



    

• To compare two quantities, their units must be the same.
• Two ratios can be compared by converting them into like fractions.
If the two fractions are equal, we say that the two given ratios are
equivalent.
• If two ratios are equivalent (or equal), then the involved four quantities
are said to be in proportion.
• One of the ways of comparing quantities is percentage. Per cent is
derived from Latin word ‘per centum’ meaning ‘per hundred’.
• Percent is represented by the symbol % and means hundredth too.
• Fractions can be converted into percentages and vice-versa.
• Decimals can also be converted into percentages and vice-versa.
• The buying price of any item is known as its cost price. It is written
in short as CP.
• The price at which an item is sold, is known as its selling price or in
short SP.
• If CP < SP, then a profit is made and Profit = SP – CP.
• If CP = SP, there is no profit or loss.
• If CP > SP, then a loss is made and Loss = CP – SP.

Profit
• Profit per cent = ×100
CP

Loss
• Loss per cent = ×100
CP

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• ‘Principal’ P, means the borrowed money.

• The extra money paid by borrower for using borrowed money for
given time is called ‘Interest’ I.
• The period for which the money is borrowed is called ‘Time Period’
T.
• To determine Interest to be paid, we have ‘Rate of Interest’.
• Rate of Interest is generally given in per cent per year.
• On a principal of  P at R % rate of interest per year, the interest
P× R × T
(simple) I paid for T years is given by I= .
100
• The total money paid alongwith interest or principal P is called
amount (A). Thus A = P + I.

  

In Examples 1 to 3, there are four options, out of which one is correct.

Choose the correct one.

Example 1: The ratio of the heights 1.50 m and 75 cm of two persons

can be written as
(a) 1 : 50 (b) 1 : 5 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
Solution: Correct answer is (c).


Cross products in proportions are equal. If the ratios are not in proportion,
the cross products are not equal.
Proportions Not Proportions

6 9 5 15 1 2 5 2
= = = =
8 12 2 6 6 7 12 5
6 . 12 = 8 . 9 5 . 6 = 2 . 15 1.7 ≠ 6.2 5 . 5 ≠ 12 . 2
72 = 72 30 = 30 7 ≠ 12 25 ≠ 24

 

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Example 2: Out of 50 children in a class, 20 are boys. Then the

percentage of girls is
2
(a) 60 (b) 30 (c) 50 (d) 66
3
Solution: Correct answer is (a).

Example 3: The interest on  5000 at the rate of 15% per annum for
one month is
(a)  750 (b)  75 (c)  625 (d)  62.50
Solution: Correct answer is (d).

In Examples 4 and 5, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.

Example 4: If two ratios are equivalent, then the four quantities are
said to be in ______.
Solution: Proportion

Example 5: 40% of 250 km is __________.

Solution: 100 km.

  

 Describe how two ratios can form a proportion.
 Give three ratios equivalent to 12 : 24.
3. Explain why the ratios 2 : 4 and 6 :10 do not form a proportion.
4. Give an example of two ratios that are proportional and have numerators
with different signs.

In Examples 6 and 7, state whether the statements are True or False.

Example 6: If 25% of a journey is 800 km, the total distance of the
journey is 3000 km.
Solution: False

Example 7: 0.05 is equivalent to 5%.

Solution: True

 

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Example 8: Suhana sells a sofa set for  9600 making a profit of

20%. What is the C.P. of the sofa set?
Solution: Let the CP be  100
Profit (20%) =  20
Therefore, SP =  (100 + 20) =  120
If SP is  120, CP =  100
100
If SP is  9600, CP = ×9600
120
=  8000
An alternate method to solve the same example is:
Profit = 20% of CP SP = CP + Profit
So, 9600 = CP + 20% of CP
20
= CP + × CP
100
 1
= 1+  CP
 5
6
= CP
5
5
Therefore, 9600 × = CP
6
or CP =  8000


1. The word cross can mean “to intersect,” forming an

“X” shape. Since a product is the result of multiplying,
what do you suppose you multiply to find the cross
products of two fractions?
2. The word indirect means “not direct”. What do you
think it means to find the length of something using
indirect measurement ?
3. A ratio compares two quantities using a particular
operation. Knowing what you do about rational
numbers, which operation do you think you use in a
ratio?

 

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Example 9: John borrowed  75000 from his friend and after one
year returned  80000 to his friend. Find the interest.
Solution: Principal =  75000
Amount =  80000
Interest = Amount – Principal
=  80000 –  75000
=  5000

Per cent Decimal Fraction

1
5% 0.05
20

10% 0.1
1
10

25% 0.25 1
4

33.3% 0.3 1
3

Example 10: If Meenakshee pays an interest of  1500 for 4 years on a

sum of  2500, find the rate of interest per annum(p.a.)
Solution: P =  2500, T = 4 years, I =  1500
R =?

P ×R × T
Now, I =
100
2500 ×R × 4
Therefore, 1500 =
100
1500×100
R = = 15
2500×4
So, the rate of interest is 15%.

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
Example 11
Refer to the graphic. If a cheetah and tortoise travel
at their top speeds for 1minute; how much farther
does the cheetah travel?

Solution: Understand and Explore the Problem

• What do you know?

We know the top speeds for a Cheetah and a Tortoise in

m/sec.

• What are you trying to find?

We need to find the difference in the distances travelled by

Cheetah and the tortoise in 1 minute.

 

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Plan a Strategy

• Begin by determining the distance travelled by each animal

in 1 minute.

• 1 min = 60 seconds.

• Multiply each top speed (m/s) by 60.

• Subtract to find the difference of the distances travelled

by two animals.

Solve

• 31.3 × 60 = 1878 m (Distance Cheetah travels in 1 minute)

• .08 × 60 = 4.8 m (Distance tortoise travels in 1 minute)

• 1878m – 4.8 m = 1873.2 m (Distance travelled by Cheetah

farther than tortoise in one minute).

Revise

• Working backward

D 1878m
Speed of Cheetah = = = 31.3 m / s
T 60s

D 4.8m
Speed of Tortoise = = = 0.08 m / s
T 60s
Hence, our answer is correct.

  

1. Find the ratio of speeds Cheetah and Tortoise in m/s with the given
data.
2. Discuss with your friends to estimate the top speeds of other animals
and verify it by searching the available data in other books.

