased the popularity of credit rating. The world’s biggest rating agencies are Moody’s investor
service and Standard and Poor’s(S&P).They have been into the rating business for decades(since 1916).The rating
giants have diversified their service portfolio in order to survive and grow. Besides rating bond issues –their core
rating business-they have diversified into rating asset backed securities, commercial papers, bank loans, and other
financial products.

The growth of credit rating industry in India (External Rating Agencies)

India was the first among the developing world to set up a credit rating agency-Credit Rating Information
Services of India Ltd. (CRISIL) in 1988.Then came ICRA(Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of
India Ltd.) in 1990,followed by CARE( Credit analysis and Research Ltd.) in 1993.Another one is Fitch Rating
India Private Ltd. Was formerly known as OCR India –Duff and Phelps Credit Rating Co. USA and OCR India
merged to form a new entity called Fitch India. Fitch is the only international rating agency with a presence on
the ground in India. The credit rating function was further institutionalized in the 1990s when the RBI and SEBI
made credit rating mandatory for the issue of Commercial Paper (CP) and certain categories of debentures and
debt instruments. Example of CRISIL credit rating given below:
ICRA Credit rating:

CP=Commercial paper Fully/partly/non-convertible debenture Certificate of deposit/FD
A1 Highest safety LAAA Highest safety MAAA Highest safety

A2 High safety LAA High safety MAA High safety
A3 Adequate safety LA Adequate safety MA Adequate safety
A4 Risk Prone LBBB Moderate safety MB Inadequate safety
LBB Inadequate safety MC Risk prone
LB Risk prone
LC Substantial Risk
LD Default

CARE credit rating:

PR1 – Superior, PR2 – Strong, PR3 – Adequate, PR4 – Risk prone, PR5- Default
CARE AAA - Best quality (high investment grade), CARE AA-High quality, CARE A-Adequate Safety, CARE
BBB-Moderate safety, CARE BB- Inadequate safety, CARE B- Risk prone, CARE C-High Risk, and CARE D-
Default.
SEBI Regulations for Credit Rating Agencies
These regulations are called the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Credit Rating Agencies)
Regulations, 1999.
Only commercial Banks, public financial institutions, foreign banks operating in India, foreign credit
rating agencies and companies with a minimum net worth of `.100 crore as per its audited annual accounts
for the previous 5 years are eligible to promote rating agencies in India.
Rating agencies required to have a minimum net worth of `.5 crore.
Rating agencies cannot assess financial instruments of their promoters who have more than 10% stake in
them.
Rating agencies cannot rate a security issued by an entity which is a borrower of its promoter or a
subsidiary of its promoter or an associate of its promoter.
Rating agencies cannot rate a security issued by its associate or subsidiary,if the credit rating agency or
the rating committee .
Basis of Credit Appraisal Methodology:
Appraisal of credit worthiness and rating are based on an indepth study of the industry and an evaluation of the
strengths and weakness of the company.The analytical framework for rating consists of the following four broad
areas.

Business Financial
Analysis Analysis
Industry risk covers an analysis of Accounting quality covers method of

actual and estimated income recognition,inventory
demand/supply,Govt.policy,no of valuation,depreciation policies,off
competitiors,growth of the industry balance sheet liabilities
Market position covers market Earnings protection and growth with

share,swot analysis,potential market ratio analysis
Adequancy of cash flows,working

Operating efficiency covers cost capital needs,capital budget
structure,input avaliability and cost.
Financial flexibility with feasible plans
Legal position
Management Fundamental
Analysis Analysis
Liquidity management,study of
Study of track capital structure,
record of the
management,capa
city to overcome Asset quality includes the
adverse company's credit
situations,goals,ph management,policies monitoring
ilosophy,strategies credit,composition of asset
Profitability examination
Interest and tax sensitivity

Risk Management
Definition of Risk: The Basel committee has defined the risk as “the probability of the unexpected
happening-the probability of suffering loss”. Risk is a probability of loss, may be direct or indirect. Direct
loss may be relating to loss of capital or earnings whereas indirect loss may be loss of business. Banks
often distinguish between expected loss and unexpected loss. Expected losses are those that the bank
knows with reasonable certainty will occur (e.g., the expected default rate of corporate loan portfolio or
credit card portfolio) and are typically reserved for in some manner. Unexpected losses are those
associated with unforeseen events (e.g. losses experienced by banks in the aftermath of nuclear tests,
Losses due to a sudden down turn in economy or falling interest rates). Banks rely on their capital as a
buffer to absorb such losses.
The four letter ‘Risk’ indicates that risk is an unexpected event or incident, which needs to be identified, measures
monitored and control.
R = Rare (Unexpected)
I = Incident (Outcome)
S = Selection (Identification)
K = Knocking (measuring, monitoring, controlling)
Thus, the risk management is a sum of (1) Risk identification (2) Risk measurement (3) Risk monitoring and (4)
Risk control with a view to maximize Risk Adjusted on Capital Employed = (RAROCE).
During the about last five years period the subject of risk management in banks is gaining momentum with Basel
Committee on Banking Supervision and the Reserve Bank of India prescribing guidelines for implementation of
Risk Management System by banks. While the risk management has a number of potential benefits, it does raise
a number of conceptual and practical challenges. The effectiveness of implementation of the Risk Management
System in different categories of banks operating in India differs from each other because banks are designing
their risk management system keeping in view their own requirements dictated by size and complexity of
business, risk philosophy, market perception and the expected level of capital. The Basel Committee on Banking
Supervision is in the process of implementation of New Capital Accord in near future, which requires substantial
up gradation of the existing Risk Management Systems in banks. The New Accord will have inbuilt provision for

capital incentives for banks having advanced risk management systems and it is imperative on banks to gradually
improve their systems by removing the veil of secrecy.
My project mainly on Credit risk Management and Credit Worthiness/Appraisal. Credit risk is defined as the
possibility of losses associated with diminution in the credit quality of borrowers or counter parties. In a bank’s
portfolio, losses stem from outright default due to inability or unwillingness of a customer or counter party to
meet commitments in relation to lending, trading, settlement and other financial transactions. In the backdrop, it
is imperative that banks have a robust credit risk management system, which is sensitive and responsive to credit
risk factors. Credit risk can be understood as the uncertainty associated with borrower’s loan repayments. Credit
Risk Management encompasses identification, measurement, monitoring and control of the credit risk exposures.
Risk management process: (proposed Risk Management solution depicted in diagram)
Risk Identification Risk Measurement Risk Mitigation
Data
External Repositor
data(Ratin y Operatio
g Agency (internal nal risk
& Derivativ
Dedicated Credit Banking
external) risk e
CRM Dashboard
suite
Application
Market
Risk
Banks MIS
Capital
Allocation
Module
Different types of Risk:
1) Market Risk 2) Operational Risk
3) Credit Risk 4) Country Risk

1) MARKET RISK can be defined as the risk of losses in and off balance sheet positions arising from adverse
movement of market variables. Market risk may be relating to
Liquidity Risk: Potential inability of a bank to meet its repayment obligations in a timely and cost effective
manner. Mismatch of deposits and assets.
Interest Rate Risk: Risk due to change in market interest rate, which might adversely affect bank’s
financial position.NIM will reduce. This depends on types of assets such as fixed or floating rate, quantum
etc.
Interest risk of the bank is quantitatively measured by measuring the “Duration Gap” of the bank’s financial
assets.
D=Duration, F=Cash flow, Y=Discount rate, t-Time Period, PV-Present Value of the Security
Unit of the duration is years
Duration Gap= Dollar Weighted duration of asset portfolio- Dollar Weighted duration of bank’s liabilities
Duration of Asset (DA) = [[Summation of (Expected cash inflows * Time period
received)]/ (1+Discount rate) ^t]] / [Summation of (Excepted cash inflows/ (1+Disount
rate) ^t)] where t=1 to n
Duration of Liability (DL) = [[Summation of (Expected cash outflows * Time period
received)]/ (1+Discount rate) ^t]] / [Summation of (Excepted cash outflows/ (1+Disount
rate) ^t)] where t=1 to n All the above required fields (cash inflow, time period, discount rate (given by the bankers), to
calculate the duration are available in the Risk Analysis engine which are populated from bank’s MIS .
Foreign exchange Risk: Risk due to upward /downward movement in exchange rate when there is open
position, either spot or forward or both in an individual currency.
Commodity Price Risk: The price fluctuation in commodity, which are changed to the bank as security
etc. by way of hypothecation and /or pledge.
Equity Price Risk: is a loss in value of the bank’s equity investments and or equity derivatives, arising out
of change in equity price, price fluctuation in stock market where bank has invested fund.

2) OPERATIONAL RISK It is a risk relating to direct or indirect losses arising out of inadequate or failure of
people, process, system, business, management and /or external factors.
Operational Loss= Probability of loss event (PE)* Loss given that event (LGE)
3) CREDIT RISK It is a risk of potential loss arising out of inability or unwillingness of a customer or counter
party to meet its commitments in relation to lending. Hedging, settlement and other financial transactions. Thus
credit risk may be relating to;
Direct lending: Default risk(nonpayment of installment and interest by the loanee)

Off-balance sheet items: counterparty risk –Invocation of guarantee or crystallization of L/C liability for
which due has been paid or denied by the counter party.
Treasury operations: Forward contract obligations, credit derivatives etc. on the due date the party’s
refusing/denied the payment/ delivery.
Security transaction: the counter party may not effect fund settlement/ security settlement.
Counter party risk: when there are two or more contracts entered into and liabilities are depending upon
happening of certain events and the party on whose behalf we have taken exposure express his inability
to pay out is called counter party risk.
Portfolio Risk: is also called credit concentration risk, this arises due to failure of particular
segment/activity where the bank is having substantial exposure. To mitigate such risk there are sectoral
exposure, single/group exposure ceiling, activity ceiling etc.
Defaulter risk: there is a one contract only between bank and borrowers may be due to unwillingness or
inability of the borrower.
The topics covered by me during my internship in Bank of Baroda are:

Credit rating
Techno-Economic Viability (TEV) report
Appraisal of Term Loan and Working Capital
Credit Audit
NPA Management
Industry Profile
Domestic Loan Policy
All these topics have been discussed below in details.

Credit rating
Credit is considered as core business activity of the banking resulting into profit. Therefore, it is necessary to
increase the credit portfolio and also to mitigate the risk relating to credit.
Credit rating was the very first topic covered by me in the bank. An effective way to mitigate credit risks is to
have a robust rating system in place, which can identify potential risks in a particular asset, allow a bank to
maintain a healthy asset quality and at the same time impart flexibility in pricing assets to meet the required risk
return parameters. A robust credit rating system enables the bank in determining the probability of default and
the severity of default among its loan assets and thus allows the bank to build systems and initiate measures to
maintain its asset quality. Credit risk rating is basically assigned to borrowers based on their ability or willingness
to repay the debt.
The rating model structure is shown below:
MODULE
SECTION
PARAMETER
SUB PARAMETER
Bank of Baroda also has a strong credit rating system. The bank earlier used the AAIPL method i.e M/S Arthur
Anderson (I) P Limited, which was the traditional method. Banks Consultants on Risk Management M/S Arthur
Anderson (I) P Limited has suggested for introducing new credit rating model i.e. CRISIL rating models, for
adapting the current day techniques in credit risk management.
Before introducing the CRISIL rating models for credit risk rating, I want to give a small overview on credit
risk models of all commercial advances.

Overview of Four Credit Risk Models:

A brief overview of the four credit risk models that have achieved global acceptance as benchmarks for measuring
stand-alone as well as portfolio credit risk is given below:
The four models are:
Altman’s Z-Score model
KMV model for measuring default risk
Credit Metrics
Credit Risk
The first two models were developed to measure the default risk associated with an individual borrower. The Z-
Score model separates the ‘bad’ firms or the firms in financial distress from the set of ‘good’ firms who are able
to service their debt obligations in time. The KMV model, on the other hand, estimates the default probability of
each firm. Thus, the output of this model can be used as an input for risk based pricing mechanism and for
allocation of economic capital. The other two models are the most frequently used portfolio risk models in credit
risk literature. They are intended to
measure the same risks, but impose different restrictions, make different distributional assumptions and use
different techniques for calibration.
Z Score Model
Altman’s Z score model is an application of multivariate discriminant analysis in credit risk modeling.
Discriminate analysis is a multivariate statistical technique that analyses a set of variables in order to differentiate
two or more groups by minimizing the within group variance and maximizing the between group variance
simultaneously.
Altman started with twenty variables (Financial Ratios) and finally five of them were found to be significant.
The resulting discriminate function was
Z = 0.72X1 + 0.85X2 +3.1X3 + 0.42X4 +X5
Where,
X1 = Working Capital / Total Assets
X2 = Retained Earnings/Total Assets
X3=Earnings Before Interest And Taxes/Total Assets
X4=Market Value Of Equity/Book Value Of Total Liabilities
X5=Sales/Total Assets
Altman found a lower bound value of 1.2 (Critical Zone and an upper bound value of 2.8(Safe Zone) to be optimal.
Any score in between 1.2 and 2.9 was treated as being in the gray zone.

KMV Model
KMV Corporation has built a credit risk model that uses information on stock prices and the capital structure of
the firm to estimate its default probability. The starting point of this model is the proposition that a firm will
default only if its asset value falls below a certain level (Default Point), which is a function of its liability. It
estimates the asset value of the firm and its asset volatility from the market value of equity and the debt structure
in the option theoretic framework. Using these two values, a metric (Distance from default or DD) is constructed
that represents the number of standard deviation i.e the number of times the firm’s assets value is away from the
default point.. However, this method was successfully commercialized by Moody’s KMV (formerly KMV
Corporation). Finally, a mapping is done between the DD value and the actual default rate, based on the historical
experience. The result probability is called Expected Default Frequency (EDF).
Moody’s KMV uses this theoretical framework to predict default and arrive at the expected default frequency
(EDF) of the firms. The starting point of the analysis is the proposition that when the value of a firm’s assets falls
below a threshold level, the firm defaults.
The EDF is found through the following steps:
• The market value of the assets and the volatility of the assets are derived using option pricing formulae with the
market value of the equity, the book value of the liabilities, and the volatility of the stock as input parameters.
• The expected value of the assets at the horizon and the default point are determined from the firm’s current value
of the assets and the firm’s liability, respectively.
• Using the expected firm value, the default point and the asset volatility, the percentage drop in the firm value is
determined, which would bring the firm to the default point. The number of standard deviations that the asset
value drops to reach the default point is called the distance to default. However, the distance to default is a
normalized ordinal measure of the default likelihood similar to the bond rating. KMV determines the expected
default frequency, which is a cardinal measure, by mapping the ‘distance to default’ to the ‘default rate’, based
on the historical experience of organizations with different ‘distance to default’ values. It is important to note that
the fundamental assumption behind this method is that the market values contain all the relevant information
about the factors, which determine the default probability. That is why no explicit recognition is given to the
differentiating factors like industry, size and economy. Another important thing to note regarding this approach
is that it is not a directly predictive approach unlike most other default prediction models. There is no separate
forecasting algorithm ingrained within the methodology. The predictive power of the model hinges directly on
the assertion that the current value of the firm provides a good prediction on the future value of the firm.
Credit Metrics Approach

In April 1997, J.P Morgan released the credit metrics technical document that immediately set a new benchmark
in the literature of risk management. This provides a method for estimating the distribution of value of assets in
a portfolio subject to changes in the credit quality of individual borrower. A portfolio consists of different stand
along assets, defined by a stream of future cash flows each asset has over the possible range of future rating class.
Starting from its initial rating, an asset may end in any one of the possible rating categories. Each rating category
has a different credit spread, which will be used to discount the future cash flows. Moreover, the assets are
correlated among themselves depending on the industry they belong to. It is assumed that the asset returns are
normally distributed and change in the asset returns cause the change in rating category in the future. Finally, the
simulation technique is used to estimate the value distribution of the assets.
Credit Risk+
Introduced by Credit Suisse Financial Products, Credit Risk+ is a model of default risk. Each asset has only two
possible ends of period states: Default and Non-default. In the event of default, the lender recovers a fixed
proportion of the total exposure. The default rate is considered as a continuous random variable. It does not try to
estimate the default correlation directly. The default correlation is assumed to be determined by a set of risk
factors. Conditional on these risk factors, default of each obligor follows a Bernoulli distribution. The final step
is to obtain the probability generating function for losses. The losses are entirely determined by the exposure and
recovery rate. Hence, while implementing Basel II, prime focus will be on regulation and risk management. After
March 31st 2007, the banking industry will be ruled by bankers who learn to manage their risks effectively. The
banks may evaluate the utility of these models with suitable modifications to the country specific environment
for fine-tuning the credit risk management. The success of credit risk models impinges on the times series data
on historical loan loss rates and other model variables, spanning multiple credit cycles. Banks may therefore
attempt building adequate database for switching over to credit risk modeling after a specified period of time.
Credit Risk modeling results in a better internal risk management. Banks’ credit exposures typically are spread
across geographical locations and product lines. The use of credit risk models offer banks a framework for
examining this risk in a timely manner, centralizing data on global exposures and analyzing marginal and absolute
contributions to risk. These properties of models may contribute to an improvement in a bank’s overall ability to
identify, measure and manage risk. Credit risk models may provide estimate of credit risk (such as unexpected
loss), which reflect individual portfolio composition; hence they may provide a better reflection of concentration
risk compared to non portfolio approaches. Loan review, administration, and management (LRM) are an inherent
process of credit management among banks. The obvious and more serious banking problems arise due to lax
credit standards, poor portfolio risk management, or a lack of attention to changes in economic, or other
circumstances that lead to a deterioration in the credit standing of a bank’s portfolio. Therefore, the banking
industry has been focusing more attention than ever on risk management. At the same time, banking regulators

from around the world are working out a complicated set of rules for governing global banks accorded in the
Basel II Accord. Many credit problems reveal basic weaknesses in the credit granting and monitoring processes.
While shortcomings in underwriting and management of market-related credit exposures represent important
sources of losses at banks, many credit problems would have been avoided or mitigated by a strong internal credit
process. Many banks find carrying out a thorough credit assessment a substantial challenge. For traditional bank
lending, competitive pressures and the growth of loan syndication techniques create time constraints that interfere
with basic due diligence. Globalization of credit markets increases the need for financial information based on
sound accounting standards and timely macroeconomic and flow of funds data. When this information is not
available or reliable, banks may dispense with financial and economic analysis and support credit decisions with
simple indicators of credit quality, especially if they perceive a need to gain a competitive foothold in a rapidly
growing foreign market. Finally, banks may need new types of information to assess relatively newer borrowers,
such as institutional investors and highly leveraged institutions. Whilst refocusing of credit practices is essential,
certain credit rating models that are being adopted still follow the outdated practices of the past, which focus on
risk avoidance, rather than risk management and if banks seek to continually avoid risk, significant opportunities
will be lost. As a consequence the banks will lose out to more sophisticated competitors. However, banks have
now become more sophisticated in their hedging and pricing of interest rate risk. New modeling methods are
changing the way banks understand and handle credit risk. One has to wait and watch for the implications.
4) Country Risk this risk is the possibility that a country will be unable to service and repay its debts to foreign
lenders in a timely manner. This risk arises due to exchange rate changes,due to restrictions on external remittance,
political risk, cross border risk(on account of borrower being resident of country other than the country where the
asset is booked).
Definition of Risk management : Risk management is the sum of (1) Risk identification (2) Risk measurement
(3) Risk monitoring and (4) Risk control with a view to maximize Risk Adjusted Return on Capital
Employed=(RAROCE).
R I K
Incident (outcome)
Rare (unexpected) S Selection (Identification) Knocking (measuring, monitoring, controlling)

Normal Steps in term loan processing:
Submission of Project Report along with the Request Letter.
Carrying out due diligence
Preparing Credit Report
Determining Interest Rate
Preparing and submission of Term Sheet

If not approved if approved
Preparation of proposal
Submission of Proposal to designated authority
If No queries raised If queries raised
Sanction of proposal on
Project Rejected Solve the queries
various
Terms & Condition

Communication of Sanction
Terms & Condition
Acknowledgement of Sanction
Terms & Condition

Application to comply with Sanction Terms &
Condition & execution of Loan Documents
Disbursement

Need for sound credit appraisal system & accurate risk assessment
The global financial crisis has been hovering for almost two years now. Renowned financial institutions and
corporate have become either bankrupt or had to be rescued. Economic growth has suffered setbacks and
governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with stimulus packages to bail out their
economics, especially their financial systems. The IMF, in its Global Financial Stability Report released in
April, 2009 forecasts that the losses due to global financial turmoil could be no less than $1.4 trillion, two-third
of which will have to be borne by banks. Though most of the losses pertain to the US and Europe, the report
observes that emerging markets risks have risen the most in the last six months. If we speculate the causes
briefly,
We get:-
>Under pricing of risks :increase in subprime mortgages, >High prices lending to oversupply of housing in US,
>Role of credit rating agencies: faulty and inadequate, >Excessive leverage and weak risk-management system,
>Regulatory gaps and lax supervision >Inadequate information about the quality of assets in portfolios
heightened counterparty risk perception and led to extreme risk aversion > Assets held by non-depository
financial instruments (investment banks, hedge funds, etc) being largely financed by short term money market
instruments that could not be rolled over ,
It all started from USA housing crisis (sub-prime crisis). The USA financial institutions went on lending to
people for house construction without bothering to verify their repaying capacity. The houses were pledged with
the financial institutions. When the prices of house properties crashed n the loanees failed to repay the loan, the
financial institutions repossessed the properties but could not sell as prices had crashed. Many financial
institutions went bankrupt. Studies carried out on bank failures in the US show that credit risk alone has
accounted for 71% of large bank failures in this period.
Credit risk is the oldest and biggest risk that a bank due to its nature of business. As banks move into a new
globalised environment for financial operations and trading, with new risks the need is felt for better credit risk
management techniques with more sophisticated and versatile risk instruments for risk assessment, monitoring
and controlling risk exposures.
The credit risk rating can be a risk management tool for prospecting fresh borrowers in addition to
monitoring the weaker parameters and taking remedial action. It also provides a basis for Credit Risk Pricing
i.e. fixation of rate of interest on lending to different borrowers based on their credit risk rating there by

balancing risk &Reward for the bank and it gives the bank to maintain the level of capital in proportion to the
risk of the loan.
Basel capital accord and regulatory capital allocation requirements have also fuelled the demand for better
credit risk measurement. Regulatory impose minimum standards to estimate credit risk for the purpose of
capital allocation and performance measurement of banks .Adoption of sound risk based pricing mechanism and
RAROC(Risk Adjusted Return on Capital)concept for performance evaluation has also enhanced the need of
better credit management practices.