 

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 
In questions 1 to 23, there are four options, out of which one is correct.
write the correct one.
1. 20% of 700 m is
(a) 560 m (b) 70 m (c) 210 m (d) 140 m

2. Gayatri’s income is  1,60,000 per year. She pays 15% of this as

house rent and 10% of the remainder on her child’s education. The
money left with her is
(a) 136000 (b) 120000 (c) 122400 (d) 14000

3. The ratio of Fatima’s income to her savings is 4 : 1. The percentage

of money saved by her is :
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 40% (d) 80%

4. 0.07 is equal to
(a) 70% (b) 7% (c) 0.7% (d) 0.07%

5. In a scout camp, 40% of the scouts were from Gujarat State and
20% of these were from Ahmedabad. The percentage of scouts in the
camp from Ahmedabad is:

(a) 25 (b) 32.5 (c) 8 (d) 50

6. What percent of  4500 is  9000?

1
(a) 200 (b) (c) 2 (d) 50
2

Ratio Decimal Per cent

3 30 0.30 30 %
=
10 100
1 50
= 0.50 50 %
2 100
3 75
=
4 100 0.75 75 %

 

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7. 5.2 is equal to
(a) 52% (b) 5.2% (c) 520% (d) 0.52%

  

1. Determine the ratios that are nearly equivalent to each of the following
per cents : 23%, 53%, 65%, 12% and 76%.
2. Describe how to find 35% of a number when you know 10% of the
number.

8. The ratio 3 : 8 is equal to

(a) 3.75% (b) 37.5% (c) 0.375% (d) 267%

9. 225% is equal to
(a) 9 : 4 (b) 4 : 9 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 2 : 3

10. A bicycle is purchased for  1800 and is sold at a profit of 12%.

Its selling price is
(a)  1584 (b)  2016 (c)  1788 (d)  1812

11. A cricket bat was purchased for  800 and was sold for  1600. Then
profit earned is
(a) 100% (b) 64% (c) 50% (d) 60%

12. A farmer bought a buffalo for  44000 and a cow for  18000.
He sold the buffalo at a loss of 5% but made a profit of 10% on the
cow. The net result of the transaction is
(a) loss of  200 (b) profit of  400
(c) loss of  400 (d) profit of  200

13. If Mohan’s income is 25% more than Raman’s income, then Raman’s
income is less than Mohan’s income by
(a) 25% (b) 80% (c) 20% (d) 75%

14. The interest on  30000 for 3 years at the rate of 15% per annum is
(a)  4500 (b)  9000 (c)  18000 (d)  13500

 

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15. Amount received on  3000 for 2 years

Mental Math
at the rate of 11% per annum is
You may find it helpful
(a)  2340 (b)  3660 to equivalent per cents,
(c)  4320 (d)  3330 decimals and fractions

1 1
16. Interest on  12000 for 1 month at the 12 % = 0.125 =
2 8
rate of 10 % per annum is
1
(a)  1200 (b)  600 20% = 0.2 =
5
(c)  100 (d)  12100
1
25% = 0.25 =
17. Rajni and Mohini deposited  3000 4
and  4000 in a company at the rate 1 1
33 % ≈ 0.33 =
of 10% per annum for 3 years and 3 3
1 2
2 years respectively. The difference 40% = 0.4 =
2 5
of the amounts received by them will
be 1
50% = 0.5 =
2
(a)  100 (b)  1000
3
(c)  900 (d)  1100 60% = 0.6 =
5
18. If 90% of x is 315 km, then the value 4
80% = 0.8 =
of x is 5
(a) 325 km (b) 350 km
(c) 405 km (d) 340 km

19. On selling an article for  329, a dealer lost 6%. The cost price of the
article is
(a)  310.37 (b)  348.74 (c)  335 (d)  350

25% of 50% of 100%

20. is equal to
25 × 50
(a) 1.1% (b) 0.1% (c) 0.01% (d) 1%

21. The sum which will earn a simple interest of  126 in 2 years at 14%
per annum is
(a)  394 (b)  395 (c)  450 (d)  540

 

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22. The per cent that represents the unshaded region in the figure.

(a) 75% (b) 50% (c) 40% (d) 60%

23. The per cent that represents the shaded region in the figure is

(a) 36% (b) 64% (c) 27% (d) 48%

In each of the questions 24 to 59, fill in the blanks to make the

statements true.
24. 2 : 3 = ________ %

Per cent Problem Equation Proportion

Finding the per cent of a 15 n

number 15% of 120 = n =
100 120

Finding the per cent of p 18

one number with another p % of 120 = 18 =
100 120
number

15% of n = 18 15 18
Finding a number when =
the per cent is known 100 n

 

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3
25. 18 % = _______ : _______
4

26. 30% of  360 = ________.

27. 120 % of 50 km = ________.

28. 2.5 = ________%

8
29. = _______ %
5
30. A _______ with its
denominator 100 is
 
called a per cent.
50% of a number is half of that number.
31. 15 kg is _______ % 100% of a number is that number.
of 50 kg. 200% of a number is twice that number.
32. Weight of Nikhil What is 200% of 5?
increased from 60 What is 300% of 5?
kg to 66 kg. Then,
the increase in
weight is _______ %.
33. In a class of 50 students, 8 % were absent on one day. The number
of students present on that day was ________.
34. Savitri obtained 440 marks out of 500 in an examination. She secured
_______ % marks in the examination.
35. Out of a total deposit of  1500 in her bank account, Abida withdrew
40% of the deposit. Now the balance in her account is ______.
36. ________ is 50% more than 60.
37. John sells a bat for  75 and suffers a loss of  8. The cost price of
the bat is ________.

38. If the price of sugar is decreased by 20%, then the new price of 3kg
sugar originally costing  120 will be ________.

39. Mohini bought a cow for  9000 and sold it at a loss of  900. The
selling price of the cow is ________.

 

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40. Devangi buys a chair for  700 and sells it for  750. She earns a
profit of ________ % in the transaction.
41. Sonal bought a bed sheet for  400 and sold it for  440. Her
________% is ________.
42. Nasim bought a pen for  60 and sold it for  54. His ________% is
________.
43. Aahuti purchased a house for  50,59,700 and spent  40300 on its
repairs. To make a profit of 5%, she should sell the house for
 ________.
44. If 20 lemons are bought for  10 and sold at 5 for three rupees, then
________ in the transaction is ________%.
45. Narain bought 120 oranges at  4 each. He sold 60 % of the oranges
at  5 each and the remaining at  3.50 each. His ________ is
________%.
46. A fruit seller purchased 20 kg of apples at  50 per kg. Out of these,
5% of the apples were found to be rotten. If he sells the remaining
apples at  60 per kg, then his _________is _________%.
47. Interest on  3000 at 10% per annum for a period of 3 years is
________.
48. Amount obtained by depositing  20,000 at 8 % per annum for six
months is ________.
49. Interest on  12500 at 18% per annum for a period of 2 years and 4
months is ________.
50. 25 ml is _________ per cent of 5 litres.
51. If A is increased by 20%, it equals B. If B is decreased by 50%, it
equals C. Then __________ % of A is equal to C.

  

 Explain whether a 150% increase or a 150% decrease is possible.
 Compare finding a 20% increase for finding 120% of a number.

 

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P ×R × T
52. Interest = , where
100
T is ____________
R% is ____________ and
P is ____________.

53. The difference of interest for 2 years and 3 years on a sum of  2100
at 8% per annum is _________.

54. To convert a fraction into a per cent, we _________ it by 100.

55. To convert a decimal into a per cent, we shift the decimal point two
places to the _________.

56. The _________ of interest on a sum of  2000 at the rate of 6% per

1
annum for 1 years and 2 years is  420.
2

57. When converted into percentage, the value of 6.5 is _________ than
100%.

  

1. Give an example of a real-world situation in which you would use
(1) decimals (2) fractions and (3) per cents.
2. Show  25 as a part of a 100 rupee note in terms of (1) a reduced
fraction (2) a per cent and (3) a decimal. Which is most common?
3. Explain how you can find a fraction, decimal, or per cent when you
have only one form of a number.

In questions 58 and 59, copy each number line. Fill in the blanks so
that each mark on the number line is labelled with a per cent, a fraction
and a decimal. Write all fractions in lowest terms.
58.

 

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59.

Look in any magazine or newspaper and you’re likely to see numbers

written as per cents. Listen to any sporting event, and you’ll probably
hear statistics reported using per cents. Per cents are everywhere. But
what are per cents? The word per cent means for each 100, so a per cent
50 1
like 50% is the same amount as the fraction (or ) or the decimal
100 2
0.50 (or 0.5). Fractions, decimals, and per cents can be used
interchangeably to represent parts of a whole quantity.
Often, the word percent is used in connection with the per cent of some
quantity. For example, you might hear, “Only 3% of voters voted in the
last election.” No matter what the quantity, 100% of a quantity always
means all of it, and 50% always means half of it. The amount indicated
by a certain per cent changes as the size of the quantity changes. For
example, 50% of 10 dogs is 5 dogs, but 50% of 100 dogs is 50 dogs.

In questions 60 to 79, state whether the statements are True or False.

2 2
60. = 66 % .
3 3
61. When an improper fraction is converted into percentage then the
answer can also be less than 100.

62. 8 hours is 50% of 4 days.

63. The interest on  350 at 5% per annum for 73 days is  35.

64. The simple interest on a sum of  P for T years at R% per annum is

T ×P×R .
given by the formula: Simple Interest =
100

4 .
65. 75% =
3

66. 12% of 120 is 100.

 

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67. If Ankita obtains 336

marks out of 600, then
 
percentage of marks You can use an equation to find the
obtained by her is 33.6. ‘percent of a number’, ‘find what per cent
one number is of another’, and ‘find a
68. 0.018 is equivalent to number when a per cent of it is known’.
8%. Translate the phrase into an equation.
Then solve for the unknown. “Is” means
69. 50% of  50 is  25. equal. “Of” means multiply.
70. 250 cm is 4% of 1 km.
71. Out of 600 students of a school, 126 go for a picnic. The percentage
of students that did not go for the picnic is 75.
72. By selling a book for  50, a shopkeeper suffers a loss of 10%. The cost
price of the book is  60.
73. If a chair is bought for  2000 and is sold at a gain of 10%, then
selling price of the chair is  2010.
74. If a bicycle was bought for  650 and sold for  585, then the
percentage of profit is 10.
75. Sushma sold her watch for  3320 at a gain of  320. For earning a
gain of 10% she should have sold the watch for  3300.
1
76. Interest on  1200 for 1 years at the rate of 15% per annum is
2
 180.
77. Amount received after depositing  800 for a period of 3 years at the
rate of 12% per annum is  896.
1
78.  6400 were lent to Feroz and Rashmi at 15% per annum for 3 and
2
5 years respectively. The difference in the interest paid by them is
 150.
79. A vendor purchased 720 lemons at  120 per hundred.10% of the
lemons were found rotten which he sold at  50 per hundred. If he
sells the remaining lemons at  125 per hundred, then his profit will
be 16%.

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80. Find the value of x if

(i) 8% of  x is  100 (ii) 32% of x kg is 400 kg
(iii) 35% of  x is  280 (v) 45% of marks x is 405.

81. Imagine that a 10 × 10 grid has value 300 and that this value is
divided evenly among the small squares. In other words, each small
square is worth 3. Use a new grid for each part of this problem, and
label each grid “Value : 300.”
(a) Shade 25% of the grid. What
is 25% of 300? Compare the
two answers.
(b) What is the value of 25
squares?
(c) Shade 17% of the grid. What
is 17% of 300? Compare the
two answers.

1
(d) What is the value of of
10
the grid?

1
82. Express as a per cent.
6

The figure shown is a geoboard with a rectangle outlined using a

rubberband.
1. What is the area of the rectangle?
2. Draw a similar figure whose area is 50%
larger than this figure.
3. Draw a similar figure whose area is 25%
larger than this figure.
4. Suppose that the figure shown is 75% of
another figure, what would the other figure look like?

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9
83. Express as a per cent.
40
1
84. Express as a per cent.
100
85. Express 80% as fraction in its lowest term.

1
86. Express 33 % as a ratio in the lowest term.
3
2
87. Express 16 % as a ratio in the lowest form.
3
88. Express 150% as a ratio in the lowest form.

89. Sachin and Sanjana are calculating 23% of 800.

Now calculate 52% of 700 using both the ways described above.
Which way do you find easier?