CHAPTER - II
BANK PROFILE
Vision, mission and

heritage of Bank of
Baroda
Shareholding
pattern in Bank of
Baroda
Subsidiaries and
joint ventures
Exposures at
different sectors
Performance
highlights
Awards and
achievements
Types of credit
offered by the bank
Bob’s internal credit
appraisal system

Vision
It has been a long and eventful journey of almost a century across 25 countries. Starting in 1908 from a small
building in Baroda to its new hi-rise and hi-tech Baroda Corporate Centre in Mumbai, is a saga of vision,
enterprise, financial prudence and corporate governance.
Mission
To be a top ranking National Bank of International Standards committed to augmenting stake holders' value
through concern, care and competence.
Heritage
It all started with a visionary Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad 's uncanny foresight into the future of trade and
enterprising in his country. On 20th July 1908, under the Companies Act of 1897, and with a paid up capital of
Rs 10 Lacs started the legend that has now translated into a strong, trustworthy financial body, THE BANK OF
BARODA. India’s 3rd largest public sector bank.
Shareholding pattern as on 31st March, 2009
Sl No. Category No.of Holders Total Shares % to Equity

1 Govt of India 1 196000000 53.81
2 Foreign institutional investors 132 49302690 13.53
3 Mutual Funds 128 44755788 12.29
4 Insurance companies 18 34900318 9.58
5 Resident Individuals 178501 23169522 6.36
6 Bodies corporate 1637 11246747 3.09
7 Non resident individuals 3160 2253893 0.61
8 Employees 4048 833676 0.23
9 Clearing members 148 579908 0.16
10 Financial institutions/Banks 28 913489 0.25
11 HUF 1586 263054 0.07
12 Overseas corporate bodies 4 26200 0.01
13 Trusts 23 21099 0.01
14 Foreign Nationals 1 116 0.00
Total 189415 364266500 100.00
(Source: Annual Report 2008-2009)

Subsidiaries and joint ventures:
Sr No. Name of the subsidiary Extent of ownership

Subsidiary(domestic)
1 National Bank Ltd, 98.39%
2 BOBCARDS Ltd. 100.00%
3 BOB Capital market Ltd. 100.00%
Subsidiaries(foreign) Associates (domestic) Associate(foreign) Joint

venture(domestic)
Baroda Pioneer Asset
Bank of Baroda Management Company Ltd Baroda Pioneer
(Botswana) Ltd. UTI Asset Management Indo-Zambia Bank Asset
Bank of Baroda (Kenya) Company Ltd Management
Ltd. UTI Trustee Company Pvt. Ltd Company Ltd.,
Bank of Baroda Baroda Uttar Pradesh Gramin India First life
(Uganda) Ltd. Bank Insurance
Bank of Baroda Baroda Rajasthan Gramin Bank Company Ltd.
(Guyana) Ltd.
Baroda Gujarat Gramin Bank
Bank of Baroda (UK)
Nanital -Almora Kshetriya
Ltd.
Bank of Baroda Gramin Bank
(Tanzania) Ltd Jhabua-Dhar Kshetriya Gramin
Bank of Baroda Bank
(Trinidad & Tobago) Ltd.
Bank of Baroda (Ghana)
Ltd.
Exposure of Bank of Baroda in different Sectors
SR NO. INDUSTRY BAL O/S AS ON

31/03/09(RS. IN CR.)
1 Power 8359.59
2 Petrochemicals/petro products(including petroleum) 8085.92
3 Iron & steel 5371.14
4 Synthetic Textiles 3374.56
5 Cotton Textiles 2141.22
6 Engineering 2076.37
7 Construction (Contractors, CRE developer/builders) 1763.47
8 Chemicals(except fertilizer, petrochemical & pharmaceuticals 1497.21
9 Drugs & pharmaceuticals 1312.49
10 Plastic 1245.48
Area Outstanding(Rs. In cr.)
Top 10 Industries 35227.38(75.66%)
Rest 11327.71(24.34%)
Total 46555.09(100%)

BAL. O/S AS ON 31/03/09(RS. IN CR.)

Industry 10000
8000
Exposure 6000
4000
2000
res 0
Construction…
Drugs &…
Petrochemic…
Cotton…
Chemicals(e…
Synthetic…
BAL O/S AS ON
Plastic
Iron & steel
Power
Engeneering
t
24 31/03/09(RS. IN CR.)
% top
10
76
% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bank of Baroda
PARTICULARS 31.03.2007 31.03.2008 31.03.2009 31.03.2010
No. of employees 38086 36774 36838 38960
No of branches 2772 2899 2974 3148
Business per employee(Rs. in crore) 5.48 7.04 9.11 10.68
Net profit per employee(Rs. in lakh) 2.70 3.90 6.05 7.85
Earnings per share(Rs.) 28.18 39.40 61.14 83.96

Book value per share(Rs.) 231.59 261.54 313.82 378.44
Cost of deposit 4.77% 5.69% 5.71% 4.90%
Return on Avg.Assets (ROAA)(%) 0.80 0.89 1.09 1.21

Avg.Cost of funds(COF)(%) 4.58 5.33 5.81 4.98
Deposits (Rs.in crore) 124916 152034 192397 241045

Advances (Rs. In crore) 83621 106701 143252 175035
Net NPA ratio 0.60 0.47 0.31 0.34
Interest Income(Rs. In crore) 9004 11813 15092 16698

Other Income(Rs.in crore) 1382 2051 2758 2806
Interest Expended (Rs.in crore) 5427 7902 9968 10758
Operating Expenses(Rs.in crore) 2544 3034 3576 3810

Percentage Growth
60.00%
40.00%
20.00% Percentage Growth
0.00%
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Financial Year Percentage Growth

2007-08 31.11%
2008-09 24.18%
2009-10 43.98%
Performance Highlights (Year ended March 31, 2010)
Total Business (Deposit + Advances) increased to Rs4,16,080 crore reflecting a growth of 24.0%.
Gross Profit and Net Profit were Rs 4,935 crore and Rs 3,058 crore respectively. Net Profit registered a
growth of 37.3% over previous year.
Credit-Deposit Ratio stood at 84.55% as against 81.94% last year.
Retail Credit posted a growth of 23.5% constituting 18.15% of the Bank’s Gross Domestic Credit in
FY10.
Net Interest Margin (NIM) in global operations as percent of interest earning assets was at the level of
2.74% and in domestic operations at 3.12%.
Net NPAs to Net Advances stood at 0.34% this year against 0.31% last year.
Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) as per Basel I stood at 12.84% and as per Basel II at 14.36%.
Net Worth improved to Rs 13,785.14 crore registering a rise of 20.6%.
Book Value improved from Rs 313.82 to Rs 378.44 on year.
Business per Employee moved up from Rs 911 lakh to Rs 1,068 lakh on year.

Awards and achievements

The Bank’s consistent performance accompanied with various marketing efforts has helped improve the Bank’s
Brand Ranking in the Indian banking industry. It is evident from the results of various independent media surveys
as given below.
‘Bank of the Year Award' in India Leadership Conclave at Delhi by Wockhardt Foundation - 14th Sep.
2009.
SKOCH Challenger Award for ‘Bank of the Year’ - 18th March 2010.
Second Rank as ‘Best Nationalized Bank’ in ‘India’s Best Bank Survey 2009-10’ by Financial Express
Group.
Rank 34 [up from Rank 39 last year] - India’s Most Valuable Brand 2009 (Brand Finance, UK)
Rank 33 [up from Rank 36 last year] – ET 500 2009
Rank 4 [up from Rank 17 last year] – Business Today KPMG Survey 2009.
The Bank has also been awarded a ‘Gold Trophy’ for the Indian Language Publication, a ‘Silver Trophy’
for the Corporate Website and a ‘Bronze Trophy’ for Bilingual Internal Magazine and Chairman &
Managing Director’s message (in Corporate Communications category) by the Association of Business
Communicators of India (ABCI).
Type of Credit facilities offered by the bank
Credit facilities can be fund based or non-fund based.
Fund Based Facilities are those where outley of the bank’s funds is involved. Here the bank provides funding
and assistance to actually purchase business assets or to meet business expenses. Fund Based facilities are
facilities are generally granted by the way of overdrafts, Cash credit, Demand loans, Working Capital Term Loans,
Bill purchased/Discounted and Term Loans
Non-Fund Based Facilities are those where the bank has to meet the commitment/promise made by a borrower
and endorsed by the Bank, only if the borrower fails to honour it. Here the bank can issue letters of credit or can
give a guarantee on behalf of the customer to the suppliers, Government Departments for the procurement of
goods and services on credit.
The main types of facilities under fund based and non-fund based and the related guidelines for granting advances
against them are discussed below in brief.

Fund Based Facilities:
The different fund based credit facilities offered by the bank are as follows:
1. Working Capital Loans: A firm’s working capital is the money it has available to meet current obligations
(those due in less than a year) and to acquire earning assets. The working Capital funding requirements for the
clients are partly made out of the short term funding provided by banks, the balance being funded out of long
term sources of the client. The primary security for working capital limits is normally hypothecation of the current
assets of the company. The bank offers Working Capital finance to meet the operating expenses, purchasing
inventory, receivables financing, either by direct funding or by issuing letter of credit.
2. Overdraft and Cash credit: In overdraft/cash credit, the borrower is allowed to carry out debit and credit
transactions up to a limit. These are more operative accounts and have cheque book facility. The term “overdraft”
is generally used for continuing limits granted against the security of term deposits and other financial securities,
occasional overdrawing /debits in current accounts and also for continuing limits granted for working capital
requirements of commercial establishments. Cash credit /overdraft limits are repayable on demand.
3. Export Finance: According to RBI guidelines, the banks are required to provide loans to exporters at
concessional rates of interest as advised by RBI from time to time, for promoting export from our country. The
export credit / finance is provided by the bank in Rupees as well as foreign currencies for pre-shipment and post-
shipment requirement of the exporters. Pre –shipment facilities are extended against export orders and post
shipment facilities are extended by way of bill discounting and bill purchase.
4. Term Finance: Term finance/loans are primarily provided by bank for capital expenditure/acquisition of fixed
assets for starting / expanding a business or industrial unit. These loans are typically secured by the real and
personal property financed by the bank as well as other assets of the borrower. They are repayable by specific
number of installments spread over a period of 3 to 5 years or some times more.
5. Bill Finance: In order to ease the pressures on cash flow and facilitate smooth running of business, the bank
provides Bill Finance to its corporate / non corporate clients. It is normally meant for financing working capital
requirements in the post-sale part of the operating cycle of a unit. The facilities are for purchasing / discounting
bills drawn by the customer for goods sold.
6. Demand Loans: As the name suggests, are repayable on demand. They are also at times referred to as loans.
Though technically repayable on demand, a repayment of the loan in installments spread over a period up to 3
years or so is generally stipulated. Composite loans given for working capital and for fixed assets as also the loans
for fixed assets where repayment period is stipulated up to 3 years are generally granted by the way of Demand
loans.
Non Fund Based Facilities:

The two main types of non fund facilities are Letter of Credit and Bank Guarantees the details of which are given
as follows:
1. Letter of Credit: LC (letter of credit) is an arrangement where a bank, acting on the request of the customer
(importer/opener of letter of credit), gives an undertaking to a third party (exporter/beneficiary of the letter of
credit) that on submitting the shipping documents (drafts, invoices, insurance policy, bill of landing), the bank
will meet the trader’s commitment. In international trade, given the fact that the local trader might not be known
to the foreign supplier, such assurance from a bank facilitates the business.
2. Bank Guarantees: Issuing guarantees on behalf of customers is a major non-fund based business of banks. A
guarantee is a contract to perform the promise or discharge the liability of a third person in case of his/her default.
It constitutes a contingent liability that arises in the event of default by the customer.
In this project I have dealt with the following three types:
Key benefits of Working capital finance (ANNEXURE-I shows the interest rate applicable for working capital
finance):
Funded facilities i.e. the bank provides funding and assistance to actually business assets or to meet
business expenses.
Non funded facilities i.e. the bank can issue letters of credit or can give a guarantee on behalf of the
customer to the suppliers, govt. departments for the procurement of goods and services on credit.
Available in both Indian as well as foreign currencies.
Under term finance Bank of Baroda offers the following: (ANNEXTURE- II shows the interest rate applicable
for term loan finance)
>Fund based finance for capital expenditure/acquisition of fixed assets towards starting/expanding a business
or industrial unit or to swap with high cost existing debt from other bank / financial institution.
> Non fund based finance in the form of deferred payment, guarantee for acquisition of fixed assets towards
starting / expanding unit.
Under Project finance BOB provides its customers with the option of a loan to take care of the needs of an
ongoing project, whether it is in Indian or Foreign currency.
CHAPTER - III

Bank’s Credit Screening Process:
Bob’s internal credit

appraisal system
Credit Rating applicability
criteria for individual
sectors
Steps involved in carrying
out the Credit Rating of
Commercial Advances
Term loan proposal and
appraisal

Internal Credit Appraisal and Rating Methodology of Bank of Baroda:

The New CRISIL Rating models or BOBRAM model for commercial advances are based on two
dimensional rating methodology specified under Basel-II Accord requirements. The credit risk rating process as
per New CRISIL/BOBRAM Rating Models involves three types of ratings for each credit facility:-
1) Obligor (Borrower) Rating – for credit worthiness indicating the Probability of Default. (PD)
2) Facility Rating - representing the Loss Given Default (LGD).Evaluation of riskiness of a facility;
3) Composite Rating – Indicative of the Expected Loss (EL).
Risk rating flowchart, under CRISIL New rating model as shown in this diagram:
Post project
implementatio
n >Industry
Risk >Business
Risk >Financial
Risk Project Risk
>Management Rating >Project
Risk Impl. >Post
Project
Obligor
Project Implementation
Rating
Implementation (indicator of
Risk PD) Composite
Obligor Rating
>Construction Evaluation of rating
>Industry Risk
Risk >Funding (indicator of EL)
>Business Risk
Risk Facility Risk
>Financial Risk
Rating(indicator
>Management
of LGD)
Risk
1. OBLIGOR (BORROWER) RATING:

The obligor (borrower) rating is indicative of creditworthiness of an obligor or the probability of default (PD) and
it is based on the assessment of past and projected cash flows of the company. For assessment of an obligor, the
rating structure consists of evaluation by way of four modules:
a) Industry Risk: The assessment of this module which is external to the Borrower and is done by assessment
of industry related macroeconomic parameters applicable to the specific industry and having different risk
weights.
b) Business Risk: The assessment of this module is based on internal working of the borrower and relates to
parameters such as after sales service, distribution set up, capacity utilization etc. The parameters which are only
relevant to a particular industry, are selected for scoring having different risk weights.
c) Financial Risk: The assessment of this module is based on internal working of the borrower and relates to
parameters such as past (not in case of a green field / infrastructure company under implementation stage) and
projected financials .The CMA based data input sheet is uploaded into the software and the same allows
computation of financial rating automatically based on the computation of financial ratios like net profit margin,
current ratio, DSCR, interest coverage etc.
d) Management Quality: The assessment of this module is based on internal working of the Borrowers
management and relates to parameters such as past repayment record, quality of information submitted, group
support etc.
Obligor (Borrower) Rating Grades

Obligor Rating Grades range from BOB-1 to BOB-10.
Grade Nature of Grade Description Definition of Obligor Grade

No
Companies Rated BOB-1 are judged to offer highest
safety of timely payment. Though the circumstances
I BOB-1 Investment Grade- providing this degree of safety is likely to change,
Highest Safety such changes as can be envisaged are more unlikely
to affect adversely the fundamentally strong position
of such issues.
Investment Grade Companies rated BOB-2 are judged to offer high
High Safety safety of timely payment. Changes in circumstances
II BOB-2 providing this degree of safety have low impact on
the fundamentally strong position of such issues.
Investment Grade Companies rated BOB-3 are judged to offer high
III BOB-3 High Safety safety of timely payment. This differ in safety from
BOB-2 only marginally.
Investment Grade Companies rated BOB-4 are judged to offer adequate
Adequate safety safety of timely payment. However changes in
IV BOB-4 circumstances can adversely affect such issues more
than that those in higher rated grades.
Investment Grade Companies rated BOB-5 are judged to offer
Moderate safety moderate safety of timely payment of interest and
V BOB-5 principal for the present. However changing
circumstances are likely to lead to a weakened
capacity to repay interest and principal than for the
companies in higher rated grades.
Investment Grade Companies rated BOB-6 are judged to offer
VI BOB-6 Moderate safety moderate safety of timely payment of interest and
principal for the present. There is only a marginal
difference in the degree of safety provided by issues
rated BOB-5..
Sub investment Companies rated in BOB 7 are judged to carry
Grade Inadequate inadequate safety of timely payment..While they are
VII BOB-7 Safety less suspectible to default than other speculative
grades in the immediate future, the uncertainties that
the issuer faces could lead to inadequate capacity to
make timely payments.
Sub investment Companies rated BOB-8 have a greater susceptibility
VIII BOB-8 Grade-High Risk to default .While currently payments are met, adverse
business or economic conditions can lead to lack to
ability or willingness to repay.
Default Substantial Companies rated BOB9 are vulnerable to default.
IX BOB-9 Risk Timely payment of interest and principal is possible
only if favourable circumstances continue.
Default Companies rated BOB 10 are in default or are
X expected to default on maturity. Such investments are
BOB-10 extremely speculative and returns from these may be
realised only on re-organisation or liquidation.

However depending upon the model used, the rating grades ranging from BOB-1 to BOB-10 or BOB-3 to BOB-
10 or BOB-6 to BOB-10 are generated as follows:
SR.NO. MODEL Obligor(borrower) Rating Grades
a) For Borrowers under large corporate (Mfg/services), BOB-1 to BOB-10

Banks, NBFCs and Broker categories.
b) For Borrowers under infrastructure project
having operations phase or expansion/diversification
projects categories
For Borrowers under SME (manufacturing) and SME

a) BOB-3 to BOB-10
(service) categories.
b) For existing and new borrowers under Trader
Category.
Green Field Project Borrowers under Large Corporate

BOB-6 to BOB-10
(Mfg/services) with project, SME((Mfg/services) with
Project and infrastructure (power/Port/Road/Telecom)
Build phase categories.
The detailed score- wise pattern for various Obligor (Borrower) Ratings under above stated models are given in
ANNEXURE-I.
2. FACILITY RATING:
Facility rating involves assessment of the security coverage for a given facility and indicates the loss
given default (LGD) for a particular facility. Facilities proposed/sanctioned to a company are assessed
separately under this dimension of rating.
Facility Rating (FR) Grades: Facility Rating grades range from FR-1 to FR-8 (ANNEXURE-II)
3. COMPOSITE RATING:
Composite Rating(CR)- this is the matrix or the combination of PD and LGD; indicates the expected
loss in case the facility is defaulted. The Composite rating is worked out automatically by the software based on
the obligor (Borrower) Grade (BOB Rating) and Facility Rating grade(FR).
Composite Rating grades: CR grade ranges from CR-1 to CR-10 (ANNEXTURE-III)

4. CUT OFF GRADE FOR ACCEPTANCE:

Bank has accepted BOB-6 as the cut-off point for the acceptance of an obligor (borrower) based on
Obligor (borrower) rating carried out as per the applicable model. The rating models have been grouped in three
categories for the purpose of specifying cut-off point for the acceptance of an obligor (borrower) as per details
mentioned here under:
a) Borrowers/ obligors eligible for rating under LCM (Manufacturing /Services),Banks, NBFCs, Broker
Models, Infrastructure project under operations phase (having started cash generation) and
expansion/diversification projects in case of exiting borrowers .
The past financial data for these categories of borrowers is usually available. The acceptance grade for these
borrowers can be any grade from BOB-1 to BOB-6.BOB-6 having the score range of above 4.25 to 5.oo out
of total 10.00 for these categories of borrowers. (ANNEXTURE-IV)
b) For borrowers /obligors eligible for rating under SME(manufacturing) / SME (service) and Traders
Models in case of existing borrowers :
The past financial data for these categories of borrowers are usually available. The acceptance grade for
these borrowers can be any grade ranging from BOB-3 to BOB-6.BOB-6 is having the score range of above
5.00 to 5.75 out of total 10.00 for these categories of borrowers. It may be noted that for these category of
borrowers, the highest creditworthiness works out to be BOB-3. (ANNEXTURE-V)
c) Obligors (borrowers) with new projects eligible for rating under infrastructure (build phase)/ and Green
Field projects(LCM/SME):
The past financial performances data in respect of these categories of borrowers are not available and
only future projections are available. These borrowers are initially rated under Project Risk rating and
assigned rating grades from BOBPR-1 to BOBPR-5 and subsequently converted into common
obligor(Borrower) rating grade from BOB-6 to BOB-10 automatically. Thus BOBPR-1 is equivalent to
BOB-6 and BOBPR-5 is equivalent to BOB-10.In other words ,BOBPR-1 under project rating is the
only investment grade being equivalent to obligor/Borrowers rating scale of BOB-6 applicable scenario
for these categories of borrowers are as follows:
Model From To Highest Grade Common

score score Score Scale
LCM(Green Field) Above 5.00 5.00 BOBPPR-1 BOB-6
LCM (Service sector) 4.5
SME(Mfg/Ser)-(Green field) Above 8.0 8.00 BOBPPR-1 BOB-6
7.00
Infrastructure(Power/Port/Telecom/Port) Above 5.00 5.00 BOBPPR-1 BOB-6
Built phase 4.5

5. PRICING:
The composite rating or the combined rating(CR-1 to CR-10) is computed on the basis of matrix of obligor
rating for credit worthiness and the facility rating representing the expected loss in case of default. This loss has
to be recovered from the borrower by way of risk premium over the BPLR. For the purpose of fixing of rate of
interest the mapping of existing (AAIPL models) rating grades with the BOBRAM / CRISIL Rating Models is as
under:-
Grade No. Nature of grade Definition of Rate of interest for borrowers to be

composite/combined Grades mapped with existing Ratings as
under
I CR-1 Minimum(lowest)Expected AAA
loss
II CR-2 Lower expected loss AA
III CR-3 Low expected loss A/BBB
IV CR-4 Reasonable expected loss BB
V CR-5 Adequate converable B
Expected loss
VI CR-6 Moderate Expected loss C
VII CR-7 Extra Expected loss C
VIII CR-8 High probability of loss D
IX CR-9 Higher Probability of loss D
X CR-10 Highest Expected Loss D
6. TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYED FOR NEW (CRISIL) RATING SYSTEM:

The credit risk rating application is central server based. For doing the rating the various advances accounts,
software is already located in the main server can be accessed through internet. Thus the computer used by various
users in the bank like risk rating officer, validates, sanctioning authority etc located at various places must have
internet connection. The internet explorer (minimum 5.5 versions) can be used as the browser for the purpose of
credit risk.
Credit Rating applicability criteria for individual sectors

A robust credit rating system enables the bank in determining the probability of default and the severity
of default among its loan assets and thus allows the bank to built systems and initiate measures to maintain its
assets quality. Bank of Baroda has a strong credit rating system. The bank earlier used the AAIPL method i.e.
M/S Arthur Anderson (I) P ltd. Which was the traditional method. Banks Consultants on risk management M/S
Arthur Anderson (I) P ltd. has suggested for introducing new credit rating model i.e. CRISIL rating models, for
adopting the current day techniques in credit risk management.

The applicability of new BOBRAM / CRISIL model is as follows:
Sr.no. Model Applicable for rating of

1 Large Corporate 1. Manufacturing units with annual net sales of over
Rs.50cr.
2. Service sector units with net annual sales over
Rs.50cr.
2 SME (Manufacturing sector) Manufacturing units with annual net sales of over
incl. commercial Enterprise Rs.50cr.and below
3 SME(services) Service sector units with net annual sales over Rs.50cr
and below
4 Traders Units engaged in trading activities irrespective of sales
turnover
5 Banks Organisations engaged in banking activities
6 NBFCs Organisations registered with RBI/NHB for carrying out

nonbanking financial activities/housing finance activity
7 Brokers Entities engaged in broking business in shares /
securities
8 Infrastructure(Power) Infrastructure-Power Projects(Generation and
Distribution) Build stage i.e.implementation stage where
cash generation from the project is not yet started
9 Infrastructure (roads & Infrastructure-Roads & Bridge Projects -Build stage

bridge) i.e.implementation stage where cash generation from
the project is not yet started
10 Infrastructure (Ports) Infrastructure-Port Projects- Build stage i.e.

implementation stage where cash generation from the
project is not yet started
11 Infrastructure (telecom) Infrastructure-telecom Projects- Build stage i.e.

implementation stage where cash generation from the
project is not yet started
Steps involved in carrying out the Credit Rating of Commercial Advances

Step1: Selection of appropriate model:
Based on the criteria, the applicable model is to be selected for rating exercise.
Step2: Datasheet preparation (off line model): Having selected one of the applicable models for rating purpose,
only the prescribed CMA data based input sheet and/or project profitability data input sheet and /or project
profitability data input sheet downloaded from bank’s Intranet or provided through CD during the training is to
be used. The sheet is to be filled by credit officers in the offline mode after the due –diligence of the CMA/project

financials by the appropriate authority. We have to note that the prescribed input sheet has to be used for the
purpose of data entry and subsequent uploading during the rating process.
Step3: Rating Exercise:

The login and password is allotted at the regional or zonal office. A credit officer is supposed to study the
company’s operations and rating parameters. The credit risk rating process as per New CRISIL rating models
involves three types of rating for each credit facility viz.1) Obligor(borrower) rating for credit worthiness indicates
the PD.,2)Facility Rating representing the LGD and 3) Composite rating-which is indicative of the Expected Loss
(EL)
Step 4: Facility Rating

After completing the obligor rating (Industry Risk, Financial Risk, Business Risk, Mgt. Quality) as above, Facility
rating is to be carried out. For this purpose the security value is to be appropriated first against the respective
facilities and thereafter the excess security over the outstanding amount of facility enjoyed is to be worked out
This excess security is distributed over the remaining facilities in proportion of availment.FR grades range from
FR-1 to FR-8.This methodology is explained as below:
Facility Risk rating is based on the Basel approach for the calculation of loss given default(LGD).The final facility
rating grade is assigned on the basis of the % effective LGD for each facility.(How to calculate)
Step 5: Composite Rating

This rating is automatically worked out ,once the obligor rating and the facility rating are in place
With the completion of above 5 steps, the credit risk rating process is over.
Step6: Submission of the credit rating to the validator

The credit rating officer has to comply the following steps:
Get 2-hard copy print outs of the “interim company report” from the report section in the online mode.The
relevant PDF file of interim company report has to be saved for records.
One copy of the “interim company report” has to be sent to validator.The credit officer has also to send
the hard copies of financial data (audited and provisional) alongwith relevant records used during the risk
rating process.
Credit risk rating done on the software has to be submitted online to the validator(located at the office of
sanctioning authority) for further processing.

Step 7: Validation
The validator has to comply the following steps:
The validator is required to validate the credit risk rating based on the financial data(audited and
provisional) and other relevant records, which have been used during the credit risk rating process by
the rating officer. However all the proposals falling under the power of branch manager are to be
validated at the regional office or the reporting authority level as the case may be.
After due validation, the validator is required to take three hard copy printouts of the “interim company
report” and send one copy to the credit rating officer, the other copy to sanctioning authority and third
must be kept on records
Validator is required to submit the validated credit rating report to appropriate sanctioning authority
through the system.
8. Submission of validated credit risk rating report and other MIS reports to the sanctioning authority
The sanctioning authority has no role during the process of credit rating also during the process of validation.
After the completion of validation process, the concerned credit officer at the office of sanctioning authority will
receive the hard copy of the validated rating from the validator and also a soft copy through the system. A copy
of the validated rating report is to be attached to the proposal.
The following reports could also be generated through the system:
Company comparison report
Financial reports (all levels) via CMA financials, project financials, ratios
MIS reports like ASCORM industry wise, borrower group wise etc. as desired by the authority
Strength and weakness report.

CASE STUDY
On Interim Company Rating Report

Model Name: SME – Service model.
Company Name: ABC Ltd.
Industry Name: Service.
Rating Year: 2010
Summary Table:
Date 2007 2008 2009 2010

Score 7.24 7.63 8.23 7.26
Grade BOB 5 BOB 4 BOB 4 BOB5
Rating Summary:
Borrower Rating Score Prv. score Rating RAROC (%) Rating Class
Single-scale rating 7.27 7.26 BOB 5 8.4282 Investment Grade

(Moderate safety)
Meaning: Companies rated BOB 5 are judged to offer moderates safety of timely payment of interest and
principal for the present. However changing circumstances are likely to lead to a weakened capacity to repay
interest and principal than for companies in higher rated grades.
Model Scale Rating:
Risk Entity Name Score Grade

Company Rating 6.3 IV
Industry Risk 6.67 III
Business Risk 6.59 III
Financial Risk 5.35 V
Management Risk 6.63 III

Facility Rating:
Particulars % Effective LGD Rating RAROC (%) Combined Rating

Cash Credit General 40 FR 3 51.6126 CR 4
Bank Guarantee Inland 60.78 FR 5 (12.5924) CR 5
Fgn. Specific
Score Sheet for ABC Ltd.
Risk Entity Name Value Score Grade Strengths/Weakness

Type: Company
INDUSTRY RISK: 6.67 III
1) Competition 4
Comments: Lots of players with further scope of new players to enter the industry. Significant threats
from imports exist. There are so many construction companies/promoter/builders/players in the
market. Competition exists amongst them to procure work orders.
2) Demand Supply Scenario 8 S
Comments: Past growth rates relatively high and stable. Positive demand-supply gap scenario.
Relatively insulated from economic recession. Favourable growth rate likely to continue in the
medium term. However, product off take not as easily assured as higher grades. The industry scenario
is favourable and a lot of scope is available in the field of construction.
3) Availability of HR 8 S
Comments: HR are available, salaries are steady. The man power is easily available.
BUSINESS RISK: 6.59 III
Market position 6.5
1) Assessment of immediate buyer 6
Comments: Mr. A and his group have successfully completed both govt. and non govt. jobs. At
present, the company’s bulk orders is from Chattisgarh Housing Board and it being a State govt.
undertaking, Score of 6 is justified.
2) Position of entry in its target market 4
Comments: Average the company is led by experienced and reputed promoter Mr. A, having
experience of more than 10 years.
3) Perceived Service Quality 8 S

Comments: The quality of service provided is very good; promoter has good reputation and is timely
service provider in the area of civil construction.
4) Capacity / Potential for Innovation / 8 S
Creativity
Comments: Very good capacity. Promoter is capable of handling big construction projects as past
records suggest.
Operating Efficiency 6.67
1) Utilization Efficiency 8 S
Comments: Very close to maximum capacity utilization. The resources are properly utilized and there
is optimum utilization of resources.
2) Process and Controls 6
Comments: Adequate controls and process. The processes are well defined and adequate to control
the activity with efficiency.
3) Ability to attract quality resources 6
Comments: Above average; the company, is able to attract good quality resources. The company is
hiring well experienced engineers and personal for its ongoing project at Durg.

FINANCIAL RISK 5.35 V
Past Financials 5.16
Receivable days – past (days) 45.18 8 S
Tangible Networth – past 369.28 4
NCA / TD – past (ratio) 1.55 10 S
Current Ratio – past (ratio) 1.06 4
TOL / TNW – past (ratio) 10.62 0 W
ROCE – past (%) 39.75 10 S
Interest coverage Ratio – past 47.06 10 S
Net profit margin (%) – past 7.65 8 S
Contingent Liabilities (deflator) 1
Comments: Low Impact
Accounting quality – past (deflator) 1
Comments: Good

Future Financials 5.4

Interest coverage Ratio - projected 12 10 S
Tangible Networth - projected 1397.32 10 S
Receivable days – projected (days) 10.82 0 W
Current Ratio – projected 2.07 10 S
NCA / TD – projected 0.36 10 S
TOL / TNW – projected 2.6 0 W
Net profit margin (%) - projected 6.84 8 S
ROCE – projected (%) 45.23 10 S
Financial Flexibility 6
Ability to raise fund / debt 6
Ability to raise debt from Banks / Financial 6
Institutions
Comments: Slightly above average. Ability to raise L T Debt / TNW and TOL / TNW based on ABS
as on 31.3.09 are 0.21 and 10.59 respectively. External Credit Rating is P4 (Done by CRISIL).
Ability to raise Equity 6
Ability to raise debt from own sources 6
Comments: Slightly above average. Ability ….. Personal wealth of the promoters is good. CR, LT
Debt / TNW and TOL / TNW based on ABS as on 31.3.09 are 1.06, 0.21 and 10.59 respectively.
External Credit Rating is P4+ (Done by CRISIL).

MANAGEMENT RISK 6.63 III
1) Management succession plans 6
Comments: Company’s operations are fairly dependent on the present leadership for strategic
direction. Both husband and wife are directors of the company. The company is dependent on them
for day to day works.
2) Payment Track Record 6
Comments: A few payments were delayed but settled within 30 days; payment record of the company
is quite good.
3) Group support: Financial interaction with 8 S
group companies.

Comments: The company is of strategic importance to the parent, and would definitely derive support
in times of financial stress. The group has 5 companies. The old company likely to extend support in
case of financial crunch.
4) Litigations against the entity 10 S
Comments: Extremely clean track record with not a single case of litigation. No pending litigation
reported against the company.
5) Years of experience in same line of 8 S
business
Comments: The management has been in business for more than 10 years but less than 15 years. The
promoter has more than 10 years of experience in the line of construction business.
6) Nature of management 5
Comments: Family as well as professional the company is directed by Mr. & Mrs. A and also assisted
by the qualified professionals as well.
7)Credentials of the family running / owning 6
the business
Comments: Reputed but first generation Mr. A is a first generation promoter but has good reputation
in the market.
8) Competence / Technical skills of the 4
management
Comments: Competent management is competent but need to be more efficient.
Term loan proposal and appraisal:-Term loan are those loans which are payable within a period of more
than one year and up to ten years. It is availed for acquisition of fixed assets i.e. land, factory building, warehouse,
machineries etc. these are financed by way of term loan which is paid by the borrower in concern out of the profits
earned. The schedule of repayment and duration of loan are fixed on the basis of assessed ability of the
undertaking to generate surpluses for making repayment.
There are five sections which are duly considered while considering the proposal. They are:
Section-I: details of the proposal

Section-II: financial parameters and assessment
Section-III: Industry perception
Section-IV: techno-economic viability (TEV) report

Section-V: credit rating report

SECTION-I: DETAILS OF THE PROPOSAL
In this section, there is a detailed proposal for fresh consideration of term loan, further extension of term loan
with any decrease or increase in the fund based and nonfund based limits. or any concession in upfront fees and
also mentioned about the details of the applicant company, details of the project, details of the personal guarantees
of the directors, details of the securities, previous rating done by the bank. etc. (ANNEXURE IV)
SECTION-II: FINANCIAL PARAMETERS AND ASSESSMENT
The financial performance is checked on the basis of balance sheet for last two years and projected next two years.
Also the profit and loss account provides with the operational data. There are also working capital assessment
data, assessment of sales, different profitability ratios are available.(ANNEXURE V)
The term “Working Capital” denotes requirement of capital sum or amount of money business enterprises for
day to day activities like purchase of raw materials, stores and spares, payment of wages to employee, payment
of other expenses like energy, fuel, water consumption rates and taxes, carriage expenses.
The bank normally define the working capital as the sum total of inventory, receivables and other current assets
held by the business entity. It is computed by the banks through the concept of operating cycle i.e.it is taken by
the business entity to get the money released from its current assets.
The various methods for financing of working capital:
1. Tandon committee/Chore committee: A committee headed by Shri P L Tandon was constituted with a view
to suggest improvement in the existing cash credit system. The committee has recommended three methods of
lending:
1st method of lending:- According to this method, banks would finance 75% of working capital gap i.e.CA-
CL
2nd method of lending:- According to this method ,banks would finance maximum up to 75% of the total
CA.
3rd method of lending:- It is the same as 2nd method, but excluding core CA from total assets and the core
assets is financed out of long term funds.
2. Nayak Committee/Turnover Method: The committee headed by Shri P R Nayak examined the adequacy of
institutional credit to SSI sector and gave its recommendation which is that bank should give preference to village,

tiny industries and other SSI units in that order. Under this method the 25% of the projected turnover is computed
as the working capital and out of this 25% the borrower needs to bring in 5% as margin.
3. Cash Budget System: By projecting future cash receipts and disbursements, the cash budget enables the
corporate to determine its cash needs. This method shall be followed in Sugar, Tea, Woolen garments industry
and other seasonal industries.
SECTION-III: INDUSTRY PERCEPTION
It indicates the overall environment in which the industry is operating. In industry profile various parameters on
which scores have been given. First and foremost all the details of the industry are given i.e. the various sub
sectors of the industry, updates covering the analysis of the critical issues and recent developments. Details
regarding the industry are given in the following way:
Background consists of >Industry segmentation >Domestic industry size >Industry critical factors like
power/fuel cost, International competitiveness, cyclicality/ seasonality, input or raw material availability and
affordability, global scenario.
Major events in the industry consists of >Mergers and acquisitions >Announcements by industry associations
like FICCI/CCI/ASSOCHEM etc.
Bank experience/ Position on exposure: Over here the list of major borrowers along with their details has to be
mentioned.
The following parameters are looked into for an industry sub sector:
A) Background: This head contains details regarding the background of the sector like inputs used, production
process, quality of finished products and capacity utilization.etc.
B) Assessment under industry risk parameter: This head contains details like
Demand Supply gap:- This head contains details of the gap between demand and supply. It contains details
like the reasons for increasing or decreasing demand ,availability of raw materials, price scenario, details
of capacity utilization etc.
Government Policies:- This head contains details of the various of the Govt. policies implemented like the
increase or reduction in import duty, Govt. protection etc and its effect.
Input related risk:-This head gives us the details regarding the various inputs required and the risk attached
to them like the effect of increase or decrease in their domestic as well as international prices,
consequences of over and under supply.etc

Extent of competition: - this head tells us of the major players operating in the particular industry. It also
tells us about the threats of the new entrants, future scenario, impact of price and profitability. Through
this head a company can get important details which can help the company to divert risk.
Financial risk:- This is a very important section. It contains the key ratios like ROCE, operating profit
margin. It contains sector aggregates like current ratio, DE ratio, net profit margin etc and cost aggregates
like raw material cost. power cost, selling cost etc also through this head we can know about the various
companies used for calculating the sector aggregates. All these information are taken from CRIS INFAC.
Then a business risk evaluation is done (out of the total marks of 100).This is divided into two sections namely:
Parent Operating Efficiency: This head contains entity like capacity utilization, management of price volatility,
availability of raw material, integration of operation etc. On all these risk entity certain weight-age is assigned
and remarks are written.
Parent-Market Position: This head contains risk entity like longterm contracts, diversified market, proximity to
markets, financial ability to withstand price competition etc. Again on all these risk entity certain weights age is
assigned and remarks are written.
SECTION-IV: TECHNO-ECONOMIC VIABILITY (TEV) REPORT
TECHNO-ECONOMIC VIABILITY (TEV) ANALYSIS
After a Credit Rating report is generated, the loan proposal is sent for TEV analysis. In TEV analysis the project
report submitted by the borrower is thoroughly studied by the industry manager. The TEV analysis either done
internally by the officers in the bank or it can be done externally also through some hired agency. In this analysis
each and every aspect of the proposal is verified and necessary documents are gathered. In case of Green-Field
or Brown-Field project the representative of the bank personally visits the site of the project and verifies the
details, according to the proposal submitted by the borrower. After going through the above mentioned process
the bank prepares a TEV analysis according to its prescribed format.
I went through a couple of life case file of a few companies, the TEV report of which was done by BANK OF
BARODA. The parameters which are generally looked into by the bank are to carry out a TEV analysis are:
1) Introduction: This head contains sections like:
Background: Over here details of the company and its group companies right from its address to its current and
proposed projects are looked into.