Revise
• Is your answer reasonable?
After you solve a word problem, ask yourself if your answer
makes sense. You can round the numbers in the problem
and estimate to find a reasonable answer. It may also help to
write your answer in sentence form.

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90. Write 0.089 as a per cent.

91. Write 1.56 as a per cent.
92. What is 15% of 20?
93. What is 800% of 800?
94. What is 100% of 500?
95. What per cent of 1 hour is 30 minutes?
96. What per cent of 1 day is 1 minute?
97. What per cent of 1 km is 1000 metres?
98. Find out 8% of 25 kg.
99. What percent of  80 is  100?
100. 45% of the population of a town are men and 40% are women. What
is the percentage of children?
101. The strength of a school is 2000. If 40 % of the students are girls
then how many boys are there in the school?
102. Chalk contains 10% calcium, 3% carbon and 12% oxygen. Find the
1
amount of carbon and calcium (in grams) in 2 kg of chalk.
2
103. 800 kg of mortar consists of 55% sand, 33% cement and rest lime.
What is the mass of lime in mortar?
104. In a furniture shop, 24 tables were bought at the rate of  450 per
table. The shopkeeper sold 16 of them at the rate of  600 per table
and the remaining at the rate of 400 per table. Find her gain or loss
percent.
105. Medha deposited 20% of her money in a bank. After spending 20%
of the remainder, she has  4800 left with her. How much did she
originally have?
106. The cost of a flower vase got increased by 12%. If the current cost is
 896, what was its original cost?
107. Radhika borrowed  12000 from her friends. Out of which  4000
were borrowed at 18% and the remaining at 15% rate of interest per
annum. What is the total interest after 3 years?

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  

1
1. Show why 5% of a number is less than of the number.
10
2. Demonstrate two ways to find 70% of a number.
3. Name fractions in simplest form that are the same as 40% and as
250%.

108. A man travelled 60 km by car and 240 km by train. Find what per
cent of total journey did he travel by car and what per cent by train?

109. By selling a chair for  1440, a shopkeeper loses 10%. At what price
did he buy it?

110. Dhruvika invested money for a period from May 2006 to April 2008
at rate of 12% per annum. If interest received by her is  1620, find
the money invested.

111. A person wanted to sell a scooter at a loss of 25%. But at the last
moment he changed his mind and sold the scooter at a loss of 20%.
If the difference in the two SP’s is  4000, then find the CP of the
scooter.

112. The population of a village is 8000. Out of these, 80% are literate
and of these literate people, 40% are women. Find the ratio of the
number of literate women to the total population.

113. In an entertainment programme, 250 tickets of  400 and 500 tickets

of  100 were sold. If the entertainment tax is 40% on ticket of  400
and 20% on ticket of  100, find how much entertainment tax was
collected from the programme.

114. Bhavya earns  50,000 per month and spends 80% of it. Due to pay
revision, her monthly income increases by 20% but due to price
rise, she has to spend 20% more. Find her new savings.

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115. In an examination, there are three papers each of 100 marks. A

candidate obtained 53 marks in the first and 75 marks in the second
paper. How many marks must the candidate obtain in the third
paper to get an overall of 70 per cent marks?
116. Health Application
A doctor reports blood pressure in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg)
as a ratio of systolic blood pressure to diastolic blood pressure (such
as 140 over 80). Systolic pressure is measured when the heart beats,
and diastolic pressure is measured when it rests. Refer to the table
of blood pressure ranges for adults.

Blood Pressure Ranges

Normal Prehypertension Hypertension
(Very High)

Systolic Under 120 mm Hg 120-139 mm Hg 140 mm Hg and above

Diastolic Under 80 mm Hg 80-89 mm Hg 90 mm Hg and above

Manohar is a healthy 37 years old man whose blood pressure is in the

normal category.
(a) Calculate an approximate ratio of systolic to diastolic blood
pressures in the normal range.
(b) If Manohar’s systolic blood pressure is 102 mm Hg, use the ratio
from part (a) to predict his diastolic blood pressure.
(c) Calculate ratio of average systolic to average diastolic blood pressure
in the prehypertension category.

  

1. Compare finding a number when a per cent of the number is known to
finding the per cent of one number with that of another number.
2. Explain whether a number is greater than or less than 36, if 22 per
cent of the number is 36.

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117. (a) Science Application: The king cobra can reach a length of
558 cm. This is only about 60 per cent of the length of the largest
reticulated python. Find the length of the largest reticulated
python.

(b) Physical Science Application: Unequal masses will not balance

on a fulcrum if they are at equal distance from it; one side will go
up and the other side will go down.
Unequal masses will balance when the following proportion is
true:

mass1 mass2
=
length2 length1

Two children can be balanced on a seesaw when

mass1 mass2
=
length2 length1 . The child on the left and child on the right
are balanced. What is the mass of the child on the right?

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(c) Life Science Application

A DNA model was built using the scale 2
cm : 0.0000001 mm. If the model of the
DNA chain is 17 cm long, what is the
length of the actual chain?

 
Often the time period is not given in years.
Write each time period in terms of years.
3 months = _______ year.
4 months = _______ year.
9 months = _______ year.
28 months = _______ years.
42 months = _______ years.

118. Language Application

Given below are few Mathematical terms.

Find
(a) The ratio of consonants to vowels in each of the terms.
(b) The percentage of consonants in each of the terms.

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119. What’s the Error? An analysis showed that 0.06 per cent of the
T-shirts made by one company were defective. A student says this is
6 out of every 100. What is the student’s error?

3 9
120. What’s the Error? A student said that the ratios and were
4 16
proportional. What error did the student make?
121. What’s the Error? A clothing store charges  1024 for 4 T-shirts. A
student says that the unit price is  25.6 per T-shirt. What is the
error? What is the correct unit price?
122. A tea merchant blends two varieties of tea in the ratio of 5 : 4. The
cost of first variety is  200 per kg and that of second variety is
 300 per kg. If he sells the blended tea at the rate of  275 per kg,
find out the percentage of her profit or loss.
123. A piece of cloth 5 m long shrinks 10 per cent on washing. How long
will the cloth be after washing?
124. Nancy obtained 426 marks out of 600 and the marks obtained by
Rohit are 560 out of 800. Whose performance is better?
125. A memorial trust donates  5,00,000 to a school, the interest on
which is to be used for awarding 3 scholarships to students
obtaining first three positions in the school examination every year.
If the donation earns an interest of 12 per cent per annum and the
values of the second and third scholarships are  20,000 and  15,000
respectively, find out the value of the first scholarship.