Detailed Project Report (DPR): The details of the project along with its constitutions, promoters and the
different phases of the project are looked into in details. Also details like the acceptability of project cost,
technology involved, and implementation schedule, basic assumptions in assessing cost etc. are looked into.
Others: The details of the company, its management and other group companies are also looked into.
2) The proposed project, promoters, brief history of the company and group companies: This head contains details
like the –
Proposed project: It contains details like installed capacity, the products to be manufactured, the promoters of
the company etc.
Project cost and means of finance: This section contains the cost of the project in details and contains its various
means of finance which is either through share capital or term loan.
The Promoters: This leads every possible detail about the promoters and the directors are provided. Details like
name, age, qualification, experience, etc. are given. Through this information a lot can be known about the
capabilities of the promoters and directors.
Group companies: This head contains the names of the various group companies, their respective date of
incorporation, address, details of existing manufacturing capacity and financial position along with other relevant
details.
Location: This head gives us the details of the exact location of the land. It tells us about the various factors
which were kept in mind before choosing that particular location i.e. availability of raw material, transportation,
infrastructure and ready market. It also gives us the construction details.
3) Technology and Manufacturing process: This head gives us the details of the various technical consultants
with adequate experience adopted by the company in setting up the respective plants as mentioned above. It gives
us the details of both the technical consultants adopted and the plants set up by them. This head the details of
various machineries used along with their production capacities are mentioned. Through this head we can also
know about the various vendors with whom settlements have been made. This head also gives the details regarding
the manufacturing process being used along with the manufacturing capacity. The various steps taken in
manufacturing are also mentioned in this head.
4) Utilities and Service, Pollution Control: This head contains details like:-
Utilities: This head gives us the details of the man power planning which is very essential as it can help to reduce
the cost and time of production. It tells us about the labour requirement and availability. Through this head I also

get other details like auxiliary facilities, power system, water system, fuel handling system, ash handling system,
compressed air system, dust extraction system, communication, quality control, working capital requirement etc.
Service, Pollution Control: This head tells whether all the proper permission has been taken from the competent
authority or not. It also tells what steps has been taken by the company to prevent and control pollution and what
steps has been taken to fulfill its social obligations.
Licensing/Registration: There are certain Government rules and regulations which is necessary for every company
has fulfilled its licensing and registration obligations properly.
5) Marketing and Selling Arrangement: For earnings revenue a product should have a market and the capability
that it can be sold in that market. In this head a brief marketing and selling strategy of the company is given. This
head tells us about the company’s distribution network, pricing, promotion etc. which help in assessing whether
the company can earn projected profit or not.
6) Manpower Site Organization: This head contains details of various manpower requirements for various
activities like general, maintenance, operations and others
7) Risk factors and Mitigating factors: This head contains various risk factors which can pose a threat in the
various stages of the activity and it also contains the various mitigating factors or corrective measures which are
used to diverse those risks.
8) Project Implementation Schedule: This head gives us a scheduled and tells us about the timeline of when the
project will start and its completion time. It also shows us the breakup of each activity in between two dates. It is
helpful as it can be known when will actual production start and when inflow of revenue take place. It gives the
details of each and every activity along with its date of commencement and its date of completion.
9) Financials: This head contains details like:
Project cost: This section contains the cost of the project in details along with the breakup of various cost factors
and their percentage weight-age of the total cost.
Means of Finance: This head contains the various means of finance used which is either through share capital or
term loan. It also contains details like how much of equity and term loan has been raised along with the breakup
of how it has been raised and the percentage of each.
Sensitivity Analysis: This is another important factor. It is carried out to ascertain the effect of various factors
and the change of those factors on the profitability and consequent debt servicing capacity of the company.

Profitability Projections: This head consists of the financials i.e. Profit and Loss Account and the Balance Sheet,
the important ratios, their assumptions and justifications. It also contains comments on all these financials which
helps in getting a clear picture and understanding of the financials of the company.
10) Raw material and consumables: This head provides the details regarding the raw material required and the
source from which it will be procured along with the rate per unit. It can also be known whether the company can
easily procure raw material from the market and what will be the lead time in procuring it.
11) Common Operating Assumptions: This head contains various details like:-
a) Cost of repairs and maintenance.

b) Percentage of annual escalation on repairs and maintenance.
c) Insurance on assets and its rate.
d) Cost of utilities.
e) Percentage of annual escalation on cost of utilities.
f) Amount of salaries and wages.
g) Percentage of annual escalation on salaries and wages.
h) Amount on administration expense.
i) Percentage of annual escalation on administration expense.
j) Interest rate on term loan etc.
12) SWOT analysis: The banks generally do a SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity and threat) analysis to
find out the strong or weak points of the project. Banks highlights the things which are good and also the things
which are a threat for the project. This is done to see future growth prospectus of the project.
13) General Review: This head tells about the important observations and then gives the comments on those
observations. Through this head we can know about the important information like whether there in under or over
capacity utilization, whether the production cost can be reduced or not, whether the price and volume calculations
taken appear to be reasonable or not, whether there was any delay observed in implementation of schedule etc.
along with their reasons and comments. It tells us the critical areas and gives comments on those critical areas. It
also tells us of the specific issues included in the terms and conditions.
14) Conclusion: This is the concluding part of the report where the senior manager who prepares the report gives
the recommendation and his opinion regarding the project so that the person who sanctions the loan can take his
decision based on this report. This is a very important part of a TEV analysis because based on this report. This
is a very important part of TEV analysis because based on this information the decision of whether to sanction
the loan or not depends
If the TEV study is satisfactory then the project is approved as technically sound and financially viable. Based on
this study any further processing of the sanction of the term loan takes place.
If the credit rating is good and the techno-economic viability report is also favourable then the loan proposal is
sent to the sanctioning officer for the loan to be sanctioned. It is the sanctioning officer who also after some
evaluation finally sanctions the loan amount.

SECTION-V: CREDIT RATING REPORT
Comprehensive Credit Rating Model for rating borrowers enjoying facilities above Rs. 10 crores (except for
trading concerns):
Obligor (Borrower) Rating
Economy Borrower’s Borrower’s Management

And Position in Financials Quality Facility
Industry the Industry Rating
Module 2 Module 3 Module 4
Module 1
Done by CoRC
Done by the Branch
BOBRAM/ CRISIL Interim Company Rating Report
Rating Year
Date
Model Name
Company Code
Company’s name
Indystry’s name
Project Industry’s name
Assessed at Assessed by Assessment Date

A. Borrower Rating:
Score Previous Rating Rating RAROC(%) Rating Class

Single Scale Rating
Meaning
Mode Scale Rating
Company Rating
Industry Risk
Business Risk
Financial Risk
Management Risk
Facility Rating
% Effective LGD Rating RAROC(%) Combined Rating
Score Sheet For the Company (ANNEXURE VI)
Risk Entity Name Value Score Grade Srength/Weakness

Type: Company
Industry Risk
There are various parameters under this head out of
which 11 compulsory parameters are to be taken
and 3 relevant parameters are to be taken from a set
of given parameters.
Business Risk
which 6 compulsory parameters are to be taken and
4 relevant parameters are to be taken from a set of
given parameters
Financial Risk
>Past financials
Over here all the parameters are compulsory
>Future Finanacials
Over here all the parameters are compulsory
Management Risk
which 6 compulsory parameters are to be taken and
3 relevant parameters are to be taken from a set of
given parameters.
Type: Project
Construction Risk
Funding Risk
Project Financial Risk
Funding Risk-Project
All these 4 sub heading also contain various
parameters which are to be chosen.

CHAPTER - IV
COMPARISON WITH DIFFERENT BANKS
Comparison of Bank of Baroda with
Different banks on their credit appraisal
Process and their ratio analysis

Comparison between Credit Risk Assessment prevalent in different Banks: In the lending operations , the
banks are primarily exposed to credit risk. Credit risk is the risk of loss that may occur from the failure of any
party to abide by the terms and conditions of any financial contract with the banks, principally the failure to make
the required payments on loans due to the bank. Various banks have a structured and standardized credit approval
process, which includes a well established procedure of comprehensive credit appraisal. In this context the
comparison of the credit risk assessment prevalent in different banks (PSB/Pvt banks/ Foreign Banks) are given
below:
Bank of India
The bank’s board had already approved the following credit risk models, developed by ICRA to rationalize the
cost of credit to SME sector by adopting a transparent rating system. The entry level requirements prescribed in
this new model would be applicable:
a) Large Corporate Model (Domestic/ ECBs/Syndicated Loans) (Fund/Nonfund based limits of Rs.500 Lakhs and
above or turnover Rs.5000 lakhs);
b) Mid segment Model (Fund/ Nonfundbased limits of Rs.100 lakhs and above not exceeding Rs.500 lakhs and
turnover below Rs. 5000 Lakhs);
c) SBS/SSI model (Fund/ Nonfund Based limits of Rs.10 lakhs and above but not exceeding Rs.100 lakhs) scoring
model);
The bank had already adopted rating models a & c above.The model for amounts between Rs.1 crore and Rs.5
crore is under the process of rollout.
Allahabad Bank
The rating of account may be done under In-House Module or Rating from outside rating Agencies.
a) In house Rating Module: The credit exposure wise is applicable as under:-
SL No. Credit Exposure Rating Module

1 Upto Rs.10.00 lac As per CRG-01
2 Above Rs.10 lacs upto Rs.1cr As per Credit Risk Management Policy of the Bank
3 Above Rs.1 cr to less than 1.Credit Rating Grading-7 (CRG-7A)-Existing Unit
Rs.5 cr. 2.Credit Rating Grading-7 (CRG-7B)-New Unit
4 Rs. 5 Cr. & above RAM-CRISIL Module, If this module is not
operationalised, then the following modules will be
applicable:
1.Credit Rating Grading-7 (CRG-7A)-Existing Unit
2.Credit Rating Grading-7 (CRG-7B)-New Unit
b) Rating from outside rating Agencies:
Allahabad Bank has entered into MOU with CRISIL,ONICRA and SMERA, for getting the SME borrowers rated
by them.

Axis Bank
The Board of Directors establishes the parameters for risk appetite, which is defined quantitatively and
qualitatively in accordance with the laid down strategic business plan.This is dovetailed in the process through a
combination of governance structures and credit risk policies, control processes and credit systems embedded in
a Credit Risk Management Framework (CRMF) .The foundation of CRMF rests on the rating tool. The bank has
put in Place the following hierarchical committee structure for credit sanction and review:
 Zonal office Credit Committee (ZOCC)
 Central Office Credit Committee (COCC)
 Committee of Executives (COE)
 Senior Management Committee (SME)
 Committee of Directors (COD)
The bank has developed different rating models for each segment that has distinct risk characteristics viz. Large
corporate , MSME, small traders, Financial companies, Micro finance institutions ,project finance etc.

Comparison of DATA between four banks:
BoB IDBI bank ICICI bank Axis bank

83.96 14.2 36.1 65.78
EPS (Rs.)
CAR Ratio 14.36% 11.31% 19.40% 15.80%
Tier I capital 9.20% 6.24% 14% 11.18%
Growth in Advances 21.30% 24% 15% 29.94%
Growth in Deposits 22.40% 49% 17% 20.38%
Net NPA to Net Advances 0.34% 1.02% 1.87% 0.36%
Book Value per share(Rs.) 378.44 113.1 463 395.99
Dividend Proposed 10% 22% 35%
Provision Coverage Ratio 74.90% 74.86% 59.50% 72.38%
EPS
100
80
BOB
60
IDBI bank
40
ICICI bank
20
axis bank
0
BOB IDBI bank ICICI bank axis bank
Tier I capital
15.00%
BoB
10.00%
IDBI bank
5.00% ICICI bank
0.00% Axis bank
BoB IDBI bank ICICI bank Axis bank

Growth in Advances
BoB
ICICI bank IDBI bank
BoB ICICI bank
0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% Axis bank
Growth in Deposits
Axis bank BoB
ICICI bank IDBI bank
IDBI bank ICICI bank
BoB
Axis bank
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00%
Comments:
Every bank more or less is using the credit rating system associated with external credit rating agencies. ICICI
bank divides the responsibility of loan appraisal process among several departments which are more time
consuming but less prone to default. Every bank emphasizes on the financial position of the borrower by analyzing
the quality of its financial statements, its past financial performance , its financial flexibility in terms of ability
to raise capital and its cash flow adequacy, the borrower’s relative market position and operating efficiency .In
comparison with other banks, BOB separately measures the risk factors dividing into different segments which
are highly justified and appropriate.BOB are holding the advance position in earnings per share other than three
banks, that means the market value of BOB share will be high and attractive to the investors. As BOB’s growth
in advances and deposits are good besides with CAR ratio 14.36% that means that BOB are utilizing the capital
most effectively and efficiently in comparison with other banks. The growth in advances of Axis bank and IDBI
bank are good than BOB. There is a huge difference in growth in deposits between IDBI bank and BOB.Net NPA
to Net Advances of BOB are very good in comparison with other banks .From the annual reports of BOB we can
see that this ratio are gradually decreasing that means the BOB NPA recovery Dept. are performing exceptionally
well and from provision coverage ratio we can see that BOB are maintaining 74% that means bank’s strategy is
not to increase the NPA and not to hamper the financial position in case NPA happens.

CHAPTER - V
SEGMENTED RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk Management
NPA Management
Basel Guidelines

NPA management: Credit risk management is not NPA management. It is much more than that. NPA
management is largely recovery management. It is a situation when default has already taken place. On the other
hand credit risk management I concerned more with the quality of credit portfolio before default rather than in
the post default situation. Credit risk management mainly consists of:
 Framing of credit policies/credit risk policies

 Defining corporate philosophy, culture/strategy
 Setting out risk tolerance levels/benchmark ratios
 Setting out risk assessment systems
 Setting up of prudent exposure levels
 Setting up of risk management organization
 Risk rating/scoring
 Loan review mechanism
 Risk pricing
 Portfolio reviews
NPA management is the abbreviated form of management of Non Performing Assets, has become a critical
Performance area for all the public sector banks. Following are the major reasons for borrowal accounting turning
out eventually into non performing assets:
 Tardy judicial process > Internal and external diversion of loans funds by the promoters > Time and cost
over runs in project implementation > shortage of raw materials > Power shortage > Change in Govt.
policies like liberalized imports with lesser incidence of customs duties etc > poor recovery of receivables
especially by SSI units with respect to the dues from public sector >Industrial Recession >Failure of the
corporate to raise debt / equity from the market , to support bank debt > Business failures >Dishonest
management
PROVISIONING NORMS:
Sub standard Assets A general provision of 10% on total outstanding should be made
without making any allowance for ECGC and value of security.Any
unsecured portion of sub standard advances will attract additional
provision of 10% on outstanding
Period for which the advances has Provision Requirement (%)
remained in ‘Doubtful’ category
Up to 1 year 20
1 to 3 years 30
More than 3 years 100
Loss assets 100% of outstanding amount
Risk adjusted Assets- means degree of credit risk expressed as % weightage have been assigned to balance sheet
and off balance sheet items. Value of each asset is to be multiplied with this weighted will produce risk adjusted
value of balance sheet and off balance sheet items.RBI has assigned degree of risk to each of the assets of the
bank. Broadly it is as under:

>Cash and bank balance with RBI 0% >with other banks 20 % >Govt. approved securities 2.5% >Secured
loan to staff 20 % >Housing finance to individual 75% (for outstanding upto Rs. 20 Lacs 50%) > Capital
market exposure 125% > Commercial Real Estate 150%
Follow up of Advances: The followup of advances Is a small activities starting from the date of disbursement
to the date of recovery of last installment/ amount:
The important objectives of follow-up of credit facilities:
1. To ensure proper end use of funds. Funds should be used for the purpose, for which these are given.It should
not be used for any other purpose.
2. To ensure that the operations of the borrower are on expected lines both physically and financially,
3. To test the assumptions of lending .Advances is granted on the basis of projections. All projections depend on
bundle of assumptions. Many of such assumptions can and do wrong .Actual working only shows whether the
assumptions have proved correct or not. Most important are capacity utilization, costs incurred, price level.
Market conditions etc.
4. To ensure that the terms and conditions are satisfied .While sanctioning the advances, bank stipulates certain
conditions to be satisfied, such as restrictions on declaration of dividend, expansion in capacity , or acquisition of
fixed assets, repayment of private borrowings etc.
5. To ensure that the securities offered / charged are and continue to be in order .Physical existence , valuation,
quality turnover etc. are important.
6. to detect whether any danger signals are developing indicating sickness. Many a time warning signals are
thrown up indicating the existence/ emergence of a problem situation. Proper follow up action only can take care
of the situation.
7. To see whether there is any change in management structure, reconstitution, death or resignation of a key
person leading to the possible failure of the firm,
8. To examine whether there is any change in the environment affecting the unit, like Govt. policies, Economic
situations, crop failures etc.
9. To evaluate the operations of the borrower in a constructive way and to advise/ devise measures for correction/
improvement etc. This will require a total study of the operations, results and trends of the borrower.
10. To formulate future programme / lines of action in the light of the operational results or records.
11. To anticipate problems and reorient plans of action in order to contain such problems effectively. This requires
the banker to take a futureistic view of things and advise the borrower suitably.

Willful Defaulter:
Based on recommendations of working group on willful defaulter RBI has w.e.f. Mar 2002 instructed
as under: The willful Defaulter will broadly cover-
1. A Borrower who is having adequate resources/ cash flow/ net worth to pay out the dues but deliberately
not paying the dues,
2. Siphoning of the funds to the detriment of defaulting unit,
3. Non creation of the assets, disposal or misutilization of assets financed, without the knowledge of the bank,
4. Misrepresentation or falsification of records,
5. Fraudulent transactions by the borrower,
6. Where companies within the group has been issued guarantee in favour of the defaulting unit and guarantees
are not honoured when invoked , the group will be called willful defaulter,
7. Diversion of the fund to subsidiaries and associate company.This includes routine of fund through another
bank other than lending bankers, deploying fund for creation of other assets.
Tools available to banks to manage their NPAs
1. Banks have been advised to devise one time settlement schemes for resolution of NPAs. As per this scheme ,
for NPA upto Rs. 10 crore the minimum amount that should be recovered should be 100 percent of the outstanding
balance in that account.For NPAs over 10 crore the CMDs of the respective banks should personally supervise
the settlement of NPAs on a case to case basis.
2.Lok Adalats help banks to settle disputes involving accounts in “doubtful “ and ‘ loss’ category with an
outstanding balance of Rs. 5 lakh.
3. Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) were set up under the Recovery of Debts due to Banks and Financial
Institutions Act,1993.DRTs have been empowered to decide on cases of advances of Rs. 10 lakh and above.
4. Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR) applies to outstanding multiple banking accounts / consortium accounts
of Rs.20 crore and above. Restructuring of debt through financial restructuring, Business restructuring and
operational restructuring.
5. The Govt. enacted SARFAESI Act, 2002 for enforcement of security interest for realisation of dues without
the intervention of courts or tribunals.This act enables to strengthen the creditors right of recovery, , speedy NPA
recovery, bringing down the level of risk in the system and to empower ARCs (Asset Reconstruction Company)
.Benefits of sale of NPAs to ARCs are
> enable banks/ FIs to remove NPAs from the loan books > to enable banks/ FIs to focus on their core activities
>fuster implementation of resolution strategy by ARCs >Reduces expenditure of banks/ FIs on NPA maintenance.