 
Many sales men work on commission. This means
they earn an amount of money that is a per cent
of their total sales. The per cent is the commission
rate. The amount of money they receive is the
commission. Often, their income is a combination
of salary (base pay) plus commission.
You can use either a proportion or an equation
to solve problems involving commission.

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126. Ambika got 99 per cent marks in Mathematics, 76 per cent marks in
Hindi, 61 per cent in English, 84 per cent in Science, and 95% in
Social Science. If each subject carries 100 marks, then find the
percentage of marks obtained by Ambika in the aggregate of all the
subjects.
127. What sum of money lent out at 16 per cent per annum simple interest
would produce  9600 as interest in 2 years?

  

1. Explain the meaning of each variable in the interest formula.
2. Tell what value should be used for t when referring to 6 months.
3. Name the different variables in the simple interest formula.
4. Demonstrate that doubling the time while halving the interest rate
results in the same amount of simple interest.

128. Harish bought a gas-chullah for  900 and later sold it to Archana
at a profit of 5 per cent. Archana used it for a period of two years and
later sold it to Babita at a loss of 20 per cent. For how much did
Babita get it?
129. Match each of the entries in Column I with the appropriate entries
in Column II:
Column I Column II
(i) 3:5 (A)  54
(ii) 2.5 (B)  47
(iii) 100% (C)  53
2
(iv) (D)  160
3
1
(v) 6 % (E) 60 %
4
(vi) 12.5 % (F) 25 %
1
(vii) SP when CP =  50 and loss = 6 % (G)
16
(viii) SP when CP =  50 and profit =  4 (H) 250 %
(ix) Profit% when CP =  40 and SP =  50 (I)  159

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2
(x) Profit% when CP =  50 and SP =  60 (J) 66 %
3
(xi) Interest when principal =  800, (K) 20 %
Rate of interest = 10% per annum
and period = 2 years
(xii) Amount when principal =  150, (L) 0. 125
Rate of interest = 6% per annum
and period = 1 year (M) 3:2
(N)  164
(O) 3:3
130. In a debate competition, the judges decide that 20 per cent of the
total marks would be given for accent and presentation. 60 per cent
of the rest are reserved for the subject matter and the rest are for
rebuttal. If this means 8 marks for rebuttal, then find the total marks.

 
The per cent of increase tells what per cent the amount of increase is of
the original number.
To find the per cent of increase, express a ratio of the amount of increase
to the original number as a per cent.

amount of increase
Per cent of increase = × 100
original number

131. Divide  10000 in two parts so that the simple interest on the first
part for 4 years at 12 per cent per annum may be equal to the simple
interest on the second part for 4.5 years at 16 per cent per annum.
132.  9000 becomes  18000 at simple interest in 8 years. Find the rate
per cent per annum.
133. In how many years will the simple interest on a certain sum be 4.05
times the principal at 13.5 per cent per annum?
134. The simple interest on a certain sum for 8 years at 12 per cent per
annum is  3120 more than the simple interest on the same sum for
5 years at 14 per cent per annum. Find the sum.

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Make a Plan

• Do you need an estimate or an exact answer?

When you are solving a word problem, ask yourself whether
you need an exact answer or whether an estimate is sufficient.
For example, if the amounts given in the problem are
approximate, only an approximate answer can be given. If
an estimate is sufficient, you may wish to use estimation
techniques to save time in your calculations.

135. The simple interest on a certain sum for 2.5 years at 12 per cent per
annum is  300 less than the simple interest on the same sum for
4.5 years at 8 per cent per annum. Find the sum.

136. Designing a Healthy Diet

When you design your healthy diet, you want to make sure that you
meet the dietary requirements to help you grow into a healthy adult.
As you plan your menu, follow the following guidelines
1. Calculate your ideal weight as per your height from the table given
at the end of this question.
2. An active child should eat around 55.11 calories for each kilogram
desired weight.
3. 55 per cent of calories should come from carbohydrates. There are 4
calories in each gram of carbohydrates.
4. 15 per cent of your calories should come from proteins. There are 4
calories in each gram of proteins.
5. 30 per cent of your calories may come from fats. There are 9 calories
in each gram of fat.

Following is an example to design your own healthy diet.

Example
1. Ideal weight = 40 kg.
2. The number of calories needed = 40 × 55.11 = 2204.4
3. Calories that should come from carbohydrates
= 2204.4 × 0.55 = 1212.42 calories.

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Therefore, required quantity of carbohydrates

1212.42
= =303.105g = 300 g. (approx).
4
4. Calories that should come from proteins
= 2204.4 × 0.15 = 330.66 calories.
Therefore, required quantity of protein

= 330.66 g = 82.66 g.
4
5. Calories that may come from fat = 2204.4 × 0.3
= 661.3 calories.
Therefore, required quantity of fat
661.3
= g = 73.47 g.
9
Answer the Given Questions

1. Your ideal desired weight is __________ kg.

2. The quantity of calories you need to eat is _______.
3. The quantity of protein needed is ________ g.
4. The quantity of fat required is ___________ g.
5. The quantity of carbohydrates required is __________ g.

  

1. Tell how finding commission is similar to finding sales tax.
2. Explain whether adding 6 per cent sales tax to a total gives the same
result as finding 106 per cent of the total or not.
3. Explain how to find the price of an item if you know the total cost after
5 per cent sales tax.
4. Explain whether the sales tax on a  200 item would be double the
sales tax on a  100 item. Justify your answer.