One time Lok adalats DRTs SARFAESI act Others

settlement
Cases 10262 181547 3524 38969 9467

(source: RBI,report on trend and progress,2008)
One time settlement Lok adalats DRTs SARFAESI act others
4% 4%
16%
1%
75%
Basel Committee and Regulations

Bank capital plays a very important role in the safety and soundness of individual banks and banking
system. Basel Committee for Bank Supervision (BCBS),appointed by Bank for international settlements(BIS),
has prescribed a set of norms for the capital requirement for the banks in 1988 known as Basel Accord I. These
norms ensure that capital should be adequate to absorb unexpected losses or risks involved. If there is higher risk
,then it would be needed to backed up with capital and vice versa. All the countries establish their own guidelines
for risk based capital framework known as Capital Adequacy Norms. Capital Adequacy measures the strength of
the bank. Capital Adequacy Ratio is also known as Capital Risk Weighted Assets Ratio(CRAR) .In India this risk
based capital standard came into force in 1992-93.
Basel II is the revised capital accord of Basel I. Basel II accord is a broad spectrum of risk management.
The Basel II is more risk sensitive in capital allocation which not only includes credit risk but the market and
operational risks as well. Banks are capable of applying more risk sensitive methodologies through Basel II norms.

This structure is based on three reinforcing pillars which together are expected to contribute to the safety and
soundness of the financial system which is shown and described below:-
3 PILLARS OF
BASEL II
MINIMUM CAPITAL SUPERVISORY

MARKET DISCIPLINE
REQUIREMENT REVIEW PROCESS
First pillar: Minimum Capital Requirement:
1) Capital allocation that is more sensitive to risks.

2) Alignment of regulatory and economic capital.
 3) Encouragement of better risk management techniques.
 Financial stability depends upon the first pillar. Banks with adequate capital is the most important level
of defense for a central bank.
Second pillar: Supervisory review process
Urges banks to:-
Maintain adequate capital in relation to their risks

Monitor measure and manage their risks by developing better risk management techniques
Take into consideration risks that are not defined under pillar I such as, market risk, liquidity risk
Third pillar: Market discipline

Better information disclosure
Enhanced efficiency of financial markets
Credit Risk Rating – Basel Committee Norms
Internal ratings based approach recommended by the basel committee would form the basis for a sophisticated
risk management system for banks. A key element of the basel committee’s proposed new capital accord is the

use of a bank’s internal credit risk ratings to calculate the minimum regulatory capital it would need to set aside
for credit risk. Called the internal ratings based approach It links capital adequacy to the assets in a bank’s books.
Compared to capital allocation based on the standardized approach (including the one-size fits all old version),
the IRB regime is likely to make regulatory capital more consistent with economic capital (the capital required
by a bank to cover unexpected losses, as an insurance against insolvency). This is likely to reduce the amount of
regulatory capital banks will be required to set against credit risk inherent transactions and portfolios. Based on
its risk assessment, a bank will slot the exposure within a given grade. There must be enough credit grades in a
bank’s internal ratings system to achieve a fine distinction of the default risk of the various counter-parties.
A risk rating system must have a minimum of six to nine grades for performing borrowers and a minimum of
two grades for non-performing borrowers. More granularity can enhance a bank’s ability to analyse its portfolio
risk position, more appropriately price low-risk borrowers in the highly competitive corporate lending market and
importantly, prudently allocate risk capital to the non-investment grade assets where the range of default rates is
of a large magnitude. The credit risk of an exposure over a given horizon involves the probability of default (PD)
and the fraction of the exposure value that is likely to be lost in t he event of default or loss given default (LGD).
While the PD is associated with the borrower, the LGD depends on the structure of the facility. The product of
PD and LGD is the Expected Loss (EL). Risk tends to increase non-linearly – default rates are low for the least
risky grades but rise rapidly as the grade worsens – an A grade corporate will have a less probability of defaulting
within one year, while the next rated (BBB) borrower will have higher probability of defaulting, which may
further be higher for a CCC rated borrower. The probability of default is what defines the objective risk
characteristics of the rating. A bank’s rating system must have two dimensions. The first must be oriented to the
risk of the borrower default. The second dimension will take into account transaction specific factors. This
requirement may be taken care of by a facility rating which factors in borrower and transaction characteristics or
by an explicit quantifiable LGD rating dimension.
For the purpose, banks will need to estimate facility-specific LGD by capturing data on historical recoveries
effected by them in the various assets that have default. The recoveries will have to be adjusted for all expenses
incurred and discounted to the present value at the time the corporate default. Clarity and consistency in the
implementation of the bank-wide rating system is integral to a bank to relate its credit scores to objective loss
statistics and convince the regulator that its internal rating system is suitable for calculating regulatory capital.
Human judgment is central to the assignment of a rating. Banks, therefore, should design the operating flow of
the process towards promoting accuracy and consistency of ratings, without hindering the exercise of judgment.
While designing the operating framework, banks should include the organizational division of responsibility of
rating the nature of reviews to detect errors and inconsistencies, the location of ultimate authority over rating
assignment, the role of models in the rating process and the specificity of rating definitions. Banks must have a

mechanism of bank testing the rating system and the loss characteristics of their internal ratings. This is essential
to evaluate the accuracy and consistency of the rating criteria, accurately price assets and analyse profitability and
performance of the portfolio, monitor the structure and migration of the loan portfolio and provide an input to
credit risk models and economic capital allocation process. The PD will allow the back testing of bank’s rating
system by comparing the actual default performance of entities in a particular grade to the rate of default predicted
by the bank rating. Back testing against internal data and benchmarking the performance of the internals ratings
system against external rating systems will be a key part of the general verification process.
There are certain limitations, however, in using such an external mapping. First, would be the significant
difference in the quality and composition of the population of corporate rated by rating agencies and those in a
bank’s portfolio. Second, would be the time lag in which the agencies would be putting out their data on default
probabilities/migration frequencies – with this time lag there is a likelihood that the adverse changes in default
probabilities is factored into the rating system well after a recession in the economy. Third, there would be
potential inconsistencies in mapping a point-in-time rating with a Through-the-cycle rating fourth, statistics
available relate to developed markets and emerging markets and do not reflect representation of varying degree
of economic reforms and globalization.
Any improved internal risk internal rating system will need to have operational for some time before either the
bank or the regulators can amass data needed to back test the system and gain confidence in it. The Basel paper
on the IRB approach states that bank will be required to collect and store substantial historical data on borrower
default, rating decisions, rating histories, rating migration, information used to assign the ratings, the model that
assigned the ratings, PD histories, key borrower characteristics and facility information. Banks seeking eligibility
for the IRB approach should move to develop and warehouse their own historical loss experience data. Although
data constraints remain a challenge and data collection is costly, many banks have recognized its importance and
have begun projects to build databases of loan characteristics and loss experience. The internal rating of a bank
is not just a tool for judicious selection of credit at business unit level. Thanks to rapid developments taking place
worldwide in a risk management practices, internal ratings are being put to uses that are more progressive. Internal
ratings are used as a basis for economic capital allocation decision at the portfolio level and the individual asset
level. Having allocated this capital and in vie of the average risk of default assumed by the bank, the bank needs
to appropriately price the asset to compensate for the risk through a risk premium and also generate the required
shareholder return on the economic capital at stake. Construction and validation of a robust internal credit risk
rating system is just the first step toward sophisticated credit risk management. For an ambitious bank, the bank
the IRB approach promoted by Basel will form the platform for the risk management measures that are more
sophisticated such as risk based performance measurement.
Drivers of effective credit risk management:

Basel II was highlighted as one of the main drivers in shaping the banks’ approach to credit risk management. It
imposes disciplinary capital charges for procedural errors, limit violations and other operational risks. It also
creates new pressures to ensure that effective credit risk management controls are in place. A leading investment
bank, for example, commented that regulations drive its credit risk management procedures. The bank is forced
to provide more detailed disclosures in its annual reports. These may include
information on its strategies, nature of credit risk in its activities and how credit risk arises in those activities,
as well as information on how it manages credit risk. Basel II will affect a number of key elements in another
European bank, including a more rigorous assessment of the bank’s credit risk appetite, more technical approach
toward its counterparties and better portfolio risk management. Another bank mentioned that the impact of Basel
II is largely dependent on the environment it is regulated under, as it is different for each region. In one U.S. bank,
regulatory pressures raise the status of the risk group, while in another, these pressures can distract from strategic
business projects. While regulatory compliance is indeed a significant driver, most banks’ credit risk management
aspirations span beyond this. Key players also seek to gain competitive advantage through effective credit risk
management. The objective of best practices in credit risk management is to provide comprehensive guidance to
better address credit risk management. The findings from Lepus' survey illustrate that credit risk management
practices differ among banks, as they are dependent upon the nature and complexity of an individual bank’s credit
activities. Sound practices should generally address the following areas:
1) Establishing an appropriate credit risk environment.
2) Operating under a sound credit-granting process.
3) Maintaining an appropriate credit administration, measurement and monitoring process.
4) Ensuring adequate controls over credit risk. The feedback from banks demonstrates that centralization,
standardization, consolidation, timeliness, active portfolio management and efficient tools for exposures are the
key best practice in credit risk management. A Tier One American bank is considering having more efficient tools
for “what if” analysis and tools to provide transparency to the business. This is particularly important for
counterparty exposure at a firm wide level. Another U.S. institution is focusing on stress testing, concentration
risk, macro hedges and capital risk market management. Moreover, the firm has consolidated market risk and
credit risk. In 25 percent of the interviewed banks, achieving best practice involves having an active portfolio
management in the lending book along with real-time credit risk management. A leading investment bank
identifies best practice as having good quality data, for example, identifying processes that induce data errors.
Timeliness is another contributing factor. Real-time pre-deal checking, effective credit limits management and
country risk management are key to good credit risk practice at another bank. However, this is largely dependent
on the market the bank is targeting.

Risk Management of Bank of Baroda

Bank of Baroda has a robust and integrated Risk Management system to ensure that the risks assumed
by it are within the defined risk appetites and are adequately compensated.. Bank has constituted a Sub Committee
of the Board on ALM (Asset Liability Management) and Risk management to assist the Board on financial risk
related issues. The Bank has a full fledged Risk Management Department headed by a General Manager and
consisting of a team of qualified, trained and experienced employees. The Bank has set up separate committees,
of Top Executives of the Bank to supervise respective risk management functions as under.

Asset Liability Management Committee (ALCO) is basically responsible for the management of Market
Risk and Balance Sheet Management. It has the responsibility of managing deposit rates, lending rates, spreads,
transfer pricing, etc in line with the guidelines of Reserve Bank of India. It also plans out strategies to meet asst-
liability mismatches. Credit Policy Committee (CPC) has the responsibility to formulate and implement various
enterprise-wide credit risk strategies including lending policies and also to monitor Bank’s credit risk
management functions on a regular basis. Operational Risk Management Committee (ORMC) has the
responsibility of mitigation of operational risk by creation and maintenance of an explicit operational risk
management process.
Risk management policy: The Bank has Board approved policies and procedures in place to measure, manage
and mitigate various risks that the Bank is exposed to. In order to provide ready reference and guidance to the
various functionaries of the Risk Management System in the Bank, the Bank has in place Asset Liability
Management and Group Risk Policy, Domestic Loan Policy, Mid Office Policy, Off Balance Sheet Exposure
Policy (domestic), Business Continuity Planning Policy, Pillar III Disclosure Policy, Stress Test Policy and Stress
Test Framework, Operational Risk Management Policy, Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP),
Credit Risk Mitigation and Collateral Management Policy duly approved by the Board.
Bank’s compliance with Basel II

The Bank has a very large overseas presence amongst the Indian banks and has
implemented the Basel-II Guidelines from 31st March 2008. In keeping with the guidelines of the Reserve Bank
of India, the Bank has adopted Standardized Approach for Credit Risk, Basic Indicator Approach for Operational
Risk, and Standardized Duration Approach for Market Risk for computing the capital adequacy ratio. The Bank
has, therefore, been computing the Capital to Risk Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) on parallel basis under Basel-
I and Basel-II Guidelines. The Bank is also providing additional capital towards Operational Risk under Basel II
guidelines. The CRAR of the Bank is summarized as under:
In compliance with the Pillar–II guidelines of the Reserve Bank of India under Basel II framework, the Bank
formulated its Policy of Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP) to assess internal capital in
relation to various risks the Bank is exposed to. Stress Testing and scenario analysis are used to assess the financial
and management capability of the Bank to continue to operate effectively under exceptional but plausible

conditions. Such conditions may arise from economic, legal, political, environmental and social factors The Bank
has a Board approved Stress Testing Policy describing various techniques used to gauge their potential
vulnerability and the Bank’s capacity to sustain such vulnerability. The Bank conducted its ICAAP tests on
semiannual frequency along with stress tests as per the ICAAP Policy of the Bank.
Data presentation & Data Analysis

A) Comparison between the total outstanding credit exposure
The following table exhibits the total outstanding credit exposure(fund based + non fund based ) of Bank of
Baroda during the following months:
OUTSTANDING AS ON (Rs. In crore)
Credit Rating 31-10-2009 30-11-2009 31-12-2009 31-01-2010 28-02-2010 31-03-2010
BOB-1 132.37 137.93 142.57 142.57 156.04 156.74
BOB-2 353.63 344,04 326.71 355.86 305.55 292.01
BOB-3 577.32 683.73 780.58 812.25 721.23 572.87

BOB-4 905.07 995.16 1046.55 1101.48 987.40 642.05

BOB-5 1095.89 1049.18 1091.14 1078.82 1102.50 1230.31
BOB-6 44.40 82.78 70.48 89.49 87.57 118.50
BOB-7 30.56 30.41 65.31 34.78 51.62 57.55
BOB-8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BOB-9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BOB-10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 3139.26 3323.23 3523.34 3615.25 3411.85 3070.03
Comments
In BOB-1 category there is a increasing trend right from the beginning. There is a sharp decline in
BOB-3 category after January,2010.The low risk category have got their highest point after a momentum growth
in January,2010.The outstanding amount in BOB-2 category has also declining trend in 2010.
The outstanding amount of loan in the medium risk category has increased for BOB-4 category from
October 09 to January 2010 and then a sharp decline is noticed. In BOB-5 category there is a sharp increase from
Jan 10 till march,10. BOB-6 category has a slight increase in the exposure.
There has been a lesser amount of exposure in the high risk category.Only BOB-7 has some
negligible amount of outstanding.
B) Comparison between Large Borrower Advances (10 crore and above) of the Kolkata Metro
Region (KMR) with that of the Eastern Zone
Dated Total Advances in EZ(Rs.crore) Total Advances in KMR(Rs % of advances in KMR out
crore) of total EZ
31-10-2009 3323.23 3080.91 92.71
30-11-2009 3523.34 3261.82 92.57
31-12-2009 3615.25 3238.92 89.59
31-01-2010 3411.85 3012.99 88.31
28-02-2010 3070.03 2821.11 91.89
Comment: On an average around 92 % of the total large borrower advances in the Eastern Zone are contributed
by the KMR during this period.
C) Comparison between the outstanding credit exposures ( Fund based & Non fund based ).
(Amount in crores)
Credit Rating Outstanding Exposures
31.03.2008 31.03.2009
FB NFB FB NFB
BOB-1 27.52 0.13 99.82 0.28
BOB-2 117.26 41.21 82.23 308.20
BOB-3 281.22 134.30 214.74 265.57
BOB-4 867.70 114.10 333.90 260.71
BOB-5 193.08 292.65 1150.51 121.56
BOB-6 30.62 9.18 22.85 0.00
BOB-7 0.00 0.00 15.03 1.29
BOB-8 22.65 0.00 0.00 0.00

BOB-9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

BOB-10 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00
TOTAL 1540.05 591.57 1919.08 957.61
Comments: The analysis shows that the larger borrower accounts are graded mostly between BOB-2 & BOB-5.(
investment grade high safety and investment grade moderate safety).
D) Comparison between the exposures in various segments
The advances or a credit exposure of a bank constitutes a large part of its assets. The following table exhibits the
net advances of Bank of Baroda during 6 months:
Advances
Dates Wholesale SME Others Net Advances % increase in
(Rs. In crore) (Rs. In crore) (Rs.in crore) (Rs. In Crore) Net Advances
31-10-2009 2389.01 551.94 198.31 3139.26 ---
30-11-2009 2563.62 583.62 175.99 3323.23 5.86
31-12-2009 2734.78 611.53 177.03 3523.34 6.02
31-01-2010 2734.78 585.50 292.72 3615.25 2.61
28-02-2010 2550.06 540.61 321.18 3411.85 (5.63)
31-03-2010 2380.17 528.17 161.69 3070.03 (10.02)
Comments
Wholesale sector holds the maximum net advances. The net advances of BoB have increased till
2009.But then there is a decline. On an average wholesale sector holds 76%, SME holds 18% and other holds the
rest 6% of total net advances.
Limitations:
1) Less time duration: It is very difficult to get knowledge about such an important and huge domain of banking
sector in two months.
2) Conservativeness: From the bank’s perspective, sometimes it is very difficult to get the data and information
due to the maintenance of the secrecy of the customers profile and Bank itself.
Future Challenges of risk management of Indian Banking industry

Risk management activities will be more pronounced in future banking because of liberalization, deregulation,
and global integration of financial markets. This would be adding depth and dimension to the banking risks, As
the risks are correlated, exposure to one risk may lead to another risk, therefore management of risks in a
proactive, integrated and efficient manner will be the strength of the successful banks. The forward looking banks
would be in process of placing their MIS for the collection of the data required for the calculation of PD, LGD
and EAD. The banks are expected to have at a minimum PD data for five years and LGD and EAD data for seven
years. Presently most Indian banks do not possess the data .Also the personal skills, the IT infrastructure and MIS
at the banks need to be upgraded substantially if the banks want to migrate to the IRB approach. Development of
MIS, Human Resource,, proper risk based pricing in the increased competition from foreign banks and domestic
banks, maintaining the Basel II norms and CAR are going to be the future challenges of the risk management of
Indian Banking Industry.
CHAPTER - VI

Case study
M/S XYZ Ltd.
Business experience of directors:
The directors hails from business family and are attached with several business. Sri Keshav Chand Padia and Sri
Bijay Padia are also associated with Jaraikela Lumberman (India) Pvt. Ltd. engaged in similar type of business
and have acquired sufficient experience in the line of manufacturing of plastic containers, PVC pipes and other
plastic products for industrial uses.

Background of the company:
The company was originally promoted by Sri Biswanath Kedia and others in the name of M/S Bala Shah
Industries Ltd, which was incorporated on 2nd July, 1997 and the certificate for commencement of business was
obtained on 15th July, ’97. The company was incorporated with the main object to carry on the business as timber
merchant, Shaw mill, Vencer and plywood manufacturer etc. on 9th Dec ’97, the company purchase land
measuring 1.62 acres (98 kottahs) of P.S. Bhadreswar, Mouza – Bighati, Dist – Hooghly with a total consideration
of Rs. 7.13 lacs. Factory shed was constructed during 98-99 for which 20.13 lacs was invested. The main objects
of the company were changed to carry on the business of manufacturing and dealing all kind of plastic materials.
The name of the company was also subsequently changed to M/S Eastern Polycraft Industies Ltd. on 13th July
’99.
Under the initiative of the new promoters the company took initiative for setting up of a plastic container
manufacturing unit with a total cost of Rs. 195.38 lacs by availing financial assistance from BOB, Brabourne Rd.
Branch. The company was initially sanctioned a term loan limit of Rs. 134.95 lacs to part finance the cost of the
project. The commercial production was to start from 2000-2001. Though The company installed one machine as
against two originally planned the production could not be started effectively due to defect found in the moulds.
Though several attempts were made to repair the moulds it could not be repaired. As a result the sales of the
company failed to pick-up as projected. The company postponed the idea of purchasing the second machine, out
of the loan of Rs. 134.95 lacs. Sanctioned to the company. They only availed loan upto Rs. 72.33lacs. Rest of the
limit was surrendered. Subsequently during 2002-2003 the company purchased new moulds. Their product
were approved by various major oil and paint companies and their sales started peaking up. The company there
after went for manufacturing of containers with one injection moulding machine in the year April,2000. The
company continuously improve its performance and added additional capacity by way of purchase of new
machines.
The company is regular in repayment of loan installment of bank. Encouraged by success and looking at
increasing demand the company has now decided to go for further expansion of capacity of their concerning
division.
Marketability:
Main users of the products (moulded plastic containers) manufactured by the company are as under:-
Indian oil Corporation Ltd.
Dainippon Inks and chemicals India Ltd.
HPCL
BPCL
IBP Co. Ltd. etc.