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Ideal Height and Weight Proportion

Men Women

Height Weight Height Weight

Feet cm Kilograms Feet cm Kilograms

5’ 152 48 4’7” 140 34

5’1” 155 51 4’8” 142 36
5’2” 157 54 4’9” 145 39
5’3” 160 56 4’1” 147 41
5’4” 163 59 4’11” 150 43
5’5” 165 62 5’ 152 45
5’6” 168 65 5’1” 155 48
5’7” 170 67 5’2” 157 50
5’8” 173 70 5’3” 160 52
5’9” 175 73 5’4” 163 55
5’10” 178 75 5’5” 165 57
5’11” 180 78 5’6” 168 59
6’ 183 81 5’7” 170 61
6’1” 185 84 5’8” 173 64
6’2” 188 86 5’9” 175 66
6’3” 191 89 5’10” 178 68
6’4” 193 92 5’11” 180 70


1. The word principal means “first”. What do you

suppose principal means when referring to interest?
2. The word commission has the Latin prefix com-,
which means “with,” and the Latin root mis, which
means “send.” What do you think these Latin parts
mean together when referring to money?
3. The word per cent contains the root word cent, which
means “one hundred.” What do you think a per cent
is?

 

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137. 150 students are studying English, Maths or both. 62 per cent of
students study English and 68 per cent are studying Maths. How
many students are studying both?

138. Earth Science: The table lists the world’s 10 largest deserts.

Largest Deserts in the World

Desert Area (km2)

Sahara (Africa) 8,800,000

Gobi (Asia) 1,300,000

Australian Desert (Australia) 1,250,000

Arabian Desert (Asia) 850,000

Kalahari Desert (Africa) 580,000

Chihuahuan Desert (North America) 370,000

Takla Makan Desert (Asia) 320,000

Kara Kum (Asia) 310,000

Namib Desert (Africa) 310,000

Thar Desert (Asia) 260,000

(a) What are the mean, median and mode of the areas listed?
(b) How many times the size of the Gobi Desert is the Namib Desert?
(c) What percentage of the deserts listed are in Asia?
(d) What percentage of the total area of the deserts listed is in Asia?

139. Geography Application: Earth’s total land area is about 148428950

km2. The land area of Asia is about 30 per cent of this total. What is
the approximate land area of Asia to the nearest square km?

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140. The pieces of Tangrams have been rearranged to make the given shape.

By observing the given shape, answer the following questions:

• What percentage of total has been coloured?
(i) Red (R) = _________
(ii) Blue (B) = ________
(iii) Green (G) = _______
• Check that the sum of all the percentages calculated above
should be 100.
• If we rearrange the same pieces to form some other shape, will
the percentatge of colours change?

 

1. Healthy Diet
Keep a record of your diet for one day and compare with the nutritional
guidelines given at the end of this unit and calculate the intake of
each component. The table below gives recommendations of calories,
proteins, calcium. carbohydrates and fat required for boys and girls
between 11 and 14 years of age.

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Component Girls Boys

Total Calories 48.6 per kg of 55.11 per kg

body weight of body weight

Protein (g) 46 45

Calcium (mg) 1,200 1,200

Carbohydrates(g) 330 375

Fat (g) less than 75 less than 80

Now complete the table given below to calculate the percentage of

difference.
Component Consumed Recommended % of Difference

Calories

Protein

Calcium

Carbohydrates

Fat

Consumed > Recommended for any component implies excess intake

of the component and

Consumed – Recommended
per cent of difference = ×100
Recommended
Recommended > Consumed for any component implies deficiency
of component and
Recommended – Consumed
per cent of difference = ×100
Recommended
2. Nutrtion Facts
Cut out a food label from any food item and analyse the nutritional
value of the products. Use the information on the label to fill in the
table given below and answer the questions that follow:

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Sample of Food Label

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How the Daily Values Relate to the % DVs

Look at the example below for another way to see how the Daily Values
(DVs) relate to the %DVs and dietary guidance. For each nutrient listed
there is a DV, a %DV, and dietary advice or a goal.
Examples of DVs versus %DVs
Based on a 2,000 Calorie Diet
Nutrient DV % DV Goal
Total Fat 65 g = 100% DV Less than
Saturated Fat 20 g = 100% DV Less than
Cholesterol 300 mg = 100% DV Less than
Sodium 2400 mg = 100% DV Less than
Total Carbohydrate 300 g = 100% DV At least
Dietary Fibre 25 g = 100% DV At least

Note : 1. The sodium should not be more than 3300 mg per day.
2. The Dietary fibre should be between 25 – 35g per day.
My food item is _________
Total Calories % Daily value What maximum percentage of total
based on a 2000 calories are from
calorie Diet 1. Fat _________.
Proteins (g) 2. Carbohydrates _________.
Carbohydrates (g) 3. Proteins _________.
Fat (g) 4. Others _________.
Cholestrol (g) Check that the sum of all the
Sodium (mg) percentages calculated above
should be 100.
Fibre (g)

3. The Food Pyramid

The food guide pyramid should be kept in mind before planning an ideal
menu. Everything on the pyramid is necessary for good nutrition.
Plan a menu for 1 day and classify the menu by categories in the food
pyramid. Put a tick for each serving in the table given below. Calculate
the total servings for each food group in the end and compare the total
servings by the recommendations given in the food pyramid and answer
the questions that follow:

 

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Example: Suppose your lunch consists of rice, chapati, curd, dal, vegetable, an apple and
one sweet. This means that you have consumed 2 servings of grains, 1 serving of pulses,
1 serving of dairy products, 1 serving of fruits and 1 serving of sweets.

Foods Grains, Fruits Vegetables Meat, poultry, Milk, curd, Fats

(rice, fish, eggs, nuts cheese, oils and
wheat, etc. butter etc. sweets
bajara
etc.)
pulses,
chapati
Food Group I II III IV V VI
Breakfast
Juice, Milk,
Banana,
Chapati etc.
Lunch
Chapati,
Vegetable,
Curd,
Rice etc.
Snack
Curd,
Chips
Soup,
Popcorn
etc.
Dinner
Salad,
Vegetables,
Rice, Dal
etc.
Total
Servings

 

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1. What percentage of the total servings constitute fruits and vegetables

in your diet?
2. Calculate the ratio of servings of food group-I items to food group
item V of your diet.
3. Calculate the percentage of fats, oils and sweets you have consumed
and compare with the given food pyramid.

4. Crossword Puzzle
Solve the given crossword and then fill up the given boxes in puzzles 4, 5
and 6. Clues are given below in each puzzle for across as well as down
fillings. Also for across and down clues, clue number is written at the
corner of the boxes. Answers of clues have to fill up in their respective
boxes.

Across Down
1. This includes cost as well 2. The extra money charged by
as overhead costs borrower for using borrowed
money for a given period of
time.

3. The term representing per 4. Selling price – Cost price

hundred or out of hundred

5. The amount of money 6. Two equivalent ratios

borrowed

7. The amount paid at when 8. Principal + Interest.

shopkeeper sells the things

 

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5. Cross Number Puzzle

Across
1. Express 3 : 15 as per
cent.
2. A worker is paid  2850
for 15 days. What
amount will he receive if
he works for 8 days?
3. 2% of 1 hour =
______________ seconds.
4. Find the sum for which
interest paid after 3
years is  450 at 5 per
cent rate of interest per
annum.
5. Price of a shirt decreased from  800 to  600 then the per cent
decrease is ______________.

 

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Down
6. A number whose 25 per cent is 8.
7. Out of 15000 people, 60 per cent people voted. Find the number of
people who did not vote.
12
8. Convert into per cent.
16
2. A TV is bought for  10,000 and sold at a profit of 20%. Find SP.
9. SI on a sum of  7000 at a rate of 3.5% per annum borrowed for 2
years.
10. Shalu spends 90 per cent of her salary. Find her salary if her saving
is . 900.
4. The new price of an article of Rs 350 if there is a 10 per cent increase
in the price.
5. Cost of 12 bats if cost of 5 bats is  90.

6. Cross Number Puzzle

Across

1
1. 33 % of 150
3
2. The interest on a sum of  1200 for 2 years at 10% pa
3. The cost price of a pen if SP =  7 and profit is 40%.
4. Total length of the journey if 25 per cent of that journey is 75 km.
Down
2. The profit I earned by selling a
watch worth  800 for  992.
5. The selling price of an item if the
CP =  130 and loss = 20%.
6. The principal if the I =  80,
R = 10% pa and T = 2 years.
7. 25% of 50% of 72

 

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 UNIT 7

The Nutrition Counter

The following table shows a variety of foods and the calories, protein,
fat, carbohydrates
and calcium contained in per 100 gm of edible portion. These data are
approximate.

SI. Name of the Food Stuff Protein Carbo-

No. Fat Calciu
(N × 6.25) hydrates
g. m mg.
g. g.

CEREAL GRAINS AND PRODUCTS

1. BAJRA 11.6 5.0 67.5 42
2. JOWAR 10.4 1.9 72.6 25
3. MAIZE, tender 4.7 0.9 24.6 9
4. RAGI 7.3 1.3 72.0 344
5. RICE, parboiled, milled 6.4 0.4 79.0 9
6. RICE, raw, milled 6.8 0.6 78.2 10
7. RICE, flakes 6.6 1.2 77.3 20
8. RICE, puffed 7.5 0.1 73.6 23
9. SAMAI 7.7 4.7 67.0 17
10. WHEAT, flour (whole) 12.1 1.7 69.4 48
11. WHEAT, flour (refined) 11.0 0.9 73.9 23
12. WHEAT, semolina 10.4 0.8 74.8 16
13. WHEAT, vermicelli 8.7 0.4 78.3 22
14. WHEAT, bread (brown) 8.8 1.4 49.0 18
15. WHEAT, bread (white) 7.8 0.7 51.9 11

PULSES AND LEGUMES

16. BENGAL GRAM, dhal 20.8 5.6 59.8 56
17. BLACK GRAM, dhal 24.0 1.4 59.6 154
18. COW PEA 24.1 1.0 54.5 77
19. GREEN GRAM, whole 24. 1.3 56.7 124
20. KHESARI, dhal 28.2 0.6 56.6 90
21. LENTIL 25.1 0.7 59.0 69
22. MOTH BEANS 23.6 1.1 56.5 202
23. PEAS green 7.2 0.1 15.9 20
24. RAJMAH 22.9 1.3 60.6 260
25. SOYABEAN 43.2 19.5 20.9 240

LEAFY VEGETABLES
26. BATHUA LEAVES 3.7 0.4 2.9 150
27. BENGAL GRAM LEAVES 7.0 1.4 14.1 340
28. CABBAGE 1.8 0.1 4.6 39
29. CAULIFLOWER 5.9 1.3 7.6 626
30. COLOCASIA LEAVES (green variety) 3.9 1.5 6.8 227

COMPARING QUANTITIES 227

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MATHEMATICS

31. CORIANDER LEAVES 3.3 0.6 6.3 184

32. CURRY LEAVES 6.1 1.0 18.7 830
33. DRUMSTICK LEAVES 6.7 1.7 12.5 440
34. FENUGREEK LEAVES 4.4 0.9 6.0 395
35. LETTUCE 2.1 0.3 2.5 50
36. MINT 4.8 0.6 5.8 200
37. MUSTARD LEAVES 4.0 0.6 3.2 155
38. RADISH LEAVES 3.8 0.4 2.4 265
39. SPINACH 2.0 0.7 2.9 73
40. TURNIP GREENS 4.0 1.5 9.4 710

ROOTS AND TUBERS

41. BEET ROOT 1.7 0.1 8.8 18.3
42. CARROT 0.9 0.2 10.6 80
43. ONION big 1.2 0.1 11.1 46.9
44. ONION small 1.8 0.1 12.6 40
45. POTATO 1.6 0.1 22.6 10
46. RADISH pink 0.6 0.3 6.8 50
47. RADISH white 0.7 0.1 3.4 35
48. SWEET POTATO 1.2 0.3 28.2 46
49. TURNIP 0.5 0.2 6.2 30

OTHER VEGETABLES
50. BEANS, scarlet runner 7.4 1.0 29.8 50
51. BITTER GOURD, small 2.1 1.0 10.6 23
52. BITTER GOURD 0.2 0.1 2.5 20
53. BRINJAL 1.4 0.3 4.0 18
54. CAULIFLOWER 2.6 0.4 4.0 33
55. COLOCASIA STEM 0.3 0.3 3.6 60
56. CUCUMBER 0.4 0.1 2.5 10
57. FIGS, red (Ficus cunia) 1.2 0.6 10.8 187
58. FRENCH BEANS 1.7 0.1 4.5 50
59. GIANT CHILLIES (capsicum) 1.3 0.3 4.3 10
60. JACK FRUIT, tender 2.6 0.3 9.4 30
61. JACK FRUIT, seeds 6.6 0.4 25.8 50
62. LADIES FINGER 1.9 0.2 6.4 66
63. MANGO, green 0.7 0.1 10.1 10
64. ONION STALKS 0.9 0.2 8.9 50
65. PUMPKIN fruit 2.2 0.8 5.8 120
66. TOMATO, green 1.9 0.1 3.6 20

NUTS AND OIL SEEDS

67. ALMOND 20.8 58.9 10.5 230
68. CASHEWNUT 21.2 46.9 22.3 50

228 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

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69. CHILGOZA 13.9 49.3 29.0 91

70. COCONUT dry 6.8 62.3 18.4 400
71. COCONUT fresh 4.5 41.6 13.0 10
72. COCONUT water 1.4 0.1 4.4 24
73. GROUNDNUT 25.3 40.1 26.1 90
74. GROUNDNUT roasted 26.2 39.8 26.7 77
75. PISTACHIO NUT 19.8 53.5 16.2 140
76. WALNUT 15.6 64.5 11.0 100
77. WATER MELON SEEDS (kernal) 34.1 52.6 4.5 100

CONDIMENTS AND SPICES

78. ASAFOETIDA 4.0 1.1 67.8 690
79. CARDAMOM 10.2 2.2 42.1 130
80. CHILLIES dry 15.9 6.2 31.6 160
81. CHILLIES green 2.9 0.6 3.0 30
82. CLOVES dry 5.2 8.9 46.0 740
83. CLOVES green 2.3 5.9 24.1 310
84. CORIANDER 14.1 16.1 21.6 630
85. CUMIN SEEDS 18.7 15.0 36.6 1080
86. FENUGREEK SEEDS 26.2 5.8 44.1 160
87. GARLIC dry 6.3 0.1 29.8 30
88. GINGER fresh 2.3 0.9 12.3 20
89. MANGO POWDER 2.8 7.8 64.0 180
90. PEPPER DRY (black) 11.5 6.8 49.2 460
91. TAMARIND PULP 3.1 0.1 67.4 170
92. TURMERIC 6.3 5.1 69.4 150

FRUITS
93. AMLA 0.5 0.1 13.7 50
94. APPLE 0.2 0.5 13.4 10
95. APRICOT fresh 1.0 0.3 11.6 20
96. APRICOT dry 1.6 0.7 73.4 110
97. BAEL FRUIT 1.8 0.3 31.8 85
98. BANANA, ripe 1.2 0.3 27.2 17
99. CHERRIES, red 1.1 0.5 13.8 24
100. CURRANTS, black 2.7 0.5 75.2 130
101. DATES dried 2.5 0.4 75.8 120
102. DATES fresh 1.2 0.4 33.8 22
103. GRAPES blue variety 0.6 0.4 13.1 20
104. GRAPES pale green variety 0.6 0.4 13.1 20
105. GUAVA, country 0.9 0.3 11.2 10
106. JACK FRUIT 1.9 0.1 19.8 20
107. LEMON 1.0 0.9 11.1 70
108. LITCHI 1.1 0.2 13.6 10

COMPARING QUANTITIES 229

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MATHEMATICS

109. LIME 1.5 1.0 10.9 90

110. MELON, musk 0.3 0.2 3.5 32
111. MELON, water 0.2 0.2 3.3 11
112. ORANGE 0.7 0.2 10.9 26
113. ORANGE juice 0.2 0.1 1.9 5
114. PAPAYA, ripe 0.6 0.1 7.2 17
115. PEACHES 1.2 0.3 10.5 15
116. PEARS 0.6 0.2 11.9 8
117. PHALSA 1.3 0.9 14.7 129
118. PINE APPLE 0.4 0.1 10.8 20
119. PLUM 0.7 0.5 11.1 10
120. POMEGRANATE 1.6 0.1 14.5 10
121. RAISINS 1.8 0.3 74.6 87
122. STRAWBERRY 0.7 0.2 9.8 30

FISHES AND OTHER SEA FOODS

123. HILSA 21.8 19.4 2.9 180
124. KATAL 19.5 2.4 2.9 530
125. MACKEREL 18.9 1.7 0.5 429
126. PRAWN 19.1 1.0 0.8 323
127. ROHU 16.6 1.4 4.4 650
128. SARDINE 21.0 1.9 – 90
129. SHRIMP (small, dried) 68.1 8.5 – 4384

MEAT AND POULTRY

130. BEEF muscle 22.6 2.6 – 10
131. DUCK 21.6 4.8 0.1 4
132. EGG, hen 13.3 13.3 – 60
133. FOWL 25.9 0.6 – 25
134. GOAT MEAT (lean) 21.4 3.6 – 12
135. MUTTON, muscle 18.5 13.3 – 150
136. PORK, muscle 18.7 4.4 – 30

MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS

137. MILK buffalo’s 4.3 6.5 5.0 210
138. MILK cow’s 3.2 4.1 4.4 120
139. MILK goat’s 3.3 4.5 4.6 170
140. CURDS (cow’s milk) 3.1 4.0 3.0 149
141. BUTTER MILK 0.8 1.1 0.5 30
142. SKIMMED MILK, liquid 2.5 0.1 4.6 120
143. CHANNA, cow’s milk 18.3 20.8 1.2 208
144. CHANNA, buffalo’s milk 13.4 23.0 7.9 480
145. CHEESE 24.1 25.1 6.3 790
146. KHOA (whole buffalo milk) 14.6 31.2 20.5 650

230 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

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 UNIT 7

147. SKIMMED MILK POWDER(cow’s milk) 38.0 0.1 51.0 1370

148. WHOLE MILK POWDER (cow’s milk) 25.8 26.7 38.0 950

FATS AND EDIBLE OILS

149. BUTTER – 81.0 – –
150. GHEE (cow) – 100.0 – –
151. HYDROGENATED OIL (fortified) – 100.0 – –
152. COOKING OIL (Groundnut, Gingelly,
– 100.0 – –
Palmolein, Mustard, Coconut, etc)

SUGARS
153. SUGARY CANE 0.1 0 99.4 12
154. HONEY 0.3 0 79.5 5
155. JAGGERY (cane) 0.4 0.1 95.0 80

BEVERAGES (Non-Alcoholic)
156. SUGAR CANE JUICE 0.1 0.2 9.1 10

COMPARING QUANTITIES 231

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