Major suppliers of basic raw material (plastic granules and master batch) are as under:-
Haldia Petro Chemical Ltd.
India Petro Chemical Ltd.
Reliance Industries Ltd. etc.
Security Coverage:
Sr.
Particulars of Fixed Security Existing Proposed
No.
Hypothecation of Plant &Machinery of the Company as per
1 373.06 373.06
ABS as on 31.3.13 (WDV)
Fresh addition of Plant & Machinery for the proposed fresh
2 - 490.5
project (Term Loan)
Equitable mortgage of factory, land and building at
3 175.48 175.48
Dobapukur
Addition of proposed factory shed & building as per the
4 - 110.00
fresh project (term loan)
5 Equitable mortgage of 32 units of SDF flats at Uluberia 86.56 86.56
Fresh addition of 6 units of SDF flats at Uluberia for which
6 - 22.5
fresh term loan is requested
Equitable mortgage of immovable property in the name of
7 20.00 20.00
Mr. Bijay Padia situated at Rishati
8 Total fixed security 655.10 1378.10
9 Proposed exposure (net of margin) 842.49 1539.42
13 Security Coverage (No. of times) 0.78 0.83
13 Fixed Assets Coverage Ratio (FA/TL) 1.90 1.58
Scope for additional collateral securities:-

Scope for further collateral securities was explored but it is informed that at present the company does not have
any further security to be offered as collateral security.
 Further there has been substantial appreciation in the cost of immovable prospectus mortgaged/to be
mortgaged with the bank for which re-valuation has not been sought for.
 Also, stocks & book debts will be available as primary security & monitoring control will be better, as
monthly stocks / book-debts statements to be submitted by the company.
 Financial Parameters & Assessment of Financial Performance
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Audited Audited Audited Projected Projected
a) B/S Data:
Share capital 240.5 241.5 266.5 291.5 291.5
General Reserve - - - - -
Share application money 1.00 25.00 25.00 - -
Accumulated surplus 88.16 101.27 131.8 240.39 398.39
Tangible Networth 329.66 370.77 423.3 531.89 690.45
Term Liabilities 251.01 928.55 784.94 602.71 429.68

Capital Employed 581.67 1299.32 1208.24 1134.6 1120.13

Net Block 572.78 1148.57 977.18 837.91 722.81
Funds invested outside business 24.74 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74
Current Assets 579.74 983.42 1329.88 1533.76 1705.3
(-) Current Liabilities 596.58 836.42 1102.56 1240.82 1311.73
Net Current Assets (-16.85) 147.00 227.32 292.94 393.57
Capital deployed 580.67 1299.32 1208.24 1134.6 1120.15
b) Operational Data:
Net Sales
1409.2 2554.27 3975.78 4699.72 5110.34
Other operating income
- - - - -
Total Operating income
1409.2 2554.27 3975.78 4699.72 5110.34
Other income 60.71 67.27 1.5 1.75 2.00
Manufacturing expenses 1243.7 2226.23 3429.76 4055.16 4418.27
Administration, Selling expenses 54.99 92.42 144.71 170.93 185.4
Miscellaneous expenses 0.93 0.54 - - -
Depreciation 74.76 139.25 171.39 139.27 115.10
Interest 76.89 132.21 184.24 168.88 151.91
Net Profit before Tax 18.63 30.9 47.18 167.23 241.66
Net Profit after Tax 11.78 15.57 27.53 108.59 158.56
c) Important Ratio:
Net Profit/Net Sales (%)
0.84 0.61 0.69 2.31 3.13
PAT/TNW (%)
3.57 4.2 6.5 20.42 22.96
Operating Profit margin
16.05 15.48 13.77 13.77 13.75
Net Profit/ Capital Employed
2.03 1.20 2.28 9.57 14.16
Stock Turnover ratio
61 46 43 43 43
Debtor Turnover ratio 60 76 61 61 61

Creditors Holding level 48 57 56 56 57
0.97 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.3
Current ratio
1.08 1.33 1.37 1.38 1.43
CR (without considering installment
liabilities as CL)
Debt-Equity ratio (TTL/TNW) 0.76 2.50 1.85 1.13 0.62
Debt-Equity ratio (TOL/TNW) 2.57 4.76 4.46 3.47 2.52
Notes: - Manufacturing expenses includes raw material, power and fuel, other manufacturing expenses.
Administration & selling expenses includes sales promotion & publicity, salaries & wages and other
admin expenses.

Whether Fund flow statement submitted: Yes
Summary 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Long term sources 215.56 948.39 223.92 247.86 273
Less: Long term uses 251.34 722.04 110.24 182.23 182.23
Surplus(+)/ Shortfall(-) (35.78) 226.35 113.68 65.63 91.43
Short term sources 214.13 177.33 232.78 138.25 80.11
Less: Short term uses 178.32 403.68 346.46 203.88 171.54
Surplus(+)/ Shortfall(-) 35.78 (226.35) (133.68) (65.63) (91.43)
As seen from the table above, there is no diversion of short term fund for long purposes except during 08-09,
the amount being Rs. 35.78 lacs which is a meager amount considering the scale of operation? Here it may also
be mentioned that the company had purchased machinery worth Rs. 28.39 lacs from own source for which
reimbursement was sought. As the term-loan was sanctioned on 29.4.09, subsequent to which term-loan was
disbursed, there has been a mismatch in the fund flow during 08-09, which has been rectified.
Comments on performance:- Sales: Sales of the company is showing increasing trend. The company has
achieved Gross Sales of Rs. 1649.99 lacs and Net sales of Rs. 1513.20 lacs during the last FY 08-09 against the
earlier estimated gross sales of Rs. 1664.00 lacs and estimated Net sales of Rs. 1532.81 lacs thereby achieving
99.16% of the Gross sales and 98.36% of the Net sales. The variance is negligible and is hence accepted. During
the course the company registered growth in Gross sales by 54.81% and in Net sales by 54.54% against the
previous year (PY)07-08 Sales when the Gross sales of the company was Rs. 1385.85 lacs and Net sales was Rs.
913.84 lacs. During the Current year (CY) the company has already registered Gross sales of Rs. 1308.25 during
the period 1.4.09 to 20.8.09. The company also has orders worth Rs. 3347.36 lacs from various respected
companies as on date, the break-up of which is as under:-
Sr. No. Company’s Name Amount (Rs.)
(Rs. in lacs)
1 Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (Kolkata) 1005.43
2 Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (Malda) 314.89
3 Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (Delhi) 81.70
4 Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (Allahabad) 237.85
5 Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (Kolkata) 605.72

6 Balmer Lawrie & co. Ltd. 392.77
7 DIC India Ltd. (Kolkata) 208.53
8 Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. 143.86
9 Waxpol Industries Ltd.(Ranchi) 32.11
13 Tide water oil Co. Ltd. (Kolkata) 212.63
13 Seacem Paints India Pvt. Ltd. 42.66
13 Vibjore Paints 5.89
15 Fujima Paints 19.06
15 Cico Technologies Ltd. 21.31
15 Managalam Lubricants 22.94
TOTAL 3347.35
The company gets continuous work order from IOC Ltd., IBP Co. Ltd., HP Corporation. Ltd., etc. The company
has now estimated/ projected gross sales of Rs. 2640.61 lacs / Rs. 4131.20 lacs during 08-09/ 09-10 which seem
to be reasonable and acceptable under normal business conditions due to the under mentioned reasons:-
Past record of the company is satisfactory.

Sales during the current year till date are reasonable.
Present orders in hand and the continuous orders received by the company from reputed companies, due
to the expertise and product quality of the company.
The company has proposed for expansions / increase in capacities of the existing manufacturing unit
during the year which will increase the production level of the company.
Cost of the raw material / consumables have increased, the cost of which will be passed onto the customers,
thereby increasing the value of the product.

Increase in demand of the product due to improvement in the domestic economy.

The company has also projected Gross sales of Rs. 4859.36 lacs, Rs. 5283.43 lacs & Rs. 5697.05 lacs during
2010-11,11-12,12-13 respectively which seems to be reasonable and acceptable under normal conditions.
Net Profit:
The company had earlier earned NP of Rs. 30.46 lacs during the year 07-08 with NP margin of 4.22% and
operating profit margin of 20.52%. However as per the ABS as on 31.3.08 the NP of the company reduced to Rs.
10.23 lacs during 07-08 registering Net profit margin of 1.13% & operating profit margin of 18.21%. The main
reason for the reduced profit is explained as increase in the cost of sales, owing to increase in the price of the raw
materials. Besides there was an increase in selling & administration expense and interest paid to bank expenses.
The company had earlier also estimates NP of Rs. 32.37 lacs during 08-09 but as per ABS as on 31-3-09 the NP
registered by the company is Rs. 13.78 lacs, while recording NP margin of 0.84% and the operating profit margin
of 16.05%. Reduced operating profit is explained by the company is due to procurement of raw materials by the
company on the basis of delivery challans, (credit purchase) during 08-09, but the relevant bills for which was
submitted by the suppliers to the company for payment during the FY 08-09. Reduction in the NP margin during
08-09 is due to increase in the selling & administration expenses (main components being – trading expenses,
truck expenses & discount allowed to customers) and interest paid to bank on account of increase in bank exposure
obtained for the expansion project of the company. In continuation of the above trend the company has estimated
as conservative NP for the FY 08-09 at Rs. 15.57 lacs while working out the operating profit margin at 15.48%
and NP margin at 0.61% which is acceptable. The company has projected NP of Rs.27.53 lacs, Rs. 108.59 lacs,
Rs. 158.56 lacs & Rs. 206.92 lacs for the FYs 08-09, 09-10, 10-11, and 11-12 respectively. T he operating profit
margin for the future projection works out in the range of 13 – 14% while the NP margin has been projected to
increase ranging from 2.31% to 4.78% mainly due to stable increase in the selling & administration expenses,
while the bank interested has been projected to reduce on a/c of repayment of the term loans availed/ to be availed
which seems to be reasonable and is acceptable.
Net worth
The NW of the co has increased gradually due to plough bach of profit into the business as well as due to fresh
introduction of equity. The tangible network of the company as per ABS as on 31.08.09 has increased to Rs
329.66 has as against Rs 272.27 lacs as on 31.3.08 mainly due to fresh introduction of equity of Rs 49.00 lacs.
The TWW of the Co. has been estimated at Rs 370.77 Lacs for the current financial year 09 – 10 due to further
introduction of capital.
Movement of tangible Net Worth of the company is tabled below:

(figs. in lacs)
Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Opening TNW 272.27 329.66 370.77 423.30 531.89
(+) PAT/ Loss 11.78 15.57 27.53 108.59 158.56
(+) Increase in Equity 49.00 1.00 25.00 25.00 -
Increase/Decrease in share (3.00) (24.00) - (25.00) -

application money
Increase/Decrease in share - - - - -
premium
Adjust: Intangible Assets (0.45) 0.54 - - -
Adjust: Previous year - - - - -

expenses
Increase/Decrease in General - - - - -
Reserve
Increase/Decrease in - - - - -
deferred tax liability
Closing TNW 329.66 370.77 423.3 531.89 690.45
Ratios
Current Ratio
CR of the Company as on 31.3.09 reduced to 0.97 from 1.04 as on 31.03.08 mainly due to increase in short term
bank borrowings, of the term loan installment liabilities are not considered as part of current liabilities then the
CR daily 08 -09 and 09- 10 works out to 1.16 and 1.03 respectively.
The Company has estimated CR of 1.18 during the current year 09- 10. Here again if the term loan installment
liabilities are not considered as part of CL then the CR works out to 1.33 which is acceptable.
The Company being a medium enterprise as per circular no – Bcc/ BR / 2005 of SME policy, CR of 1.20 is
acceptable, CR for the future projection have been worked out above the benchmark level and the same is
acceptable.
Debt Equity Ratio:

TTL / TNW of the company as on 31.3.09 is 0.76 which is estimated to increase to 2.5 as on 31.03.09 on a/c of
increase in term loan expense availed/ to be availed from the bank, but the same is within the acceptable
benchmark level. TTl/ TNW in the future preparation is projected to improve gradually due to repayment of the
term loan installment.
Similarly, TOL / TNW of the company, was 2.57 as on 31.3.09 which is estimated to increase to 4.76 on a/c of
increase in bank exposer TOL/ TNW in the future preparation has been projected to increase due to repayment of
the term loan installments.
Assessment of Working Capital:
Last assessment on what sales and for which year proposed: Last assessed based on projected sales of
Rs.1715.62 lacs for the FY 2009-10.
Whether company has achieved last accepted sales, if not, reasons: The Financial Year 09-10 is not yet
over and hence achievement of the projected sales does not arise. However the company’s total earnings
for the year 2008-09 as per ABS as on 31.3.09 is Rs 1469.99 lacs against the earlier estimated revenue
of Rs.1428.02 lacs.
Net sales / Export achieved up to the date of assessment / half yearly / quarterly sales: Company has
achieved sales of Rs. 1007.25 lacs during the current financial year from 1.4.09 to 20.8.09.
Method of Lending: 1st method of lending / Turnover method.
Working Capital term loan (if any): NIL
Justification for Working capital: As per guidelines, working capital limit has been worked out on the
basis of 1st method lending as well as turnover method as per table given here under –
Working Capital Assessment for the company as a whole:

(figs. in lacs)
Method of MPBF (Maximum Permissible Actual Actual Estimated Estimated

Bank Finance) (Rs.)31.3.08 (Rs.)31.3.09 (Rs.)31.3.10 (Rs.)31.3.11
Total Current Assets 401.43 579.74 983.43 1329.87
Less: Current Liabilities (other than bank 167.53 238.07 476.43 702.55
borrowings)
Working Capital gap 233.9 341.67 507.00 627.32
Minimum stipulated margin 25% of 58.48 85.42 126.75 156.83

Working capital gap
Actual/Projected NWC 17.07 (16.85) 147.00 227.32
MBPF 175.42 256.25 360.00 400.00
Current ratio 1.04 0.97 1.18 1.21
Assessment of working capital under PBF method:
Particulars 31.3.08 31.3.09 31.3.10 31.3.11
Actual/Projected turnover 912.59 1409.2 2554.27 3975.78
Gross Working capital (25% of actual 228.15 352.30 638.57 993.95

turnover)
Minimum margin: 5% turnover 45.63 70.46 127.71 198.79
Actual/Projected Net Working capital 17.08 (16.85) 147.00 227.32
Percentage of NWC to Actual turnover 1.87% (1.20%) 5.76% 5.72%
PBF (Permissible Bank Finance) 182.52 281.84 491.57 766.63
Percentage of PBF turnover 20.00% 20.00% 19.25% 19.28%
The company has requested for review of cash credit limit at the existing level of Rs.360.00 lacs for the FY 2010-11
which is justified under 1ST method of lending as well as Turnover method and the same is proposed for sanction.
Comments on inventory holding/creditors/debtors level/ reasons for accepting large variance in inventory/creditors/ debtors
level.
(figs in days)

Particulars 31.3.08 31.3.09 31.3.10 31.3.11 31.3.12 31.3.13
Stock Turnover Ratio 52 61 46 43 43 43
Debtors Turnover Ratio 83 60 76 61 61 61
Creditors Holding Level 42 48 57 56 56 57
Inventory Holding level:
The inventory holding during 08-09 increased to 61 days from 52 days during 07-08. It has however been explained by
the company that the increase in holding level is due to increase in the cost of raw materials (plastic granules) towards the
end of FY 08-09 and not on account of holding of higher level of inventory. However the holding level is at acceptable
level. The company has estimated/projected the holding level in the range of 42-46 days which is reasonable and
acceptable.
Debtors holding level:
The main customers of the company are the Navaratna PSU oil companies and other big reputed companies. It has been
observed in the past that payment for the same is received within 2-3 months of sales. However the holding level of the
company improved from 83 days during 2007-08 to 60 days during 08 -09. The debtors level has been estimated at 76
days for the current year 09-10 and projected to stabilize at 61 days in the future which is reasonable and acceptable.
Creditors holding level:
Major portions of the company’s creditors are the creditors under Letter of Credit. The creditor’s level of the company has
increased from 42 days during 07-08 to 48 days during 08-09 due to increase in letter of credit exposure the creditors
level has been further estimated/projected to increase and stabilize in range of 56-57 days on account of the letter of credit
exposure , but the same is reasonable and adaptable
Term loan:
Demand for the company’s product is encouraging. In order to the situation in the company has envisaged carrying out
expansion of its production capacity. The company has therefore approached the bank to part finance the cost of the
expansion of the project.
The total cost of the expansion project has been estimated at Rs 623.00lacs by the company. The company has requested
for fresh term loan of Rs 490.5lacs to part finance the proposed expansion project whereas the promoter’s contribution
will be 25% of the total project cost. The breakup of the cost of the project and mean of finance is given hereunder.
Total cost of the expansion as per the project report submitted by the company will be as under:

PROJECT COST Rs. in Lacs
Sl. no. Particulars Total Cost
1 Factory shed & building @ Rs. 550/sq. ft. (20000 for the existing unit at 110.00
Bhadreswar, Hooghly)
2 New SDF flats allotted at Uluberia industrial growth centre (6 nos. of flats @ 22.5
Rs. 3.75 lacs)
3 Plant & Machinery ( for both the units at Bhaleswar and Uluberia) 490.5
Total project cost 623.00
Sl. no. MEANS OF FINANCE Amount (Rs.)
1 Term Loan form Bank 467.00
2 Promoters Contribution 156.00
Total 623.00
Project Debt Equity 2.99
As requested by the company we have recommend for waiving of TEV study as it is only an expansion project and the
company is in this line of activity since long and is also having satisfactory dealing with BOB.
BASIS OF ESTIMATION FOR COST OF PROJECT:
1) Factory shed & Building – The said cost has been estimated based on the offer for civil construction work from M/S
ABC Commerce & Construction Company Pvt. Ltd., as ISO 9001:2000 certified company having its office at 5A, Orient
Row, Kolkata-700017, vide their offer letter No. AMCON/CIVIL/SG-131/513 dated 4.6.09. The breakup of the civil
construction cost is as under:-
Total area = 108M X 17M = 1836 sq. M

Sl. no. Description of work Unit Qty Unit Rate Total Amount (Rs.)
1 Earth work in excavation M3 797 180 143460
2 Silver sand filling M3 2750 590 1622500
3 B.F.S M2 2268 190 430920
4 P.C.C. (1:3:6) M3 259 3950 1023050
5 R.C.C. (1:1.5:3) M3 447 5150 2302050
6 Brick work (250 thk) M3 308 3460 1065680
7 Plastering (Avg. 15mm – 1:6) M2 2400 175 420000
8 Reinforcement steel for floor (TMT Bars) MT 50 52000 2600000
9 Shuttering M2 680 240 163200
13 Flooring IPS (40 MM thk) M2 1836 210 385560
13 Damp proof (25 mm thk) M2 63 180 11340
13 Plinth protection toiling & 25 mm I.P.S. M2 250 710 177500
15 Surface Drain RM 258 1975 509550
15 Earth work in filling M3 543 95 51585
TOTAL 10906395
2) 6 new SDF Flats: The Company has now been further offered 6 nos. of SDF buildings by WBIIDC based on the merit
of the project. The SDF flats are adjacent to the recently acquired 32 SDF flats at Uluberia Growth Centre. The Company
has informed that the said buildings will initially be acquired by the Company from own sources and thereafter sanctions
of the Term loan, the Company will seek for reimbursement of the same. The cost of each flat has been informed to be
3.75 lacs each as per the project report.
Based on the above information and the project report submitted by the company, Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
has been calculated as under:-

The DSCR of the company as a whole has been worked out as under:
Particulars 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13
Service:
PAT 15.57 27.53 108.59 158.56
(+)Interest on Term loan 62.21 106.24 88.88 69.71
(+)Depreciation & Preliminary expenses written off 139.25 171.39 139.27 115.30
(A) Total 217.03 305.16 336.74 343.37
Debt:
Interest on Term loan 62.21 106.24 88.88 69.71
(+)Installments on Term loan 36.37 98.87 132.23 132.23
(B) Total 98.58 205.11 221.11 201.94
DSCR (A/B) 2.20 1.49 1.52 1.70
Average DSCR 2.2/4 1.49/4 1.52/4 1.70/4
As per Domestic Loan Policy Guidelines 2008. Average DSCR of – with a minimum DSCR of 1.25 in any given year is
acceptable.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS:
Based on various situations sensitivity analysis has been carried out, the summary of which is as per chart given
below:-
Sensitivity Factors DSCR for various years
08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12
2% drop in selling price 1.68 1.10 1.19 1.40
Average DSCR 1.34
2% increase in operating cost 1.73 1.14 1.14 1.25
Average DSCR 1.315
10% drop in capacity utilization 1.95 1.31 1.29 1.41
Average DSCR 1.49
The above sensitivity analysis shows that the operations of the company are satisfactory and is not very susceptible to the
various scenarios we can see from the above table that all parameters of project are comfortable enough to withstand
adverse variations even in critical situation. Moreover, the company is dealing in supply of its product to public sector oil
companies so chances of drop in sale price more than 2% is a remote possibility.
Assessment of Non-Fund Limits:
Bank Guaranties – Bank Guaranties are required by the company for uninterrupted supply of module plastic containers to
IOCL, HPCL, and in lieu of security deposit to be submitted favouring WBSEB. All these guarantees are performance in
nature. The present outstanding balance in the BG Limit is Rs. 40.29 lacs.
Normally, Bank Guarantees issued on behalf of the company have not been invoked in the past except for the instance the
3 BGs aggregating Rs. 8.37 lacs were invoked by BSNL during 05-06 due to non-execution of supply orders of polythene
pipes as there was some dispute over specification and cost of materials. However, the same was adjusted in full through
the cash credit account of the company and hence no crystallization for the same was made.
The company has now requested for review with increase of the BG Limit from Rs.50 to Rs. 60 lacs at 25%. We propose
increase in the BG Limit from Rs.50.00 lacs to Rs. 60.00 lacs at 25% margin as the company has not any further
collaterals for the increase in exposure. Assessment of the BG Limit is as under: -

(figs. in lacs)
Particulars Amount (Rs.)
Present outstanding BGs 40.29
Less: Amount of BG to expire during the next 12 months 15.00
Sub total 25.29
Add: Estimated requirement of BGs during the next 12 months for participation in 20.00
various tenders.
Add: Estimated requirement of BGs for submitting to WBSEDCL in lieu of the security 15.00
deposit.
Estimated requirement of BG Limit for the next 12 months 60.29
Say, (whole figure) 60.00
BG Limit requested by the company 60.00
BG Limit recommended for sanction. 60.00
Considering the turnover projected by the company, the above assessed BG Limit is justified.
Inland / import letter of credit (period not to exceed 180 days) –
Letter of credit facility is required by the company for procurement of raw material. Raw material is procured by the
company from the domestic as well as the international market as per requirement. The company is presently enjoying
inland / imports LC Limit of Rs. 50.00 lacs present outstanding of which is Rs. 48.96 lacs as on date. Cash margin for the
said facility has been reduced from 25% to 10% by the GM(EZ) as per modification proposal dated 2.7.09.
The company has also been sanction Ad-Hoc inland / Import LC Limit of Rs. 64.00 lacs at a cash margin of Rs.64.00 lacs
at a cash margin of 10% by the DGM (KMR) on 3.7.09 for 3 months due to increase in the cost of plastic granules and
basic raw materials. Ad-Hoc limit was also required due to short supply of the raw materials, while there are huge work
orders received for which sufficient raw materials holdings is required. The o/s Balance of the Ad-Hoc inland / import LC
Limit is Rs. 66.43 lacs as on date, (excess of Rs. 1.43 lacs has been opened against 100% cash margin).
Due to regular expansion measures adopted by the company owing to increased demand of the product, the company
envisages enhanced requirement of raw materials procurement under LC. The company has therefore requested for
increase in the regular LC Limit from the existing level of Rs. 50.00 lacs to Rs. 325.00 lacs. On sanction of the regular LC
Limit of Rs.325.00 lacs the Ad-Hoc LC Limit of Rs.64.00 lacs is proposed to be regularized and the o/s balance of the
same will form part of the proposal enhanced regular LC Limit of Rs. 325.00 lacs.
Out f the total raw material procured by the company, 85% of the raw material procurement is made under LC. Based on
the above estimations / projections submitted by the company LC Limit has been assumed as under:-

(Figs. in lacs)
Total consumption of raw material for 09-10 2000.17
Consumption of raw material under Letter of credit 1700.14
(being 85% of the raw material consumption)
Raw material purchased under LC 1800.15
Usance period 55 days
Lead period 15 days
Total usance time 70 days
LC requirement – 1800.15 x 70/365 326.05
LC Limit requested by the company 325.00
LC Limit proposed for sanction 325.00

SWOT Analysis:
Strength:
1) The company is an existing profit making unit.

2) The sales of the company are on the increase which is satisfactory.
3) The promoters are well experienced in the trade.
4) Production of the company is of high quality and has the approval of oil sector companies.
5) The company has been awarded ISO 9001-2000 certification, approval renewed by NQAQSR is Dec ’07.
Weakness:
1) Low margin of profit but the same is proposed to improve due to the proposed expansion profit.
2) The price of basic raw materials i.e. HDPE granules is subject to fluctuating being a petro product but the
same is at a manageable level.
Opportunities:
1) With the opening of economy and privatization of Government sector oil companies; there is vast scope
of increase of demand of companies’ product.
Threat:
1) Competition from other manufactures which can be managed by the company due to its expertise in the
field, reputation built in the market and the standing of the promoter in the market.

CHAPTER - VII
FINDINGS AND RECOMMANDATIONS
Summary of Research Findings &
Suggestions

Summary of Research Findings (based on data available)
The net large borrower advances of Bank of Baroda in the Eastern Zone have increased over the period.
The advances include loans to wholesale sector, SME sector and others. The SME lending has a declining
trend.
More than 63% of the funds allocated to the large borrower advances have been given to medium risk
category of borrowers (especially BOB-5).Fund based exposures are high. Approximately 34% of the
funds have been provided to the low risk category of borrowers.
Study reveals that the KMR alone accounts for more than 88% of the large borrower advances in the
Eastern Zone.
Efforts were also made to improve the speed of decision making. The average turnaround time for sanction
of a proposal was reduced considerably to less than 30 days during FY10 as against 45 days during FY09.
With the continued thrust on faster delivery through efficient channels and adoption of better practices in
credit administration, the Bank plans to reduce the turnaround time in according a sanction further to less
than 20-25 days. The number of Fast-track proposals sanctioned during FY10 was 230 amounting to Rs
32,933.23 crore compared to 122 amounting to Rs 16,525.99 crore last year. The strengthening of fast
track clearance of large credit helped in brining qualitative change in the credit dispensation.
The internal rating methodology of the bank reliable and it is reviewed from time to time. While following
the internal rating process, the bank also considers the rating given by the other professional rating
agencies whenever possible in order to avoid risk.
LIMITATION
Making the credit rating comparison is not possible with its competitors, the major players like HDFC
Bank, IDBI Bank, Axis Bank, ICICI Bank, Nationalized Banks like SBI, Bank of India, and Allahabad Bank etc.
are taken into consideration, because of inadequate data. These financial institutions have been selected because
these are the major players in today’s market. An analysis with these players will help to know better the reason
why they are standing at front or at back Bank of Baroda.

Recommendations/ suggestions
The other two regions except KMR are not properly explored by the bank. Therefore the strategy for the
bank should be more and more financial inclusion in those unexplored parts of the region.
Some of the parameters under the head Industry risk and Business risk are compulsory and some are
optional. These affect the overall rating of any company. If the credit rating are intentionally or
neglectfully done, some good company will be deprived of good rating as well as good facility and some
company are upgraded wrongly. So, this optional rating parameters should be omitted/ avoided to rectify
the errors.
For any International Company and export-import based company the rating procedure or system should
be different from domestic ones, any international credit rating system should be adopted taking into
consideration the international factors.
SME sectors should be priorities. The SMEs sector is considered to be an untapped market for financial
institutions in India. We just need to combat certain obstacles.
emphasis is given on credit monitoring in the following ways:

As a part of the intensive monitoring system, slippages of accounts into NPA category are being
restrained by identifying stressed assets periodically. In addition, SIDBI has designed a system of
identification of trigger points to help Regional Offices and Branch offices to contain individual
accounts from slippage into NPA category along with an indicative list of early warning signals.
It has set up well defined distribution of monitoring responsibilities required at Branch level, Zonal
level and at Head Office depending on loan size and monitoring.
It has set up default review committees at branch and zonal offices to review all direct finance cases
at monthly intervals. .
Finally, it has established a system of study of ‘failure-cause analysis” in respect of fresh NPA cases
for
Taking preventive measures.
NPA in Commercial Banks have gone up to an alarming level, most of it caused due to restructuring of
loans to the Real estate and Textile sector. CRISIL just came up with a paid rating service for real estate
projects. The key objective of CRISIL real estate star rating is to empower consumers. They will also fill
a gap by providing credible verified information on projects. CRISIL Star rating is an attempt to empower
consumers in their investment decisions. Consequently, quality projects and developers will be able to
differentiate themselves more efficiently. This will leads to branding in real estate industry. If Bank of
Baroda adopts some special credit rating system for these two sectors, then NPA can be minimized.

CHAPTER VIII
CONCLUSION
Conclusion:

Credit risk is the biggest risk which a bank faces and can arise through many facets of banking operations. Credit
risk management has acquired a greater significance in the recent past for various reasons. Topmost among them
is the financial liberalization across the globe and on-going economic reforms, which has changed the complexion
of the markets. The post liberalization years have put significant pressure on banks in India with many banks
showing signs of distress, only reason is lack of effective credit risk management systems. With increase in new
segments of risks, the need is felt for credit risk management techniques with more sophisticated and versatile
instruments for risk assessment, monitoring and controlling risk exposure.
The guidance note issued by the RBI is a comprehensive document in which the RBI has identified further steps
which are required to be taken by banks for upgrading their risk management systems. The systems, procedures
and tools prescribed in the guidance note are, therefore, only indicative in nature and risk management systems
in banks should be adaptable to changes in business size, the market dynamics and the introduction of innovative
products by banks in future.
As per the views expressed in the note, with the adoption of new Accord, banks will require substantial up
gradation of the existing credit risk management systems and to adopt suitable credit risk / risk rating models to
meet the requirement of credit risk management and risk based pricing. While selecting or developing the model
the prevailing conditions end commonly acceptable framework for the banking system as a whole need to be kept
in view. As lack of availability of proper MIS/representative data is one of the main problems, suitable models
for collection and analysis of data will also have to be developed. Banks may adopt any model depending on their
size, complexity, risk bearing capacity and risk appetite etc. which should, at least, achieve the following:
Result in differentiating the degree of credit risk in different credit exposures of a bank;
Identify concentrations in a portfolio;
Identify problem credits before they become NPAs;
Identify adequacy/inadequacy of loan provisions;
Help in pricing of credit.
Bibliography

1) Annual Report of Bank of Baroda,

2) Internal Circulars of Bank of Baroda
3) RBI guidelines note-credit risk
4) Risk management in Banks: Role of rating agencies
Websites
1) www.bankofbaroda.com
2) www.icai.com
3) www.creditriskmeasurement.com
4) www.crisil.com
5) www.rbi.org.in
6) Different pdf files
ANNEXURE-I

Facility Rating Grades and Definition:
Grade no. Nature of Grade Description

I FR-1 Highest Safety
II FR-2 Higher Safety
III FR-3 High Safety
IV FR-4 Adequate Safety
V FR-5 Reasonable Safety
VI FR-6 Moderate Safety
VII FR-7 Low safety
VIII FR-8 Lowest Safety/Clean loans/
Totally Unsecured
ANNEXURE II
Composite Rating Grades and Definition:
Grade No. Nature of Grade Definition of Conposite /

Combined Grades
I CR-1 Minimum (lowest) Expected Loss

II CR-2 Lower expected Loss
III CR-3 Low Expected Loss
IV CR-4 Reasonable Expected Loss
V CR-5 Adequate Coverable expected loss
VI CR-6 Moderate Expected loss
VII CR-7 Extra Expected Loss
VIII CR-8 High Probability of loss
IX CR-9 Higher probability of loss
X CR-10 Highest Expected Loss
ANNEXURE-III

A) Borrowers /obligors eligible for rating under LCM, Banks, NBFCs, Broker Models, infrastructure project under
operations phase and expansion / diversification projects in case of existing companies
Large Corporate Model / Bank Model / NBFC Model:
From score To score Grade Common Scale
Above 8.5 10.0 I BOB-1

Above 7.5 8.5 II BOB-2
Above 6.5 7.5 III BOB-3
Above 5.75 6.5 IV BOB-4
Above 5.0 5.75 V BOB-5
Above 4.25 5.0 VI BOB-6
Above 3.5 4.25 VII BOB-7
Above 2.5 3.5 VIII BOB-8
Above 1.5 2.5 IX BOB-9
0 1.5 X BOB-10
Broker model

0 1.5 X BOB-10
B) Borrowers / obligors eligible for rating under SME (Manufacturing)/ SME (Services) and Trader Models in
case of existing companies:
SME(Manufacturing) / SME (Services) / Trader Model :


0 1.5 X BOB-10
C) Project Borrowers / Obligors eligible for rating under Infrastructure (Build phase) / and Green Field projects
(LCM/ SME):
Large corporate Model (with Project):
From Score To score Grade Common Scale
Above 4.5 5 BOBPR-1 BOB-6

Above 3.5 4.5 BOBPR-2 BOB-7
0 1.5 BOBPR-5 BOB-10
SME (Mfg / Services) Model (with Project):
Above 7 8 BOBPR-1 BOB-6

0 1 BOBPR-5 BOB-10
Infrastructure (Power/ port/Road/Telecom ) Model- Build Phase:
Above 4.5 5 BOBPR-1 BOB-6

0 1.5 BOBPR-5 BOB-10
ANNEXURE IV

APPRAISAL NOTE TO DEPUTY GM, BOB KOLKATA METRO REGION
Name of the account

Branch
Region
Zone
SECTION 1 :DETAILS OF THE PROPOSAL
1) Gist of the proposal::-
1.1) a)Takeover with enhancement / fresh/increase/short review/ for 12 months

b) last review on:-
c) Reason for short Review:-
1.2) Increase/ decrease in fund based and non fund based limits:
Particulars Existing Proposed Increase
1.3) Sanction /Modification :

a) Modification:
b) Concessions:
Confirmations:
C)(Reference of existing sanction)
Date
Authority
Due Date of Review
2) Basic Data
Asset Classification
Bank’s credit Rating
External Credit Rating
Constitution
Date of establishment
Location (Registered office)
Factory
Group
Industry and nature of Activity
Exposure to industry
a) Sectoral Cap for industry
b) Bank’s exposure
c) zone’s exposure
d) NPA(bank)/(Zone)
Collaboration/Joint venture if any
Dealing with the bank since
MPBF
Our bank’s share
Rate of interest

a) working capital limits

Term loan
Security available Primary:
Collateral:
Additional:
Average drawings during the year
a) term loan
b)working capital
Yield in the account
Major inspection irregularities
Internal audit
Concurrent audit
Statutory audit
Credit audit
Auditors of the company
Qualification remarks of the auditors as on
Pollution clearance
Whether statutory dues have been paid
Whether names of the company / associates or
Directors appear in RBI’s defaulter’s list/caution list
Whether company/ firm/ promoters and associates
on ECGC caution list/ special approvals list
Compliance for earlier sanctioned terms
2.01) Banking Arrangements
Name of Fund based Non fund based

the bank
% share Amount % share Amount
Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed Existing Proposed
Note: Consortium Rules
2.02) Loans from Financial Institutions
Name of the Limit Present Excess/overdue Security

institution outstanding
2.03) security/WDV of security to be mentioned:
2.04) Any reschedulement agreed (in last 3 years):
2.05) Name of the Directors/ partners:
2.06) Key person:
2.07) Name of the guarantors Net worth as on

2.08) Business experience of directors/ partners:
2.09) Share holding pattern as on:
Particulars No. of shares Amount %

A)1.a.Indian Promoters
b.Foreign Promoters
1. persons acting in concert
Sub total
B) FIs/Banks/MFs
C) Public
D) Others
TOTAL
3.0) Issue for consideration:-
3.1) Take over with enhancement…..
Nature of facilities Existing Proposed Present Excess/

limits limits outstanding overdues if any
Term finance:
F.B.
N.F.B.
Working capital: cash credit
Working capital:Demand loan
Total fund Based
Non Fund Based:
Inland/Import L/CS
DA/DP
(capital goods/raw materials)
Inland/Foreign guarantees
(performance/Financial)
Total Nonfund based
TOTAL EXPOSURE
Note: break up of over dues
Interest on credit
facilities(WC/TL)
Development of bills under
LOC
Packing Credit overdues
Bill purchased
Foreign bill purchased not
realized
Ad hoc limit not adjusted
Note:
3.2) Modification in terms and conditions:

3.3) Concession:
3.4)Confirmation:
4.0) Back ground of Company:-
5.0) Security Coverage:- (Rs. In Crs.)
Facility Limit Security Value

Primary
Collateral
Additional
Note:
6.0) Terms and conditions:
7.0) Other information:
8.0) Justification:
9.0) Branch Recommendations:
10.0) Proposal Received at:-
a) Branch b) Region: c) Zone:
if any delay Reason may be indicated.
ANNEXURE V :

FINANCIAL PARAMETERS AND ASSESSMENT

1.0) Financial performance:-
c) snap shot of balance sheet for the last 2 years and estimate/projections for next 2 years
d) Operational data
(Rs. In lacs)
Particulars 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
a)balance sheet/ Capital Structure Projected Projected Projected Projected Projected
Paid up capital
c.Equity Share capital
d.Preference share capital
Reserve and surplus (excluding
Revaluation reserves and net of
intangible assets)
Tangible net worth
Term liabilities
Capital employed
Net block
Funds invested outside business
Current Assets
Current Liabilities
Net Current Assets
b) Operational Data
Gross Sales
Less, Excise/ sales tax
Net sales
Of which exports
Other Income
Manufacturing Expenses
Adm & Selling Exps.
Depreciation
Interest
Net profit before Tax
Net profit after Tax
Dividend
Profitability Ratio(Net profit/sales)
Net profit/ capital employed(%)
Stock Turnover ratio
Debtor turnover ratio
PAT/ TNW(%)
Current ratio
D/E ratio
(total term liabilities/ TNW excluding
revaluation reserve)
D/E ratio
(total outside liabilities/ TNW without
revaluation reserve)
Note:
Movement of TNW: (Rs. In lacs)

Particulars 31.03.06 31.03.07 31.03.08 31.03.09

Opening TNW
Add, PAT
Add, Increase in Equity/ share premium/ Share
application money
Add/ substract: change in intangible assets
Adjust- Prior year expenses (deferred tax)
Deduct – dividend payment
Any other item- deferred tax
Closing TNW
Comments:
2.0 Comments on performance:
Sales/Receipts:
Profits:
Net worth:
Ratios:
Balance Sheet:
3.0) Assessment of Working Capital:-
Last assessment on what sales and for which year proposed:

Whether company has achieved last accepted sales; if not reasons:
Net sales/ Export achieved upto the date of assessment / half yearly/ quarterly sales:
(Rs. In lacs)
Particulars Audited Estimated Projected
(31.3.07) (31.03.08) (31.03.08)
1. Current Assets
2.Other Current liabilities
3.Working Capital Gap (1-2)
4.Actual/ projected bank borrowing
5.Total current liabilities(2+4)
6.25% of total current assets(1)
7.Actual / projected NWC
8.Minimum stipulated margin
(6 or 7 whichever is higher)
9.Maximum Permissible Bank Finance(MPBF) (3-8)
10.Actual/ projected bank borrowing
11.Excess Borrowing, if any (8-7)
Comments on inventory holding/ creditors/debtor’s level/reasons for accepting large variance n inventory/
creditors/ debtors level
Particulars 31.03.07 31.03.08 31.03.09

Ind.Raw materials
Imp.Raw materials
Stock in process
Finished goods
Receivables
Receivables-Export
Creditors
Comments:

3.1) Requirement of other facilities:-

 Term loan requirements: (in case of term loan mention name of the project appraisal agency)
(projected and cash flow as per annexure)
 D.P.Guarantee:
 B.D.(IDBI) limits:
 Cost and means of finance-whether appraisal done by any financial Institution/ our project Finance
Dept. whether full tie up is made. A) Proposal B)Project/Purpose:
Project cost:
S NO. Particulars Total Cost
Total
DSCR calculation:
Particulars Year1 Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5
Cash Accurals
Interest payable of term loan
Term loan repayment
DSCR
Average DSCR
3.2) Assessment of Non Fund Based Limits:
Letter of credit
Doc.LC (inland/Foreign) -----Sight /DA (days)
----- For Capital Goods
----- For raw materials
Note:
Calculation of LC requirement to be given taking into account consumption of raw materials – imported /
indigenous- lead period- credit available et.
Assessment of Bank guarantee:

 Purpose
 Calculation of requirement
 Existing outstanding
 Fresh guarantees requirements
 Advance payment/ financial guarantee
 Invocations of guarantee,if any
3.3) Any other matter which in the opinion of branch / zone is important to decide the proposal:
CMA Format

SME INPUT
Value in lacs
BASIC INFORMATION
Please Enter Data in Blue Coloured Cell
Last year of audited/ provisional 2007
results
Company Code
Name of the company
Industry (as per ASCROM Other industry
classification)
Currency INR
Auditors
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year ended (DD-Mon-YYYY) 31.03.2005 31.03.2006 31.03.2007 31.03.2008 31.03.2009
No. of Months 12 12 12 12
Exchange Rate
PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT INPUT

Gross Sales
-Domestic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-Export 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub Total (Gross Sales ) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Less Excise Duty 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Net sales 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
% wise rise/fall in net sales as

compared to previous year
Other Operating income

Export incentives 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Duty Drawback 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Others 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total operating income 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00
Cost of sales
Raw materials consumed
i) imported 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ii) Indigenous 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other spares consumed

i) imported 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ii) indigenous 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Power and fuel 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Direct labour and wages 0.00
Other manufacturing exps. 0.00
Depreciation 0.00
Sub total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Add, Op. stock of WIP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Less, Cl stock of WIP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total cost of Production 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Add, Op. stock of Finished Goods 0.00

Less, Cl. Stock of Finished Goods 0.00
Total cost of sales
Selling ,Gen & Administration Exps 0.00
Cost of sales + SGA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Operating profit before interest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Interest payment to banks
Interest –WC 0.00
Interest –term loans 0.00
Interest payment to FIs
Interest- WC 0.00
Interest- term loans 0.00
Total interest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Operating profit after interest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non operating Items
Add, non operating Income

Profit on sale of assets/ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
investments
Investments and Dividend 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Forex gains 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non-op. income from subsidiaries 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tax Refund 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Non operating Income 0.00
Total non operating Income 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Deduct Non Operating expenses

Loss on sale of assets 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Prelinimary exps. W/ off
Other non operating exps.
Total Non operating Exps. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Net of Non-Operating income/ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Expenses
Profit Before Interest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Depreciation & Taxes (PBIDT)
Profit before Tax 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Provision for Taxation

Current
Deferred
Total : Provision For Taxation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Net profit after Tax 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Extraodinary Items adjustments

Extraodinary Items adjustments(+)
Extraodinary Items adjustments(-)
Sub total Extra ordinary items 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Adjusted PAT (excl Extraodinary

items)
Dividend Paid
On Equity Capital
On Preference Sh.Capital
Dividend Tax
Partner’s withdrawal
Dividend(%)
Retained Profit
Cash Accruals
BALANCE SHEET (LIABILITIES ) iNPUT

CURRENT LIABILITIES
Short term borrowings from banks

(including bills purchased,
discounted & excess borrowings
placed on repayment basis)
Bank Borrowings-from our bank
Bank borrowings –from other banks
Sub total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Short term borrowings from 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Associates & group concerns
Short term borrowings from 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
others
Creditors for purchases 0.00
Advances / payments from 0.00
customers / deposits from dealers
Provisions
-Tax
-Others
Dividend payable
Statutory liabilities due with in one

year
Installments of term loans /Deferred

payment
credits/Debentures/deposits/
redeemable preference shares (due
within one year )- to banks
Deposits

Other current liabilities due within

one year
Total Current Liabilities
Term Liabilities
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Debentures 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Preference share capital 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dealer’s Deposit 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Deferred tax liability 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Term loans- from Banks 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Term Loans- from FIs 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Term Deposits 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Borrowings from subsidiaries 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
/Affiliiates (Quasi Equity)
Unsecured Loans (Quasi Equity) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total Term Liabilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TOTAL OUTSIDE LIABILITIES 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
NET WORTH
Equity share capital
Share capital (Paid up) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Share Application (finalized for 0.00 0.00 0.00 .0.00 0.00
allotment)
Sub Total (share capital) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
General Reserve 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Revaluation Reserve 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Partner’s capital/ proprietor’s capital 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other reserves & surplus:

Share premium 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Capital subsidy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Others 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Balance in P& l Account (+/-) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Net Worth 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TOTAL LIABILITIES 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BALANCE SHEET(ASSETS) INPUT
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and bank balances 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investments
Govt. and other trustee securities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fixed Deposits with Banks 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
others 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Receivables
Receivables other than Deferred & 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
exports (Domestic)
Export Receivables 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Note:
1.All receivables upto 180 days
only to be included.
2.Sale bills negotiated underLC to
be excluded.
Deferred receivable (due within one 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
year)
Inventory
Raw materials -imported
Raw materials –Indigenous
Work in process
Finished goods (incl Traded
Goods)
Other consumable spares-Imported 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other consumable spares- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
indigenous
Sub total (inventory) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Advances to suppliers 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Advance payment of tax 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Current Assets 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
FIXED ASSETS
Gross Block 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Less,Accumulated Depreciation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Net Block 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Capital Work in progress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
NON CURRENT ASSETS

Investments/ book debts/
advances/ deposits (which are not
current assets)
Investment in group concerns 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Loans to group concerns/ advances
to subsidiaries
Investment in others
Advances to suppliers of capital
goods and contractors
Deferred receivables(maturity 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
exceeding one year)
Debtors > 6 months 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00.

Others (loans & advances non 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
current in nature,ICD’s etc)
Deferred Tax Asset 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Non-current assets (incld. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Dues from directors)
TOTAL NON CURRENT ASSETS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Intangible assets: Goodwill. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Patents, & trademarks
Accumulated losses, Prelinimary 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
expenses, Miscellaneous
expenditure not w/off, Other deferred
revenue expenses
TOTAL ASSETS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TANGIBLE NETWORTH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
DIFFERENCE IN B/S 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Net working capital 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Current Ratio 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TOL/TNW 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Arrears of depreciation
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
Arrears of cumulative Dividends
Guarantees issued(relating to
business)/(for group companies)
Graturity liability not provided for
Disputed excise/ customs/ tax liability
LCs
All other contingent liabilities (incld.
Bills purchased – under LC)
Installments of term loans/Deferred
payment credits/Debentures/deposits
(due within one year)
Preference share capital (due in less
than a year)
ANNEXURE-VI

1.For the illustrative purpose , a complete set of parameters which are to be scored under different modules for
large corporate model (LCM) listed as under.However, during the rating process only selected parameters-
depending upon the industry characteristic would appear for scoring.
2. For other models SME (Mfg), SME (Services), Trader ,Banks,NBFCs Infrastructure projects etc separate set
of parameters are to be scored and the same are available in details at the relevant model descriptions
uploaded at the risk management page of our bank’s internet:
MODULE NAME RISK PARAMETERS

MODULE-I (Industry risk) (score provided by risk management , BCC)
Industry Characteristics Demand –Supply Gap

Government Policies
Extent of Compettiton
Input related risks
Industry Financials Return on Capital Employed: industry
Operating margin –Industry
Growth in operating margin- industry
Variability of operating margin- Industry
MODULE-II (Business Risk) (Parameters selection by Risk Management,BCC)
Indigenization level
Integration of operations
Multi- locational advantage
Selling Cost
Operating Efficiency Employee Cost
Capacity Utilization
Availability of raw materials
Energy Cost
Access to cost effective technology
Raw materials Usage
Management of price volatility
Product design and development
Adherence to environmental regulation
R& D activities
FDA/ MCA approved plants
Efficiency of beneficiation process
Availability of skilled labour
Hygienic processing facility
Brand Equity
Customization of products
Project management skills
Diversified Markets
Market Position Replacement Markets
After sales service
Proximity to market
Long term contracts/Assured off take
Distribution setup
Financial ability to withstand price competition
Access to patents
Consistency of quality
Product range
MODULE –III (Financial Risk)
ROCE
PAT/ Net sales
Total Outside Liabilities/ Total Net worth
Net Cash Accruals / Total Debt
Current Ratio

Past Financials Accounting Quality

Interest Coverage
DSCR
Net worth
Contingent Liabilities
Management of foreign exchange and fund reputation risk
Interest Coverage
PAT/ Net sales
Net cash Accruals / Total debt
Total Outside liabilities / Total Networth
Future Financials ROCE
DSCR
Effectiveness of projection
Current Ratio
Net Worth
Financial Flexibility
Ability to raise Debt Ability to raise debt from Banks / Financial Institutions
Ability to raise debt from Market
Ability to raise Equity Ability to raise equity from own source
Ability to raise equity from Capital Market
MODULE – IV (Management Risk)

Track record Ability to meet profit projection
Ability to meet sales projection
Payment Record Past Payment Record
Quality of information submitted by the company
Working Capital management
Management Quality Corporate Governance
Experience in the industry
Managerial Competence
Business and Financial policy
Management proactiveness
Group support
Other Factors Strategic Initiatives
Management Successions
Labour Relations
Company with Project (Industry & Business Risks are taken from Obligor Rating and not evaluated
separately)
Project Implementation Risk –PIR
Expected Balance Project Duration
Stabilization
Construction Risk-PIR Project Complexity
Clearances
Expected time overrun
Funding Risk- PIR Financial Flexibility

Financial Closure
MODULE - III
FINANCIAL RISK
1. Upload the basic input CMA data sheets / templates provided duly approved by the credit officer / branch Manager.

2. The following financial rations are calculated automatically and the final Financial Risk score for the company is
computed and gets integrated with the final Rating.
Financial Risk is evaluated through a combination of the following ratios (both past & projected):
Interest Coverage
Return on Capital Employed
PAT / Net Sales
DSCR
Total Debt /Tangible Net worth
Net cash accruals / Total debt
Current Ratio
Net worth
Accounting Quality – Past Financials
Effectiveness of Projections – Future Financials
1. Interest Coverage
This ratio calculates the coverage for interest payable by the company from the cash generated from the operations. The
unit for measurement of this ratio is times.
Interest Coverage = Profit before interest, depreciation and tax (PBDIT) / (Interest and Finance Charges)
(Interest coverage is considered only for the latest year.)
Interest Less 0.5 to 1.02 to 1.55 to 2.36 to 3.02 to 5.17 to Above

coverage than 0.5 1.02 1.55 2.36 3.02 5.17 10.16 10.16
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2. ROCE (Return on capital employed)
The Return on Capital Employed (RoCE) is one of the most important parameters of profitability. It assesses the return on
the “investment” made in the borrower’s business by the main stakeholders who provide capital - shareholders and lenders
like banks or financial institutions. Ideally, the RoCE should be more than the weighted average cost of capital for the
borrower. Only if it is more than the weighted average cost of capital, then the suppliers of capital can hope for adequate
level of rewards from investing in the borrower’s business. If the RoCE is lower than the cost of capital, the business is not

generating enough returns for the amount of capital invested. It represents an opportunity loss for the capital providers, as
the business does not generate enough value for adequate returns.
The unit for measurement of this ratio is percentage.
ROCE = Profit before interest and tax (PBIT)/ Capital employed
 Where capital employed = (Capital + Reserves + Short term debt + Long term debt +Deferred Tax Liability– Intangible
Assets – Deferred Tax Asset - Miscellaneous Expenditure not written off- Accumulated Losses-Revaluation reserves –
Capital work in progress)
 ROCE is scored as a weighted average of the least three years.
ROCE Less 3.5% to 6.98% 9.16% 11.84% 13.14% 16.70% Above

(%) than 6.98% to to to to to 19.61%
3.5% 9.16% 11.84% 13.14% 16.70% 19.61%
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2. PAT / Net Sales
The operating profit margin assesses the profitability of the main operations of the borrower, arising from the income from
the main operations of the borrower. Non -operating income like investment income, prior period income and other extra
ordinary income is not taken into account, as it is not a sustainable and stable source of income. The ratio indicates the
market outlook for the borrower’s products and services which is translated into the sales price for the product / service and
the “premium” that the borrower can command for a product or a service, depending on the borrower’s market leverage.
The scale of the operations of the organisation, the level of competition existing in the industry and the relative position of
the borrower’s organisation in the industry are some of the factors, which influence the market leverage. For example,
soaps are basically commodity products, but branding can result in different sales pricing due to the positioning strategy
adopted by a manufacturer and the market position of the manufacturer.
The ratio is defined as PAT after Extraordinary & Prior period items / Net sales
PAT / Less -5% to -2.13% 0.24% 2.62% 3.93% 7.19% Above

Net Sales than - –2.13% to to 2.62 to to to 10.71%
(%) 5% 0.24% 3.93% 7.19% 10.71%
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3. Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
It is imperative to ascertain the safety of the debt facility or loan quantitatively in terms of the coverage of profits or cash
flows for debt obligations like interest and debt repayment. Traditionally, the safety of debt facilities has been assessed on
the basis of profitability, in terms of coverage of interest and debt repayments by the profits earned by the business. But
this method does not capture the ability of the business to generate adequate or more than adequate cash flows for coverage
of debt obligations. This means that though a business may be making adequate or more than adequate profits for debt
coverage, the business may not be generating enough cash for servicing debt obligations. Such situations may arise when

the working capital management of the business is not strong, or when a substantial amount of cash gets tied up in current
assets. Therefore, to conservatively assess a business’s ability to meet debt obligations, cash flows generated from
operations should be used instead of profits earned from the business. The cash flows generated from operations should
not take into account inflows like non-operating income or extra-ordinary income or expenditure because such inflows are
non-recurring in nature
DSCR = (PAT after extraordinary & prior period items + depreciation + interest)/(interest + Current portion of long term
debt)
(DSCR is taken only for the latest year)
DSCR Less 0.4 to 0.63 to 0.89 to 1.27 to 1.52 to 2.6 to Above

than 0.4 0.63 0.89 1.27 1.52 2.6 4.25 4.25
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4. Total Outside Liabilities / Tangible Net worth

This ratio is the most important parameter of solvency because it captures the capitalisation or the level of ‘gearing’ of the
borrower. The level of gearing indicates the level of financial risk faced by the borrower on account of the level of debt
employed by the firm. A high level of debt can lead to high gearing which is financially risky, as the borrower would have
to service fixed obligations on the debt taken (in the form of interest or principal) irrespective of whether the business is
making a profit or a loss.
TOL / TNW = (Long term debt + Short term debt + Other current liabilities) / (Equity Capital + Preference Capital > 12 yrs
+ Share premium + Revaluation Reserves + General Reserves + Other Reserves & surplus - Intangible Assets - Revaluation
reserves)
(TOL/TNW is taken only for the latest year)
Total Debt Less 0.54 to 0.98 to 1.22 to 1.91 to 2.90 to 5.00 to Above
/ Tangible than 0.98 1.22 1.91 2.90 5.00 10.00 10.00
Net worth 0.54
Score 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
5. Net cash accruals / Total debt
This parameter measures Cash Flow adequacy.
(PAT after Extraordinary & Prior period items + Depreciation + Pre expenses w/off - equity dividend - preference dividend)/
(Short Term Debt + Long Term Debt)

Net cash Less 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.07 to 0.09 to 0.11 to 0.26 to Above
accruals / than 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.26 0.47 0.47
Total debt 0.04
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6. Current Ratio
The current ratio is an important measure of liquidity as it measures a borrower’s ability to meet short-term obligations. It
compares short-term obligations (or current liabilities) to short term (or current resources) available to meet these
obligations. A lot of insight can be obtained about the immediate cash solvency of the borrower and the borrower’s ability
to remain solvent in the event of adversity, by measuring the current ratio. Current assets mainly comprise inventories,
receivables (also called debtors) and other items like cash and bank balances, loans and advances to other organisations /
borrower’s affiliates etc. Current liabilities mainly comprise bank borrowings, payables (or creditors) and other liabilities
like security deposits; payments accrued to government agencies etc.
Generally, a high current ratio indicates a high level of liquidity for the borrower. Banks in India have fixed a benchmark
of 1.33 times for an indicative current ratio, based on the Tandon Committee Recommendations.
Current Ratio = (Total Current Assets - Debtors > 6 months – Loans & Advances to group concerns) / (Total Current
Liabilities & Provisions + Preference Capital payable in the next year + Secured & Unsecured loans payable in the next
year)
(Current ratio is calculated only for the latest year.)
Current Below 0.38 to 0.78 to 0.92 to 1.07 to 1.14 to 1.36 to Above

Ratio 0.38 0.78 0.92 1.07 1.14 1.36 1.56 1.56
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7. Net worth
Net worth = Equity Capital + Preference Capital > 12 yrs + Share premium + Revaluation Reserves + General Reserves
+ Other Reserves & surplus - Intangible Assets - Revaluation reserves.
Net Worth Less 150 to 300 to 450 to 700 to 900 to 2020 to >13410
than 150 300 450 700 900 2020 13410
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8. Accounting Quality
Accounting Quality measures the quality of financial statements. Poor financial accounting practices will result in inflated
results.
Descriptive Text Average Excellent Good Poor

Equivalent Value 0.95 1.01 1.00 0.90
9. Contingent Liabilities – Past Financials

The factor acts as a deflator to deflate the overall score by 0, 10 or 20 percent based on the selection.
Descriptive Text HIGH IMPACT MEDIUM NO / LOW IMPACT

IMPACT
Equivalent Value 0.8 0.9 1.0
10. Management of foreign exchange and fund repatriation risk – Past Financials
Management of foreign exchange and fund repatriation risks - must be scored only if exports exceed 40 % of sales.
Sound management practices can to a large extent contain the effects of foreign exchange fluctuations and repatriation
risks. This parameter has to be assessed on the basis of presence of forex risks and the efforts to hedge these risks
effectively.
Marks Attributes
10 Subjected to very high forex risk, which is not hedged. There is no focus on
hedging the risk.
8 Subject to significant forex risks that might be unhedged.
6 Subjected to some unhedged forex risks.
4 Subjected to some forex risks but hedging used to mitigate any substantial
effects.
2 Not subjected to any significant forex risks. Hedging issued to protect from
risks related to forex fluctuations.
0 Not subjected to any forex risk. Any such risks are totally hedged.
11. Effectiveness of Projections – Future Financials
Descriptive Text Very rosy & unreasonable Optimistic to some Reasonable &
extent acceptable
Equivalent Value 0.60 0.80 1.00

FINANCIAL FLEXIBILITY
Financial Flexibility attempts to evaluate the ability of a company to comfortably raise funds to meet its future requirements
(both planned as well as unplanned). The company is evaluated on the basis of its ability to raise the required funds either
via debt or via equity route. The qualitative parameters considered are:
Ability to Raise Debt

 Ability to raise debt from Banks / Financial Institutions
 Ability to raise debt from market
Scoring to be based on (a) L T Debt: Equity (b) TOL: TNW (c) No of banks dealing with (d) Investments in Liquid Assets
of the company (e) Whether the company has raised debt from the Market in the past or not (f) Company's external credit
rating, if available (g) Market reputation of the company
Ability to Raise Equity

 Ability to raise equity from own sources
 Ability to raise equity from Capital Market
Subjective scoring based on (a) Personal wealth of Promoters (b) Commitment of the Promoters to the company (c)
Financial strength of group companies (TOL/TNW, Current Ratio and other ratios) (d) Any instances in the past when the
group companies have bailed out any ailing company in the group.

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ASSESSMENT OF SEGMENTED RISKS AND CREDIT WORTHINESS UNDER BOBRAM MODEL.

(BOB, KOLKATA DOMAIN) 1

Objectives of the project:

Analysis of past and present financial statements

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

Credit Appraisal & Credit Rating

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

Credit Appraisal & Credit Rating

borrower’s expected capability to repay the debt as per terms of issue.

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

Bond Equity Short Term

The priority of the credit analysis is to determine the following:

capacity to generate sufficient cash flows to service the loan;

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

The stages of the credit analysis are as follows:

2 •. Collecting and analyzing information about the credit event

3 •Assessing the credit risk

5 •Preparing an analysis of the credit risk

6 •Putting weights on different parameters and making a cumulative weight gradation

8 •Setting the credit terms

Credit Rating is not:

Evaluation of Credit Rating

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

The growth of credit rating industry in India (External Rating Agencies)

ICRA Credit rating:

A1 Highest safety LAAA Highest safety MAAA Highest safety

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

CARE credit rating:

SEBI Regulations for Credit Rating Agencies

Rating agencies required to have a minimum net worth of `.5 crore.

Basis of Credit Appraisal Methodology:

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

Industry risk covers an analysis of Accounting quality covers method of

Market position covers market Earnings protection and growth with

Adequancy of cash flows,working

Interest and tax sensitivity

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

K = Knocking (measuring, monitoring, controlling)

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

Risk management process: (proposed Risk Management solution depicted in diagram)

Risk Identification Risk Measurement Risk Mitigation

Different types of Risk:

1) Market Risk 2) Operational Risk

3) Credit Risk 4) Country Risk

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

Unit of the duration is years

Duration of Asset (DA) = [[Summation of (Expected cash inflows * Time period

received)]/ (1+Discount rate) ^t]] / [Summation of (Excepted cash inflows/ (1+Disount

rate) ^t)] where t=1 to n

Duration of Liability (DL) = [[Summation of (Expected cash outflows * Time period

received)]/ (1+Discount rate) ^t]] / [Summation of (Excepted cash outflows/ (1+Disount

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

Direct lending: Default risk(nonpayment of installment and interest by the loanee)

The topics covered by me during my internship in Bank of Baroda are:

All these topics have been discussed below in details.

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

The rating model structure is shown below:

International business school, Kolkata Bank of Baroda

Overview of Four Credit Risk Models: