Matter in Our Surroundings Topic-1: Matter-Solid, Liquid and Gas Characteristics of Solid, Liduid and Gas

CHAPTER
SECTION
B
1 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
TOPIC-1
Matter-Solid, Liquid and Gas; Characteristics of
Solid, Liduid and Gas
WORKSHEET-1
Solutions (ii) Solids have minimum spaces in between
particles as the particles are closely packed.
1. Gaseous state. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 6. (i) Rate of diffusion : solid < liquid < gas.
(ii) Particle motion : solid < liquid < gas
2. CNG, LPG. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) ½ + ½
7. (i) Particles of matter have space between them
3. Solubility in water. (ii) Particles of matter are continuously moving
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 (iii) Particles of matter attract each other
4. Aerosols are mixture of liquid or solid in gas. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 × 3
Examples : Fog, Mist, Smoke. (Any two) 1 + 1
8. (i) Solids are incompressible because the particles
5. (i) Solids, particles are closely packed are closely packed and there is no space for
(ii) Solids, particles are closely packed. their movement.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 1 + 1 (ii) The particles of solids do not have any
Detailed Answer : intermolecular space and hence no movement.
(i) Solids have maximum force of attraction Therefore, they have negligible kinetic energy.
between the particles as the particles are closely 1½ + 1½
packed.
9.
S. No. Property Solids Liquids Gases
(i) Shape Definite shape No definite shape, takes No definite shape, takes
the shape of the container the shape of the container
(ii) Volume Definite volume Definite volume No definite volume
(iii) Compressibility Non-compressible Slightly compressible Highly compressible
(iv) Diffusion Can diffuse in liquids Can diffuse in liquids Can diffuse in other gases
(v) Fluidity or rigidity Rigid Shows fluidity Shows fluidity
WORKSHEET-2
Solutions 5. (i) Gas (ii) Solid
1. Liquid. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 (iii) Liquid (iv) Solid
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) ½ × 4
2. Compressibility.
6. Gases are more compressible due to weak forces
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1
of attraction between molecules of gases and more
intermolecular spaces.
3. No. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1
4. Water is liquid at room temperature as it takes
the shape of the container in which it is put and it 7. (i) The particles of a gas are free to move
shows fluidity. randomly in all directions. During the motion
they collide with each other and also with the
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1 walls of container.
S OLUT I ONS P-1

(ii) Particles of a gas are loosely packed, move you will find that 50 ml of water is 50 ml even after
randomly due to space between them, so they pouring the water into different beakers.
intermix with other particles present there. Rate of diffusion of liquids are higher than the
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 1½ + 1½ solids because particles of liquid have more space
between them compared to solid and so move
8. (i) Liquid takes the shape of the container. freely than in solids. 2+1
(ii) Particles are loosely packed, kinetic energy of
particles are more than solids. 9. (i) (a) Gases and liquids do not have fixed shape.
(iii) Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the (b) Gases and liquids flow easily.
kinetic energy. (Or any other relevant points)
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1 + 1 + 1 (ii) The shape does not change when pressed i.e. it
Detailed Answer : is hard and rigid.
Experiment to prove that liquid has a fixed volume It has a definite shape and has high density.
but no fixed shape : (Or any other relevant points)
Take a flask and a glass. Pour 50 ml of water in the (iii) The heat energy supplied is taken up by solid
flask. Then observe the shape of water in the flask. particles and helps in melting or fusion.
After then, pour the same water in a glass. The (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 2 + 2 + 1
water will take the shape of the glass. However,
WORKSHEET-3
Solutions Solid had definite shape, distinct boundary and
fixed volume.
1. Temperature and pressure. Solids Liquid Gas
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) ½ × 2 Compressibility Negligible Very low High
2. Water. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 8. Rate of evaporation increases with an increase in
surface area, an increase in temperature, a decrease
3. Potassium permanganate, Copper sulphate. in humidity, and an increase in speed of wind.
½×6
4. In case of gaseous state, due to negligible force of 9. (a) Differences between Solids and Gases :
attraction they can move freely. That is why rate of S.
diffusion is faster in gases. Solids Gases
No.
(i) Intermolecular space Intermolecular space
5. (a) (i) L.P.G. : Liquefied Petroleum Gas. is small so the distance is maximum so the
(ii) C.N.G. : Compressed Natural Gas is less. distance is more.
(b) Use of L.P.G. : Fuel at home. (ii) Intermolecular Intermolecular force of
Use of C.N.G. : Fuel of vehicles. force of attraction is attraction is minimum.
maximum.
6. (i) Rate of diffusion of liquids is higher because (iii) Solids are rigid and Gases are non rigid and
particles of liquid move freely than solids. incompressible. are compressible.
(ii) Particles of liquid have greater spaces between (b) The two factors that determine the rate of
each other than solids.
diffusion of a liquid in another liquid are :
(i) Temperature
7. Three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. (ii) Pressure 3+2
P-2 S C I E N C E - IX
WORKSHEET-4
Solutions (ii) Because it sublimes, due to which it directly
converts into vapour and disappear without
1. Diffusion. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 leaving any solid.
2. Particles of matter are continuously moving. 7. The physical state of matter can be changed by
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 changing the pressure. By lowering temperature
and increasing the pressure gases can be changed
3. Liquids have less force of attraction between into liquids and some solids can be changed into
molecules i.e. less mass and more volume as gases on decreasing the pressure.
compared to solids.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 1 This happens with gases as there is lots of space
between the particles of a gas and upon applying
4. (i) In minute pores of sponge, air is trapped. high pressure, particles come close to each other
When pressed, air is expelled out so it is which upon cooling gets liquefied. 1+1+1
compressible. It is a solid as it has definite 9. (a) (i) Force of attraction : Oxygen gas < Kerosene
shape and volume. < Iron nail
(ii) Rubber band changes shape under force and (ii) Intermolecular space : Iron nail < Kerosene
regain shape when force is removed. < Oxygen gas
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015, 2014) 1 + 1 (b) (i) Rigidity : It is the property of matter to
5. Chemical name of dry ice is solid CO2. It just maintain shape against external force.
looks like ice but is absolutely different. Solid CO2
(ii) Compressibility : It is the property of
converts directly to gaseous state on decreasing
pressure to one atmosphere without going through matter by virtue of which molecules of
liquid state. It is stored at high pressure. ½ + 1 + ½ matter are brought closer to each other.
(iii) Diffusion : The inter mixing of the particles
6. (i) Particles of matter are continuously moving. of matter is known as diffusion.
Rate of movement of particles increases with
temperature; therefore the smell of lighted incense 1+1+1+1+1
stick reaches us several metres away due to (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
diffusion.
WORKSHEET-5
Solutions 6. (i) Level of water remains same.
1. Oxygen < milk < salt. (ii) A uniform mixture is formed / a true solution is
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 obtained.
(iii) The solution becomes white in colour.
2. Particles of perfume diffuses into the air and can (iv) Smell can be detected even on repeated
be smelled even at a distance. dilution. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) ½ × 4
7. During the inter conversion of a solid into a liquid,
3. Particles of matter are very small which can be and liquid into gas, on increasing the temperature
dissolved in water, diffusing its smell readily in air.
the kinetic energy of the molecules increases and
force of attraction among molecules decreases and
4. (i) We can liquify gases by applying pressure and vice versa. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 3
reducing temperature. 8. (i) Solid.
(ii) On a rainy day, the amount of water vapour (ii) Sublimation : The process of conversion of
present in air (humidity) is already high, so,
solid directly into vapours or vice-versa.
the rate of evaporation decreases.
(iii) Dry ice. 1×3
9. (a) (i) Take 2-3 crystals of copper sulphate
5. A wooden chair is solid at room temperature and dissolve in 100 ml of water.
because :
(i) It has definite shape and volume. (ii) Take out approximate 10 ml of this solution
(ii) It cannot be compressed. and put it into 90 ml of clear water.
S OLUT I ONS P-3

(iii) Take out 10 ml of this solution and put it (b) Anything which possesses mass and occupies
into another 90 ml of clear water. space is called matter.
(iv) Keep diluting for 5-8 times. (i) Solid – strongest, (ii) Gas – weakest.
Inference : A crystal of copper sulphate (c) The shape of each individual sugar or salt
contains millions of tiny particles which keeps crystal remains fixed. Therefore, they are
on dividing into smaller and smaller numbers solids. 2+1+1+1
with each dilution. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
WORKSHEET-6
Solutions the spaces between particles of water. This shows
the particulate nature of matter.
1. Due to the high speed of the particles and large space
between them, gases show the property of diffusing
very fast. Name of the process is diffusion. 1 100 ml 100 ml 100 ml
50 ml 50 ml 50 ml
2. Particles of water are held together by weak forces
of attraction. It is these forces of attraction which Adding salt Stirring
the diver cuts through water in the swimming Salt
pool. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 Salt particles
Two characteristics of particles of matter are :

3.
Diffusion. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 (i) They have space between them.
(ii) They are continuously moving.
4. (i) The whole chamber gets filled with gas.
(iii) They attract each other. (Any two)
(ii) The particles move around randomly at high
(1 For drawing skill +1 For explanation) + 1
speed. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1
8. (i) Take 2-3 crystals of potassium permanganate
and dissolve them in 100 ml of water.
5. When ice is melted, water is produced and when
water is heated, steam is produced. Conversely (ii) Take out approximately 10 ml of this solution
when steam is cooled, water is produced and and put it into 90 ml of clear water.
when water is cooled, ice is produced. (iii) Take out 10 ml of this solution and put it into
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1 another 90 ml of clear water.
6. (i) Take ice cold water in a metallic tumbler and (iv) Keep on diluting the solution like this 5 to 8 times.
keep it in open air. (v) This experiment shows that just a few crystals
(ii) After some time water droplets will be seen on of potassium permanganate can change colour
the outer surface of the tumbler. of a large volume of water (about 1000 ml).
(iii) The water vapours present in air on coming 10 ml 10 ml 10 ml
in contact with the cold metallic surface of the
tumbler loses energy and gets converted to
liquid state.
(iv) This shows that air contains water vapours.
½×4 100 ml 100 ml 100 ml 100 ml 100 ml
7. Activity :
(i) Take a 100 ml beaker. Fig : Set up to explain that particles of matter are
(ii) Fill half the beaker with water and mark the very small. With every dilution, though the colour
level of water. becomes light, it is still visible.
(iii) Dissolve some salt / sugar with the help of a
So, we conclude that there must be millions of
glass rod.
tiny particles in just one crystal of potassium
(iv) Observe any change in water level. permanganate, which kept on dividing themselves
Observation : Level of water remains same and salt/ into smaller and smaller particles. 3
sugar, has now spread throughout water. When we
dissolve salt in water, the particles of salt get into
TOPIC-2
Change in State of Matter, Evaporation,
Condensation Sublimation
WORKSHEET-7
Solutions (c) It exerts pressure on the walls of the
container due to the collision of molecules.
1. The amount of heat energy that is required to (d) Gases flow easily.
change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric (ii) When water at 373 K is converted into steam
at 373 K, it absorbs energy equal to the latent
pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of vaporization. Thus, steam at 373 K has
heat of fusion. more heat energy than water at 373 K and hence
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 1 steam produces more severe burns than boiling
water. ½×4+1
2. Sublimation is the change of solid directly into the (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
gaseous state without passing through the liquid 6. (a) When particles of one substance occupy the
state. e.g. ammonium chloride and naphthalene. vacant space present in the particles of the
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1 other substance, this is called diffusion.
Activity :
3. Particles of salt intermixed with the particles of (i) Take 5 g of copper sulphate each in three beak-
water and taken up the spaces between them. ers.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016)2 (ii) Pour 100 ml of distilled water slowly in one of
the beakers.
4. (i) The amount of heat energy required to change (iii) Cover this beaker with a watch glass.
1 kg of a liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure (iv) Pour 100 ml of cold water in a second beaker
at its boiling point is called latent heat of slowly.
vaporization.
(v) Place a third beaker containing 100 ml of water
(ii) (a) Particles gain heat energy from the palm
on a tripod stand for heating.
and evaporate causing the palm to feel cool.
(vi) Observe the diffusion process which begins in
(b) When we sit under a fan during summer,
all the beakers.
rate of evaporation of sweat increases due
to increase in wind speed. Sweat takes heat (vii) Record the time taken for the dissolution of
from body to evaporate leaving us cool. copper sulphate in all the three cases.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 1 + 1 + 1 Conclusion : The rate of diffusion of copper
sulphate in water is in the order :
5. (i) (a) Gases neither have a definite shape nor a Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1.
definite volume. (b) (i) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
(b) Gases are compressible. (ii) Oxygen. 1+2+1+1
WORKSHEET-8
Solutions 4. (i) Sublimation,
(ii) Latent heat of vaporization,
1. Evaporation. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 (iii) Compressibility of hydrogen gas. 1×3
2. False, it can occur at room temperature also. e.g., (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
Naphthalene balls sublimes at room temperature. 5. Ice melts at 0°C.
1+1
The temperature remain same when it changes
3. Evaporation is directly proportional to surface to liquid state because the heat supplied is
area. Surface area of saucer is more so evaporation
continuously used up in changing the state from
is more.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 2 solid to liquid by overcoming the forces of attraction
between the particles. The process is known as
latent heat of fusion. 1+2
S OLUT I ONS P-5

6. (a) Melting point of a solid is defined as the Thermometer
temperature at which a solid melts to become a Iron
liquid at the atmospheric pressure. stand Glass stirrer
Activity :
(i) Take about 150 g of ice in a beaker and suspend
a laboratory thermometer so that its bulb is in
contact with the ice. Beaker
(ii) Start heating the beaker on a low flame. Ice
(iii) Note the temperature when the ice starts
melting.
(iv) Note the temperature when all the ice has Burner
converted into water.
(v) Record your observations for this conversion of
(a)
solid to liquid state.
Thermometer
(vi) Now, put a glass rod in the beaker and heat
Iron
while stirring till the water starts boiling. stand Glass stirrer
(vii) Keep a careful eye on the thermometer reading
till most of the water had vaporised.
(viii) Record observations.
(b) The temperature remains constant during Beaker
the melting of ice even though the heat is
supplied regularly to increase the temperature Water
for changing the state of matter. The heat of
temperature is consumed by the particles of ice
and they vibrate faster breaking the forces of Burner
attraction and becomes liquid.
(b) 3+1+1
WORKSHEET-9
Solutions temperature remains constant even though heat is
supplied continuously to the water.. 3
1. 78 + 273 = 351 K (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 5. Fluidity, takes shape of the container, fixed
volume. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 3
2. (i) Cotton clothes are good absorber of sweat. Detailed Answer :
During evaporation of sweat, heat is lost by At room temperature, water is liquid because it has
the body which makes us feel cool. the following characteristics of liquid :
(ii) On a hot day, evaporation of water from the (i) At room temperature, water has no shape but
pot through its pores becomes faster. During has fixed volume.
evaporation, it takes heat from the water of (ii) It takes the shape of the container in which it is
pot. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1 kept.
(iii) It can flow.
3. Heat energy is needed to melt a solid because there
exist forces of attraction between the molecules 6. (i) The process of conversion of liquid state
and heat energy is essential to overcome the forces into vapour state at any temperature below
of attraction. the boiling point of the liquid is called
Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy evaporation.
required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at Cotton is a better absorber of water than
atmospheric pressure at its melting point. nylon. So, during summer, cotton clothes
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1+1 absorb sweat, which on evaporation causes a
4. This is because, the heat supplied is absorbed by the cooling sensation in the body.
water particles and this heat increases their kinetic (ii) Not exactly same. Boiling of liquid takes place
energy. Thus, because of an increase in kinetic at its boiling point, whereas evaporation can
energy, the bond between the water particles are
occur at any temperature or room temperature.
cut down and they move more freely, compared to
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 + 2 + 2
water. Hence, they become gas. So, that is why the
WORKSHEET-10
Solutions 1+2
4. There are pores in an earthen pot through
1.
100°C + 273 = 373 K which the liquid inside the pot evaporates. This
0°C + 273 = 273 K evaporation makes the water inside the pot cool.
In this way, water kept in an earthen pot becomes
cool during summers. 3
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015)
2. (i) Spreading the clothes for drying increases the
surface area which helps it to dry faster as the 5. (a) (i) gas (ii) solid.
rate of evaporation increases with increase in (b) (i) 298 – 273 = 25°C
surface area. (ii) 300 – 273 = 27°C
1
(ii) Humidity ∝ (iii) 280 – 273 = 7°C 1+1+1+1+1
Evaporation
6. Fractions of particles at the surface having higher
On a rainy day humidity increases, which kinetic energy, are able to break away from the
decreases the rate of evaporation. 1+1 forces of attraction of other particles and gets
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) converted into vapour.
3. Yes Factors which affects rate of evaporation :
Liquid (i) Surface area
Va
(ii) Temperature
p
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or
co
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si
(iii) Humidity
is
tio
Fu
nd
at
ca
io
en
(iv) Wind speed

ifi
n
sa
lid
e.g. Sprinkling of water on the roof, water in

tio
So
Solid Sublimation Gas earthen pots etc (Or any other)

Deposition (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1 + 2 + 2
WORKSHEET-11
Solutions 3. The heat gets used up in changing the state by
1. overcoming the forces of attraction between the
particles.
Solid Liquid Gas Latent heat of vaporisation : The amount of heat
(i) Density Highest Intermediate Lowest energy that is required to change 1L of a liquid into
gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.
(ii) Diffusion Negligible Slower Rapid Steam, particles of steam absorb extra energy in
(iii) Particle No Yes, but Yes, free the form of latent heat of vaporisation.
Motion / confined motion (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 5
movement
1 +1 +1 4. (i) Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.
Particles from the surface gain enough energy
2. Latent heat. to overcome the forces of attraction present in
Heat is used up in changing the state by overcoming the liquid and change into vapour state.
the forces of attraction between the particles.
Due to wet cloth, the temperature is
comparatively lower than room temperature.
Detailed Answer : So butter does not melt when remain wrapped
The temperature remains constant as the heat gets in wet clothes.
used up in changing the state by overcoming the
forces of attraction between the particles.
(ii) Ice cream at 273 K, will take latent heat from
For example, a solid melts on heating. Its temperature the medium to convert itself into liquid at 273
does not rise until the entire solid is converted K and then into liquid at higher temperature
into liquid. This heat energy gets hidden into the but in water such condition is not possible.
contents and is known as the latent heat. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 5
S OLUT I ONS P-7

5. (i) Rain water takes heat from road to get (iv) Acetone evaporates by taking heat from palm
evaporated leaving road dry. leaving it cool.
(ii) Cotton being good absorber of water, helps (v) Water evaporates from the roof taking heat
in absorbing the sweat and expose to the from surroundings on hot summer day
atmosphere for easy evaporation. leaving roof cool.
(iii) In summer, trees absorb more water (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 × 5
and minerals from the soil as the rate of
transpiration increases.
WORKSHEET-12
Solutions 4. (i) Molecules of the gas are continuously moving.
They collide with themselves and with the
1. Rubber band changes shape under force and walls of the container exerting pressure.
regains the shape when the force is removed, so it
(ii) As molecules of gas are continuously moving,
is classified as a solid. 3
they occupy all the available space. 3
2. When pressure is applied on the surface of ice, the
change into liquid state is assisted. Thus, melting 5. Diffusion is the process in which molecules of
point decreases. 3 a substance (solute) move from the place of
3. The solutions in both beakers turned blue after (their) higher concentration to the place of lower
sometime. But the colour change was observed concentration.
in beaker. A containing hot water as compared to But during osmosis, the water molecules (or
beaker B containing cold water. This happened solvent) move from a concentrated solution to
due to the faster rate of diffusion at a higher a diluted solution through a semipermeable
temperature. 3 membrane. Thus, osmosis is termed as a special
kind of diffusion. 3
WORKSHEET-13
Solutions develop lot of heat and possibly explode. Addition
of stones given lots of surface area for bubbles to
1. To determine accurate reading of boiling point of form and release the energy gradually. 2
water. 5. The value of the boiling point does not depend on
the temperature of the liquid when pressure is kept
It is because uniform temperature of the vapours
constant. Thus, all the three students will observe
surrounds the bulb above the surface of boiling
same boiling point. 2
water. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 2
6. (i) The bulb of the thermometer should be
2. Range = 210°C to 110°C completely inside the crushed ice.
The bulb of the thermometer should be kept (ii) The solution should be stirred regularly to
surrounded with crushed ice so as to record keep a uniform temperature.
correct temperature of the melting ice. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 1 + 1
7. Least count = 10/20
3. t1—temperature when the ice starts melting. = 0.5 (s)
t2—temperature when the ice completely melts. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 2
8. (i) Crushed ice preferably from distilled water.
4. Pieces of pumice stones are placed in the container
(ii) When whole of the ice melts and temperature
before heating to avoid bumping of liquid when the
becomes constant.
temperature increase. On boiling, water releases
energy as bubbles. If the bubbles do not form it can
qqq
CHAPTER
SECTION
B
2 IN MATTER AROUND US PURE ?
TOPIC-1
Elements, Compounds, Mixtures, Heterogeneous and
Homogeneous Mixtures
WORKSHEET-14
Solutions 7. (a) Homogenous mixtures are the mixtures with
uniform composition throughout like sugar
1. A substance is a kind of matter that cannot be
solution or another. 3
separated into other kinds of matter by any physical
process. 1 (b) (i) Fe + H2SO4(aq) → FeSO4 + H2
2. A substance which is made up of only a single type (ii) FeS + H2SO4(aq) → FeSO4 + H2
of particle is called a pure substance. 1
3. Concentration of a solution is the amount of the Detailed Answer :
solute present in a given amount (mass or volume) (a) No. Homogenous mixtures are the mixtures
of solution (or solvent). with uniform composition throughout like
sugar solution or another.
Dissolve 10 g of sugar in (100 – 10) = 90 g of water. (b) (i) Results in the formation of ferrous sulphate
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1 and evolution of hydrogen.
Fe + H2SO4(aq) → FeSO4 + H2
4. (ii) Results in the formation of iron sulphide
which reacts with sulphuric acid to form
S. Homogeneous Heterogeneous
ferrous sulphate and release of hydrogen
No. Mixtures Mixtures disulphide gas.
(i) Uniform composition Non uniform Fe + S → FeS
throughout. composition FeS + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2S
8. ( a) (i) By increasing the temperature/by heating
(ii) e.g. salt in water, e.g. oil and water, iron the solution.
sugar in water filiings and sulphur. (ii) By increasing the amount of solvent
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1 + 1 (b)
S. Homogeneous Heterogeneous
5. Metalloids : Elements having intermediate No. Mixture Mixture
properties between those of metals and non-
(i) Uniform composition. Non-uniform composi-
metals e.g., Boron, Silicon, Germanium. (Any two)
tion.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1+2
(ii) No distinct boundaries Distinct boundaries of
6. Mercury is the only liquid metal and bromine is the of separation. separation.
e.g., sugar + water. e.g., sand + water.
only liquid non-metal. Two gaseous non-metals are
hydrogen and nitrogen. 1+1+1 2+3
WORKSHEET-15
Solutions S.
True Solutions Colloids
1. Mixtures are constituted by more than one kind of No.
pure form of matter. 1 (i) The particle size of The particle size ranges
2. Homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous solute is less than 1 nm. from 1 to 100 nm.
mixtures. 1 (ii) It is homogeneous. It may appear to be
3. Difference Between True Solution and Colloids : homogeneous but it is
heterogeneous.
1+1
S OLUT I ONS P-9

4. (i) Dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. (iii) It is stable.
(b) Dispersing medium and dispersed phase.
(ii) Centrifugation.
(c) Ink, Blood, Foam. 3+1+1
8. (a) (i) Carbon and oxygen are present in a fixed
5. (a) Air, Filtered tea : Homogeneous. ratio of 3 : 8 by mass in carbon dioxide.
Soil, Wood : Heterogeneous. (ii)
The constituents of carbon dioxide cannot
(b) Mercury and Calcium oxide : Pure substances. be separated by simple physical methods.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1 + 1 (b) (i) 24 carat gold is a pure substance.
6. Milk of magnesia - Sol, Smoke- Aerosol, (ii)
Air is a homogeneous mixture in which
Cheese - Gel, Mist - Aerosol, the constituents are uniformly distributed
Mud- Sol, Butter - Gel. ½ × 6 throughout without any clear boundary
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) of separation.
7. (a) (i) It is heterogeneous mixture. (iii)
Concrete is a heterogeneous mixture that
(ii) Particles of colloids scatter a beam of light. does not have uniform constituents. 2 + 3
(Tyndall effect)
WORKSHEET-16
Solutions 5. Metals, non-metal, metalloids.
1. A mixture that has uniform composition throughout Metals have lustre / conduct heat / ductile / malle-
its mass is called a homogeneous mixture. 1 able / sonorous / conduct electricity etc.
2. A mixture that does not have uniform composition Non-metals have variety of colours / poor conduc-
throughout its mass is called a heterogeneous tors of heat and electricity etc.
mixture. 1
Metalloids have properties intermediate between
3. Reasons : those of metals and non-metals. (Any one in each)
(i) Heterogeneous mixture
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1½ + 1½
(ii) Particles can be seen with the naked eye
(iii) Scatter a beam of light 6. (i) Concentration of solution is the amount of
(iv) Unstable solute present in a given amount of solution or
(v) Can be filtered. (Any four) ½ × 4 the amount of solute dissolved in a given mass
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) or volume of the solvent.
Solubility is the maximum amount of solute
4. (i) Tincture of iodine : Iodine (solute) and alcohol that can be dissolved in a given solution at a
(solvent), given temperature.
(ii) Aerated drinks : CO2 (solute) and water (ii) The rate of solubility increases with increase in
(solvent). temperature. 1+1+1
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1+1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
7.
S. No. True Solution Colloidal Solution Suspension
(i) A true solution is a A colloidal solution appears to be It is a heterogeneous mixture.
homogeneous mixture of homogeneous but actually it is a
solute and solvent. heterogeneous mixture of solute
and solvent.
(ii) It is transparent. It is translucent. It is opaque.
(iii) The solute particles are very The solute particles are between The solute particles are quite large i.e.,
small, i.e., less than 1 nm. 1-100 nm. more than 100 nm.
(iv) The particles are not visible The particles are visible with the The particles are visible even with
even with a powerful micro- help of microscope. naked eye.
scope.
(v) The entire solution passes The particles can pass through or- The particles cannot pass through
through filter paper as well as dinary filter paper but not through either a filter paper or through a semi-
semi-permeable membrane. a semi-permeable membrane. permeable membrane.
(vi) The solute particles do not The particles show Tyndall effect. The particles may or may not show
show Tyndall effect. Tyndall effect.
(vii) The particles do not settle due The particles do not settle due to The particles may settle due to grav-
to gravity e.g., salt in water gravity e.g., blood. ity e.g., chalk powder in water.
solution.
(Any five) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 × 5
WORKSHEET-17
Solutions 6. Metals :
(i) Metals are sonorous i.e., they produce sound.
1. A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
is called a solution. 1 (ii) Metals can be beaten into thin sheets i.e.,
malleable.
2. Milk is a mixture of water, fat and proteins. 1
3. Water and sugar. 1 (iii) Metals can be drawn into wires i.e., ductile.
Non-metals : (i) Non-metals are non-sonorous as
4. they do not produce any sound.
S. No. Air Water (ii) Non-metals are fragile.
(i) Variable composition. Definite composition (iii) Non-metals are non-ductile. 1½+1½
i.e. 2 atoms of hydrogen 7. Air is a mixture.
and 1 atom of O. (i) Air can be separated into its constituents like
(ii) Constituents can be Cannot be separated oxygen, nitrogen etc. by the physical process of
separated by simple into its constituents by
fractional distillation.
physical methods physical methods.
(ii) Air shows the properties of all the gases present in
it.
5. Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more (iii) Air has a variable composition.
solid components in a proportion. The components (iv) Liquid air does not have a fixed boiling point.
are not visible separately, but can be separated by (Any three) 1 × 3
chemical means. So it is a considered a mixture. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
(Any two)
8.
S.
Property Soda water Milk Muddy water
No.
(i) Homogeneity Homogeneous Homogeneous Heterogeneous
(ii) Filtration Cannot be separated Cannot be separated Can be separated
(iii) Tyndall effect Does not show Shows Shows
WORKSHEET-18
Solutions 4. (i) The two components of a solution are solute
and solvent.
1. Vinegar (acetic acid + water). 1
(ii) The solution is stable, particles of solute are
2. A solution of sugar and water. 1 very small in size, smaller than 1 nm. (Any two)
3. Brass (an alloy having 70% copper and 30% zinc). 1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1
S OLUT I ONS P-11

5. 9. (a) Concentration of solution
Mass of solute
S. Dispersed Dispersing = × 100
Colloids
No. phase Medium of solution
Mass
(i) Fog Liquid Gas Mass of common salt is 60 g.
(ii) Cheese Liquid Solid Mass of water is 240 g.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1 Mass of solution = (60 + 240)g = 300 g.
60
6. Brass and air – mixture, Gold – element, Hydrogen Concentration of solution = × 100 = 20%
300
sulphide – compound. ½×4
(b) (i) Centrifugation : Two components having
difference in densities can be separated by cen-
7. When no more quantity of ‘X’ substance can be trifugation. When the mixture is rotated fast,
dissolved in a solution at a given temperature, then the lighter particles come to the top and the
the solution is saturated with respect to ‘X’. When a heavier remain at the bottom.
hot saturated solution is allowed to cool, crystals of (ii) Chromatography : This method is used to
substance separate out from the solution. 3 separate a mixture of different dyes. It is based
on the difference in solubilities of different sol-
8. (a) because of small particle size, they cannot utes in the same solvent.
scatter a beam of light.
(iii) Distillation : Two miscible liquids can be
(b) (i) Colloids separated by simple distillation. It is based on
(ii) Suspension the difference in boiling points of the liquid
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1 +1 +1 components of the mixture. 2+1+1+1
WORKSHEET-19
Solutions 7. Rahul has a compound, Manav has a mixture.
1. Aerated drinks like soda water. 1 S.
Compound Mixture
2. It indicates the exact amount of solute dissolved in No.
an exact amount of solvent or solution. 1 (i) Elements react to Elements or compounds
3. Solubility of a substance (solute) is the mass of form a compound. get mixed together.
the substance in grams that dissolves in 100 g of a
(ii) Fixed composition. Variable composition.
solvent to form a saturated solution. 1
4. When alcohol combines with water, the components (iii) Totally different Shows properties of
mix uniformly to form a single phase and there is properties. constituent substances.
no boundary of separation. When oil is added to (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 3
water, the components are not thoroughly mixed
and there is a boundary of separation between oil 8. (i) By dissolving iodine in alcohol.
and water forming separate layers. 1+1 (ii) Solubility : The amount of solute present
in the saturated solution at a particular
5. Heterogeneous.
temperature is called its solubility.
This mixture will have :
(i) Physically distinct parts, (iii) The solute particles will settle down.
(ii) Non-uniform composition 1+½×2 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 3
6. In smoke, dispersed phase is solid and dispersing

medium is gas. In fog, dispersed phase is liquid
and dispersing medium is gas. 1+1
TOPIC-1
Elements, Compounds, Mixtures, Heterogeneous and
Homogeneous Mixtures
WORKSHEET-20
Solutions 4. (i) Sugar in water
1. A : Uniform composition/particles are not visible. (ii) Air
B : Non-uniform composition/particle may be (iii) Oil in water 1 + 1+1
visible.
5. The concentration of a solution is the amount of
Therefore, A is homogeneous and B is
solute present in a given amount (mass or volume)
heterogeneous. ½×2+1
of solution, or the amount of solute dissolved in a
2. (i) This means that 36 g of NaCl can dissolve in given mass or volume of solvent. 1
100 g of water at 293 K and at 1 atm. pressure .
Two ways of expressing the concentration of a
(ii) More than 36 g because increase in temperature
will increase the solubility of a solid in a liquid. solution :
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1 (i) Mass by mass percentage of a solution
= Mass of solute × 100
mass of solute
3. Mass % = mass of solution × 100 Mass of solution
(ii) Mass by volume percentage of solution
40 = Mass of solute × 100
40
= × 100 = × 100 = 28.57 1+1 Volume of solution
40 + 100 14 0
TOPIC-2
Separation Techniques, Physical and Chemical Change
WORKSHEET-21
Solutions (ii) Only physical properties Chemical properties of
of matter change. substance change.
1. When the insoluble component is separated Example : Melting of Example : Burning of
by filtering the solution through a medium or wax. wax.
membrane it is called filtration. 1
2. By centrifugation method. 1 One example in which both physical and chemical
change take place is burning of a candle. 2+1
3. (i) Chromatography, (ii) Centrifugation,
6. (a) Iron sulphide
(iii) Distillation, (iv) Separating funnel
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas
Properties :
(i) It is colourless.
4. (i) Chromatography,
(ii) It has the smell of rotten egg.
(ii) Centrifugation,
(iii) Filtration,
(iv) Sublimation (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) ½ × 4 7. (i) Separating funnel
5. (ii) Sublimation
(iii) Evaporation
S.
Physical change Chemical change (iv) Filtration / using magnet
No.
(v) Centrifugation
(i) No new substance is A new substance is
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 × 5
formed. formed.
S OLUT I ONS P-13

WORKSHEET-22
Solutions OR
1. By using a separating funnel. 1 Camphor + Common salt + Soil

2. By distillation. 1
Sublimation
3. (i) Immiscible liquids separate out in layers
depending on their densities.
(ii) The denser particles are forced to settle at the Camphor Common salt + soil
sublimes
bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top
Add water
when spin rapidly.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1 Salt
Evaporation Salt dissolves, filter
soil as residue
4. When a bar magnet is brought closer to the mixture (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 3
of iron filings and sulphur powder, iron particles
stick to the magnet, while in case of iron sulphide 7. Distillation is a process employed to obtain pure
no change will be observed. When a mixture of liquid from its solution. It can be defined as the
iron and sulphur is added to carbon disulphide, conversion of impure liquid into vapours by
sulphur dissolves while in case of iron sulphide no evaporation and then condensation of the vapours
dissolution takes place. to get pure liquid.
This method is generally used for the separation of
components of a mixture containing two miscible
5. Hydrogen gas.
Hydrogen sulphide gas. liquids that boil without decomposing and their
In case I, a mixture of iron filings and sulphur is boiling points are quite different (more than 25-
treated with dil. H2SO4, hence H2 gas is produced. 30°C).
In case II, a compound (FeS) of iron and sulphur Thermometer
Cork
is treated with dil. H2SO4, hence H2S gas is
produced. Water outlet
Clamp
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) ½ + ½ +1 + 1
Water condenser
Stand
6. (i) Firstly the mixture will be heated. As camphor
is sublimable, it will vapourize and so it can be Distillation
flask Cold water in
separated through sublimation.
Receiver
(ii) To separate mixture of common salt and soil,
we will dissolve them in water. As salt is soluble
in water, and soil is not soluble in water, soil can
be separated through filtration. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
(iii) At the end, we get salt solution. Salt can be (1 + 1 + 3 Drawing skill 1 Mark)
separated from water by evaporation. 3
WORKSHEET-23
Solutions 5. (i) Process : Using separating funnel.
(ii)
1. By fractional distillation. 1
2. By crystallization. 1
3. The presence of beads in tube (a) would provide
Separating funnel
large surface area for cooling. Therefore, tube (a)
will be more effective as condenser in the distillation Oil
apparatus. Water
4. It is a pure substance because chemical composition
Stop Cock
of sugar crystals is same irrespective of its source.
1+2
6. 7. (i) (a) Filtration.
(b) Sedimentation and Decantation.
S.
Simple distillation Fractional distillation (c) Separating funnel.
No.
(d) Evaporation.
(i) By simple distillation, By fractional distilla- (e) Sublimation.
we can separate two tion, we can separate (f) Winnowing.
miscible liquids having a mixture of two or
(ii) (a) Water boils to form steam : Physical
sufficient difference in more miscible liquids
change.
their boiling points. for which the differ-
(b) Burning of paper : Chemical change.
ence in the boiling
points is less than 25°C. (c) An almirah gets rusted : Chemical change.
(d) Making a fruit salad with raw fruits :
(ii) It is done by using A fractionating column
an air condenser or a is fitted in between the
Physical change. ½×6+½×4
water condenser. distillation flask and (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
the condenser for the
process.
e.g., Different gases from air are separated by fractional
distillation. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 2 + 1
WORKSHEET-24
Solutions Air
↓
1. Purification of salt that we get from sea water. 1 Compress and cool by increasing
2. Chromatography is used for the separation of those pressure and decreasing temperature
solutes that dissolve in the same solvent. 1 ↓
3. Distillation, since acetone is more volatile it will Liquid Air
separate out first. ↓
4. (a) (i) Take some (approximately 5 g) impure sam- Allow to warm up slowly in
ple of alum in a china dish. fractional distillation column
(ii) Dissolve it in minimum amount of water. ↓
(iii) Filter the impurities out. Gases get separated at different heights
(iv) Evaporate water from the alum solution so (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 2 + 1
as to get a saturated solution.
6. (i) Saturated solution is the one which contains
(v) Cover the solution with a filter paper and maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given
leave it undisturbed at room temperature to quantity of the solvent at a given temperature.
cool slowly for a day. By increasing the temperature.
(vi) You will obtain the crystals of alum in the (ii)
China dish. Reservoir sedimentation tank to allow solids to settle
↓
This process is called crystallization.
Loading tank to sediment the suspended impurities
(b) Application : Purification of water (loading). ↓
Antiseptic (after shave) 1½+½+1 Filtration tank
↓
5. Air is a homogeneous mixture and can be separated Chlorination to kill bacteria
into its components by the process of fractional ↓
distillation. The flow diagram shows the steps of Supply
the process. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1+1+3
WORKSHEET-25
Solutions 2. (i) No.
(ii) Crystals of salt and sugar will appear. This is
1. (i) Boiling : It is the process of conversion of a because solubility of a solid decreases with
liquid into its vapours. decrease in temperature. 2
(ii) The volatile solvent from its non-volatile solute. 3. Student C has prepared the desired solution
(iii) Ink is a mixture of dyes in water.
S OLUT I ONS P-15

Mass of solute × 100 (v) On cooling, remove the funnel and transfer the
\ Mass by Volume (%) = solid ammonium chloride sticking on the walls
Volume of solution of funnel to a watch glass.
50 × 100 Cotton plug
= = 50% 3
100
Inverted funnel
4. (a) Ammonium chloride changes directly from
solid to gaseous state on heating. So, to separate Vapours of
ammonium
mixtures containing a sublimable volatile chloride Solidified
component from a non-sublimable impurity ammonium
chloride
i.e., sodium chloride, the sublimation process is
used.
(i) Place the china dish over a wire gauze placed Mixture of China dish
over a tripod stand. ammonium
chloride and salt
(ii) Cover the china dish with an inverted glass
funnel and plug in a little cotton at the opening
stem.
(iii) On heating the mixture, white fumes evolve.
(iv) Stop heating when the fumes stop rising and
allow the funnel to cool. (b) Camphor and naphthalene. 4+1
WORKSHEET-26
Solutions 5. (a) Starch solution; it is a colloid.
(b) Heterogeneous solution scatters the beam of
1. (i) Sugar and water (ii) Glucose and water light, one can see the path of light through it, as it
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 + 1 shows Tyndall effect.
2. True solution : glucose powder with water.
Colloidal solution : milk with water. 6.
Opaque solution; unstable; residue left on
Suspension : sand with water, soil with water. filtration; particles in a fine suspension shows
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 2 Tyndall effect. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 2
3. Student D will be able to prepare the colloidal 7.

solution as egg is not completely miscible in water. Type of Solution Colloid Suspen-
Two properties of colloidal solution are :
Mixture sion
(i) Particles of colloidal solutions cannot be sepa-
rated. property
(ii) A colloidal solution appears to be homogene- Transpar- Transpar- Opaque Translucent
ous but actually it is a heterogeneous mixture ency ent
of solute and solvent.
Scatter of Do not Tyndall Tyndall
beam of show effect effect
4. Two examples : light Tyndall
Solutions of chalk powder and sand in water. effect
Transparency—Opaque ](CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016, 15) 2
Stability—Unstable
8. When the sodium chloride is dissolved in a beaker
Filtration—Residue left. (Any two) 2 with distilled water, a true transparent solution is
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) obtained. When starch is dissolved in dissolved
water, a translucent colloid is formed. Lastly, when
chalk powder is dissolved, an opaque suspension is
formed. 2
qqq
CHAPTER
SECTION
B
3 ATOMS AND MOLECULES
TOPIC-1
Lows of Chemical Combination, Atom and Molecules,
Valency, Chemical Formula of Common Compounds
WORKSHEET-27
(ii) Mg2+
Solutions NO3–
1. It states that mass can neither be created nor

destroyed in a chemical reaction. 1 Mg(NO3)2
2. Law of constant proportion states that in a chemical (iii) Al3+ S2–
compound the elements are always present in a
definite proportion by mass. 1
(Al)2S3 1+1+1=3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
3. The electrons present in the outermost shell of an 6. (i) Cu+2 Br– CuBr2 1
atom are called as valence electrons. 1 (ii) NH4+CO3–2 [NH4]2CO3 1
+3 –2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (iii) Al O Al2O3 1
4. (i) Na CO3
7. (i) International Union of Pure and Applied
+1 –2 Chemistry (IUPAC).
Na2CO3 (ii) When ice melts into water it is a physical change.
Take a piece of ice in a small flask, cork it and
(ii) NH4 Cl
weigh it and denote it as Wice gm.
+1 –1 Heat the flask gently and ice (solid) slowly melts
into water (liquid). Then, weigh the flask again as
NH4Cl 1 + 1 = 2
Wwater gm.
It is found that there is no change in the weight i.e.,
5. (i) NH4+ SO42– Wice = Wwater
Heat ∆
Ice  → Water
(NH4)2SO4
This shows law of conservation of mass holds true
for physical changes. 5
WORKSHEET-28
Solutions 5. Gold = Au, Copper = Cu, Potassium = K,
1. Phosphorus. 1 Silver = Ag, Platinum = Pt, Iron = Fe. 3
2. (i) Triatomic – Ozone (O3)
(ii) Polyatomic – Sulphur (S8) ½ + ½ 6. (i) Al NO3
3 1
3. Sulphur (S8) or Phosphorus (P4). 1 Al(NO3)3

(ii) Mg HCO3
4. (a) (i) Calcium hydroxide ½ 2 1

Mg(HCO3)2
(ii) Potassium sulphate ½
(b) Bivalent cation = Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ (iii) Na SO4
1×3=3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] (Any two) ½+½ 1 2
Na2SO4

S OLUT I ONS P-17

Given no. of particles = 0.4284 × 10 = 4.284 moles.
7. (a) Number of moles = (b) (i) Law of conservation of mass.
Avagadro number
(ii) Ion
2.58 × 1019 (c) (i) Na3(PO4)

=
6.022 × 10 23 (ii) (NH4)2 CO3 1+2+2=5
WORKSHEET-29
Solutions Charge on a proton = 1.6 × 10–19 coulomb.
Also charge is + 1 and mass is 1 unit.
1. Magnesium oxide → MgO, Cation → magnesium (iii) Protons are located in the nucleus.
(Mg2+) , Anion → oxide (O2–). ½ + ½ (b) Number of neutrons = 28 – 14 = 14.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Element is silicon. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 3
6. NaHCO3, KHCO3, Al(HCO3)3, Mg(HCO3)2,
2. X2O3. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
Ca(HCO3)2, Zn(HCO3)2. ½×6=3
3. Valency of X = 0. (K shell is completely filled) 1 7. (i) Law of constant proportion.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (ii) A compound prepared by any method contains the
same elements in the fixed ratio by mass.
4. (i) Zn3 (PO4)2 1 For example, H2O contains hydrogen and oxygen in
(ii) The ratio by mass of constituting elements in the ratio 2 : 16 i.e., 1 : 8 by mass.
carbon dioxide is : 1 (iii) Atoms can neither be sub-divided, created nor
CO2 = 12 : 32 destroyed.
3 : 8 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] (iv) Atoms of different elements combine in simple
whole number ratios to form chemical compound.
5. (a) (i) E. Goldstein 1+2+1+1=5
(ii) Mass of proton = 1.67 × 10–27 kg
WORKSHEET-30
Solutions The atomicity of Ammonia (NH3) = 1 + 3× 1 = 4
½+½
1. NaOH, NaNO3. ½ + ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
6. (i) Molecule of element is made up of only 1 kind
2. (i) H2SO4 = 7 = (2 + 1 + 4) of atom. ½
(ii) CCl4 = 5 = (1 + 4). ½ + ½ e.g., C12, Br2, O2. ½
Molecule of compound contains two or more
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] different kinds of atoms in a fixed ratio.
3. (i) Lead — Pb e.g., water, CO2. ½ + ½
(ii) Boron — B ½ +½ (ii) NaHCO3. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
4. The law states that matter can neither be created
nor destroyed or mass of reactants is always equal 7. When 3.0 gm of carbon is burnt in 8.0 gm oxygen,
to that of product. 11.0 gm of carbon dioxide is produced. It means
C + O2 → CO2 1 carbon and oxygen are combined in the ratio of
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide 3 : 8 to form carbon dioxide. Thus, when there is
Mass of reactants = 12 + 32 = 44 g ½ 3 gm carbon and 50 gm oxygen, then also only 8
Mass of product (CO2) = 44 g ½ gm of oxygen will be used and 11 gm of carbon
(One mole of C reacts with one mole of oxygen to dioxide will be formed. The remaining oxygen is
form one mole of CO2) not used. 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] This indicates the law of definite proportions. 1
According to this law, the elements are always
5. (i) Na2O ½
present in definite proportion by mass in a chemical
Mg(OH)2 ½ substance. All pure samples of a compound contain
(ii) A group of atoms having charge is called the same elements combined together in the same
polyatomic ion. e.g., : CO32– ½+½ proportion by mass. 2
(iii) The atomicity of phosphorous (P4) = 4 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
WORKSHEET-31
Solutions 7. (a) Diagram :
Rubber Thread
1. O(8) = 2, 6 ½ cork
KL
Number of valence electrons = 6 ½ Small
ignition tube
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] Solution of
barium chloride
2. (NH4)2SO4. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 Conical
flask
3. XCl5. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
Solution of Sodium sulphate 1
4. (i) Electronic distribution of element B = 2, 8, 6 ½ (b) Procedure :
(ii) Valency of A is 1. ½ (i) Prepare 5% solution of each : sodium sul-
(iii) Atomic number of element B is 16. ½ phate and barium chloride.
(ii) A little amount of sodium sulphate solution is
(iv) Mass number of element D is 39. ½
taken in a conical flask and a little solution of
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] barium chloride is taken in an ignition tube.
(iii) Hang the ignition tube in the conical flask
5. (a) Atomic mass unit is exactly equal to one-twelfth carefully as shown in the figure.
the mass of one atom of carbon-12. 1 (iv) Put a cork on the flask and weigh the flask
(b) (i) (NH4)2CO3 with its contents.
(ii) Na2O ½ + ½ (v) Now tilt and swirl the flask so that the two
(c) Aluminium sulphate. The ions present are Al3+, solutions are mixed up well.
SO42–. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½ + ½ (vi) Weigh the flask again. 2
(c) Observation :
6. (a) Atom can neither be created nor destroyed. 1 (i) Chemical reaction takes place.
(ii) Weight of the flask remains same before and
(b) (i) Potassium nitrate after the reaction. 1
(ii) Aluminium sulphate (d) Conclusion :
(iii) Carbon tetrachloride (i) Total mass of the products = Total mass of
(iv) Hydrogen sulphide ½×4=2 the reactants
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (ii) Law of conservation of mass is true. 1
WORKSHEET-32
Solutions 5. The combining power (or capacity) of an element
to displace or combine with number of hydrogen
1. Valency of X = 3 atoms is known as its valency.
Formula of its chloride = XCl3. ½ + ½ Ca++ → divalent NH4+ → monovalent
++
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Cu → divalent Al+++ → trivalent
1+½+½+½+½=3
2. NH4Cl. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
3. (i) Iron — Fe 6. (a) The number of atoms constituting a molecule is

(ii) Potassium — K ½ + ½ known as atomicity. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (b) (i) P4 (ii) Ar ½+½
(c) (i) 4 (ii) 5 ½+½
4. (a) A negatively charged ion (that gains electrons) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
is called an anion. e.g. Cl–, Br–
(b) (i) NH4OH 7. (a) (i) AgNO3
(ii) CaCl2 (ii) MgSO4
(c) Molecular mass of H2SO4
= 2 × H + S + 4 × O (iii) K2CO3
= 2 × 1 + 1 × 32 + 4 × 16 (iv) BaCl2
= 98 u 1×3=3 (v) Na3PO4
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (vi) SO2 ½×6=3
S OLUT I ONS P-19

(b) The number of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) (1) No. of molecules in 2 moles of MgSO4
present in 1 mole of any substance is fixed, with = 2 × 6.022 × 1023
a value of 6.022 × 1023. This is an experimentally =12.044 × 1023 1
obtained value. This number is called the Avogadro [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
Constant or Avogadro Number. (represented by
No). 1
TOPIC-2
Atomic and Molecular Masses, Mole Concept,
Relationship of Mole to Mass of the Particles
and Numbers
WORKSHEET-33
Solutions Triatomic molecules of a compound : CO2, H2O,
SO2 3×1=3
1. Sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in a formula [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
unit of a compound is called formula unit mass. 1 4. (i) The exact number of atoms present in 12 g of
2. 1 mole of H2O2 = 2 × 1 + 2 × 16 = 34 gm ½ carbon-12 is called Avogadro constant. 1
34 gm of H2O2 = 1 mole ½ m Given mass
(ii)
No. of moles = =
1 M molar mass
∴ 17 gm of H2O2 = × 17 ½
34 56
= = 2.8 2
1 20
= = 0.5 moles ½
2
5. (a) (i) Ba(NO3)2 (Barium Nitrate)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] (ii) FeS (Ferrous Sulphide) 2
3. (a) It is the mass unit exactly equal to one-twelfth (b) A chemical compound is always made up of the
same elements combined together in the same
(1/12th) the mass of one atom of carbon-12 .
fixed proportion by mass. 1
(b) The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the
(c) (i) 18 g of H2O = 1 mole
atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule whereas 1
the mass of 1 mole of any substance is called its 36 g of H2O = × 36 = 2 moles 1
18
molar mass. Molecular mass is measured by amu
(ii) 32 g of oxygen = 1 mole
whereas molar mass by g/mol. 1
4 g of oxygen = × 4 = 0.125 mole 1
(c) Diatomic molecules of a compound : HCl, CO, 32
NO [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
WORKSHEET-34
Solutions
1. Atomic mass unit is equal to 1/12th the mass of one 3. (i) The exact number of atoms present in 12 gm of
atom of carbon-12. carbon-12 is called Avogadro’s constant. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 (ii) Number of molecules
Given mass × Avogadro's number
= ½
2. (a) K2SO4. 1 Molar mass
(b) (i) C2H2 = 2 × 12 + 2 × 1 = 24 + 2 = 26 u ½
(ii) P4 = 4 × 31 = 124 u ½
Molar mass of N2 = 14 × 2 = 28 ½ 5. (i) (a) Two atoms of oxygen—2O ½
56 (b) Diatomic oxygen—O2 molecule ½
No. of moles of N2 = × 6.022 × 1023 ½
28 (c) Triatomic oxygen—O3 molecule ½
(d) Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of
= 12.044 × 1023 ½
oxygen forming one molecule of water
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (H2O). ½
4. The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a
formula unit of a compound is called formula unit (ii) (a) K2CO3—Potassium carbonate ½
mass. 1 (b) CaCl2—Calcium chloride ½
NaCl = (1 × 23) + (1 × 35.5) ½ (iii) Al2(SO4)3
= 23 + 35.5 ½
Al = 27 × 2 = 54 u
= 58.5 u 1
S = 32 × 3 = 96 u
O = 16 × 12 = 192 u
Formula unit mass = 54 + 96 + 192 = 342 u. 2
WORKSHEET-35

Solutions 5.75 g of sodium will have the same number of
atoms as 6 gm of magnesium.
1. The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of
4. (a) A group of atoms carrying a charge is known as
the substance. It is, therefore, the relative mass of a
polyatomic ion. 1+1
molecule expressed in atomic mass units (u). 1 e.g., PO43–, SO42–, NH41+.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (b) Mass of 10 moles of Na2SO3
= 10 (23 × 2 + 32 + 16 × 3)
2.
Chemical formula of a compound shows its
= 1260 gm 1
constituent elements and the number of atoms of (c) (i) m = 8 gm, M = 32 gm, N = ?, N0 = 6.022 × 1023
each combining element. 1 m 8
=
CaO - Calcium oxide 1 n = = 0.25 1
M 32
Formula unit mass of CaO
N = n × N0
= Atomic mass of Ca + Atomic mass of O 23
= 40 + 16 = 56 u ½+½ = 0.25 × 6.022 × 10
23
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] = 1.50550 × 10 molecules
(ii) m = 22 gm, M = 44, n = ?
3. The mole is the amount of substance that contains m 22 1
the same number of particles (atoms/ions/ n = = = = 0.5 mole 1
M 44 2
molecules/formula units, etc.) as there are atoms in
exactly 12 g of carbon-12. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
Given mass 6 1
Number of moles of Mg = = = ½ 5. (i) Mole : One mole of any species (atoms,
Molar mass 24 4
molecules, ions or particles) is that quantity in
1 number having a mass equal to its atomic or
Number of moles of Na = molecular mass in grams. 1
4
(ii) 1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 in number – Relative mass in
Mass of sodium g. 2
Number of moles of Na =
Molar mass (iii) 1 mole of oxygen contain 6.022 × 1023 molecules
1 Mass of sodium 0.25 mole of oxygen contain 6.022 × 1023 × 0.25 =
= 1 1.505 × 1023 molecules. 2
4 23 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
23
Mass of sodium = = 5.75 g ½
4
S OLUT I ONS P-21

WORKSHEET-36
Solutions (b) One mole means 6.022×1023 particles of a
substance.
1. 6.022 × 1023 atoms or one mole. 1 OR
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] One mole of an element contains 6.022×1023 atoms
of an element. 1
OR
2. Formula unit mass : It is the sum of the atomic
On mole represents one gm formula mass of a
masses of all the atoms in a formula unit of a substance.
compound. (c) For Sodium For Iron
It is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all m = 100 g m = 100 g
the atoms present in one formula unit. M = 23 g M = 56 g
m 100 m 100
Formula unit mass of (NH4)2SO4 n = = n = =
= 2 (14 + 4 × 1) + 32 + 4 × 16 = 132 u 1 × 3 = 3 M 23 M 56
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] N = n × No N = n × No 1+1
100 100
3. (a) (i) Atoms cannot exist independently whereas = × 6.022 × 1023 = × 6.022 × 1023
23 56
molecules can exist independently. 1
= 4.38 × 6.022 × 1023 = 1.785 × 6.022 × 1023
(ii) Molecular mass is the sum of masses of the Hence 100 g sodium has more number of atoms.
atoms in the molecule whereas formula mass is [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011]
the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in a
formula unit of an ionic compound. 1 5. (i) 0.9% mass by mass means 0.9 gm NaCl in 100
(b) (NH4)2SO4 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 gm of solution 1
∴ Given mass = 0.9 gm 1
4. (a) (i) Cr3+ SO42– Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 mol–1 1
m 0·9
Number of moles = = = 0.015 u 1
M 58·5
(ii) Number of molecules = n × N0
= 0.015 × 6.022 × 1023
Valencies 3 2 = 0.09 × 1023 or 9.033 × 1021 1
Cr2(SO4)3 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
+2
(ii) Pb NO31–
Valencies 2 1
Pb(NO3)2 1
WORKSHEET-37
Solutions Step II :
1 mol. of Al2O3 contain Al atom
1. Each mole of phosphate ion possesses 4 moles of = 2 × Avogadro No.
oxygen atoms as represented by the formula. 1 0.0005 eq. mol of Al2O3 contain Al atoms
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] = 2 × 0.0005 × 6.022 × 1023
= 6.022 × 1020 atoms.
2. (i) Mg (OH)2
The number of Al ions (Al+3) present is the same as
(ii) Step I :
the number of Al atoms.
(Gram molecular mass of Al2O3)
No. of Al+3 ions = 6.022 × 1020 ions. 2
= 2 × 27 + 3 × 16
= 102 g
∴ 102 g of Al2O3 = 1 mol
1
∴ 0.051 g of Al2O3 = × 0.051 mol
102
= 0.0005 mol
3. (i) Number of moles 240 gm of Ca = 1/40 × 240 = 6 mole
n 24 gm of Mg = 1 mole
n = 240 gm of Mg = 1/24 × 240 = 10 mole
M
m Given mass in grams ∴ Molar ratio is 6 : 10 i.e., 3 : 5 2½ + 2½
= = ½
M Molar mass 5. (i) 1 hydrogen gas molecule contains 2 atoms of
60 hydrogen
= = 1.5 1 ∴ 1 dozen of H2 = 24 atoms of H
40
6.022 × 1023 molecules of H2 = 1 mole
(ii) 1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 ½ 12
∴ 12 molecules of H2 = mole 2½
N 6.02 × 10 23
Number of moles n =
N0 (ii) Hydrogen : Oxygen (by mass)
1 : 8
N Given number of particles 2 gm : 16 gm
== ½
N0 Avogadro's number
1
23 1 mole of H2 combines with mole of oxygen,
= 3.011 × 10 = 1 = 0.5 ½ 2
6.022 × 10 23 2
12 mole of H2 combines with
6.02 × 10 23
4. (i) M
olecular mass of CO2 = 44 u 12
5 mole of CO2 = 5 × 44 = 220 gm 2× moles of oxygen
6.02 × 10 23
Molecular mass of H2S = 34 u
5 mole of H2S = 5 × 34 = 170 gm Required O2 = 0.99 × 10–23 moles. 2½
Hence, both do not have same mass. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
(ii) 40 gm of Ca = 1 mole
WORKSHEET-38
Solutions = 2 [(2 × 1) + 16]
= 2 [2 + 16] = 36 g 1
1. A and B react to form AxBy. The valencies of A and ∴ Weight of the reactants = Weight of the products
B are y and x respectively. ½ in the reaction.
C and D react to form CpDq. The valencies of C and Thus, the above reaction obeys the law of
D are q and p respectively. ½ conservation of mass. 1
When A and D react : 16g
A D 4. Mass of 1 molecule of CH4 =
NA
y p Mass of 1.5 × 1020 molecules of methane

A D 1.5×10 20×16
p y 1 = g
NA
(Valencies are exchanged to find the formula of a
chemical compound). 1 30
Mass of 1 molecule of C2H6 = g
2. Molecular weight of CnH2n + 2 NA
= 12 × n + 1 × (2n + 2) ½
Molecular weight = 58 ½ 1.5×10 20×16
Mass of molecules of C2H6 is = g
∴ 12n + 2n + 2 = 58 ½ NA
14n = 56 ½ 1.5×10 20×16
56 \ Number of molecules of ethane = g
n = = 4 1 NA
14
NA
H2n + 2 = H10 × = 0.8 × 1020
Substituting the value of n in CnH2n + 2, we get 30
molecular formula of the compound as C4H10. 5. 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 6.023 × 1023 atoms
Therefore, the empirical formula of the compound
2.58×10 24
or the simplest ratio between the molecules is C2H5. \ Number of moles of oxygen atoms =
3. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O 6.022×10 23
Weight of the reactants taking part in the reaction = 4.28 mol
= 2 (2 × 1) + 2 × 16 4.28 moles of oxygen atoms.
= 4 + 32 = 36 g 1
Weight of the product formed in the reaction
S OLUT I ONS P-23

WORKSHEET-39
Solutions place resulting in no loss or gain of mass. 2
1. No, there is no change in mass when a chemical 5. When a chemical reaction is carried out in an
reaction takes place. 2 open container, some mass in the form of a gas,
2. Yes, law of conservation of mass is obeyed in all or vapours may escape into the surrounding and
types of chemical reactions. 2 hence the mass in the container no longer remains
3. Change in physical state, evolution of a gas, constant. Hence, the law of conservation of mass
cannot be verified if products formed in a chemical
formation of a precipitate, noticeable odour, change
reaction are gaseous and if they escape into the
in colour or change in temperature, etc. can be surrounding. 2
observed during a chemical reaction. 2 6. Mass of Na2CO3 = (111.5 – 53.5) g = 58 g
4. The identity of an element is not lost in a chemical 7. The observation made by student C is correct.
reaction. Only the old bonds break and new bonds White precipitate is formed after mixing, mass of
are formed. During a chemical change simply a reaction mixture in the beaker including mass of
beaker which is 373.3 gm.
rearrangement of atoms of different elements takes
8. Mass of iron sulphide = 28 + 16 = 44 g
qqq
CHAPTER
SECTION
B
4 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
WORKSHEET-40
Solutions 5. Electron : by J.J Thomson in 1897
Proton : by E. Goldstein in 1886
1. It is the number of protons in the nucleus of an Neutron : by James Chadwick in 1932 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
atom. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 6. Electronic configuration of Na is : 2, 8, 1
2. Electron is a negatively charged particle present K L M
outside the nucleus of an atom.
It was discovered by J. J. Thomson in 1897. ½ + ½
P
3. (i) Positively charged atom : Cation 1 +
N
(ii)
Group of atoms carrying a charge : Polyatomic ion.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1
K shell of Na has 2, L shell has 8 and M shell has one
4. K L M K L K electron. 3
Na = 2, 8, 1 Na+ = 2, 8 He = 2. 7. Isotopes of hydrogen are :
Na+ has completely filled K and L shells. Na atom Protium 1H1 (1 proton, 0 neutron), Mass no. 1
gets converted into Na+ by losing one electron Deuterium 1H2 (1 proton, 1 neutron), Mass no. 2
from its outermost shell. He atom has only K Tritium 1H3 (1 proton, 2 neutrons), Mass no. 3
shell. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 2
3 + 1 +1 = 3
WORKSHEET-41
Solutions (ii) E.C. of Na = 2, 8, 1 Valency = 1
(iii) E.C. of Si = 2, 8, 4 Valency = 4 3
1. Protons and Neutrons. ½+½
2. The charge / mass ratio of an electron is 1.76 × 1011
C Kg–1. 1 26
6. A 13 electrons ⇒ 13 protons + 13 neutrons
3. (i) Electronic configuration – 2, 8, 3 Atomic number = 26 – 13 = 13
(ii) Atomic number – 13
26
(iii) Number of protons – 13 B14 electrons ⇒ 14 protons + 14 neutrons
(iv) Valency – 3 ½×4=2 Atomic number = 26 – 14 = 12 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] They are isobars. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
4. No. of protons = Atomic number = 9 7. (i) e = 20, p = 20, n = 40 – 20 = 20, Electronic

No. of protons + neutrons = Mass number = 19 Configuration = 2, 8, 8, 2.
Number of electrons = 9
Number of protons = 9
Number of neutrons = Mass number – Atomic
P
N
number
= 19 – 9 = 10
Electronic configuration of X = 2, 7
Valency of X = 1 (since it requires one
electron to complete its octet) (ii) Atom has K = 2 e; L = 8 e
½×4=2 ∴ Total electrons = 2 + 8 = 10 e– ⇒ complete shell
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] with 8 e–
5. (i) E.C. of Cl = 2, 8, 7 Valency = – 1 ∴ Noble gas. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 5
WORKSHEET-42
Solutions 2. It will change into trivalent anion / Z3–. 1
1. The notation of an atom is represented as : A [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2010]
ZX. 1
S OLUT I ONS P-25

3. (a) Particle is neutron. 7. In this experiment fast moving a-particles were
Neutron is present in the nucleus of an atom. made to fall on a thin gold foil.
(b) (i) Total number of electrons = 10
The following observations were made :
(ii) Valency is zero. ½×4=2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] (i) Most of the fast moving α-particles passed straight
through the gold foil.
4. (i) 12 ½
(ii) Atomic number = 12 ½ (ii) Some of the α-particles were deflected by the foil
(iii) ‘X’ is a metal. ½ by small angles.
(iv) Valency of ‘X’ is + 2. ½ (iii) One out of every 12000 particles appeared to
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] rebound.
Conclusions :
26
5. A 13 electrons ⇒ 13 protons + 13 neutrons
(i) Most of the space inside the atom is empty because
Atomic number = 26 – 13 = 13
most of the α-particles passed through the gold foil
26
B14 electrons ⇒ 14 protons + 14 neutrons without getting deflected.
Atomic number = 26 – 14 = 12 3 (ii) Very few particles were deflected from their path,
They are isobars. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] indicating that the positive charge of the atom
occupies very little space.
6. Isotopes : Isotopes are the atoms of the same
element having same atomic number, but different (iii) A very small fraction of α-particles was deflected
mass numbers. by 180°, indicating that all the positive charge and
Three isotopes of hydrogen : 11 H, 21 H , 31 H mass of the gold atom were concentrated in a very
small volume within the atom. 5
Isotopes show similar chemical properties because
the number of valence electrons in these atoms are [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
same. 1+1+1=3
WORKSHEET-43
Solutions (b) The atoms of different elements with same mass
number and different atomic numbers are called
1. Electronic configuration of oxygen is = 2, 6. Hence, isobars.
valency = 8 – 6 = 2 1 e.g., : Calcium (atomic number 20) and argon
2. Atomic number = 2 + 8 + 1 = 11 (atomic number 18)
Hence, atomic number = number of electrons = 11 Mass number is same (i.e, 40) 1
½ (i) Uranium (ii) Cobalt ½+½
The name of the atom is sodium. ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
3. (i) The valency of Z is 3. 1
6. (i) Valency : The combining capacity of an atom is
(ii) Z is a metal because it is electropositive and reacts known as its valency.
with non-metals. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1
Valency is the no. of electrons in outermost shell
4. (i) Mass number i.e., Atomic mass of element X = of an atom. The no. of electrons gained or lost or
Number of protons + Number of neutrons shared gives us the combining capacity of an atom
= 4 + 4 = 8 u ½ and this decides whether an atom is reactive or
(ii) Mass number i.e., Atomic mass of element Y = not.
Number of protons + Number of neutrons
= 4 + 6 = 10 u ½ (ii) The atomic number of Argon = 18, i.e., it has 18
electrons.
Relationship between X and Y : Isotopes.
The atomic number of both the elements is same, Hence, its electronic configuration will be 2, 8, 8
but their atomic masses are different. 1 Since it has 8 electrons in its valence shell,
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] So, its valency = 8 – 8 = (zero) 5
5. (a) The atoms of same element having same atomic [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016, 2012]
number, but different mass numbers are called
isotopes.
e.g., 1H1, 1H2, 1H3. (any other example) 1
WORKSHEET-44
Solutions 5. (i) He2 – 2 Be4 – 2, 2
In case of He, its first shell is the last shell with 2
1. Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons = 15 ½ e– (stable).
Atomic mass (A) = Number of protons (ii) Hydrogen isotopes = H11, H12, H13, are chemically
+ Number of neutrons similar because they have same atomic number.
= 15 + 16 = 31 ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 3
2. Number of electrons = 11 6. (a) The following rules are followed for writing the
number of electrons in different energy levels or
Mass number = 23 shells :
Atomic number = number of electrons = 11 (i) The maximum number of electrons present in
Hence, number of neutrons a shell is given by the formula 2n2 where ‘n’ is
= mass number – atomic number ½ the orbit number or energy level index 1, 2, 3
....
= 23 – 11 = 12 ½
Hence, the maximum number of electrons in
3. (i) Electronic configuration — 2, 8, 1 different shells are as follows :
(ii) Number of protons — 11 1st orbit or K-shell will be = 2 × 12 = 2,
(iii) Atomic number — 11 2nd orbit or L-shell will be 2 × 22 = 8,
(iv) Valency of this element — 1 ½×4=2 3rd orbit or M-shell will be 2 × 32 = 18,
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 4th orbit or N-shell will be 2 × 42 = 32 and so
on.
4. (i) B (no. of protons > no. of electrons) (ii) The maximum, number of electrons that can
(ii) A (no. of electrons > no. of protons) be accommodated in the outermost orbit is 8.
(iii) Electrons are not accommodated in a given
(iii) C and E (same atomic number but different mass shell, unless the inner shells are filled. That is,
number) the shells are filled in a step-wise manner : 3
(iv) D (8 e– in valence shell) ½×4=2 (b) Atomic number of element = 12 K L M
2 8 2
Element is magnesium. 2
WORKSHEET-45
Solutions 5. (a) Isobars. (X-Argon and Y-Calcium) 1
(b) Na contain one electron more than Na+. ½
1. L = nucleons = 20 + 20 = 40
The (+)ve charge indicates that it has lost one
M = nucleons = 18 + 22 = 40 electron. ½
Both have same atomic mass but different atomic
(c) (i) Isotope of iodine is used in the treatment of
number.
goitre. ½
Relation between L and M : Isobars. 1
(ii) Isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] cancer. ½
2. The formula for calculating the maximum number [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
of electrons in an orbit is 2n2. 1
6. (i) Isotopes of an element have same atomic number
3. (i) Cobalt.
and electronic configuration. Since the chemical
(ii) Na, Sodium ion.
properties of the elements are related to their
(iii) The observation will be the same with the foil of any
electronic configurations the elements with similar
heavy metal, but in case of the foil of lighter metal, configuration will have similar properties. Thus, the
the massive alpha-particles may push the nucleus isotopes of an element are chemically similar.
and may not be deflected. 1 × 3 = 3
(ii) The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
4. (i) Symbolic representation : 27
13X. is equal to the number of electrons in the extra
(ii) Number of neutrons : 14; Number of electrons : 13 nuclear portion.
(iii) Electronic configuration : 2, 8, 3 1 × 3 = 3
S OLUT I ONS P-27

Since each proton and each electron has the same (iv) Nucleus of an atom is made up of protons that are
charge, but with opposite magnitude, the atom is positively charged and neutrons that are neutral. The
electrically neutral. total mass of neutrons and protons make it heavy.
(iii) The atoms of noble gas elements have complete (v) When an atom changes into an ion (cation or
outermost shells. Hence, they are least reactive. anion), the valence shell of the ion has a complete
octet or duplet. 1+1+1+1+1=5
WORKSHEET-46
Solutions But we know that this cannot happen. Atom is
quite stable. Rutherford model does not explain
1. Neutrons have no charge and their mass is equal to this anomaly. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 2
that of a proton. i.e., 1 unit. ½
J. Chadwick discovered neutrons. ½ 4. (i) Protons are positively charged with 1 unit of
24 mass.
2. (a) (i) 12Mg p = 12, n = 12 ½
26
Electrons are negatively charged with 1/1836 unit
12Mg p = 12, n = 14 ½ of mass. 2
(ii) Electronic configuration : 2, 8, 2 ½ Neutrons are neutral with one unit mass.
Valency : 2 ½ (ii) Proton = 1, Electron = 1, Neutron = 1. 1
(b) Different mass numbers due to the presence of [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
different number of neutrons. 1
5. (a) electrons/protons/neutrons ½+½+½
(b) Neil Bohr ½
3. (i) Average atomic mass of chlorine = [{(35 × 75) (c) discrete ½
+ (37 × 25)} ÷ (75 + 25)] = 35.5 u 1 (d) energy levels ½
(ii) Any charged particle that is moving in a circular (e) 2, 8 ½+½
path would lose energy and finally fall into the
(f) protons/electrons and neutrons ½+½
nucleus. This would lead to destruction of atom.
WORKSHEET-47
Solutions 8(L), 2(M). Hence, the total number of electrons in
the neutral atom is 2 + 8 + 2 =12 or atomic number
1. Hydrogen has one proton and one electron in of the element is 12.
its atom. Neutron is not present in ordinary Thus, the element is identified as magnesium (Mg).
hydrogen. 3 2+1=3
2. Helium and hydrogen are the gases that are used in 5. Electronic configuration of Z = 2, 8, 6 and Z2– is
weather observation balloons. The atomic mass of formed by gaining two electrons. Thus, electronic
helium is twice its atomic number. configuration of Z2– = 2, 8, 8. 2+1=3
Hence, the element yX2y is identified as helium, 6. Electronic configuration of X2– = 2, 8. Since two
4 electrons should be removed from the dinegative
2He . 3
ion to form a neutral atom, therefore electronic
3. The atomic mass (A) of X is equal to its atomic configuration of X = 2, 6. 1
number (Z), i.e., Z = A = y. Therefore, number of Atomic number of X = 2 + 6 = 8 1
neutrons in X are A – Z = y – y = 0 i.e., the element Thus, X is identified as oxygen. 1
has no neutrons. 2 7. Electrons are lost or gained from an atom. Electrons
Hydrogen is the only element, which does not have are also shared between atoms of two or more
neutrons. Hence, X is identified as hydrogen. 1 elements. Thus, the number of protons during a
chemical reaction, i.e., the atomic number of elements,
4. Since two electrons are present in the M-shell, the does not change during a chemical reaction. 3
K-shell and L-shell of the element are completely
filled. Electronic configuration of the element is 2(K), qqq
CHAPTER
SECTION
B
5 CELL–A BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
TOPIC-1
Cell as a Basic Unit of Life, Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cell, Multicellular Organisms
WORKSHEET-48
Solutions (iv) Yes, every cell of the multicellular organism
has come from a single cell. After fertilisation,
1. Amoeba and Euglena. ½+½ single cell is formed. The zygote is actually a
2. Vacuoles. 1 single cell. The zygote gives rise to all the cells
that we have today.
3. Many cells are visible only under a microscope (v) Do not have any shape.
e.g., Mycoplasma is the smallest cell and longest (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 2+ 1 + 2
cell in human body is nerve cell or neuron. 2
Detailed Answer :
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) (i) Amoeba and Euglena are unicellular organisms.
(ii) Multicellular organisms are made up of millions
4. Cell.
and trillions of cells. All these cells perform
Robert Hooke.
specific functions. All the cells specialised for
Under a microscope. Some are big enough can be performing similar functions are grouped
seen with naked eye like egg. together as tissues in the body. Hence, a
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1 + 1 + 1 particular function is carried out by a group of
cells at a definite place in the body. Similarly,
5. Cell. different functions are carried out by different
Basic building blocks of all living organisms. groups of cells in an organism. This is known as
Perform all the activities required to sustain life. division of labour in multicellular organisms.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1 + 2 (iii) Prokaryotic - Bacteria, Eukaryotic - Amoeba.
(iv) Yes, every cell of the multicellular organism has
6. (i) Amoeba, yeast, Euglena (Any two) come from a single cell. After fertilisation, single
(ii) Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → cell is formed. The zygote is actually a single
Organism cell. The zygote gives rise to all the cells that we
(iii) Prokaryotic - Bacteria, Eukaryotic - Amoeba have today.
(v) Both, Amoeba and white blood cells of humans
do not have any fixed shape.
WORKSHEET-49
Solutions 4. (a)
1. Vacuoles. 1 S. Nuclear region of Nuclear region of

No. bacterial cell an animal cell
2. Endocytosis. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1
(i) Poorly defined and Well defined and
3. Unicellular organisms. lacks any covering. membrane bound.
Single cell can perform all the life processes. (ii) Has single chromo- Has more than one
Amoeba, Paramecium etc. some. chromosome.
(iii) Lacks true orga- Well defined mem-
Detailed Answer : nelles. brane bound cell
Yes, single-celled (unicellular) organisms can organelles present.
live independently. Unicellular organisms such (b) Chromosomes bear ‘genes’. 2+1
as Amoeba, Paramecium, carry out digestion,
respiration, excretion and reproduction on
their own.
S OLUT I ONS P-29

5. (a) (1) Cell wall, plasma membrane Similarities : All cells have the same organelles.
(2) Nucleoid,
(3) Plasma membrane
(b) (i) Lack nuclear membrane.
ovum (egg-cell)
(ii) Lack cytoplasmic organelles.
muscle cells red blood cells
(iii) Chlorophyll is associated with membran-
ous vesicles. ½×6 epithelial cell
6. No, not all cells in our body look alike in terms nerve cell sperm
white blood cells
of shape, size and structure. The shape, size and

structure of cell are determined by the function Different Types of Cell
which it performs. The eggs of many animals are (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 2+ 1 + 2
spherical in shape, some are oval in shape, smooth
muscle fibres are spindle shaped, nerve cells are
elongated and RBCs are discoidal in shape. The
size and number of cells also vary from organism
to organism.
WORKSHEET-50
Solutions 4. Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
cell :
1. Endosmosis. When cell is kept in hypotonic S.
solution, it will gain water. Prokaryotic cell Eurkaryotic cell
No.
(i) Size : generally small Size : generally
(1-10 µm) 1 µm = 10–6 large (5-100 µm)
2. Concentration of water inside the cell is greater.
m.
By osmosis, water moves out and causes shrinking
(ii) Nuclear region : con- Nuclear region :
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016)1
tain only nucleic acid well defined and
3. and is undefined due surrounded by
cell wall to the absence of nu- a nuclear mem-
cell membrane
golgi vesicles Golgi clear membrane and brane.
ribosome apparatus known as nucleoid.
chloroplast
smooth ER
(no ribosomes) (iii) M e m b r a n e - b o u n d Membrane bound
vacuole
nucleus membrane cell-organelles absent. cell organelles
(e.g., chloroplasts,
rough ER raphide
(endoplasmic crystal golgi bodies etc.)
reticulum)
druse present.
large central crystal
vacuole
mitochondrion (Any three) 1 × 3
amyloplast
(starch grain) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
cytoplasm
5. (i) 1. Mitochondria, 2. Cytoplasm, 3. Ribosome,
(Any 4 labelling) 1 + ½ × 4 4. Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum, 5. Rough
Endoplasmic reticulum, 6. Nucleolus,
7. Nucleoplasm, 8. Nuclear membrane,
9. Centrosome, 10. Golgi apparatus
(ii) (a) Mitochondria, (b) Ribosome, (c) Nucleus
(iii) (a) Cell wall and
(b) Plastids ¼ × 10 + ½ × 5
WORKSHEET-51
Solutions as nucleoid where as Eukaryotic cells have a well
defined nucleus. ½+½
1. Prokaryotic cells do not have a well defined nuclear
region . Genetic material is present which is known
Ans. Cytoplasm Bacterial 5. Differences between plant cells and animal cells :
Ribosomes flagellum
Capsule S.
Plant Cells Animal Cells
DNA (Nucleoid) No.
Plasma (i) Plant cells are larger Animal cells are
membrane in size. comparatively
smaller in size.
(ii) They contain cell wall Cell wall is absent.
made of cellulose,
which is present out-
side the plasma mem-
(Any 4 labelling) 1 + 2 brane.
(iii) They contain plastids, Plastids are absent.
3. (i) Cell is called structural unit because all i.e., chloroplast, leu-
organism is made up of cell. Cell is called as coplast and chromo-
functional unit because all the function of body plast.
like genetic, biochemical is performed by the
cell. (iv) Centrosome is ab- Centrosome is pre-
(ii) Because it permits exit and entry of some sent. sent.
selected materials in and out of the cells. (v) Larger vacuoles are Vacuoles either ab-
(iii) Amount of substance dissolved in water or present. sent or very small
solute concentration. 1+1+1 in size.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (vi) Food is stored in the Food is stored in the
4. Flower and Fruit—Chromoplast form of starch. form of glycogen.
(vii) Lysosomes either ab- More number of
Leaves of the plant—Chloroplast
sent or very few in prominent lysosomes
Root of the plant—Leucoplast number. are present.
(Any five) 1 × 5
TOPIC-2
Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Cell Organelles—Structure
and Functions, Chromosomes—Basic Structure
and Number
WORKSHEET-52
Solutions 5. Endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous network
enclosing a fluid-filled lumen. The two types of
1. Chromoplast. 1
endoplasmic reticulum are Rough Endoplasmic
2. The process through which an amoeba acquires Reticulum (RER) and Smooth Endoplasmic
its food from the external environment is Reticulum. (SER). RER has ribosomes attached to its
surface. The ribosomes take part in protein synthesis.
endocytosis.
SER does not have any ribosomes on it and secretes
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014, 2012) 1
lipids. Some proteins and lipids synthesised in
3. Mitochondria; as energy is released from it. ½ + ½
ER are used for producing new cellular parts,
4. Ribosomes is a cell organelle that lacks membrane. specially the cell membrane, by biogenesis.
It is prepared in the nucleolus. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) ½ + 1 + ½
1+1
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 6. ATP; Adenosine Tri Phosphate
Mitochondria. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 3
S OLUT I ONS P-31

Detailed Answer : Difference between osmosis and diffusion :
ATP is the energy currency of the cell. Its expanded S.No. Osmosis Diffusion
form is Adenosine Triphosphate.
(i) It takes place The diffusion does not
Mitochondria. through semi-per- require any membrane.
7. Movement of solvent (usually water) from a region meable membrane.
of high water concentration to a region of low (ii) Movement of solvent Movement of solid, liq-
water concentration; it takes place through semi- is involved. uid and gases are in-
permeable whereas the diffusion does not require volved.
any membrane, in osmosis movement of solvent is 1½ + 1½
involved whereas in diffusion movement of solid,
liquid and gases are involved. 8. Diffusion.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 3 Conc. of CO2 is more in air as compared to cell so
it moves in. O2 is produced in photosynthesis thus
Detailed Answer :
conc. of O2 is higher in cell so it moves out.

Osmosis is the process in which there is a
movement of solvent (usually water) from a region Plasma membrane made up of proteins +lipids.
of high water concentration to a region of low water (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1 + 2 + 2
concentration.
WORKSHEET-53
Solutions 7. Lysosomes are a kind of waste disposal system of
1. Lysosomes. 1 cell. They help to keep the cell clean by digesting any
foreign material as well as worn out cell organelles.
2. Chromosome is the carrier of genetic information. Foreign material entering the cell such as bacteria
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 or food ends up in lysosomes.
3. Lysosomes. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 During the disturbance in cellular metabolism
lysosomes may burst and the enzymes digest their
4. Plasma membrane also called as cell membrane, own cell. Therefore, lysosomes are also known
is the outer covering of a cell that separates its
as suicidal bags. Lysosomes are able to do this
contents from the surrounding medium. It is made
up of lipids and proteins, and provides a mechanical because they contain powerful enzymes capable
barrier to protect the inner contents of the cell. It of breaking down all organic material.
encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell. 1+1+1
1+½×2 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
5. In prokaryotes and lower organisms like bacteria,
8. (a) The thread shaped structures in the nucleus are
the nuclear region of the cell may be poorly defined
because of the absence of a nuclear membrane. known as chromosomes. These are important
Such an undefined and incipient nucleic region because they contain information for inheritance
containing only naked nucleic acids without any of features from parents to the next generation.
membrane covering them is called a nucleoid. 2 (b)
6.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum looks rough Nuclear envelope
under a microscope because it has particles called
ribosomes attached to its surface and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum do not have ribosomes Nuclear pores
attached to it. Nucleolus
It helps in the manufacture of fat molecules

or lipids important for cell function. Some of
these proteins and lipids help in the building of Chromosome 1 + 1 + 3
cell membrane, the process called membrane
biogenesis. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 2 + 1
WORKSHEET-54
Solutions Chromoplasts provide colour to various flowers
and fruits. 1+1+½+½
1. Mitochondria and chloroplast. ½+½ (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 7. Camillo Golgi.
Lysosomes.
2. Cellulose. It provides structural strength to plant.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) ½ + ½ Functions :
(i) Packages and dispatches materials synthesised
3. Chloroplast. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 by ER.
4. The chromatin material mainly consists of (ii) Complex sugar made from simple sugars.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which stores and (iii) Involved in formation of Lysosomes.
transmit the hereditary information from one
(Any two) 1 + 1 + 1
generation to another. 1+1
5. (i) Cell wall provides shape as well as rigidity to 8. (a) (i) When a cell possess higher water concentra-
the cell. tion than the surrounding medium then ex-
(ii) It protects the protoplasm. osmosis occurs in the cell due to difference in
(iii) It is involved in the movement of materials in concentration and cell shrinks.
and out of the cell. (ii) When a cell has low water concentration
(iv) Growth of cell wall determines the growth of than surrounding medium then endosmosis
cell. 2 occurs that results in the swelling of the cell.
(iii) A cell having equal water concentration to its
6. Leucoplasts are colourless plastids. They store surrounding medium will not show any chang-
starch, oil, proteins. es.
Chromoplasts are coloured plastids. They contain (b) Cell wall is composed of cellulose and cell
pigments. membrane is composed of lipids and proteins.
e.g. Chloroplasts contain green pigment present in 3+2
the plant cell.
WORKSHEET-55
Solutions 7. (i) Chromosomes are present in the nucleus of a
cell. Their chemical composition is of DNA,
1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum. 1 RNA and proteins.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) (ii) Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. 2 + 1
8. (i) (a) Endocytosis : The flexibility of the cell mem-
2. Chloroplast and mitochondria. ½+½ brane enables the cell to engulf food and other
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) materials from its external environment. Such
process is known as endocytosis.
3. Starch/oils/protein granule. (Any two) ½ + ½ (b) Plasmolysis : When a living plant cell loses wa-
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) ter through osmosis, there is shrinkage or con-
4. (i) Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis and traction of the contents of the cell away from
helps in preparing the food (in case of plants). the cell wall. This phenomenon is known as
(ii) Leucoplasts are the site of storage of food. plasmolysis.
(iii) Chromoplast provide colour to various flowers (ii) When the organisation of a cell gets damaged,
and fruits. (Any two) 1 + 1 lysosomes will burst and their enzymes will eat
5. Shrinkage of protoplast from the cell wall in up their own cell organelles. Therefore, lysosomes
presence of hypertonic solution due to exosmosis is are also known as the suicidal bags of the cell.
know as plasmolysis. (iii) Gases like CO2 and O2 move in and out of the
When a plasmolysed cell is placed in water, the cell by diffusion from their higher concentration
concentration of water in the outside medium is more to lower concentration. Water enters the cell by
than the concentration in the cell. Hence, water moves endosmosis through semi-permeable plasma
inside the cell leading to its swelling. 2 membrane from its higher concentration to
6. Chloroplast : involved in the photosynthesis in plants. lower concentration.
Chromoplast : impart attractive colours to flowers Similarly, water moves out of the cell by
and fruits. exosmosis when a cell is placed in a hypertonic
Leucoplast : stores starch, oil and protein granules. solution. 1+1+1+2
1×3
S OLUT I ONS P-33

WORKSHEET-56
Solutions (ii) It is a semi-fluid jelly-like It is transparent.
substance.
1. Ribosomes. (iii) It contains various orga- It is a colloidal sub-
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 nelles and inclusions. stance having similar
composition to cyto-
2. Proteins and DNA. ½+½ plasm, but contains
more of nucleotides.
(iv) It contains a number of It contains chromatin
3. Lipids and Proteins. ½+½ inorganic substances material.
forming clear true solu-
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) tion as well as organic
4. Differences between cell wall and cell membrane : substances lipids, pro-
tein and carbohydrates.
S.
Cell wall Cell membrane 6. (i) Cellulose provides rigidity to the plant cell and
No. helps it to withstand in dilute medium.
(i) It is present only in It occurs both in (ii) Folds in mitochondria increase the surface area
plant cell. animal cells and to help in ATP generating reactions.
plant cells. (iii) Digestive enzymes in lysosomes help in removal
(ii) It is dead in nature It is a living of viruses, worn out organelles, damaged cell.
and permeable. membrane and is 1+1+1
semi-permeable.
7. (i) On cell division, chromatin network organise
(iii) It is composed of It is composed of
themselves into chromosomes.
cellulose. lipids and proteins.
(Any two) 1 + 1 (ii) Chloroplast is a plastid which contains a
green pigment called chlorophyll which is
5. Differences between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm :
responsible for photosynthesis.
S.No. Cytoplasm Nucleoplasm
(iii) The segments of DNA are called genes.
(i) Cytoplasm is the proto- It is the part of proto-
plasm which lies outside plasm that lies inside (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 + 1 + 1
the nucleus. i.e., between the nucleus.
the nucleus and the cell
membrane.
WORKSHEET-57
Solutions (iii) Plasma membrane : It allows or permits the
entry and exit of some materials in and out of
1. Lysosomes. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 the cell. It prevents movement of some other
materials not required or harmful for cells.
2. (i) Amoeba, (ii) Nerve cell. ½+½
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1+1+1
8. (i) (a) Both are double membrane structures.
3. Chromoplast. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1
(b) Both of them have their own genetic material.
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum. 1 (ii) Mitochondria is the site of production of energy
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) whereas plastid is the site of manufacture and
5. Genes. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 storage of important chemical compounds used
by the cell. 2+1
6.
The plasma membrane is called a selectively
9. (i) These folds create a large surface area for ATP
permeable membrane because it allows only some
generating chemical reactions.
substances to pass through it. ½×4 (ii) Because plastids have their own ribosome
7. (i) Ribosomes : It helps in protein synthesis. hence they can form their own proteins.
(iii) Plant cells shrink as it loses water by the
(ii) Vacuole : Vacuoles are full of cell sap and process of osmosis. 1+1+1
provide turgidity and rigidity to the cell in (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
plants.
10. (i)
Mitochondria is associated with ATP (ii) The egg shrinks because water passes out of
production. It has own DNA and ribosomes to the egg solution, into the salt solution due to
make proteins. osmosis. 1½ + 1½
WORKSHEET-58
Solutions a cell wall is present over the plasma membrane.
Therefore, their plasma membranes cannot perform
1. Chloroplast is a semiautonomous cell organelle endocytosis. 3
which on illumination can perform its function of 3. (i) It will kill grass plants due to exosmosis and
photosynthesis and release oxygen even outside plasmolysis.
the cell provided it is kept in isotonic medium and (ii) Salt protects the cut pieces from bacterial and
receive raw material like carbon dioxide. 3 fungal attack. 1½ + 1½
2. Endocytosis is engulfment of food and other 4. (i) A cells – Turgid cells, B cells – Plasmolysed cells
substances from external medium by plasma (ii) B cells kept in hypotonic solution will become
membrane. This is possible only when plasma deplasmolysed if done so immediately after
membrane is in direct contact with external plasmolysis.
medium. It occurs only in animal cells. In plant cells, (iii) A cells kept in hypertonic solution will become
plasmolysed. 1+1+1
WORKSHEET-59
Solutions 5. Steps are :
l Rinsing the mouth with fresh water and
1. (A) Sclerenchyma, (B) Onion peel, (C) Parenchyma, disinfectant solution.
(D) Cheek cells l Taking scraping from inner side of the cheek
2. (i) Avoid over-staining or under-staining of the and spreading it on a clean slide.
material. l Adding two or three drops of methylene blue
(ii) While mounting the coverslip, avoid entry of l Taking scraping from inner side of the cheek
air bubbles. and spreading it on a clean slide.
3. (i) Cells are rectangular in shape. 6. (i) Cheek cells are of irregular shape.
(ii) Each cell comprises cell wall, nucleus and (ii) Cell membrane encloses a distinct nucleus and
cytoplasm. vacuoles.
4. Glycerine or water is used so that cells of the 7. Outer layer of cheek cell is cell membrane and that
mounting material do not dry up or shrink. of onion peel is cell wall.
qqq
S OLUT I ONS P-35

SECTION
CHAPTER
B
6 TISSUES
TOPIC-1
Plant Tissues : Structure and Functions
WORKSHEET-60
Solutions 5.
Apical meristems—increase length of stem and
1. Meristematic tissue is capable of dividing and is roots.
found in the developing regions of the plant. 1 Lateral meristems—increases girth.
2. When meristematic tissues lose their ability to Intercalary meristems—increase length, internodes.
divide and become permanent in shape, size and
function, the process is called differentiation. 1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 3
3.
(a) A group of cells that are similar in struc- 6. (i) Phloem.
ture and work together to achieve a particular (ii) ‘A’–Sieve plate, ‘B’–Sieve tube, ‘C’–Phloem
function is called a tissue. Blood is a cluster of parenchyma, ‘D’–Companion cell. 1+2
similar cells and they perform same function 7. Bone, Hard matrix is composed of Ca and P
in the body, hence blood is a tissue. ½ + ½
compounds.
(b) (i) Apical meristem, (ii) Intercalary meristem.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) ½ + ½ Functions : (i) Forms framework of body.
(ii) Anchors muscles.
4. Apical meristems are the meristematic tissues which
(iii) Supports the main organs of body and
are found at the growing tips of stems and roots.
It increases the length of the stems and roots and provides protection to them (e.g. brains,
is responsible for the growth of plant. 1+1 lungs). (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 5
WORKSHEET-61
Solutions (b)
They are called protective tissues because :
1. Stomata are the small pores present in the epidermis (i) They protect from mechanical injury and
of leaf. 1 infection.
2. Stomata are enclosed by two kidney-shaped cells (ii) They prevent loss of water.
which are called guard cells. 1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 2 + 1
3. Living component common to xylem and phloem
tissues is parenchyma. 6. (i) Non-living
Its function is to store food and help in sideways (ii) Compactly arranged
conduction of water in xylem and food in phloem. (iii) No intercellular spaces
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 2 (iv) Multilayered
(v) Contains suberin (Any two)
4. Sclerenchymatous tissue.
The cells are dead with long and narrow walls A strip of secondary meristem replaces the
thickened due to lignin. 1+1 epidermis. Cells on the outside are cut forming
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) cork.
Protection, makes the plant impervious to gases
5. (a) prevents loss of water, prevents mechanical injury
or infection. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 2 + 1
Epidermal Cells Cork cells
Single layered Multi-layered 7. (i) Meristematic tissue
(ii) The different types of meristematic tissue are :—
Living Non-living (a) Apical Meristem
Secrete cutin Secrete suberin (b) Intercalary Meristem
(c) Lateral Meristem.
Present in younger Present in older plants.
(iii) Same as Ans-7 SAQ Type-II
plants.
WORKSHEET-62
Solutions 7. (a) (i) In such habitat, protection against water
1. Vascular bundles consist of xylem and phloem. 1 loss is essential.
2. Apical meristem. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 (ii)
Protecting against water loss, mechanical
injury.
3. Apical meristem is a kind of meristematic tissue
which is present at the growing tips of stems and (b) Cells are elongated, flattened, closely packed.
roots. It increases the length of the stem and the No intercellular spaces and form a continuous
root. These cells are responsible for linear growth
layer. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 5
of an organ. Example : Root apical meristem and
Detailed Answer :
Shoot apical meristem. 1+½+½
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) (a) (i) In desert habitat, protection against water
loss is essential.
4. (i) Areolar, (ii) Ligament, (iii) Cuboidal epithelium,
(ii) The waxy covering aids in protecting the plant
(iv) Sclerenchyma. ½×4
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) against loss of water, mechanical injury and
5. invasion by parasitic fungi.
(b) Epidermis is the outermost covering of cells in
S.No. Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue
plants. It is usually made up of a single layer
(i) Cells possess dividing Cells generally do not
ability. divide. of cells. On aerial parts of a plant epidermal
(ii) Cells are living. Cells can be living or cells often secrete a waxy, water resistant layer
dead. on their outer surface to prevent loss of water
(iii)
Main function is to Performs various type from plant. The cells of epidermis are present in
bring about growth. of functions. a continuous layer without intercellular spaces.
1×3 Small pores are present on the epidermis of
6. (i) Xylem conducts water in the plant body.
leaf. These pores are called as stomata, which
Phloem transports food in the plant body.
help in gaseous exchange and transpiration.
(ii)
As the plant grows older, a strip of secondary
meristem replaces the epidermis of stem and
forms a thick cork. 2+3
pits
VESSELS- vessel elements TRACHEIDS
1+1+1
WORKSHEET-63
Solutions 4. S. Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
No. tissue tissue
1. Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma
(i) Consists of living Consists of dead
and phloem fibres. 1
cells. cells.
2. Xylem and phloem. ½+½
(ii) Contains cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is absent.
3. (i) Parenchyma, (ii) Collenchyma. 1+1
(iii) The thickening of Cell wall thickening
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) the cell wall is not is uniform.
uniform.
(Any two) 1 + 1
S OLUT I ONS P-37

5. (i) Lateral meristem : for increase in growth of 6. Consists of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma and
plant parts. xylem fibres.
(ii) Intercalary meristem : for formation of leaves, (i) Transport water and minerals vertically.
branches etc. (ii) Parenchyma stores food.
(iii) Apical meristem : increases length of the stem (iii) Fibres provide support. 1½ + 1½
and the root. 1+1+1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
WORKSHEET-64
Solutions 6. (i) The epidermis protects all parts of the plants.
(ii) Epidermal cells on the aerial part of the plant
1. Meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. 1
often secrete a waxy, water resistant layer
2. Three namely—apical, lateral (cambium) and which helps in protection against water loss
intercalary. 1 and mechanical injury.
3. Strip of secondary meristem replaces the epidermis (iii) Protect against invasion of parasitic fungi.
of the stem. Cells on the outside are cut off which (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 × 3
forms the cork.
7. Small pores are called stomata.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 2 Function : Exchange of gases and transpiration.
1 + 1 + 1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
4. The main adaptation of desert plants is to minimise
the water loss. Hence, layer of cutin is present on Detailed Answer :
epidermis, which is a thick waxy coating. This The small pores in the epidermis of the leaf are
waxy coating helps in minimising water loss by stomata.
transpiration. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 2 Two main function of stomata are :
(i) It helps in gaseous exchange.
5. (i) Due to deposition of lignin. (ii) If helps in loss of water in the form of water
(ii) In stems around vascular bundles, in veins vapours from the leaves thereby causing
of leaves and in hard coverings of seeds and cooling of leaves (transpiration)
nuts.
It makes the plant hard stiff, provides
strength. 1+1+1
WORKSHEET-65
Solutions 6. (i) Collenchyma,
1. When the cells take up a specific role and lose their (ii) Aerenchyma,
ability to divide. 1 (iii) Sclerenchyma. ½+½+½
2. Cork is obtained from the bark of a tree i.e., oak Location : Collenchyma : leaf stalks below the
plant’s stem. 1 epidermis.
3. Cutin. Aerenchyma : stem and leaves of aquatic plants.
Advantages : Cutin has waterproof quality Sclerenchyma : hard part of the plant (seed coat,
and provides protection against loss of water, mid rib etc.) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi. ½+½+½
(Any three) ½ × 4
7. As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue
4. Collenchyma is located in leaf stalks below the
epidermis. undergoes certain changes. A strip of secondary
meristem replaces the epidermis of stem. Cells on
It provides flexibility in plants and easy bending
and mechanical support. 1+1 the outside are cut off from this layer. This forms
the several layered thick cork or bark.
5. It consists of relatively unspecialized cells with They also have a chemical called suberin in their
thin cell walls. They are usually loosely packed so
wall which makes them impervious to gases and
that large spaces are present between the cells.
water. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 2 + 1
(Any two) 1 + 1
TOPIC-2
Animal Tissues : Structure and Functions
WORKSHEET-66
Solutions 6. (i) Cartilage.
1. (i) Epithelial tissue-squamous epithelium. (ii) Proteins and sugar.
(ii) Nervous tissue. ½+½ (iii) Smoothens body surfaces at joints, helps in
2. (i) Involuntary muscular tissue. (ii) Ligament easy bending. 1+1+1
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) ½ + ½ (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016)
3. Cuboidal epithelium. 7. (i) Complex tissues

(ii) Columnar epithelium
Function—Provides mechanical support.
(iii) Cuboidal epithelium
(iv) Involuntary muscular tissues
4. (i) Epithelial tissue, epidermal epithelium– (v) Cardiac muscles
protection. (vi) Ciliated cuboidal epithelium. ½×6
(ii) Blood. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014)
Function—Vascular bundles / blood transpor-
tation. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1 + 1 8. (i) Columnar (ii) Adipose (iii) Ciliated columnar
5. (i) Alimentary canal, iris of the eye, ureters, (iv) Aerenchyma (v) Squamous.
bronchi, etc. (any one) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 × 5
(ii) Kidney tubules, ducts of salivary glands.
(iii) Below the skin, between internal organs.
(iv) Limbs, tongue etc.
WORKSHEET-67
Solutions (b) It protects plant from the invasion of parasites
and harmful micro-organisms. 2+1
1. (i) It helps in storage of fats. ½
(ii) It act as an insulator. ½ 7. Tissue ‘A’ : Adipose tissue, Present just below
epithelium.
2. Stratified squamous epithelium. 1
Tissue ‘B’ : Cardiac muscle, Present in heart.
3. (i) Tendons : Connect bones to muscles.
(ii) Ligaments : Connect two bones. 1+1 1½ + 1½
4. (i) Tendon, (ii) Squamous epithelium, (iii) Adipose
tissue, (iv) Xylem. ½×4 8. (a) Sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma,
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) phloem fibre.
(b) Creates an efficient pumping action of heart.
5. (i) It carries O2 and CO2 to various parts of the (c)
body and lungs.
(ii) It transports food to various body parts. Tendon Ligament
(iii) It transports hormones as well as metabolic (i) It connects muscles It connects bone to
wastes. to bones. bone.
(iv) It has a major role to play in the regulation of
(ii) It is tough and non It is strong but elas-
body temperature. ½×4
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) elastic. tic.
(Any one)
6. (i) (a) Tendon
(d) (i) Squamous epithelium
(b) Adipose tissue
(c) Phloem (ii) Parenchyma tissue
(d) Collenchyma. (e) Adipose tissue stores fat and acts as an
(ii) (a) It prevents loss of water by evaporation. insulator. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 1 × 5
S OLUT I ONS P-39

WORKSHEET-68
Solutions 5. (i) Ligament (ii) Cartilage. 1+1
1. Stratified squamous epithelium. 1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
2. Shark fish. 1
6. (i) Blood : Transport of materials such as gases,
3. Plants are stationary thus their supportive tissue is waste, digested food etc.
made up of dead cells. (ii) Bone : Supporting framework of the body.
Animals move, hence they possess living cells to (iii) Ligament : Connects two bones together.
provide energy for movement. Also, for the many (iv) Tendon : Connects bones to muscle.
more differences and functions in plants and (Any three) 1 × 3
animals, they are made up of different tissues. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
7. (i) Cardiac muscles.
4. (i) Oesophagus , lining of mouth.
(ii) Smooth muscles or unstriated muscles.
(ii) Lining of kidney tubules, ducts of salivary
glands. 1+1 (iii) Striated muscles. 1×3
8. Differences between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles :
S. No. Striated muscles Unstriated (Smooth) muscles Cardiac muscles
(i) They are found in limbs, tongue, They are present in the wall of They are present in the heart.
pharynx etc. visceral organs.
(ii) Long, cylindrical with blunt Short, spindle shaped with Short, branched and cylindrical
ends. pointed ends. with flat ends.
(iii) Multinucleate, nuclei peripheral. Uninucleate, nucleus in the One or two nuclei in the centre.
centre.
(iv) They are voluntary in action. They are involuntary in action. They are involuntary in action.
(v) Dark and light bands are present. No bands present. Bands present.
1×5
WORKSHEET-69
Solutions 6. (i) For labelled diagram see Q.15. in short Answer
type question-II.
1. Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide and
maintenance pH constancy in blood. 1 (ii) Epidermal cells of the plants are useful in
2. About 120 days. 1 protection against loss of water; mechanical
injury or invasion by parasitic fungi.(Any two)
3. It is found below the skin. It acts as an insulator. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 1½ + 1½
7. (i) Squamous epithelium
4. Bone matrix : Calcium and phosphorus.
(ii) Ciliated epithelium
Cartilage matrix : Sugar and proteins. 1+1
(iii) Cuboidal epithelium
(iv) Columnar epithelium
5. Blood. (v) Squamous epithelium
Composition : (vi) Cuboidal epithelium ½×6
(i) RBC (red blood corpuscles), (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
(ii) WBC (white blood corpuscles) and 8. Bone : Bone is a solid, hard porous tissue. It is
(iii) Platelets. ½ + 1½ produced by osteocyte cells. It forms the natural
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) skeleton and gives the body its basic structure and
also supports the body. Its matrix is impregnated
with phosphates and carbonates of calcium and
magnesium which provides hardness to it. The
matrix also contains ossein protein. The matrix Cartilage : Cartilage has widely spaced cells. It is
is arranged in concentric rings which are called a solid but semi-rigid connective tissue. The solid
lamellae. matrix is composed of proteins and sugars. The
Bone cells lie between the lamellae in fluid-filled cartilage cells are large and angular and they are
spaces called lacunae. Bone cells are also called called chondrocytes. They occur in clusters of 2 or
osteocytes. 3 cells in the small spaces called lacunae scattered
in the matrix. A sheath called perichondrium binds
PERIOSTEUM the cartilage. 3+2
HARVERSIAN
HAVERSIAN
SYSTEM
CANAL
HAVERSIAN
LAMELLAE
Perichondrium
INTERSTITIAL
LAMELLAE
OSTEOCYTE
Chondroblast
ENDOSTEUM
Hyaline Matrix
Bone
The bone is surrounded by a connective tissue Lacuna
called periosteum by which muscles and tendons
are attached to the bone. A long bone has a hollow
cavity filled with bone marrow which is richly
supplied with blood vessels. Cartilage
WORKSHEET-70
Solutions 6. (a) Alimentary canal—smooth muscle-spindle
shaped, long pointed ends, uninucleate,
1. It helps in the exchange of materials between blood involuntary etc. (Any two)
and body cells. 1 Limbs—Striated-muscle, cylindrical, unbranched,
2. Simple epithelial tissue is unilaminar while voluntary, multinucleate. (Any two)
compound epithelial tissues is multilaminar. 1 (b)
3. (a) Plasma, (b) WBC, (c) Platelets, (d) RBC. ½ × 4 Spindle shaped Spindle shaped
Nuclei muscle cell Nuclei muscle cell
4. Horse is an animal where as mango tree is a plant. striations striations
Plants and animals have different types of tissues
because :
(i) Plants do not show locomotion while most of
the animals move from one place to another. Nucleus Nu
(ii) They have different patterns of growth
muscle :
(a) Striated (a) Smooth muscle
(b) Smooth muscle (b) Striatedmuscle
(a) Striated muscle (b) Smooth m
plant’s growth is limited to certain regions
while animal’s growth is more or less uniform. 1½ + 1½
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1 7. For labelled diagram see Q.13 in Short Answer Type
Question-II
5. (a) Attached to limb bones and helps in their Function : Beating of heart. 1+1+1
movement.
(b) (i) Presence of light and dark bands.
(ii) Multinucleated.
(iii) Cylindrical and unbranched. (Any two)
WORKSHEET-71
Solutions 2. (i) Like other connective tissues, blood consists
of living cells scattered in matrix. The matrix is
1. Water Hyacinth has spongy petioles which enclose liquid or plasma in blood.
a lot of air in its aerenchyma. Air makes the plant (ii) Blood circulates throughout the body, receiving
lighter than water and so it is able to float on the and providing materials to all tissues and
surface of water. 3 organs of the body. It thus connects all parts of
the body. 3
S OLUT I ONS P-41

3. (i) If apical meristem is removed or damaged then processes will become disorganised. There will be
growth of plant in length will stop. no co-ordination in the functioning of cells and
(ii) If cork is not formed in older stems and roots, body. 3
the outer tissues will rupture with the increase 5. (i) Overstretching of ligament causes sprain.
in girth and expose the interior to desiccation (ii) Absence of heparin in blood causes coagulation
and infection. of blood inside the blood vessels.
(iii) Blood volume will decrease during passage of (iii) Striated muscle contraction causes fatigue due
materials from tissues to blood and vice versa. to accumulation of lactic acid. 1+1+1
1+1+1 6. It is a junction between two neurons. The terminal
4. Every organism be it unicelluar or multicellular branch end of an axon comes in near contact with
needs to perform a lot of functions like respiration, a dendrite terminal. A narrow fluid filled space
digestion, locomotion etc. Cells that are present occurs between the two. An activated axon end
in group and specialise in one particular function passes out a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine
form tissues. Some tissues help in growth, some which provides sensation to dendrite terminal. This
in locomotion and some in body movement. So if helps in transfer of impulse from one neuron to the
tissues are not present in bodies of living organism, next. 3
then these kind of highly organised and specialised
WORKSHEET-72
Solutions 4.
Unstriated or smooth muscles are called
involuntary muscles because we cannot stop or
1. Safranin is a reddish pink solution mostly used move them according to our will. Smooth muscles
are uninucleate whereas striated muscles are
in laboratory for staining plant sections. Safranin multinucleate. 1+1
makes the various parts of plant section appear 5. Two types of processes present in neuron are :
very clearly. 2
(i) Axon : It carries impulses away from the cell
2. (i) The cells of the parenchyma tissue remain turgid body.
and provide rigidity or support to softer parts. (ii) Dendrite : It carries impulses towards the cell
body. 1+1
(ii) Parenchyma present in xylem and phloem takes
6. A is dendrite while B is axon.
part in some lateral movement of materials.
7. It is the slide of Striated muscles fibre. Striated
1+1 muscle fibers are long and cylindrical and possess
3. Sclerenchyma cells are dead, as their walls are light and dark bands.
thickened due to lignin, a chemical substance, 8. Parenchyma tissues have living cells with thin cell
walls and intercellular spaces.
which acts as cement and hardens them. 2
9. X-narrow lumen, Y-Lignified thick wall
qqq
CHAPTER
SECTION
B
7 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
TOPIC-1
Diversity of Plants and Animals, Basic Issues in
Scientific Naming, Basis of Classification, Hierarchy
of Categories/Groups
WORKSHEET-73
Solutions Each name consists of two parts, generic name
and specific name. Generic name should start in
1. Species. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 capitals and specific name in small letters. When
printed, the specific name is given in italics, when
2. Smallest number of organisms – Kingdom. handwritten, generic name and specific name
Largest number of organisms – Species. ½ + ½ must be underlined separately. (Any two) 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
3. Monera. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1
8. Local names vary from place to place. So, it
4. Protista. 1 becomes difficult for people speaking or writing
5. (i) Classification makes the study of vast diverse of in different language to know and understand
organisms easier by clubbing them into different if they are talking or discussing about the same
groups. organism.
(ii) It also facilitates the study of evolution that has This problem was resolved by using internationally
taken place. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 2 accepted scientific name for organism (Binomial
nomenclature).
6. Primitive : Groups of organisms with simpler Carolus Linnaeus gave a binomial nomenclature
body structure and ancient body design that have
system, which is widely accepted. 3
not changed much over a period of time or with
evolution. e.g., Amoeba. ½
Advanced : Groups of organisms with complex 9. (a) (i) Cells of plants have cell wall.
body structure and, design, that have changed (ii) Cells of animals do not have cell wall.
over evolutionary time. e.g., Starfish. ½ (iii) Plants are autotrophic.
Amoeba has a simple body structure and primitive (iv) Animals are heterotrophic.
features to that of starfish. Hence, an amoeba is (b) Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotic, saprophytes.
considered more primitive than starfish. 1
Permanent mutually dependent relationships are
called symbiotic relationships. They are found as
7. The system of scientific naming of organisms is slow growing, large, coloured patches on the bark
called binomial nomenclature. 1 of trees. 2+3=5
WORKSHEET-74
Solutions 4. Yes, evolved with complex body design and
advanced in terms of evolution, resistance,
1. The cell wall of fungi is made up of tough complex immunity, body design, it does not mean that it is
sugar called chitin. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1 superior in any form. The changes are the necessity
to adopt and evolve according to the changing
2. Cilia – Paramecium, Flagellum – Euglena. 1 environment. Hence, a complex organism could
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] be an advanced one in comparison to a simple
organism. 1+1=2
3. The kind of cells the organisms are made of. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
S OLUT I ONS P-43

5. (i) Kingdom ½ (v) developing scientific attitude/critical thinking. 3
(ii) Phylum / Division ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
(iii) Class ½
(iv) Order ½
8. (i) Complexity of cell structure
(ii) Form of body
6. (i) Some fungal species live in a permanent (iii) Mode of nutrition
mutually dependent relationship with blue-green (iv) Phylogenetic relationship (Any three)
algae / Cyanobacteria. Such relationships are called A characteristics is a particular form or a particular
symbiotic. 1½ function that distinguishes an individual or
(ii) Lichen. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½ a group. This is because the basic designs are
different, based on the need to make their own
7. It helps us in :
food (plants), or acquire it (animals).
(i) learning the importance of observation.
The other characteristics such as presence or
(ii) learning to value the efforts put in by the other absence of skeleton etc. are used to make subgroups
scientists/people in general.
among animals. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 5
(iii) to be objective.
(iv) to be open to change.
WORKSHEET-75
Solutions 7. (a) Mushroom. ½
(b) Fungi. ½
1. They have cell wall made of tough complex sugars (c) (i) Cell wall is made up of chitin and cellulose.
called chitin. 1 (ii) They are heterotrophic and eukaryotic
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] organisms. 1+1
8. The saprophytes belong to group ‘Fungi’.
2. Cell structure. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] They are called saprophytes because they use
decaying organic matter for their food.
3. (i) Cell wall is made up of tough complex sugar Species live in permanent, mutually-dependent
chitin. 1 relationship. Such relationships are called
(ii) Mode of nutrition is heterotrophic. 1 symbiotic relationship.
Example : Lichen. 3
4. (i) Saprophytic mode of nutrition. 1
9. (i) Paramoecium :
(ii) Cell wall is made up of chitin. 1
Oral groove Cytosome
Gullet
5.
(i) Saprophytic nutrition. Anal pore
The mode of nutrition in which organisms use
dead and decaying organic material as food is Water
Vacuole Waste
called saprophytic nutrition. 1 cytopyge
Micronucleus
(ii) Lichen. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
Macronucleus Food
6. Monera is prokaryotic in nature. ½ vacuoles Cilia
Membrane bound cell organelles are absent. ½ Contractile vacuole
2
Plantae show definite membrane-bound organelles (ii) Protista. 1
and multi-cellular body design. ½+½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
Blue-green algae is prokaryotic in nature as it does
not show multicellular body design. Hence it is
included in monera. 1
TOPIC-2
Major Groups of Plants
WORKSHEET-76
Solutions 7. (a) Monera consists of organisms which do not
possess well defined nucleus or organelles and also
1. Mangifera indica. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
do not exhibit multicellular body design. 1
2. Pteridophyta. 1 Protista are unicellular eukaryotic organisms
Marselia, fern, horse-tail. (Any one) 1 having membrane bound cell organelles. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] (b) Protista. 1
(c) Certain conventions are followed while writing
3. Thallophyta : Do not have well differentiated the scientific names :
body design. ½
(i) The name of the genus begins with a capital
e.g., Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Ulva, Chara. (Any two) ½
letter. ½
Bryophyta : Plant body is differentiated to form
(ii) The name of the species begins with a small
stem and leaf-like structures. ½
letter. ½
e.g., Riccia, Funaria, Marchantia. (Any two) ½
(iii) When printed, the scientific name is given in
italics. ½
4. Symbiosis : Mutual relationship between algae (iv) When written by hand, the genus name and the
and fungal species. species name have to be underlined separately.
Such life forms called Lichens. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½
They are found as coloured patches on the bark of
8. (a) Nature of cells (prokaryotic or eukaryotic),
trees. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3
presence or absence of cell wall, mode of nutrition
5. Three plants are algae, fungi, lichens. 1½
(autotrophic/heterotrophic), number of cells
Characteristics :
(i) Body is in the form of undivided thallus. (unicellular/multicellular). (Any three) 3
(ii) Vascular tissues are absent. (b) (i) Like plants Euglena has chloroplast which
(iii) There is no embryo formation after fertilization. 1½ help in photosynthesis.
(ii) Like animals it possess oral groove/flagellum/
6. Phanerogams are the plants with well differentiated
reproductive tissue that ultimately makes seed. lack cell wall.
Two groups are : (iii) Capable of obtaining ready made food.
(i) Gymnosperms – With naked seeds. (Any two) 2
(ii) Angiosperms – Seeds enclosed in fruits. 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
WORKSHEET-77
Solutions 2. Difference between Pteridophytes and
Phanerogams :
1. Gymnosperms. 1 S.
Pteridophytes Phanerogams
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] No.
(i) Do not produce seeds. Produce seeds.
(ii) Hidden reproductive Well-differentiated
organs. reproductive tissues.
(iii) Primitive vascular Advance vascular
tissue. tissue.
(Any two) 1 + 1 = 2
S OLUT I ONS P-45

3. Difference between dicot and monocot :
6. (i) Algae belongs to Thallophyta ½
S. No. Dicot Monocot

Thallophytes – body is not differentiated,
(i) Flower is pentamerous. Flower is trimerous.
predominantly aquatic. 1
(ii) Two cotyledons in the One cotyledon in
seed. the seed. Examples : Cladophora, Spirogyra, Celothrise, Chara
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 + 1 = 2 (Any two) ½ + ½
(ii) (a) Protista ½
4. Difference between Bryophyta and Pteridophyta :
(b) Fungi ½
S. No. Bryophyta Pteridophyta (c) Gymnosperms ½
(i) Do not have specialized Have vascular tis- (iii) On the basis of the number of cotyledons present
vascular tissue. sue which conduct in the seed, flowering plants/ angiosperms are
water and other sub-
stances. classified as Monocots (1 cotyledon in seed) and
(ii) True roots, stem and True roots, stem and Dicots (2 cotyledons in seed) ½+½
leaves are not pre- leaves are present. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
sent.
Examples : Moss, Examples : Fern, 7.
Marchantia. (Any one) Marsilea. (Any one)
Phanerograms
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 + 2 = 3
5. Difference between Gymnosperms and

Angiosperms : Bear naked seeds Bear seeds inside fruits
S. No. Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Gymnosperms Angiosperms
(i) Plants bear naked Plants contain seeds
seeds. that develop inside
an organ which are
further modified to Have seeds with
Have seeds with
become a fruit.
two cotyledons one cotyledon
(ii) They are peren- T h e y a r e a n n u a l ,
nial, evergreen biennial, perennial,
woody. woody or non-woody. Dicots Monocots
(iii) N o n - f l o w e r i n g Flowering plants. Marselia, ferns, horse tails (Any two)
plants. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 5
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 × 3 = 3
TOPIC-3
Major Groups of Animals
WORKSHEET-78
Solutions (ii) Name of the scientist : Carolus Linnaeus. 1
1. (i) Panthera tigris
(ii) Periplaneta americana 4. (a) (i) two, (ii) three ½+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½ + ½ (b) (i) Three germinal layers are present.
(ii) Body can be divided into equal halves in a
2. Animals having two primary germ layers i.e.,
single plane only. ½+½
ectoderm and endoderm in the embryo are called
diploblastic. e.g., Hydra. ½+½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
3. (i) Panthera represents genus while tigris refers to

the species to which tiger belongs to. 1
5. (a) Provides space for muscles to attach for ease of 7. (i) Coelom is a body cavity that separates the gut
movement. 1 from the body wall and well developed organs can
(b) Chordates : be accommodated within this cavity. 1
(i) have a notochord (ii) Pinworm, round worm. 1
(ii) have a dorsal nerve cord (iii) Coelomic cavity is blood filled and such condition
(iii) are triploblastic is called open circulatory system.
(iv) have paired gill pouches Blood does not flow in well-defined vessels.
(v) are coelomate (Any four) ½ × 4 = 2 (Any two) 2
(iv) Mollusca. ½
6. (i) Hidden reproductive organs. 1 Coelomic cavity is reduced in the organisms of this
(ii) Jointed legs, open circulatory system. (Any one) 1 phylum. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½
(iii) Vertebrates with mammary glands, give birth to
young ones. 1
WORKSHEET-79
Solutions (iii) They show parental care. 3
1. (i) Bilaterally symmetrical
(ii) Triploblastic. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½ + ½ 6. (i) Pteridophyta
(ii) Chordate
2. Arthropoda. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 (iii) Angiosperm 1×3=3
3. (i) Arthropoda (ii) Pisces
(iii) Echinodermata (iv) Coelenterata 7. (i) Organism : Octopus
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½ × 4 = 2 Phylum : Mollusca ½+½
Characteristics : Show bilateral symmetry
4. (i) Mollusca. 1 Open circulatory system
(ii) Arthropoda. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 Reduced coelomic cavity 1×2=2
Kidney-like organ for excretion (Any two)
5. (i) They are viviparous i.e., they produce live (ii) Salamanders, they have three-chambered heart.
young ones. All other organisms have four-chambered heart. 1
(ii) They have mammary glands for the production of (iii) Roundworm ½
milk to nourish their young ones.
Filarial worm [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½
WORKSHEET-80
Solutions 7. Because both : (i) are cold blooded.
(ii) have scales.
1. Echinodermata. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 (iii) breathe through lungs.
(iv) have three-chambered heart.
2. Arthropoda. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 (v) do not lay their eggs in water. 3
3. Mollusca. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
8. Spongilla–No true body cavity.
4. Dorsoventrally flattened without coelom. 1 Planaria–No true body cavity.
They are both free living and parasitic. 1 Scorpion–Presence of true body cavity.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Birds–Presence of true body cavity.
Ascaris–A sort of body cavity or a pseudo-coelom
5. Nematodes possess pseudocoelomic type of body is present. True body cavity is absent.
cavity and bilateral symmetry. 1+1=2 Neries–Presence of true body cavity. ½ × 6 = 3
9. (a) (i) They are considered mammals as they suck-
6. (i) Water-driven tube system. le their young ones on milk.
(ii) Hard calcium carbonate. 1+1=2 (ii) Forelimbs of birds are modified to reduce body
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] weight for flight.
S OLUT I ONS P-47

(iii) Body is covered by scales and they lay soft 10. (a) (i) Monera 1
shelled eggs. Hence, they are considered as (ii) Pteridophyta 1
reptiles. (b) Coelenterata/Annelida/Arthropoda/mollusca
(b) (i) Dicots Echinodermata. (Any three) 1+1+1
(ii) Open 3+2=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
WORKSHEET-81
Solutions (ii) Because they are flat worms. ‘Platy’ means flat and
‘helminth’ means worm.
1. Reptilia. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 (iii) To reduce body weight for flight. 1×3=3
2. Corals. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
8. (i) Body is cylindrical in shape. 1
3. Porifera. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 (ii) Pseudocoelomate. 1
The parasitic worm that causes elephantiasis is
4. It belongs to phylum Platyhelminthes. 1 filarial worm. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
They are commonly called as ‘flatworms’. ½
One example—planaria or liverfluke or tape 9. (i) Homo sapiens 1
worm. (Any one) ½ (ii) Mammalia 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (iii) Characteristic features : Warm blooded, 4
chambered heart, respiration by Lungs, Viviparous,
5. (i) Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal nerve mammary glands. Skin has hair, sweat and oil glands.
cord. (Any five) 2
(ii) Chordates are coelomate and triploblastic. 1 + 1=2
Exception : Platypus, Echidna which lay eggs. 1
6. Echinodermata : Spiny skinned, exclusively
10. (i) Mango tree : more complex and evolved,
free living marine, triploblastic, coelomic cavity,
eukaryotic. 1
water driven tube system, hard calcium carbonate
structure as skeleton. (Any three) 1½ Autotrophic bacteria : unicellular, prokaryotic. 1
Example : Starfish, sea urchin, feather star, sea Fungi (Mushroom) : heterotrophic, simple
cucumber. (Any one) ½ thallophytic with no tissues. 1
(ii) Rat, cat, bat are mammals. 1
They have notochord at some stage of life. They are
7. (i) Because they cause decomposition of organic warm blooded and have four chambered heart. 1
matter. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
WORKSHEET-82
Solutions The characteristics that appear earlier are likely to
be more basic than the one that appear later. The
1. There are certain characteristics in which plants evidence for evolution comes primarily from fossil
and animals differ from each other. Hence, record of change in earlier species, the chemical
they are classified as separate categories. These and anatomical similarities of related life forms,
characteristics are as follows : geographical distribution of related species and
(i) Are the cells of plants and animals eukaryotic or recorded genetic changes in living organism over
prokaryotic ? many generations.
(ii) Do the cells possess cell wall or not ? Hence, classifying the organisms gives an idea
(iii) What are the levels of organisation ? about the evolution of life form that is occurring
continuously. 1+1+1=3
(iv) Do the organisms produce their own food ?
3. Bacteria, fungi and plants they all have the cell
(v) What is the mode of nutrition ? wall, but they are placed in the different groups
(vi) Where do the organisms live ? ½×6=3 because the cell wall of bacteria are made up of
2. All living organisms are identified and classified peptidoglycan and mucopeptide, and the cell wall
on the basis of some characteristics and these of fungi is made up of chitin, and the cell wall of
characteristics have greater effect on the body plant is cellulosic in nature. That’s why, they are
design and functions. placed in different groups. 3
4. I will suggest it to be put in the division Monera further classified on the basis of pigment as Red
because all the characteristics of the organism algae, Brown algae, and Green algae. The moss and
described in the question belongs to this group. liverworts belongs to the group Bryophyta with
The characteristics of division Monera : stem and leaf like structures and do not have any
(i) Single-celled organism or unicellular organisms. specialized tissue for the conduction of water. 3
(ii) Nucleus is not defined. 6.
The plant body of Marchantia is completely
differentiated into stem and leaf-like structure.
(iii)
Autotrophic mode of nutrition. 1+2=3
There is no specialized organ for the conduction
5. The characteristics of the first plant belongs to
of water and other substances from one part of the
the group Thallophyta while the second plant,
body to another and their life cycle completes in
belongs to the group Bryophyta. The plants of
both water and land i.e., the plants are amphibian.
the group Thallophyta are commonly called as
This is the reason why Marchantia is placed in the
algae. These plants contain coloured pigment and
kingdom Bryophyta. 3
WORKSHEET-83
Solutions 5. Gram seeds have dicotyledonous seeds and
pentamerous flowers. 1+1=2
1. It is the network of hyphae. A hypha is a thread-like 6. Presence of false roots rhizoids and spore bearing
structure in fungi. 2 capsule 1+1=2
2. (i) The female cone has a central axis on which 7. It is a pentamerous flower of dicotylodonous plant.
megasporophylls are spirally arranged. 1+1=2
(ii) Each megasporophyll has two ovules on the dorsal 8. The plant produces bisexual flower and seeds are
side. 1+1=2 enclosed within fruit. 1+1=2
3. (i) They are vascular plants. 9. A has reticulate venation as it belong to dicot plant
(ii) They bear flowers. 1+1=2 and B has parallel venation as it belongs to monocot
plant. 1+1=2
4. (i) They are non-vascular plants.
10. A- Pileus, B- gills, C- stipe, D- hyphae ½ × 4 = 2
(ii) The plant body is generally thalloid. 1+1=2
qqq
S OLUT I ONS P-49

SECTION
CHAPTER
B
8 HEALTH AND DISEASES
TOPIC-1
Health and its Failure : Disease and its Causes and
Means of Spread
WORKSHEET-84
Solutions 7. (a)
1. An aspect of health, which deals with the well (i) Cholera — Contaminated water ½
being (physical, mental and social) of people of a (ii) HIV-AIDS — Sexual contact ½
community is called community health. 1
2. A doctor identifies a disease by its symptoms and (iii) Malaria — Anopheles female Mosquito
signs. 1 ½
3. (i) Diseases that can be spread from one person (iv) Pneumonia — Air ½
to another are called communicable diseases, e.g.,
(b) Jaundice 1
cough and cold, Pneumonia.
(ii) They can spread through air, sneezing water or air [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
contact. 1+½+½=2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 8. (i) When we are closer to infected person, air
transmitted diseases are easily transferred.
4. (i) AIDS, dengue fever 1 (ii) In closed areas, the droplet nuclei recirculate and
(ii) Tuberculosis, typhoid, cholera 1 pose a risk to everybody.
Small droplets
evaporate to droplet Ventillation
5. Elephantiasis and tuberculosis. 1 Droplet nuclei
nuclei in this zone carried in air
Such diseases are called chronic diseases. 1 currents for
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] minutes to hours
6. (i) Acute diseases : Diseases that last for only very

short periods are called acute disease. e.g., common
cold 1 Large droplets
Chronic diseases : Diseases that last for long time settle to ground
even as much as a life time are called chronic
diseases. e.g., elephantiasis 1 2m 4m
(ii) Japanese encephalitis, tuberculosis are chronic [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 5
diseases. 1
WORKSHEET-85
Solutions (iv) Using needle or syringe of infected person. 2
1. Vibrio cholerae. 1
2. Peptic ulcers. 1 5. AIDS is a fatal disease because immune system
of the body get highly weakened and the body
3. Causal organism : HIV 1
suffers from severe infections repeatedly. 2
A person suffering from AIDS can not fight even
very minor infections because it damages the
immune system of the person and damages its 6. (i) Diarrhoea, since it is a short term disease and
function. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
does not cause drastic long term effect on the
4. Four ways by which AIDS virus spreads are : person’s general health. ½+½
(i) Sexual contact with infected person. (ii) Genetic abnormalities, excessive weight, lack of
(ii) Pregnant mother to her foetus. exercise. (Any two) ½ + ½
(iii) Blood contact with infected person.
(iii) Liver. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
7. (i) The HIV goes to the immune system and form of dysfunction or malfunction and structural
damages its function. 1 changes of the organ or tissues in the body.
(ii) Sexual contact, from infected mother to child, Therefore, the symptoms of disease are the things
infected syringe/needle, blood transfusion. we feel that something is wrong in the body. Such
(Any two) ½ + ½ as headache, loose motion, vomiting, cough and
(iii) No, antibiotics do not respond to viral infections. swelling of body or body part. 2
They are mainly used to treat bacterial diseases or Causes :
infections. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 (i) Extrinsic factor : Water, food (Only one required).
(ii) Intrinsic factor : Poor eating habits, poor
8. Lack of feeling of ease or distress due to impairment
nourishment. (Only one)
of health is stated as a disease. 1
(iii) Genetic constitution : Weak immune system.
When a person is suffering from disease, he shows (iv) Social reason : Poor public services. 4×½ = 2
some symptoms. These symptoms appear in the [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
WORKSHEET-86
Solutions 7. (i) Since common cold is a viral disease thus
antibiotics are not effective in common cold;
1.
Primary cause of haemophilia is change in
(ii) Measles, tetanus, tuberculosis (Any two) ½ × 2 =1
chromosome sequence. 1 (iii) Symptoms of measles : ½×2=1
2. Primary cause of marasmus is protein deficiency. 1 (a) Skin rash
3. Infectious diseases can spread through air, water, (b) Fever [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1
vector, food etc. [Any two] 1 + 1 =2
8. (a) Symptoms indicate that there may be a disease,
but don’t indicate what the disease is. Sign of a
4. Causal agent : Virus. disease is a definite indication of the presence of
Prevention - Mosquito bite should be avoided. a particular disease. Physicians get laboratory test
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1+1 = 2 done to pinpoint the disease.
(b) Acute and Chronic diseases.
5. Influenza is an infectious air-borne disease and Differences :
hence spreads easily. It is difficult to control it as it Acute
is a viral disease. 2 (i) Last for short period of time.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (ii) Do not cause effect on general health.
6. (i) Lungs : Cough, breathlessness 1 e.g., Common cold.
(ii) Liver : Digestive problems, metabolic problems, Chronic
immune disorders. 1 (i) Lasts for long time even for lifetime.
(iii) Brain : Headache, vomiting, fits (ii) Causes major effect on general health.
(Any two symptoms) 1 e.g., Diabetes. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 5
WORKSHEET-87
Solutions 5. Water borne : By providing safe drinking water. 1
Vector borne : By providing clean environment. 1
1. Pathogens. 1
2. Staphylococci. 1
6. Headache, cough, cold, loose motions, wound
3. Antibiotic is a substance produced by bacteria
or fungi that destroys or prevents the growth of with continuous pain in the body parts, loss of body
pathogens. 1½ weight, breathlessness, feeling tired all the time.
Example : Penicillin. ½ Because, we might be suffering from some disease. 3
4. Virus causes encephalitis. It enters the body 7. (i) (a) Leishmania–Kala–azar

through mosquito bite. (b) Staphylococci–Acne
It infects the brain. ½+½+½ (c) Trypanosoma–Sleeping sickness
Headache, fits, vomiting, unconsciousness are the (d) Ascaris lumbricoides–Worm 4×½ = 2
symptoms. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½
S OLUT I ONS P-51

(ii) High blood pressure is an internal and non- (b) In a closed area the droplet nuclei recirculate.
infectious disease. Hence, the person suffering from In this case a risk to everybody irrespective of
high blood pressure must control and schedule his/ distance from infected person
her daily diet and keep exercising regularly. (c) TB/cough and cold/flu/pneumonia
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1 (any other appropriate example)
8. (a) Spread of the disease is inversely proportional to (d) By preventing overcrowding, by making rooms and
distance from infected person houses well ventilated.
WORKSHEET-88
Solutions 6. (i)
1. HIV-AIDS is a viral disease. Viruses do not have S.No Column-I Column-II

biochemical pathways on their own. Therefore (a) Fungal disease Skin disease
medicines for curing it is not available. 1 (b) Viral disease Dengue fever
2. All viruses live inside host cells whereas bacteria
(c) Protozoan disease Malaria
very rarely do. Viruses, bacteria and fungi multiply
(d) Bacterial disease Cholera
very quickly while worms comparatively very
slowly. 1 4×½=2
(ii) (a) Jaundice, (b) Cough. ½+½
3. Disease carrying or causing organisms are called
vectors. 1
Example : Female anopheles mosquito, ½ 7. (a)
Aedes mosquito. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Organ of Microbe Target Disease
entry organ caused
4.
Diseases such as influenza, tuberculosis,
Mouth Bacteria Gut lining Typhoid
pneumonia can spread through talking, sneezing
Mouth Virus Liver Jaundice
and coughing. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 2
½×4=2
5. Cholera is a water borne disease and in a village (b) (i) To reduce the effects of the disease.
water sanitation management is not fully available. (ii) To kill the cause of the disease. ½ × 2 = 1
Hence, flies which acts as vector are in abundance. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
This leads to chances of spreading cholera higher
in a village. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 2
WORKSHEET-89
Solutions (iii) Proper disposal or sterilizing the instruments. ½
(iv) Immunization. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½
1. Acute diseases are the diseases lasting for a short
period of time while chronic diseases lasts for a long 5. Social well-being : Cleanliness around the place
period even as much as lifetime. 1 we live, i.e., no garbage, no open defecation etc. 1
2. Signs of a disease are more important than Mental well-being : For good health we have to
symptoms because symptoms do not specify the
be happiness social equality and harmony are
disease, but through signs the disease can be easily
identified. 1 essential. 1
3. Hygiene, sanitation and public health is essential
as it checks the spread of infectious diseases. e.g., 6. (i) Chronic disease. ½
due to lack of facilities and public health, slum area Chronic diseases are more harmful because chronic
is more prone to epidemic. 1+1
diseases have drastic long term effects on people’s
health as compared to acute disease. 1
4. (i) Hand washing after any direct contact with (ii) (a) Such food does not contain oil or fat and spices
patients. ½ so it is digested easily.
(ii) Wearing gloves while treating or examining the (b) It provides sufficient energy for recovery after
patient. ½
the disease.
(c) It provides adequate amount of nutrients (ii) They are caused by They are not caused
required for regeneration of cells and tissues. pathogen. Air, water, by pathogen hence do
(Any three relevant points) ½ × 3 = 1½ soil and bacteria play not spread through
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] an important role. Thus any agency so only
7. this community is also host body is at threat.
at threat.
S. Non-infectious
Infectious diseases [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 3
No. diseases
8. (i) Transmission by air — Common cold
(i) Spread easily. e.g. Does not spread.
cold, pneumonia, e.g., cancer, heart (ii) Transmission by water — Cholera and dysentery
tuberculosis. attack. They all are communicable diseases. 3
TOPIC-2
Manifestation, Treatment and Prevention of Diseases

WORKSHEET-90
Solutions (ii) We should keep our surroundings clean and
hygienic.
1. Major drawback of principle of treatment is that till
(iii) There should be provision for safe drinking water.
the person is not completely cured it acts as a source
(iv) We should consume healthy food.
of infection for others. 1
(v) There should be periodic cleaning of toilets and
2. The process of inducing immunity by administering
use of disinfectants.
a vaccine to allow the immune system to prevent
(vi) We should wear full sleeve shirt and full pants to
infections and illness is called immunization. 1
avoid mosquito bite.
Example : Chicken pox, typhoid. 1 (vii) The infected children should take leave from
3. (i) Balanced diet. ½ school. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015, 2012] 3
(ii) Disease free environment. ½ 6. (i) Polio, tuberculosis, measles, tetanus, diphtheria
(iii) Proper sanitation. ½ and whooping cough. ½+½
(iv) Mental and social stability. ½
(ii) Small pox. 1
It is the principle of immunization. ½+½
4. By external agents : Infectious and non-infectious
diseases. 7. (a) We should take bland and nourishing food.
By internal disorder of the body : Organic or Such food does not contain fat, oil or spices, so
metabolic diseases. digested easily.
Causative agents : Various causative, agents are, It provides sufficient energy and nutrients which
improper functioning of body parts, disease causing are required for recovery and regeneration. 2
microorganisms, unbalanced diet, pollutants, (b) (i) Balanced diet
genetic disorder, hormonal imbalance etc.
(ii) Personal hygiene
Prevention :
(iii) Clean surrounding
(i) Keeping cleanliness in everything, be it personal
hygiene or public hygiene. (iv) Clean food and water
(v) Clean air
(ii) Availability of proper food and nourishment to
keep immune system healthy. (Or any other point) (vi) Exercises and relaxation
(vii) No addiction
1+1+1=3
(viii) Good economic condition (Any three) 3
5. (i) We should prevent water logging to avoid [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
mosquito breeding.
WORKSHEET-91
Solutions 2. (i) By avoiding direct contact with the infected
1. They are exposed to the virus through uncleaned persons. 1
and polluted drinking water due to poverty or lack (ii) By not sharing articles used by infected persons. 1
of public services. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
S OLUT I ONS P-53

3. Penicillin is not effective against common cold
because cold is a viral disease and antibiotics are
not effective in preventing viral diseases as virus 6. (a) The principle is that on administration of
do not have their own biochemical pathways. vaccine, the body starts developing antibodies
against it such that the person is protected from the
Also, it acts by blocking cell wall formation and
disease, body develops a memory and immediately
virus do not have any cell wall. 2
produces antibodies on further exposure. e.g.,
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Polio, Typhoid. 1+1 = 2
(b) (i) Keeping cleanliness in everything, be it
4. (i) Once someone has a disease, their body personal hygiene or public hygiene.
functions are damaged and may never recover
(ii) Availability of proper food and nourishment to
completely.
keep immune system healthy. ½+½
(ii) Treatment will take time, which means that
someone suffering from a disease is likely to
be bedridden for some time even if we can give 7. (a) Yes, availability of proper and sufficient
proper treatment. food prevents from infectious diseases because
(iii) The person suffering from an infectious disease functioning of immune system will not be good if
can serve as the source from where the infection proper and sufficient food and nourishment is not
may spread to other people. 3 available.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (b) Yes, the general ways of preventing infection
mostly relate to preventing exposure because :
5. The limitations are :
(i) Once a person has an infectious disease, his / (i) For air borne microbes, we can prevent
her body functions are damaged and may never exposure by providing living condition that
recover completely. are not over crowded.
(ii) This treatment will take time, so someone suffering (ii) For water borne microbes, we can prevent
from a disease is likely to be bedridden for some exposure by providing safe drinking water.
time.
(iii) For vector borne microbes we can prevent
(iii) Person suffering from an infectious disease may
exposure by providing clean environment. 5
spread this infection to other people acting as the
source. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
WORKSHEET-92
Solutions (ii) Majority of children in many parts of India are
already immune to Hepatitis-A because they are
1. Biochemical pathways of virus are different already exposed to the virus through contaminated
water. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1
from bacteria. Virus do not have life-process,
but bacteria does. Virus have few biochemical
4. Every micro-organism has its own biochemical
mechanisms of their own. They enter our cells and cycle. So one type of antibiotic can stop or block
use our machinery for their life processes. Hence biochemical cycle of one type of micro-organism
are difficult to be targeted. 2 only, but not all types of micro-organisms.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] Antibiotic, destroy the cell wall during the asexual
reproduction cycle; hence, the bacteria can be
2. Immune system of individuals fight off infection easily killed. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 3
carrying microbes. 1
The immune system of those who did not suffer 5. (a) Principles of treatment :
with cold and cough successfully fought against (i) To reduce the effect of disease by means such
as medicines to bring down fever, reduce pain
the microbes to which they were exposed. 1
or loose motions. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (ii) To kill the cause of disease i.e., to give medicine
to kill the microbe responsible for the disease. 1
3. (i) Immune system develops a memory for a
(b) Sexual contact, blood to blood contact with
particular infection when it encounters it for
infected person, from infected mother to her baby
the first time. Hence, the next time when that
during pregnancy. 1
particular microbe enters the body the immune
system responds with even greater vigour. 2
6. (i) Educated parents understand the importance of (iv)
Educated parents can provide symptomatic
healthy and balanced diet for their children which treatment first and then go for further doctors
will prevent nutritional deficiency disorders and consultation to kill the cause of the disease.
also help in proper functioning of immune system. (v) Educated parents can inculcate a sense of social
(ii) By knowing about modes of spread of diseases and moral responsibility in their children to
one, will maintain hygienic conditions. maintain clean environment to prevent spread of
(iii) Parents will provide only safe uncontaminated infections. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 5
water to avoid water borne diseases.
WORKSHEET-93
Solutions 4. Many bacteria possess a protective wall called
the cell wall. The penicillin is an antibiotic that
1. In HIV infection, the virus goes to the immune blocks the bacterial processes involved in cell wall
system and damages its function. 3 synthesis. As a result, cell wall is not formed and in
2. Acute disease is a disease that lasts for very short absence of cell wall the bacteria is unable to survive.
period of time and those diseases that lasts for a But the human cells do not make cell wall, so the
long time are called chronic diseases. Hence, the penicillin does not have any effect against humans
statement means that the disease is not a very long but is effective against bacteria. 3
lasting one. For example : 5. The above statement implies that it is not necessary
Acute disease : Fever, diarrhoea etc. that, if the pathogen enters the body by different
Chronic disease : Elephantiasis etc. 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 ways, it alters the site and consequence of infection.
3. Because the immune system of a healthy person For example :
is strong and efficient enough to fight against the (i) Suppose HIV virus enters through blood or sexual
microbial infection or common cold viruses. The intercourse person will get HIV.
immune system has cells that are specialised in (ii) If Japanese encephalitis causing virus enters
blood through mosquito bite, it reaches brain on
killing infecting viruses each time when they enter
infection.
into the body. If the immune cells are affluent, we (iii) Herpes simplex virus can enter body orally or
are not affected by diseases and if immune cells fail, through sexual contacts but they affect the body
we will become ill. 3 inspite of different point of entry.
WORKSHEET-94
Solutions 4. AIDS is a sexually-transmitted disease. It can be
transmitted by sexual contact from one partner to
1. In HIV infection, virus does not kill the person but the other. Also, AIDS can also be spread through
virus affects the immune system, which consists of the blood transfusion from infected person to
B-cells and T-cells. Virus generally affects the T-cell healthy normal person, by using infected needle or
or helper T-cells. This makes the immune cells less syringe, by using infected blade during shaving, etc.
efficient to fight against other diseases such as
However, AIDS can not spread by casual physical
common cold and diarrhoea, and ultimately kills
the person suffering from HIV AIDS. 3 contact such as handshakes, hugs or sports such as
wrestling, etc. 3
2. This is because smallpox virus is very similar to
cowpox virus. Hence, if the person had already 5. (i) Children must be given proper vaccination
been exposed to cowpox, its immune system has at the time of birth to prevent whole range of
the specialized cells to fight against cowpox as well infectious diseases and provide a disease - specific
as smallpox. Thus, each time when smallpox virus
enters into the body, the immune system will kill means of prevention. There are vaccines against
the virus. 3 tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough etc. 1
3. Yes, because immunization with smallpox vaccine (ii) These diseases are air-borne diseases and hence,
does not have any effect against the rabies virus, will spread. 1
Rabies virus is different from the smallpox virus. (iii) Personal hygiene reduces exposure to infectious
Hence, the immunization with the smallpox agents. Prevention of disease is always more
vaccine does not induce our immune system to desirable than its successful treatment. 1
fight against the rabies virus. So, the person needs [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
to be immunized with the vaccine effective against
the rabies virus. 3 qqq
S OLUT I ONS P-55

CHAPTER
SECTION
B
9 MOTION
TOPIC-1
Motion, Force and Work
WORKSHEET-95
Solutions Equation for position-velocity relation : From the
graph, the distance travelled by the object in time
1. A body is said to be in motion if it changes its t, moving under uniform acceleration a is given
position with respect to a reference point. 1 by the area enclosed within the trapezium OABC
2. Motion in a straight line. 1 under the graph. That is,
3. They are relative terms. 1 S = Area of the trapezium OABC
4. Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of a body (OA + BC) × OC
at any particular instance during its motion. For =
2
example, the instantaneous velocity of a motor-cycle
at a particular instance is 40 kmh–1 as measured by Substituting OA = u, BC = v and OC = t,
the speedometer on the vehicle. 2 ( v + u)t
5. If the velocity of an object changes by unequal we get S = .... (i)
amounts in equal intervals of time, the object is said 2
to be in non-uniform or variable acceleration e.g., if From velocity-time relation (V = u + at)
a bus travelling on a road with speed breakers and v−u
other vehicles will exhibit variable acceleration 2 we get t = .... (ii)
a
6. Speed is the distance travelled by an object in a
given time. Its SI unit is m/s. Velocity is the speed of From equations (i) and (ii) we get
an object moving in a direction, or the displacement ( v + u)( v − u)
of an object in unit time. SI unit of velocity is same as S =
2a
speed i.e. m/s. As the motion of the body is uniform
the velocity remains constant i.e. 15 m/s even after or, 2aS = v2 – u2 3
10 s (acceleration is also zero). 1+1+1 8. (a) Average speed is obtained by dividing total
7. Velocity-time graph of an object that moves under distance travelled by total time taken.
uniform acceleration. Average velocity is the displacement by total
time.
80
(b) (i) Velocity of A = = 10 m/s
8
60
(ii) Velocity of B = = 7·5 m/s
8
(iii) B is ahead A by 20 m, let it cover a distance
s in time t, then on order for A to catch B,
(20 + s)/10 = s/7.5, s = 60 m.
Distance at which they will meet is 40 + 60 =
100 m, time at which they will meet is 60/7.5 =
8 s. 2 + 2 + 1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013)
WORKSHEET-96
Solutions 4. If the velocity of a body decreases with time, then its
final velocity is less than the initial velocity and thus
1. Yes, an object may be at rest related to one object
its acceleration is negative. Negative acceleration is
and at the same time it may be in motion related to
another object. 1 called retardation or de-acceleration.
2. The phenomena of day and night indicate the For example, when brakes are applied to a moving
motion of the earth. 1 truck, its velocity gradually decreases. In other
3. It is a scalar quantity. 1 words, it is under retardation. 1+1
5. The characteristics of distance-time graph for an 6. (i) Speed
object moving with uniform speed are :
(ii) Displacement
(i) It is always a straight line. (iii) Acceleration 1+1+1
(ii) The uniform speed of the moving object is (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014)
equal to the slope of the straight line plotted.
7. (i) Here, the motion is accelerated motion, A car
60 moving on a road with increasing velocity.
R (ii) Here, the motion is retarded motion. Brakes
Di st ance (km)
50
applied to a moving car.
40 (iii) Here, the motion is uniform motion. Car
s2
30 moving with a constant speed along a road.
s1 C
A 1+1+1
20
8. (a) Distance is the length of actual path travelled
10
t1 t2 by a body in a given time. Displacement is the
shortest distance between the initial and final
O 20 40 60 80 positions of the body in a known direction.
Time (min) (b) (i) Distance Displacement
2 A to B 10 m 10 m
A → B → C 10 + 2 = 12 m 10 – 2 = 8 m
(ii) A → A 10 + 10 = 20 m 0 m
WORKSHEET-97
Solutions Velocity - Time graph
7.
showing an object with
1. Velocity and acceleration. 1 constant acceleration
2. The shortest distance moved by a body in the

direction from initial to the final position is called Velocity
(in m/s)
displacement. 1
3. No, it is a vector quantity as it has both magnitude
and direction. 1
4.
The various uses of a distance-time graph are as Time (in seconds)
follows :
From a velocity-time graph, we can find out :
(i) It tells us about the position of the body at any (i) The velocity of a body at any instance of time.
instance of time. (ii) The acceleration of the body, and
(ii) From the graph, we can determine the distance (iii) The total distance travelled by the body in a
given time-interval. (Any two) 1 + 1 + 1
covered by the body during a particular interval
of time. 8. (a) (i)
Distance covered by the body is directly pro-
(iii) It also gives us information about the velocity of
portional to time.
the body for a particular interval of time. (ii) Not directly proportional to time.
(Any two) 1 + 1 (b) Distance is the length of actual path travelled
5. Balanced, because when we press the ball, an equal between initial and final position whereas the
and opposite force is developed in changing the displacement is the shortest path between the
initial and final position of the particle.
shape of the ball. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 2
(c) Initial velocity u = 90 km/h = 25 m/s,
6. Velocity : Rate of displacement. Final velocity v = 0, acceleration a = 0.5 m/s2
Acceleration : Rate of change of velocity. Distance travelled s = ?
Yes, when the body is just released, the initial From v2
velocity is zero, i.e., u = o m/s. = u2 – 2as
but g = 10 m/s2 1+1+1 ( − 0 + 25 × 25)
s = = 625 m
(2 × 0.5)
S OLUT I ONS P-57

WORKSHEET-98
Solutions 6. Here, the mass of car A m1 = 1500 kg
1. No. When the body comes back to the same position Initial velocity of car A u1 = 25 m/s
after travelling a distance, its displacement is zero Mass of car B m2 = 1000 kg
though it has travelled some distance. 1 Initial velocity of car B u2 = 15 m/s
2. No, it is always either equal to or less than the After collision velocity of car A, v1 = 20 m/s
distance travelled by the object. 1 velocity of car B, v2 = ?
3. The magnitude of distance and displacement of Total momentum after collision = total momen-
moving object are same when the object moves tum before collision
along the same straight line in the same fixed m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 u1+ m2 u2
direction. 1 1500 × 20 + 1000 × v2 = 1500 × 25 + 1000 × 15
4. 30000 × 1000 v2 = 37500 + 15000 = 52500
+a –a 1000 v2 = 52500 – 30000
= 22500
22500
v 2 = = 22.5 m/s
v v 1000
7. (a) The average speed of an object is obtained

by dividing the total distance travelled by
t t the total time taken while average velocity is
Distance from velocity - time graph can be calculated given by the displacement a given period of
by finding the area under the graph. 2 time.
5. total displacement
(b) (i) Average velocity =
S. total time
Speed Velocity
No.
360
(i) Speed is defined as Velocity is the = = 20 m/s
18
the rate of change of rate of change of
distance. displacement. total distance covered
Average speed =
(ii) Speed is a scalar It is a vector total time
quantity. quantity.
(iii) Speed may or may A body may possess 360
= = 20 m/s
not be equal to different velocities 18
velocity. but the same speed. (ii) Average velocity = 240 / 24 = 10 m/s
(iv) Speed can never be Velocity can be Average speed = 480 / 24 = 20 m/s
negative or zero. negative, zero or 1+1+1+1+1
positive. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
½×4
WORKSHEET-99
Solutions = 1884·96 m 1
1. It may be of any duration—small or large. 1 (ii) The displacement is the shortest path between
2. A car moving in a crowded street and a person A and B.
jogging in a park. 1
AB = (AO)2 + (OB)2 = (400)2 + (400)2
3. Speed. 1
4. (i) Circumference = 2πr = 565.69 m1
3 5. This is not possible because it would mean that
Circumference of circle
4 velocity is increasing without increase in time i.e.

acceleration is infinite and infinite acceleration is
3
= × 2πr impossible. 2
4
3 6. The path travelled by a body is called distance.
= × 2 × 22 × 400
4 7 Displacement is the shortest distance between

initial and final points.
A Total displacement after 6 min
= AB = 28 × 2
= 56 m 1+1+1
7. (i)
One similarity-Both have uniform
acceleration.
B Difference in first graph body starts from rest.
2πr = 176 While in other it has initial velocity.
(ii) Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
2 × 22 × r = 176
⇒ Positive : free falling body due to gravity.
7
Negative : Body thrown up with an initial
r = 28 m velocity.
After 6 min, the body would have covered 1 1 Units : ms–2
2 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 2+3
rounds. Detailed Answer :
Hence if it begins its motion from A, it will reach In the above positive acceleration example, if we
till B after 6 min. apply the break, the speed of car decreases. Then it
has negative acceleration.
WORKSHEET-100
Solutions (b) (i) Motion is uniformly accelerated when it goes
vertically downwards.
1. Metre per sec i.e. ms–1. 1 (ii) Motion is uniform with negative acceleration
2. Yes. 1 when it goes up. 1+1+1
3. It can be changed by changing either : (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
(i) the object’s speed, (ii) direction of motion, or
(iii) both. ½+½ 7. (i) Impossible, reason
(ii) Possible, reason
4. (i) Displacement. (iii) Impossible, reason
(ii) Given u = 20 m/s; v = 0; t = 0·02 s (iv) Possible, reason
(v - u) (0 − 20) (v) Possible, reason
a= = = – 1000 m/s2 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014)
t 0·02
Detailed Answer :
The deceleration of the hammer is 1000 m/s2
(i) Distance can never be zero when displacement
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 2 is no zero for example in a circle distance is
circumference of the circle i.e., total length of
5. (a) (i) the path travelled whereas displacement refers
Uniform motion. to the shorts distance between starting and the
(ii) Uniform circular motion. final point which is zero.
2πr (ii) Possible,
(b) V =
t Reason : When an object is thrown upward,
at the highest point its velocity becomes zero
36000
= 2 × 22 × for a an instant of time, but its acceleration (g)
7 24 × 60 × 60 remains due to attraction of gravity.
= 2618 m/s 1+1+1 (iii) Velocity and speed are related to displacement
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) and distance, respectively, so the reason is the
same as (i)
6. (a) (iv) Possible,
Reason : When a moving car applies the break
its velocity decreases. The acceleration is against
the direction of motion of the car.
(v) Possible,
v (ms-1)
v (ms-1)
Reason : While speeding up the final

velocity is greater than the initial velocity
so the acceleration is positive. Acceleration
has a negative value only when velocity
and displacement are in opposite direction
t (s) t (s) and acceleration has a positive value only
(i) (ii) when velocity and displacement are in same
direction. 1×5
S OLUT I ONS P-59

TOPIC-1
Equations of Motion
WORKSHEET-101
Solutions 5. (i) Let us consider that the object has travelled a
distance s in time t under uniform acceleration a.
1. When the body returns back to initial point, e.g.,
when an athlete returns back to starting point, his E B
average velocity is zero. 1
2. Satellites revolve around their planets in almost
Velocity (ms–1)
circular orbits with constant speed. Thus, during
their motion, the speed remains constant, while
the direction of motion changes continuously. As a
A D
result, there is a change in their velocity.
Therefore, the motion of satellites around their
t
planets is considered as accelerated motion. 2
O Time (s)
3. (i) Weight of an object is the force with which As in the graph, the distance travelled by the
a body is attracted towards the earth. Its object is obtained by the area enclosed within
direction is vertically downwards. 1 OABC under the velocity-time graph AB.
(ii) Final velocity = 0, Initial velocity = 40 ms–1 Thus, the distance s travelled by the object is
v2 = u2 + 2gh given by
v – u2 = 2gh
2
s = area OABC (which is trapezium)
v 2 − u2 = area of the rectangle OADC + area of
= h the triangle ABD
2g
1
(0)2 − (40)2 = OA × OC + (AD × BD)
∴ h = 2
2 × 10 Substituting OA = u, OC = AD = t
+40 × 40 and BD = at, we get
= = 80 m. 1
+2 × 10 1
s = u × t + (t × at )
As the directions are opposite and the stone 2
(ii)
returns back to origin, displacement is Zero. ½ 1 2
Total distance covered = 80 + 80 = 160 m. ½ or s = ut + at
2
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) y
B
4. When a body travels equal distances in equal
Distance (m)
intervals of time, its motion is called uniform

motion.
If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity A
increases or decreases by equal amounts in equal

intervals of time, then the acceleration of the B
A
x
object is said to be uniform and motion is said to
time (s)
be uniformly accelerated motion.
Speed of the body is directly proportional to q,
Equations : v = u + at and v2 = u2 + 2as 2+1 Larger the value of q, the greater is the speed of
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) the body. Thus, B moves with higher speed. 5
WORKSHEET-102
Solutions Velocity after 2s = 10 = 5 m/s
2
1. Average speed of a moving body can never be
zero. 1 Velocity after 4s = 20 = 5 m/s
2. From the graph, 4
5. (i) The speed-time (or velocity-time) graph for a
Velocity after 6s = 30 = 5 m/s body under uniform acceleration is given in the
6
e.g. Velocity is constant, acceleration = 0 fig. as :

So velocity – time graph will be drawn as : 1½
v B
speed/velocit y
10 A
8 u D
6
V
(m/sec) 4 C
O
0 Time t
2
Derivation of the third equation of motion :
2 4 6 8 10 Time (sec) ½ Equation for position-velocity relation.
Distance travelled,
3. Here a = – 6 m/s2 t = 2 s, v = 0, s = ?
s = area of the trapezium OABC
From v = u + at
1
0 =u–6×2 s = (sum of the parallel sides) × perpendicular
u = 12 m/s 2
From v2 = u2 = 2as distance between the two parallel sides
1
v 2 - u2 or, s = (OA + BC) × OC
s = 2
2a Putting the values of OA, BC and OC, we get
0 - 12 × 12 1
= s = (u + v) × t ...(1)
2×6 2
= 12 m (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 3
As we know, v = u + at
( v − u)
or, t =
4. Here, u = 5 m/s, a = 0.2 m/s2, t = 10 s, s = ?, v = ? a

From, v = u + at
Putting the value of t in equation (i), we get
v = 5 + 0.2 × 10
= 7 m/s 1  (v − u) 
s = (u + v)× 
From, v2 = u2 + 2as 2  a 

72 = 52 + 2 × 0.2 × s or, 2as = (u + v)(v – u) = v2 – u2
49 = 25 + 0.4 s or, 2as = v2 – u2
49 – 25 = 0.4 s This is the third equation of motion.
0.4 s = 24 (ii) u = 0; s = 20 m a = 10 m/sec2 v = ?
s = 24 / 0.4 v2 = u2 + 2as
s = 60 m v2 = 0 + 2 × 10 × 20
v2 = 400
v = 20 m/sec 4+1
WORKSHEET-103
Solutions 3. (i) Initial velocity (u) = 0, acceleration (a) = 4m/s2
1. The motion of a circulating fan is non-uniform v = u + at
because the direction of motion changes at every = 0 + 4 × 10 1½
point. 1 v = 40 m/s.
2. Total length of path covered by train (ii) v2 = u2 + 2as
= 500 m + 100 m v2 = (0)2 + 2as
= 600 m v2 = 2as
Speed of train = 30 m/s. v2 40 × 40
Time taken by train to cover the bridge s = =
2a 2×4
distance
= 1600
speed = = 200 m. 1½
8
600 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014)
= = 20 sec. 2
30
S OLUT I ONS P-61

4. v = 0; u = 10 m/s t = 20 sec. 5
= 108 × = 30 m/s.
v−u 18
As, a = v−u
t a = = 1 m/s2.
t
(0 − 10)
⇒ a = = – 0·5 m/s2 1
Distance S1 = ut + at2
20
2
1 1
s = ut + at2 = 0 + × 1 × 30 × 30
2 2
= 450 m.
1 At uniform velocity of 30 m/s for 20 min
= 10 × 20 + × – 0·5 × 20 × 20 = 100 m
2 = 1200 s,
Distance S2 = 30 × 1200 = 36000 m.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1½ + 1½
On applying brakes,
5. (a) (i) A body is in uniform acceleration if it travels t = 20 s, u = 30 m/s, v = 0
in a straight path when its velocity increases v−u
equally or decreases by equal time intervals. a = = 0 − 30 = – 1.5 m/s2
t 20
(ii) A body is in non-uniform acceleration if it trav-
els in a straight path when its velocity increases v 2 − u2 0 − (30)2
Distance S3 = = = 300 m
or decreases by unequal amount in equal time 2a 2 × 1·5

intervals.
Total distance = S1 + S2 + S3
(b) When train starts from rest, = 450 + 36000 + 300
u = 0, t = 30 s, v = 108 km/h = 36750 m. 2+3
WORKSHEET-104
Solutions Velocity after 2s = 10 = 5 m/s
2
1. Graph of the table : Draw X - axis and Y - axis on the
graph with appropriate scale. Velocity after 4s = 20 = 5 m/s
Let 1 cm = 10 s on X-axis. 4
Let 1 cm = 5 m on Y-axis.
Velocity after 6s = 30 = 5 m/s
6

e.g. Velocity is constant, acceleration = 0
So velocity – time graph will be drawn as : 1½
10
8
6
V
(m/sec) 4
1
2
(i)
Acceleration means slope of graph AB
30 − 5 25 2 4 6 8 10 Time (sec) 1½
BC/AC = = = 0·5 m/s2
50 − 0 50 3. (i) Accelerated motion.
(ii) Distance travelled by truck = Area of trapezium (ii) Velocity of a particle.
OABD (iii) Motion of satellite is accelerated because during
1 their motion, the speed remains constant while
= (AO + BD) × OD the direction of motion changes continuously.
2
1+1+1
1
= (5+30) × 50 = 875 m 1+1 4. (i) The speed time (or velocity-time) graph for a
2 body under uniform acceleration is given in the
2. From the graph, fig. as :
From the figure,
v B AD = OC = t
BD = (BC – DC) = (v – u)
Speed/velocit y
= (u + at – u) = at
A
OA = u
u D Putting these above values in equation (1), we get
1
s = ( × t × at) + (t × u)
C 2
O
0 Time t 1
s = ut + at2
(ii) Derivation of second equation of motion : 2
Equation for position-time relation –
This is the second equation of motion.
Distance travelled,
(iii)
Motion in circular path with constant speed
s = area of the trapezium OABC
since direction of velocity changes at every point,
or, s = (area of the triangle ABD)
+ area of the rectangle OADC acceleration is uniform 1+3+1
1
or, s = ( × base × height) qqq
2
+ ( length × breadth)
1
s = ( ×AD ×BD) + (OC × OA)
2
...(1)
S OLUT I ONS P-63

CHAPTER
SECTION
10
B FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION
TOPIC-1
Force, Motion and Acceleration
WORKSHEET-105
Solutions F 2 20
m = = × 10 = = 6.67 kg
a 3 3
1. The velocity with which a gun moves backward
after firing a bullet is called the recoil velocity of a (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 2
gun. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1
6. (i) Accelerating unbalanced force.
2. Unbalanced forces. 1 (ii) No force.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) (iii) Retarding unbalanced force.
3. Force of friction. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1
7. (a) The momentum, p of an object is defined as
4. Pascal the product of its mass, m and velocity, v.
Atmosphere (atm) p = mv
Atmospheric pressure at sea level = 1 atm Unit of momentum p = unit of mass × unit of
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1+1 velocity
5. One Newton is the force that produces an = kg × ms–1 = kg ms–1
acceleration of 1 ms–2 on a body of mass 1 kg. Force =
change in momentum
Here, F = 2N, u = 2 m/s, v = 5 m/s, t = 10s, m = ? time
v-u (b) (i) Ball B has more inertia than A as its mass is
a =
t 2 times that of A
5-2 (ii) Momentum A = m × 2v = 2 mv while
= momentum of B = 2 m × v = 2mv
10 It is clear that both have same momentum.
= 0.3 m/s2 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 5
WORKSHEET-106
Solutions 5. First law of motion—makes the forward motion
slower during accidents.
1. When forces acting on a body from all sides are Example : Pedalling of bicycle.
equal, they cancel the effect of each other and are
known as balanced forces. On the other hand, When we stop pedalling, the bicycle begins to
when forces acting on a body are not equal/do slow down. This is again because of the friction
not cancel each other they are called unbalanced forces acting opposite to the direction of motion.
forces. 1 In order to keep the bicycle moving, we have
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) to start pedalling again. It thus appears that an
object maintains its motion under the continuous
2. Sole of the shoe wears out due to friction between application of an unbalanced force.
sole of the shoes and the ground. 1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 2
6. When two or more bodies act upon one another
3. Acceleration becomes half. 1 their total momentum remains constant, provided
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) no external forces are acting.
4. (i) Yes, this is because of relative motion. Consider two particles A and B, which collide head
on. The particles move in a straight line before and
(ii) Yes. This is because of inertia. We are in state
of motion when compared to the train so we after collision.
feel that the train is at rest when actually it is
missing. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 2
Let particle A have initial velocity u1 and particle B Let FAB and FBA, be the force exerted by particle B
has initial velocity u2. The two particles will collide, on A and particle A on B respectively.
if u1 > u2. Let after collision the final velocities According to Newton’s second law of motion
of A and B becomes v1 and v2 respectively. The
FAB = m1v1 – m1u1/t = m1 (v1 – u1)/t and
two particles will separate after collision, if v2 >
v1. Let the two particles A and B have m1 and m2 FBA = m2v2 – m2u2/t = m2 (v2 – u2)/t
respectively. Then, by Newton’s third law of motion, we have
Initial momentum of particle A is m1u1 FAB + FBA = 0
Initial momentum of particle B is m2u2 FAB = – FBA
Final momentum of particle A is m1v1 i.e., m1v1 – m1u1 = – (m2v2 – m2u2)
Final momentum of particle B is m2v2 ⇒ m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Rate of change of momentum of particle or initial momentum of the system = final
A = m1v1 – m1u1/t = m1(v1 – u1)/t ...(i) momentum of the system, which is the law of
Rate of change of momentum of particle conversation of momentum.
B = m2v2 – m2u2/t = m2 (v2 – u2)/t ...(ii) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 3
WORKSHEET-107
Solutions 5
Mass m2 = kg
24
1. Change in speed/change of direction/change of
shape. (Any two) 1 When masses are tied together (m1 + m2)
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 5 5
M = +
8 24
2. Change its shape and size. 1
= kg
24
3. By applying brakes we can slow down a car or any
other relevant example. 1 F
Now, a =
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) M
4. Newton’s first law states that a body stays at rest if
5 × 24
it is at rest and moves with a constant velocity unit =
if a net force is applied on it. Newton’s second law 20
states that the net force applied on the body is equal = 6 m/s2
to the rate of change in its momentum.
F = ma
m( v − u) 7. (i) Newton’s second Law of motion states that
or F = the rate of change of momentum of an object
t
is proportional to the applied unbalanced
or Ft = mv – mu force in the direction of force. It is expressed
That is, when F = 0, v = u for whatever time, t is mathematically as
taken. This means that the object will continue
F ∝
m × ( v − u)
moving with uniform velocity, u throughout the
time, t. If u is zero than v will also be zero, i.e., object t
will remain at rest. 2
F = km × ( v − u) = kma
5. Tennis ball is lighter (less mass) than a cricket t
ball. Tennis ball moving with same speed has less
momentum (mass × velocity) than a cricket ball. It = k × (1 kg) × (1 ms–2)
is easier to stop tennis ball having less momentum. Unit of Force = kg ms–2
6. Here F = 5 N, a1 = 8 m/s2 a2 = 24 m/s2, a = ? (ii) We will observe that the card moves ahead
F allowing the coin to fall vertically into the glass.
Mass m1 =
a1 This is due to inertia. The inertia of the coin tries

5 to maintain its state of rest. 3+2
= kg
8
S OLUT I ONS P-65

WORKSHEET-108
Solutions Time taken by force to stop the car = 6 – 5 = 1
second
1. To reduce the rate of change of momentum and
hence the force. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 Initial velocity (i.e., velocity at B) = 15 m/s
2. kg - ms-2, kg - m/s. ½+½ Final velocity (at point C) = 0 m/s

(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) Using equation v = u + at
3.
Force of friction between metal surface and (v - u) (0 − 15)
a= = = –15 m/s2
floor. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 t 1
4. Since masses are in ratio 3 : 5.
(– ve sign indicates that it is retardation)
Let the mass of the objects be 3x and 5x.
Let F1 and F2 be the two forces with a1 and a2 Force applied by brakes = 1000 × –15 = –15000 N
accelerations. = – 15 KN 2
F1 = m1a1 = 3xa1
and F2 = m2a2 = 5xa2
6. The sheet shaped in form of a ball falls before the
Since F1 : F2 = 5 : 3, we have open sheet. Because the open sheet experiences
3xa1 : 5xa2 :: 5 : 3 more air resistance due to its large surface–area
⇒ a1 : a2 = 5 × 5 : 3 × 3 and this restricts its fall.
⇒ a1 : a2 = 25 : 9 2 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 + 2
5. Given, mass of the car (m) = 1000 kg 7. Statement of Newton first law of motion : See
(i) As shown in graph, Q. 18(a) (S.A.T.Q. II 3 marks)
Distance covered in first 2 seconds F = ma
F =
m × ( v − u)
= Area of D inscribed in first 2 s.
t
1
= × base × height Ft = m (v – u)
2 That is, when F = 0, then v = u. Thus the object will
1 continue to move with uniform velocity.
= × 2 × 15 = 15 m m = 800 kg, F = 200 N
2
F 200 1 2
a = = = = 0.25 m/s 2+3
(ii) Force (F) = mass (m) × acceleration (a) m 800 4
WORKSHEET-109
Solutions of motion, forces are balanced. Hence, a frictional
force of 200 N is exerted on the cabinet. 2
1. F = ma ⇒ 12 = 3 × a, a = 12/3 = 4 m/s2. 1
5. A frictional force always acts parallel to the surface
and is directed to oppose sliding. Banana skin
2. Momentum = mass × velocity reduces friction (or frictional force) and thus brings
200
× 5 =1 kg ms–1.
body in unbalanced state and we tend to fall. 2
=
1000
6. Inertia or mass is affected in the following
manner :
3. According to III Law of Motion for every action (i)
No effect.
there is an equal and opposite reaction. (ii)
Mass is halved
(iii)
Mass is reduced by one third.
4. A friction force (here it is kinetic or sliding friction)
always acts parallel to surface but in direction of
7. (i) According to first law of motion, every body
the opposing motion. Since the wooden cabinet
tends to resist change of state whether in rest or in
is moving with uniform speed, a horizontal force when acted by an external force. Qualitatively this
of 200 N acts on it. According to Newton’s III law tendency of the body to stay at rest or keep moving
with same velocity is called inertia. a = – 20/3
(ii) Cricket ball (because its mass is larger, so inertia = – 6.6 m/s2
of motion is larger) Now; F = ma
(iii) u = 72 km/h = 20 m/s v = 0 = 1200 × – 6.6
v = u + at = – 8000 N 2+1+2
WORKSHEET-110
Solutions 6. Initial velocity (u) = 10 m/s.
1. The momentum of the person while de-boarding is Final velocity (v) = 50 m/s
in the direction of the moving bus, if one attempts Time (t) = 20s
in jump in the opposite direction, by the first Mass (m) = 1000 kg
law of motion, we will be carried by the intrinsic
momentum and fall backwards. 1 Force = m (v – u)/t
2. Person presses his foot against the ground-Action. Or F = 1000 (50 – 10)/20 = 2000 kg m/sec2 = 2000 N
Ground exerts an equal and opposite force- (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 3
Reaction.1
7. (i) Balanced forces :
3. Since velocity is uniform, acceleration will be zero
(a) A game of tug-of-war where there is a tie an
therefore net force is zero. (F = ma)
example of a balanced force.
(b) Force is balanced.
4. According to Newton’s third law of motion, action
Unbalanced forces :
force is equal to reaction but acts on two different
(a) A box sliding down an inclined plane is an
bodies and in opposite directions. When a horse
example of an unbalanced force where the
pushes the ground, the ground reacts and exerts gravitational force exceeds the frictional force.
a force on the horse in the forward direction. This
(b) Force is unbalanced.
force is able to overcome friction force of the cart
(ii) (a) Unbalanced : unbalanced since it is under the
and it moves. 2 action of gravity which exceeds air resistance.
5. As the man jumps out from a moving train, his feet (b) Balanced : because velocity is constant.
suddenly come to rest on touching the ground while (c) Balanced : since rope does not go the either
his body’s upper part continues to move forward. side , both are applying equal and opposite
For this reason he falls with his head forward. So forces.
as to save himself, he should run through some (d) Unbalanced : Since velocity of ball is decreas-

distance in the forward direction. 2 ing. 2+3
WORKSHEET-111
Solutions Since Force (F) = mass (m) × acceleration (a)
F 80
1. Release of air in downward direction is action. ⇒ a = = = 1.6 m/s2
m 50
Movement of balloon in upward direction is
reaction. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 If mass is doubled m1 = 2 × 50 = 100 kg
2. Because the forces applied by the two teams are 80

Acceleration (a) = = 0.8 m/s2 2
equal and opposite. 100
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 Thus, the acceleration will be halved if the mass is
3. Water is ejected from a hose with a large amount doubled.
of force [action]. Hence as per Newton’s III law 5. Given, mass of hammer
there will be an equal and opposite force on the (m) = 500 g = 0.5 kg
hose pipe making it difficult to hold. 1
Initial velocity of hammer
(u) = 50 m/s
4. Given, mass of the box (m) = 50 kg
Final velocity of hammer
Force (F) acting on box = 80 N
(v) = 0 m/s
Acceleration (a) = ?
Duration (t) = 0.01 s
S OLUT I ONS P-67

Using second law of motion, Mathematical derivation :
( v − u) If the force ‘F’ changes its velocity from u to v in
F = ma = m time t, then rate of change of momentum can be
t written as
⇒ F = 0.5 (0 – 50)/0.01 (mv - mu) m(v - u)
=
= (0.5 × – 50)/0.01 t t
= – 2,500 N This is equal to the force applied on the body by
The –ve sign shows the force of 2500 N acts in the m ( v - u)
second law
opposite direction of motion. 2 t
nd
6. Newton’s 2 law of motion states that the force Hence, F = ma
acting on a body is directly proportional to the m = 500 g = 0.5 kg, u = 5 m/s,
product of its mass and acceleration produced by it v =0 t = 0.01 s
in the body.
(0 - 5)
OR Acceleration of hammer =
0.01
The rate of change of momentum of a body is
directly proportional to the force applied on it and a = – 500 m/s2
the change takes place in the direction of applied Force applied by the nail on hammer
force. f = ma = 0.5 × (– 500)
= – 250 N. 1+2+1+1
WORKSHEET-112
Solutions 7. The force acting on a body is directly proportional
to the rate of change of momentum of the body,
1. Force of friction. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 according to Newton’s second law.
Force is equal to 1 newton if it produces an
2. The momentum of a cricket ball is larger than a acceleration of 1 m/s2 in a body of unit mass.
table tennis ball so it hurts the spectator. 1 (i) By reducing the speed of hand suddenly,
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) the player decreases the time of change of
momentum. This increases the impact of force
3. Acceleration = 0, F = ma. So, F = 0, force acting is exerted on the tile.
zero. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 (ii) When athletes fall on a soft surface, their
velocity becomes zero in a longer duration of
4. In works on third law of motion. As the water time. Thus, rate of momentum change decreases
comes out of the nozzle of the sprinkler, an equal and less force is exerted by the ground on their
and opposite reaction force comes into play. So the body. 2+3
sprinkler starts rotating. 8. (i) We observe that the card moves ahead while
5. (a) By distributing the weight over a larger area, coin falls in glass.
the pressure on the tyres can be reduced. The coin possesses inertia of rest, it resists the
(b) Upthrust (acts upwards) \ Weight acting change and hence falls in the glass.
downwards is reduced. (ii) Newton’s first law of motion : (See Q 18 (a).
SATQ II 3 marks).
6. An unbalanced force is acting on the slide/box. (iii) Heavy coin will possess more inertia so it will
Gravitational and frictional forces are acting on fall in tumbler. 1+1+1+1+1
the body. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 3
TOPIC-2
Inertia and Conservation of Momentum
WORKSHEET-113
Solutions 2. Force. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1
1. Mass. SI unit is kg. ½+½ 3. Inertia is a tendency of the object to resist change
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) in its state. Newton’s first law of motion also states
the same i.e., the object will remain in its present
state unless an external force is applied. That’s why (ii) Player lowers his hand because by doing so
Newton’s first law is called Law of inertia. 2 he increases the time in which velocity of
ball comes to zero. This decreases the rate of
4. Collision between trucks, because more is the
change of momentum and so the impact of
mass, more is the inertia and therefore more is the force is reduced. 1 + 1+ 1
momentum. Mass of the trucks is more than that of (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
cars so collision of trucks will cause more damage. 3
7. Inability of the body to change by itself its state of
5. (i) Five rupee coin, because it has more mass. rest or state of uniform motion is called inertia.
(ii) P1 = mv Types : Inertia of rest : e.g. :
P2 = 4m × 4v = 16mv (i) When a card is flicked with a finger the coin
placed over it falls in the tumbler.
P1/P2 = 1 : 16 1½ + 1½ (ii) Only the carom coin at the bottom of a pile is
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) removed when a fast moving carom striker hits it.
Inertia of motion : e.g. :
6. (i) No. It is not the violation of law of inertia. (i) When a moving bus stops suddenly, the
Law of inertia is obeyed only when no luggage might slide towards the front side of
external force acts on a body. But in this case the bus and fall.
the friction due to the ground acts on the ball, (ii) We tend to fall forward when a bus suddenly
stops. 1+2+2
so it comes to rest.
WORKSHEET-114
Solutions 5. Law of Inertia : An object remains in its state of
rest or of uniform motion in a straight line until an
1. Zero as v = 0. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 external unbalanced force acts on it.
When a moving bus stops suddenly, the bus slows
2. Solid made of steel has the highest inertia because
down but our body tends to remain in the state
its density, hence mass is greater than aluminium
and wooden solids. of motion due to inertia of motion. Sudden start
of bus brings motion to the bus as well as our feet
but rest of the body still has inertia of rest due to
3. During the ride, pillion rider and driver are in a state
which we fall backwards. 1+2
of motion. But when the driver applies brakes, the
body of pillion rider continues moving forward on
account of inertia of motion. Therefore, the pillion
6. (i) Momentum is the product of mass and
rider falls forward. 2
velocity.
4. (a) (i) Stone. ½ SI unit of momentum is -kgm/s.
(ii) Box filled with clothes. ½ (ii) v2 = u2 + 2gh
(b) (i) This is done to prevent luggage from fall- v2 = (0)2 + 2(10) (5)
ing when the vehicle is suddenly stopped or v2 = 100 \ v = 10 m/s
started because due to inertia the luggage will momentum = m × v
experience a jerk in a direction opposite to the = 10 × 10 = 100 kg m/s
direction of vehicle. 1 (iii) The karate player strikes the pile of tiles with
(ii) On shaking, branch comes to state of mo- his hand very fast. In doing so, the large
tion and leaves which are in state of rest expe- momentum of fast moving hand is reduced
to zero in a very short time. This exerts a
rience a jerk due to which these get detached
very large force on the pile of tiles which is
and fall down. 1
sufficient to break them. 1+1+2+1
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
S OLUT I ONS P-69

WORKSHEET-115
Solutions (ii) It flies away as it has small inertia.
(iii) Apply same force on same size of stone.
1. Inertia of a body depends on its mass. A cricket ball
(iv) Stone hardly moves as it has more inertia.
has more mass than a rubber ball, thus it has greater
inertia. 1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 2
2. As dust possess inertia of rest, it resists the change
5. It is because of inertia of motion. When the horse
and falls down. 1
was in motion, the whole body of the rider was
3. Momentum (P) = mass (m) × velocity (v).
in motion. But when the horse stops suddenly the
Mass of bullet = 10 g = 10 × 10–3 kg
lower portion of the rider which is in contact with
= 10–2 kg
the horse comes to rest but the upper portion of
Velocity of bullet = 400 m/s
him wants to remain in motion. 1×3
Momentum of bullet = 10–2 kg × 400 m/s = 4 kg m/s
Mass of cricket ball = 400 g = 400 × 10–3 kg (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
= 0.400 kg
Velocity of ball = 90 km/hr 6. (a) When two or more bodies act upon one
90 × 1000 m another their total momentum remains
= = 25 m/s constant, provided no external forces are
3600 m
acting.
Momentum of ball = 0.400 × 25 = 10 kg m/s 2 (b) (i) Air from inside the balloon escapes from the
\ The cricket ball has higher momentum.
mouth of the balloon.
Balloon moves in opposite direction that is
4. Inertia : Inability of the body to change by itself its from left to right.
state of rest or state of uniform motion.
(ii) Forces of action and reaction are equal
Activity :
and opposite. 2+1+1+1
(i) Apply some force on a football.
WORKSHEET-116
Solutions (iii) The recoil velocity of the gun is less than that
of bullet because mass of bullet is very small as
1. The child who throws the mass towards the other, compared to the gun. Since force is the product
and the one who catches it, both move backwards. of mass and acceleration, and action reaction
Reason : Thrower moves due to backward reaction force must be equal in magnitude, gun recoils
of mass pushed forward. Catcher moves due with a lesser velocity. 1
to forward reaction of mass pushed and held 4. (i) According to 2nd law of motion
backward. 3 F = ma = m (v – u)/t
2. Acceleration or Ft = mv – mu
a = Slope of v – t graph When F = 0, v = u for every value of time.
Y axis 10 m / s This implies that the body will continue to move
= = 4s = 2.5 m/s2 with uniform velocity. If u = 0 then v = 0 i.e., the
X axis
body will remain at rest.
From Newton’s second law (ii) u = 0, g = 10 m/s2 h = 80 cm = 0.8 m
F = ma v2 = u2 + 2gh
= 4×2.5 = 10 N 1½ + 1½ v2 = 0 + 2 × 10 × 0.8
3. (i) Every action has equal and opposite reaction. v2 = 16
For example, when we step out of a boat, we v = 4 m/s
Change in momentum = mv – mu
push the boat backwards. The reaction force of
= 10 kg × 4 m/s = 40 kg-m/s
boat pushes us forward. 1
Time taken to reach the floor
(ii) (a) Total initial momentum = momentum of gun v = u + gt
+ momentum of bullet
4
= mg vg + mb vb t = = 0.4 sec.

= 4 (0) + .01 (0) = Zero 10
Force on the floor F = m (v – u)/t
(b) Recoil velocity
(10×4)
mb v b = = 100 N
= = 0.01×100 0.4 1+1+1
mg 4
= 0.25 m/s ½+½ qqq
CHAPTER
SECTION
11
B GRAVITATION
WORKSHEET-117
Solutions S.No Mass Weight
1. Galileo Galilei. 1 (i) Its value remains Its value changes
constant at all from place to place
2. Sir Issac Newton. 1 places. due to change in the
3. Force due to gravity. 1 ‘g’.
(ii) It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
4. (i) Due to less gravitational force exerted by
moon on man. (iii) It is never zero. It is zero far away
(ii) Mass do not have direction while weight has from the earth.
direction. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) (iv) Its unit is kg. Its unit is N or kg wt.
1+2
5. On earth value of g is maximum at poles and
minimum at the equator. At poles radius of earth 7. (i) Weight is dependent on gravitational force.
is less so value of g is more, at equator radius of Since, on equator, gravitational force is less, so
earth is more so value of g is less. g ∝ 1/(R^2) the weight of the bar of metal decreases.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 + 1 (ii) Difference between mass and weight Refer
SATQ-II, Q-1 (b). 2+3
6. (a) Weight of a body is the force of attraction of the 8. Differences between mass and weight : See Q. 1(b)
earth on that body. This force depends on the S.A.T.Q. II.
mass (m) of the body and the acceleration due Mass of the astronaut on moon =70 kg, g = 1.6 m/s2
to gravity (g). on moon
F =m×a W = m × g
F =m×g = 70 × 1.6
W =m×g = 112 N is the weight of astronaut on moon.
The weight (W) of the body is directly The mass of a body is constant everywhere in the
proportional to the mass of the body. universe. So, the mass of the astronaut would be
same on the earth as well as on the moon i.e. 70 Kg.
(b) Difference between mass and weight :
3+2
WORKSHEET-118
Solutions 6. (i) Universal gravitational constant is the constant
‘G’ appearing in Newton’s law of gravitation.
1. Henry Cavendish. 1 GMm
–2 F = ,
2. The unit of gravitational constant is Nm² kg . 1 r2
3. Gravitation is the force of attraction between any where F is the force between two masses m and
two bodies while gravity refers attraction between
M at a distance r apart. The numerical value of G
any body and the earth. 1
is equal to 6.673 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2. The value of G
4. (i) Gravitational force between the moon and the was found out by Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) by
earth keeps moon in uniform circular motion using a sensitive balance.
around the earth.
(ii) Free fall : Whenever objects fall towards the
(ii) They do not exert any force/weight on their
earth under the gravitational force alone, we can
spaceship due to the absence of gravity in
space. say that the objects are in free fall. While falling
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 1 + 1 there is no change in the direction of motion
5. (i) The force that keeps us on the earth. of the objects. But due to earth’s attraction,
(ii) The motion of moon around the earth. there will be a change in the magnitude of the
(iii) The motion of planets around the sun. velocity. 1½ + 1½
(iv) Formation of tides. ½×4
S OLUT I ONS P-71

7. (i) Let mass of first body be m1 This leaves
Let mass of second body be m2 m1 = m2
Force on 1st body = Force on 2nd body Hence proved.
GMm1/R2 = GMm2/R2 (ii) g = GM/R2
G and G cancel. M and M cancel R2 and R2 (iii) Its value is constant in the universe. 3 + 1 + 1
cancel (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014)
WORKSHEET-119
Solutions attraction between two objects is proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional
1. No. 1 to the square of the distance between them.
2. A small value of G indicates that the force Four phenomena which can be explained by this
of gravitational attraction between two or- law are :
dinary sized objects is a very weak force. 1 (i) The force that binds us to earth.
(ii) The motion of the moon around the earth.
3. At poles the radius of the earth is lesser than that
at the equator. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 1 (iii) The motion of planets around the sun.
(iv) The tides due to the moon and the sun.
Gm1 m GMm
4. F = 2
7. (a) F =
d R2
(i) If m1 = 2m, then F becomes twice. (b) (i) According to the law of gravitation, the force
(ii) If d = 3d1, then F becomes one-ninth. 1 + 1 of attraction acting between two bodies is
given by,
mm
GM1m 2 G 1 22
5. (i) Latitude of the place. F´ = =  r
R2  
(ii) Mass of the earth. 2

Value is maximum at poles and minimum at
equator of the earth. 1+1 = 4G m 1m 2 = 4F
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) r2

Thus, when the distance between the objects
5. Refer Q. 8 SAQ Type-II. is reduced to half the gravitational force
(i) The force that binds us to earth. increases by four times the original force.
(ii) The motion of the moon around the earth. F’ = G M × 4m/R2 = 4F
(iii) The motion of planets around the sun. So as the mass of any one of the object
(iv) The tides due to the moon and the sun. is increased four times the force is also
increased four times. 3+2
Detailed Answer :
Universal law of gravitation states that the force of
WORKSHEET-119
Solutions 4. The falling of a body from a height towards earth
under the gravitational force of earth (with no
1. The unit of mass is kilogram (kg). 1 other force acting on it) is called free fall.
2. No. 1 1
H = ut + gt2
3. Mass of an object can never be zero because mass 2
of an object is the measure of its inertia and the
1
substance contained by the body. 1 = 0 × 10 + × 9.8 × 102
2
= 490 m 1+1
5. Acceleration of free fall is called as acceleration (iii) Weight on earth = mg = 68 × 9.8 = 666.04 N.
due to gravity g =9.8 m/s2 (b) Derivation of g = GM/R2
Gravitational force between the earth and an
object is called weight. 1+1
Detailed Answer :
1 1
6. (i) Frictional force : Backwards (a) (i) gearth× = 9.8 × = 1.63 ms–2
6 6
Example : If a book slides across the surface of
a desk, then the desk exerts a frictional force in (ii) Mass on moon will be constant and does not
opposite (i.e. backwards) direction of its motion. change from place to place. Hence, mass of the
(ii) Gravitational force : Downwards person on moon will be 68 kg.
(iii) Weight on earth = 110.84 × 6 = 666.04 N.
Example : When we throw a ball in the air, it returns
to the ground. 1½ + 1½ (b) According to Newton’s law of gravitation, the
force of attraction between earth and a body is
7. No, his weight will not remain same as that at the
given by
poles. There will be a decrease in his weight at the
equator. As the radius of the earth increases from Gm M
F = ... (i)
the poles to the equator, the value of ‘g’ becomes r2
greater at poles decreasing towards equator. Also,
Force produces an acceleration ‘g’. So, from
the force of gravity decreases from poles to the
Newton’s second law F = mg .... (ii)
equator. 3
From equation (i) and (ii) we get
1 Gm M
8. (a) (i) gearth× = 9.8 = 1.63 ms–2 mg =
6
r2
F 110.84
(ii) Mass on moon = × = 68 kg GM
g 1.63 g =
r2
WORKSHEET-121
Solutions 7. (i) This is because a piece of paper has larger
surface area and therefore experiences more
1. Weight of a body is the force with which a body is friction due to air than a stone which has less
attracted towards the centre of the earth. 1 surface area.
2. SI unit of weight is newton (N). 1 (ii) Because acceleration due to gravity varies from
3. Weight is a vector quantity. 1 place to place.
4. (i) Masses of object, (ii) Distance between them as (iii) The value of g depends on Latitude of the place
1 and the mass of the earth while G is called
F ∝ m1 × m2 and F ∝ 2 universal constant as its value remains constant
d
at all the places in the universe. 3
5. Weight of body depends on mass of body and value 8. (i) Backwards
of ‘g’ at that place (ii) Downwards
W = m × g (iii) Towards the centre 1+1+1
Yes, Mass is never zero, but weight can be zero/ (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014)
nearly zero if g is zero/very small, for example in 9. Universal law of gravitation states that the force
space. 1+1 of attraction between two bodies is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and
6. Force of attraction between the sun and the
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
planets is centripetal force and direction is towards
between them.
the sun.
Let the two bodies ‘A’ and ‘B’ be of masses ‘M’ and
All planets will move along a tangential to the
‘m’ respectively, which are separated by a distance
circular path at the instant when the gravitational
‘r’.
force is switched off.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + ½ + ½ According to Universal law of Gravitation,
S OLUT I ONS P-73

Then, F ∝ M × m ...(i) M×m
F = G
1 r
2
and F ∝ 2
r Where ‘G’ is called universal gravitation constant.
Combining (i) and (ii), The numerical value of G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2 Kg–2
WORKSHEET-122
Solutions 1 2
or h = gt
2
1. W = mg. 1
1
2. 9.8 Newton. 1 or 180 = × 10 × t2
2
3. At the poles. 1
180 × 2
or t2 = = 36
Mm 10
4. F = G and we know that F ∝ m1 × m2 and
d2 t = 6 sec 2
1 7. The force between two objects is given by ‘Universal
F ∝ 2
Now, if distance is increased four times, gravitation law’. It is numerically stated as,
d
one of mass has to be increased 16 times, to keep F G ( m1 m2 )
F =
same. 1+1 d2
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) (i) Mass of one object is tripled :
G( 3m1 )m2
5. Drop two balls with different mass from a tall F = 2
building at the same time. They will reach the d
ground at the same time. Both the balls are at free 3G( m1 m2 )
F =
fall and their initial velocity is same, that is zero. d2
You know that s = ½ gt2. Force will be tripled.
So the only way that they touch the ground at (ii) Distance between the objects is doubled :
the same time is that acceleration is same for both
G( m1 m2 )
the balls. This experiment proves that during F =
2( d 2 )
free fall every object accelerate at the same rate,
irrespective of its mass. G( m1 m2 )
F =
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 2 4d 2
6. h = 180 m, t = ?, g = 10 m/s2, u = 0 1
1 { G( m1 m2 )}
h = ut + gt2 F = 4
2 d
2

1 2 Force will reduce to one-fourth of its previous
or h = gt
2 value.
1 (iii) Masses of both objects are doubled:
or 180 = × 10 × t2
2 G{( 2 m1 )( 2 m2 )}
F =
180 × 2 d
2
or t2 = = 36
10
4G{ m1 m2 }
t = 6 sec 2 F =
d2
6. h = 180 m, t = ?, g = 10 m/s2, u = 0
Force will be four times greater than its previous
1
h = ut + gt2 value. 1+1+1
2
WORKSHEET-123
Solutions F = 4.02 × 10–9 N ½
1. At the equator. 1 6. Mass of man = 80 kg

2. It will remain the same on the moon, i.e., 9.8 kg. 1 ge = 9.8 m/s2 gm = 1.63 m/ s2
3. Gravitational force is attractive in nature always. 1 Wm = m × gm
= 80 × 1.63 N = 130.40 N
4. Given that, the weight of the soil on earth is 60 N.
gearth = 10 ms–2 Mass of man on earth and on the surface of moon
will be 80 kg. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 2
Mass on the earth m1= 60 = 6 kg
10
Weight of the soil on moon = 10 N 7. Mass is the quantity of matter contained in an
g object.
gmoon = earth = 10 ms–2 Weight is the force with which an object is
6 6
attracted towards the centre of earth.
Mass on moon m2 = 10 × 6 S.I. unit of mass is kg. and S.I. unit of weight is
= 6 kg Newton
10
W = mg
Because m1 = m2, hence there has been no loss Mass of the body on moon = 20 kg
in mass of the soil on the surface of moon and Weight on moon = mgmoon = 20 × 1.6
decrease in weight was due to difference in the = 32 N ½×6
gravity. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 2 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
5. G = 6.7 × 10–11 Nm2 Kg–2, m1 = 50 kg, m2 = 120 kg
8. (i) F ∝ m1 × m2 1
d = 10 m
GM
m1 × m2 (ii) g = 2
F = G ½ d
2
d
6 ⋅ 7 × 10 -11 × 7 ⋅ 31 × 10 22
–11 50 × 120 g =
F = 6.7× 10 × ½ (1 ⋅ 7 × 10 6 )2
2
10
50 × 120 = 1.69 m/s2 2
F = 6.7× 10–11 × ½
100
WORKSHEET-124
Solutions 5. It reduces by four times when distance between
1
1. Weightlessness is a state when an object does not them is reduced to half as F ∝ 2 . 1+1
weigh anything. It occurs only when a body is in a d
state of free fall under the effect of only gravity. 1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
2. Because its value remains constant at all the places
6. a = F/m. The mass of a stone is very small due
in the universe. 1
to which the gravitational force produces a large
3. In air the coin will touch the ground first. In acceleration in it. Due to very large mass of earth,
vacuum both will touch the ground together. the same gravitational force produces very small
Reason : In case of air the resistance provided by acceleration in the earth. 2
the air is more for paper than coin. 1+1 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 7. (i) (a) It is due to resistance offered by air on paper
sheet.
1 (b) gp > ge because Re > Rp.
4. gplanet = gearth =5 m/s2 ½
2 (ii) It means when a body falls freely under gravity
its velocity increases by 9.8 m/s in every one
W = mg ½ second. 1×3
So, Wplanet = 50 × 5 = 250 N 1
S OLUT I ONS P-75

8. The force of gravitation exerted by earth (or any 2.5 × 10–6 = G(80)(40) / (300 × 10–3)2 ½
other planet) on the objects on its surface is called G = (300 × 10–3)2 ×
gravity. Every object attracts every other object (2.5 × 10–6) / 3200 ½
due to the force of gravitation. So, gravity is a
G = 7.03 10 Nm2kg–2 ½
–11
special case of gravitation. 1
F = GMm/R2 ½
WORKSHEET-125
Solutions FA 1
∴ = 1
FB 2
1. The acceleration due to gravity is more at the poles
than at the equator. The time taken by a body is FA : FB = 1 : 2
smaller if the acceleration due to gravity is more (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
when the initial velocities and the distance travelled
6. The acceleration produced in the motion of a body
are the same. So, when dropped from the same
falling freely under the force of gravity is called
height a body reaches the ground quicker at poles
acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by ‘g’.
than at the equator. 1
Consider the earth to be a sphere of mass M and
2. Galileo climbed to the top of the Leaning Tower radius R. Suppose a body of mass m situated at
of Pisa in the presence of a large gathering, and distance r from the centre of the earth.
dropped spheres of different masses and materials
As we know, according to Newton’s law of
from the top simultaneously. All the spheres
gravitation, the force of attraction between the
reached the earth’s surface at the same time. So, he
earth and the body is given by
concluded that the acceleration of an object falling
F = GmM /r2 ...(i)
freely towards the earth does not depend on the
This force produces an acceleration ‘g’, called
mass of the object. 1
acceleration due to gravity in the body of mass m.
3. He will observe more weight at the poles because
So, from Newton’s second law,
gpole > gequator. So, mgp will be more than mge. 1 + 1
F = mg ...(ii)
4. We = 300 N; ge =10 m/s2
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
1 1
Wm = We = × 300 = 50 N GMm
6 6 mg = 2
r
As mass always remains constant therefore mass
on moon = mass on earth= 300/10 = 30 kg. GM
or g = ...(iii)
2
r
This equation gives acceleration due to gravity at
M of sun × mA points far away from the earth. Now, if body is
5. FA = G and
( 2 d )2 located on the surface of the earth, then r = R, i.e.,
the radius of the earth. Then equation (iii) becomes
M of sun × mB
= G = F B ½ GM
d
2
Gsurface = 2
R
M of sun × mA
FA/ FB = G /
This equation gives acceleration due to gravity at
4d 2
the surface of the earth.
M of sun × mB
G ½ The value of ‘g’ on the earth’s surface is 9.8 ms–2.
d2
But (ma = 2mB)
WORKSHEET-126
Solutions 0.64 (RE + h)2 = RE
2

1. The acceleration of free fall is the acceleration 0.8h = 0.2 × RE = 0.2 × 6400
produced in the motion of an object when it falls freely 2 × 6400
towards the the earth. It is also called acceleration due h =
to gravity. Its value on the Earth’s surface is 9.8 ms–2. 3 8
2. The motion of the planet around the Sun is due = 1600 km. 3
to the centripetal force. This centripetal force is 5. The force of attraction between two bodies of
provided by the gravitational force between the masses m1 and m2 and separated by distance r is
planet and the Sun. This force depends on the mass given by :
of the sun and mass of the planet, on the distance Gm1m2
between the sun and planet. 3 F=
r2
3. Both the stones reach the ground together.
(i) Time of descent along vertical path does not Where G, is the universal constant in nature.
depend on horizontal velocity. This force is known as gravitational force. The
(ii) Initial vertical velocity of both bodies is zero gravitational force is directly proportional to the
while g on both is same. 3 product of the masses of two bodies and inversely
4. Let g = acceleration due to gravity at the earth proportional to the square of the distance between
surface. them.
gh = acceleration due to gravity at height (h) = All bodies fall with the same acceleration due to
0.64g. gravity irrespective of their masses. So, two bricks
RE2 tied together will not fall faster than a single brick
0.64g = g under the action of gravity. 1+2+2
( RE + h ) 2
qqq
S OLUT I ONS P-77

SECTION
CHAPTER
12
B FLOATATION
WORKSHEET-127
Solutions Forces acting on the body inside water are buoyant
force and if the buoyant force is greater than the
1. A substance that can flow is called a fluid. 1
gravitational force it floats, otherwise it sinks. 2
2. The upward force acting on the body when [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
immersed in the liquid is called buoyancy.
6. (i) Archimedes’ principle : When a body is fully
Buoyant force acts in upward direction.
or partially immersed in a fluid, it experience an
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 + 1 = 2 upthrust, which is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by it. 1
3. The piece of iron will sink in the water as its density
Applications : Archimedes’ principle is used in
is more than the density of water. 1+1=2 designing submarines and also for checking purity
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] of milk. 1
4. The upward force exerted by a liquid on the body (ii) Both experiences same force because buoyant
force depends on the volume of object. 1
that is immersed in the liquid is known as the
upthrust force. 1
Mass
The upthrust force depends on the following 7. (i) Density is , while relative density is
Volume
factors :
(i) Density of liquid in which object is immersed. ½ Density of a substance
1+1=2
(ii) Volume of the object immersed. ½ Density of water
SI unit of density = kg/m3.
5. When a body is immersed in a fluid, it experiences Relative density has no unit. ½+½
an upward force. This upward force is the force of Density of gold 19300
(ii) R.D. = = = 19.3
buoyancy. 1 Density of water (at 4°C) 1000

2
WORKSHEET-128
Solutions 5. (i) SI unit of density is kg/m3. Relative density
has no units because it is the ratio of density of a
Density of substance . substance and density of water. 2
1. Relative density = 1
Density of water (ii)
It means that the density of gold is 19.3 times greater

than that of water. 1
2.
Pressure exerted by the force is inversely
proportional to the area of contact. A thin strap has 6. A lactometer is based on Archimedes. Principle
a smaller area in contact with shoulder and thus which states that when a body is immersed fully or
the force of same magnitude exerts more pressure partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force
on the shoulder which makes it difficult to carry. 2 that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] it.
3. If the upthrust is more than the weight of an object Its two applications are :
(i) It is used in designing ships and submarines.
in which it is immersed then it will float.
(ii) Hydrometers are used for determining density of
U > W
liquids. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016, 15] 3
If the weight (W) of an object is greater than
upthrust (U) of the liquid in which it is immersed, 7. (i) One factor responsible is density. If the density
of an object is less than the liquid, the object floats
then it will sink. 2
and if it is greater than that of liquid it sinks. The
other factor is upthrust or buoyant force. If it is
4. Downward gravitational force and upward buoyant greater than the object, then the object floats in the
force. 1+1=2
liquid and if it is less than the object sinks.
(ii) Since buoyant force (F) displaces the water, it (m) × acc. due to gravity (g), or F = mg = 600 ×
can be determined as mass of water displace 10 = 6000 N
WORKSHEET-129
Solutions 6. (i) Downward gravitational force and upward
1. Because of upthrust of water exerted on the mug. 1 buoyant force. ½+½
(ii) Upward force depends upon density of the fluid. 1
2. The density of cork is less than that of water. It
(iii) The object will sink in the fluid if the density of the
means its weight is less than the buoyant force
object is more than the density of the fluid. 1
experienced by it under water. So on releasing it
comes to the surface of water. 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 7. Archimedes’ principle, states that when a body is
immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences
3. (i) The weight of the water displaced is increased
because the weight of the boat is increased. Weight an upward force that is equal to the weight of the
of water displaced will be equal to the buoyant liquid displaced by it.
force. 1 Laws of floatation :
(ii) The upthrust increases because when an object (i) When the the weight of the object is more than the
floats in water then buoyant force exerted by a fluid on the object, then
Buoyant force = Weight of the fluid displaced by the object sinks.
object. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 1
(ii) When the weight of the object less than the
4. (i) It is based on Archimedes principle. Greater buoyant force exerted by the fluid on the object,
the density of a liquid in which the hydrometer is then the object floats.
immersed, the lesser the hydrometer will sink. Sea water a higher density than river water. So it
(ii) A sharp knife has less surface area than a blunt will exert higher buoyant force than river water on
knife. The pressure is inversely proportional to the the same object.
area hence, it exerts more making it effective for So in order to swim, less amount of water needs to
cutting. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 + 1 = 2
be displaced to balance our weight. Therefore it is
5. (i) Tip has less area, so there is more pressure, easier to swim in sea water.
hence it pierces easily. The density of cork is less than that of water. It
Head is broad so that area of contact is more, so the means that its weight is lesser than the buoyant
pressure can be easily exerted. force experienced by it under water. So when it is
(ii) Snow shoes have broad base, so there is more area released, it comes to the surface of the water. But
of contact. Therefore there is less pressure on the the density of an iron nail is more than that of the
snow and the person does not sink. 3
water so it sinks. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 5
WORKSHEET-130
Solutions 3. An upward force experienced by an object when
immersed in a liquid is called buoyant force.
1. It acts on an object in the vertically upward
The object will experience greater buoyant force in
direction. 1
the salt solution. Since the density of salt solution
2. Name of the forces : (i) Weight of the object, (ii) is more than density of water, the buoyant force
Upthrust. ½+½ will increase.
Factors : (i) Acceleration due to gravity, (ii) Density When the volume is increased to 8cc from 5cc the
of the fluid. ½+½ buoyant force will increase by a factor (8/5) or 1.6.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 + ½ + ½ = 2
S OLUT I ONS P-79

4. An army tank is very heavy and applies greater 6. Force is any interaction that tends to change the
pressure on the ground. To avoid sinking in the state of an object.
ground, a continuous chain is used to increase the Thrust is a type of perpendicular force acting on
surface area of the tank. any surface.
This chain decreases the pressure applied by the Thrust
tank on the ground and hence, it can move easily. Pressure =
Area
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 2 Force
Pressure =
Area
5. Relative density measures the heaviness of a
substance than the water. It is the ratio of the Case 1 : Mass = 100 kg,
density of a substance to that of water. Weight of the body = 100× 10 = 1000 N
Area = 10–2 square metre
While density is mass per unit volume of a
1000
substance. 1 Pressure = −2
= 105 Pascal
10
Relative density of silver = 10.8
Case 2 : Mass = 50 kg,
Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 ½ weight of the body = 50 × 10 = 500 N
Density of silver = ? 1 Area = 25 × 10–4 m2

Density of silver = R.D. × density of water. F = 500 N
500
= 10.8 × 1000 kg/m3 Pressure = −4
= 2 × 105 Pascal
25 × 10
= 10800 kg/m3
So, body with mass 50 kg will exert more pressure
= 1.08 × 104 kg/m3. ½ on 25 square cm area.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 5
WORKSHEET-131
Solutions 5. (a) Archimedes’ principle : When a body is
immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences
1. This happens because upthrust acts on us and our
an upward force that is equal to the weight of the
apparent weight is less than actual weight. 1
fluid displaced. 1
2. (i) Volume of the immersed body (b) (i) Volume of the substance, (ii) Density of the
= Volume of the liquid displaced ½
liquid. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 2
Mass of the liquid displaced = Vρ ½
Weight of the liquid displaced
Density of the substance
= Buoyant force = Vρg ½ 6. Relative density = 1
Density of water
(ii) Upwards. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] ½
It gives an idea as to how many times a substance
3. The density of hydrogen is less than that of air. Also is heavier than the water. 1
hydrogen gas is lighter than air and the upthrust x
acting on the balloon is greater than weight of the Here, 13.6 = 3 ½
10
balloon, hence, it makes the balloon to float in air.
x = 13.6 × 103 kg/m3. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
4. This is because of buoyancy as the net effect of 7. Relative density of a substance is the ratio of its
tension acting on the string gets reduced and as a density to that of water.
result lesser downward force is experienced. 1 Density of substance
Relative density =
The net force on the string Density of water

= Gravitational pull – Buoyancy. Density is defined as mass per unit volume. Its SI
Buoyancy acts in a direction opposite to that of the unit is kg/m3
gravitational pull (weight). 1 Weight in air
Relative density =
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (Weight in air-weight in water)

80 80 The object would sink because its Relative Density
Relative density = ( 80 − 64 ) = = 5.0 is > 1. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 5
16
WORKSHEET-132
Solutions Density of the substance
Relative density =
Density of water
1. Density of a plastic block is less than the density of
water, and hence, the upthrust buoyant 3.95
1+1=2 = = 3.95
force of water on plastic block is more and it floats 1
on the water surface. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
6. (i) When the train passes over a railway track, the
2. More pressure is applied while (case i) because
whole weight of the train acts on the railway line
area covered is less as pressure is inversely
beneath it. Due to large-sized concrete sleepers,
proportional to area. 1+1=2
the force of weight spreads over a larger area and
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] the pressure is less. As a result, the railway track
3. (i) Sharp edges will reduce the area and hence, can bear it. 1½
more pressure can be applied. (ii) As long as the bucket is inside the water, its effective
(ii) Density of an egg is more than the density of fresh- weight is less in accordance with Archimedes’
water, but less than the density of highly salty principle. When the bucket comes out of the water,
water. For an object to float buoyant force has to be there is no upthrust acting due to the water. So the
greater than or equal to the weight of the object.
weight of bucket appears to be heavier. 1½
1+1=2
4. (i) Body will float on the surface.
7. (i) Mass per unit volume is density.
(ii) Body will float, but will remain suspended in the
fluid. 1+1 = 2 (ii) The density of a given substance, arises from the
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] internal arrangement of its atoms which make to
determine it a characteristic property. It is different
5. (i) No, all the bodies immersed in the given fluid for different substances. One can identify the
will displace different weights of the fluid, and purity of substance by knowing the density of the
hence, the buoyant force experienced by each of substance.
the bodies will be different. ½+½ (iii) kg/m3.
Mass 395 (iv) Density of pure substance is constant. Thus by
(ii) Density of block =
= comparing the observed density and exact density,
Volume 100
we can determine whether the substance is pure or
= 3.95 gm/cm3 not. 1+1+1+2=5
WORKSHEET-133
Solutions 3. (i) Density of iron is more than water, but less than
mercury.
1. Wooden block will come upward as it is less dense
Compared to water. 1 (ii) To cover more surface area and exert less pressure
on the ground. 1+1=2
2. If the density of the body is less than that of [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
water, the upward thrust of buoyancy due to the
displaced water will be more than the weight of 4. A bucket full of water when immersed in water
the body; so it will float. If the density of object the experiences an upward buoyant force that reduces
is more than that of water, the upward thrust will
its weight, and hence, it feels lighter whereas in air
be smaller than the weight of the body; so it will
sink. 1+1=2 the apparent loss in weight is negligible so we feel
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] its actual weight. 1+1=2
S OLUT I ONS P-81

5. Mass of the block = 2 kg Thrust = Weight of body = 500 N
Dimensions = 8 × 5 × 1 Pressure = thrust/ area = 500/2.5 = 200 Pascal 3
∴ Thrust
= m × g = 2 × 10 = 20 N [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
7. Archimedes’ principle states that an object will
(i) Area of contact = 5 × 1 cm2 = 0.0005 m2
experience an upward force and displaces the liquid
F 20 200000 in which it is immersed partially or completely;
P = = = = 40000 Pascal. 1½
A 0.0005 5 if the weight of liquid displaced is more than the
(ii) Area of contact = 8 ×5 = 40 cm2 = 0.0040 m2 weight of body, then the body will float.
In submarines and ships, the body is designed in
F 20 20000
P = = = = 5000 Pascal. 1½ such a way that it displaces more water than its
A 0.0040 4
weight and hence it floats.
6. Pressure = thrust / area Lactometer : to determine the purity of sample of
1 pascal is the pressure acting on a surface of area milk,
1 square metre by a thrust of 1 newton. Hydrometer- to determiner the of liquids.
1+2+2=5
WORKSHEET-134
Solutions Buoyant force on the body = Volume of the
body immersed in fluid × Density of the fluid
1. By making the area half, pressure will be doubled.
× Acceleration due to gravity (g).
This is because pressure is the thrust per unit area,
= 1·8 × 1020 × 10
i.e., Pressure = F = 18,360 N. 1+2=3
A
4. From the question,
Thus, pressure is directly proportional to force and Weight of solid X in air (Wair) = 180 g ½
inversely proportional to area. 3 Weight of solid X in water (Wwater) = 150 g ½
2. A body will float in a liquid if the liquid displaced by Relative density of solid (X) = ?
the immersed part of the body in liquid is equal to As,
the weight of the body. In case of iron ship, which is Weight of solid in air
hollow from within, the weight of water displaced R.D. of solid = Loss of weight of solid in water
by the ship is more than the weight of the ship and
180 180
hence, it does not sink in water. But in case of iron = = = 6 2
(180 − 150 ) 30
needle which is compact i.e., not hollow and the
density of iron is more than that of the weight of Therefore, the relative density (R.D.) of X is 6.
water displaced by iron needle is much less than its 5. When the water is added to milk, the density of
own weight. Hence, it sinks in water. 3 milk decreases, so the weight of milk water mixture
3. No, the buoyant force is not same in all fluids displaced by immersed part of the tube also
for a given body. The buoyant force on the body decreases, hence the tube sinks more and will float
immersed in a fluid is directly proportional to only when the weight of this milk–water mixture
displaced by the tube is equal to the weight of the
the density of the fluid in which the body is
loaded tube. 3
immersed.
WORKSHEET-135
Solutions 19600
= g/cm–3
1000
1. A small porous solid, a ball filled with a liquid
= 19.6 g/cm–3. 1
having a leakage. 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 3. Wt > Ws.
It is based on Archimedes principle which states
2. The density of gold in CGS system that when a body is immersed fully or partially in
= Density of gold in SI system/1000 1 a fluid it experiences an upward force that is equal
to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
Density of salt water is more than tap water, so 5.
Density = 7.8 g/cm3
upthrust is also more. 2 Volume = 200 cm3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] Mass = Density × Volume
= 7.8 × 200
Mass = 1560 gwt. 2
4. Density of solid =
Volume [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
40
= = 2.6 g/cm3 1 6. (d) Completely immersed in salt solution as
15 upthrust depends on the weight of the body
Since the density of solid is more than water, immersed and the density of the liquid. 2
therefore it sinks. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
qqq
S OLUT I ONS P-83

CHAPTER
SECTION
13
B WORK AND ENERGY
TOPIC-1
Work
WORKSHEET-136
Solutions 1 + 1 +1=3
8. Negative work : When the force is acting opposite
1. Work done by a force is zero when the direction to the direction of the displacement, the work
of applied force and displacement of an object is done by the force is said to be negative.
perpendicular to each other. When we lift an object, two forces act on the
W = Fscos 90° = 0 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1 object : 1
(i) Muscular force : Doing positive work in the
2. W = 0. 1
direction of the displacement. 1
(ii) Gravitational force : Doing negative work opposite
to the direction of the displacement. 1
3. Negative work. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1
4. Work is done when a force acting on a body
produces displacement in it.
W = F × d 9. (i) Work is said to be done when a force acts on an
SI unit of work is joule (J). 1+½+½ object and the object covers some distance.
5. Work done is W = F × s when : Its SI unit is Joule.
(i) a force acts on an object 1 One joule : When a force of 1 N moves a body
(ii) and the object is displaced. 1 through a distance of 1 meter in its own direction.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (ii) u = 90 m/s; v = 0; F = – 27000 N; m = 3000 kg
F = ma
6. Work done by a force is said to be positive when
the displacement in the object is in the direction a = F/m = – 27000/3000
of applied force whereas it is negative when the = – 9 m/s2
displacement is in the direction opposite to the Also v2 – u2 = 2as, 02 – (90)2 = 2(–9)s
applied force. 1
s = 450 m
Two forces : (i) Weight of the body acting
downwards. ½ W = F × s
(ii) Force applied on the body acting upwards. ½ = – 27000 × 450
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] = – 12150000 J
7. The work done by the force is negative because the
displacement is opposite to the direction of force = – 12150 kJ 5
applied. – ve sign shows retarding force.
Example : (i) Work done by the force of friction; [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016, 2014]
(ii) Work done by applying brakes.
WORKSHEET-137
Solutions 3. Zero, as there is no displacement. 1
1. Zero. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1
Detailed Answer : 4. No, as the displacement is zero. 1+1=2
The displacement is zero after one complete [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
rotation. Hence work done W = 0
5. (a) One joule of work is said to be done on an
2. No work is done as force is applied to keep the
object when a force of one Newton displaces it by
trunk on the head but there is no displacement of
one meter along the line of action of the force. 1
the body. Hence work done is zero. 1
(b) In fig (i), the direction of force, (F) and Work done, W = F × s = mg × s
displacement are perpendicular to each other. There = 15 × 10 × 1.5 = 225 J 1
is no displacement in the direction of force so the [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
work done is zero. In fig (ii), the direction of force
F and displacement are in the same direction. 7. (i) F = 250 × 10 = 2500 N
Hence, work done by the force is positive. 1 s = 1 m
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] W = F × s = 2500 × 1
6. (a) (i) Force should be applied. = 2500 J 1
(ii) Body should move in the line of action of force. (ii) Zero, as there is no displacement. 1
(iii) Angle between force and displacement should (iii) To hold the box, men are applying a force which is
opposite and equal to the gravitational force acting
not be 90°. 1
on the box. While applying the force muscular
(b) Mass of luggage, m = 15 kg ½ effort is involved, and so they feel tired. 1
and displacement, s = 1.5 m. ½
WORKSHEET-138
Solutions 6. (i) Yes, it is possible, that a body is displaced and
yet its work done is zero. For example, a satellite
1. Given, F = 15 N, s = 5 m ½ moving around the earth. 1
Using W = F × s = 15 × 5 = 75 J ½ (ii) Frictional Force F = 5 N
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] Total Distance covered by the boy
2. Moon revolving in a circular path is always S = 1.5 km + 1.5 (2π × 10 m) + 2.0 km

directed along the tangent to a circular orbit. = 1500 m + 942 m + 2000 m
The angle between the line of action of force and = 4442 m
displacement is 90°. Work Done; W = FS
As, cos 90° = 0 ½ = (5N) (4442 m)
Work done = Fscos 90° = 0 = 2210 J
Therefore, work done is zero. ½ Note, we should take the distance covered while
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] moving into the circular path as 1.5 times its
circumference (2πr) and not its diameter since
3. Work done = 0 Since displacement , s = 0 1 work is done against friction for the entire one and
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] a half cycle. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 2
4. Work done is zero. W = Fscos 90° = 0 J 1 7. (i) Work done = mgh 1

[∴ cos 90° = 0]
Displacement is perpendicular to the direction of Difference in height of initial and final position is
applied force while the force of gravity is acting zero. 1
vertically downwards. Therefore, Work done = mg (h2 – h1)
So, displacement is along the force, hence it is
= mg(0) = 0 1
zero. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] (ii) Work done = Change in K.E
5. Archer does the work in deforming the bow while Work done = v2 final – v1 initial 1
releasing the bow. 1 1 1
= × 20 × 4 – × 20 × 25 = 40 – 250 = – 210 J 1
Deformed bow possesses potential energy and the 2 2
moving arrow possesses kinetic energy. ½ + ½
S OLUT I ONS P-85

TOPIC-2
Energy, Types of Energy and Law of Conservation
of Energy
WORKSHEET-139
Solutions The pendulum bob has P. E. at the extreme positions.
Then, it is converted to K.E. at the mean position
1. Mechanical energy. 1 and so on.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] It comes to rest due to air resistance and friction
with the hook.
2. Kinetic energy. 1 Energy is lost in overcoming friction and air
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] resistance.
But total energy remains constant. 3
3. 3.6 × 106 Joules. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1
9. (i) Sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of
4. The energy possessed by a rolling stone is kinetic an object is the total mechanical energy.
energy. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1 Its two forms are kinetic energy and potential
5. The potential energy get converted into kinetic energy. 1
energy during hitting a metal by a fast moving Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but
hammer. Due to which metal gets heated. 2 can be transformed from one form to another. 1
Example is simple pendulum. 1
6. (i) Chemical energy to heat energy.
(ii) Chemical energy of fuel to electrical energy. 5
(ii) m = 1000 kg, u = 72 km/h = 72 × m/s = 20 m/s,
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 1 + 1 = 2 18
7. Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, v = 0,
but can be converted from one form to another. 1 1
Initial kinetic energy = mv2

No, potential energy is converted to kinetic 2
energy. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 + 1 = 2 1
= × 1000 × 202
8. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but 2
can be transformed from one form to another.
= 200000 J = 2 × 105 J 2
Explanation of law : Let us take the example of
simple pendulum. We draw a pendulum bob to one Final K.E. = 0, work done = change in
side and allow it to oscillate. K.E. = 2 × 105 J [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
WORKSHEET-140
Solutions 5. (i) Kinetic Energy and potential energy.
(ii) Potential Energy
1. Kinetic energy. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1 (iii) Kinetic Energy
(iv) Kinetic Energy ½×4=2
2. Potential Energy. 1
3. Chemical to light energy, or chemical to sound 6. K.E. = 1 mv 2 (p = mv)

2
energy. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1
mv × mv p2
4. K.E. = 1 mv2. Kinetic energy is directly proportional = =
2m 2m
2
to mass. Therefore, horse possesses more energy, p2
K.E. =
due to its large mass. 1 2m
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 2
7. (i) Potential energy. 1 v = 100 m/s
(ii) Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its Momentum = Mass × Velocity
position. 1
(iii) It gets converted into heat and sound. 1 = 0.1 × 100 = 10 kg m/s 3
8. Using the formula for K.E. we get, 1 1

9. (i) (K.E.)1 = mv12, (K.E.)2 = mv22; 4 : 9 1+1=2
1 2 2
K.E. = mv 2
2
(ii) Total energy = P.E. + K.E. 1
m = 100 g = 0.1 kg mgh/2 + mgh/2; (v2 = 2gh) 1
K.E. = 500 J T.E. = mgh 1
2 × 500 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
v2 = = 10000
0.1
WORKSHEET-141
Solutions ⇒
0 –22 = 2 × a × 2
⇒
a = – 1 m/s2 1
1. P.E. becomes maximum. 1 1
K.E. of the body = m(2)2 = 2 J,
2. No, it does not violate the law of conservation If K.E. is doubled then K.E. = 4
of energy. Potential energy is converted into If velocity of body becomes u2
total mechanical energy and hence, it remains 1
K. E = m ( u2 ) = 4 J
2
then,
conserved. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1 2
1 ⇒
u2 = 2 2
3. As K.E. = mv2, if the speed of the body is halved
2 Let s’ be the distance at which it will stop.
1 v2 – u2 = 2as’ 1
its kinetic energy is reduced to of its original 2 2
4 ⇒ 0 – ( 2 2 ) = 2 × (–1) × s’

value. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1 ⇒ s’ = 4 m 1
8. (i) Given, m = 75 kg
4. Heat energy to electrical energy. 1
Chemical energy → heat energy → kinetic energy v = 60 m/s K.E. = mv2
2
→ electrical energy. 1
= × 75 × 60 × 60
2
5. S.l. unit of kinetic energy is joule. 1 = 135000 J
1 1 (ii) P. E. = m.g.h. = 75 × 10 × 850
K.E. = mv2 = × 15 × 42 ½
2 2 = 637500 J
= 120 Joule ½ (iii) Total mechanical energy
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] = K.E. + P.E.
6. Initial K.E. = 25 J 1 = 135000 + 637500 = 772500 J
1 (iv) Given, u = 60 m/s, h = 850 m
Since K.E. = mv2 v2 –u2 = 2gh
2
⇒ As velocity doubles, K.E. becomes four time. v2 – 3600 = 2 × 10 × 850 = 17000
\ K.E. = 4 × 25 = 100 J 1 v = 143.527 m/s
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 2 1
KE = mv = × 75 × (143.527)2
7. Mass = m, u, = 2 m/s, s = 2m, v = 0 2 2
Using equation, v2 – u2 = 2as
= 772500 J 5
S OLUT I ONS P-87

WORKSHEET-142
Solutions 6. (i) K.E. is the energy possessed by a body by virtue
of its motion. 1
1 1
1. As K.E. = mv2 (ii) K.E. = m(v2 – u2). 1
2 2
1 7. One Joule is the amount of work done on an object
∴
1 = × 1 × v2
2 when a force of 1 N displaces it by 1 m along the
or v2 = 2 line of action of force.
v = 2 = 1.4 m/s. 1 P. E. = mgh 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] m = 150 kg, g = 10 ms–2, h = 7 m 1
P. E. = 150 × 10 × 7 = 10500 J 1
2. Work done = 0 ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
Since displacement (s) = 0 and W = F × s ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 8. (i) When an object is placed at a greater height, the
height increases from the reference level. (Velocity
3. Truck has more kinetic energy since kinetic remains constant i.e., zero). Hence, by comparing
the potential energy at two points, we can see that
energy is directly proportional to mass and mass
the P.E. at greater height will be larger. 2
of truck is greater than mass of car.
(ii) m = 2 kg, v = 10 m/s
1
Initial K.E. = mv2
4. Ek (max) at mean position of oscillating pendulum. 2
½ 1
Ep (max) at extreme position of oscillating = × 2 × (10)2 = 100 J 1
2
pendulum. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] Also, height reached
0 2 − (10 )
2
v 2 � u2
5. Maximum kinetic energy = Maximum potential = h =
2g 2 × 10
energy ½
1 1 −100
K. E. = mv2 = × 2kg × 25ms–1 ×25ms– 1 = = – 5 1
2 2 20
= 625 J ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]

TOPIC-3
Power
WORKSHEET-143
Solutions 4. Power is the rate of doing work. 1
Work 1 Joule
1. Watt. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1 Power = =
Time 1 second
2. 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J. 1 = 1 watt or 1 W ½
If the power of an electric bulb is 15 W, it consumes
3. Electrical energy = Power × time taken 15 joules per second ½
= 1.2 × 10 Energy consumed by the bulb in 10 minutes = 15
W × 600 s = 9000 Joules 1
= 12 kWh 2
5. Energy = power × time = 1.5 × 2 = 3 kWh 8. (i) SI unit of electrical energy is Joule (J)
= 3 units. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 3 Commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt
hour (kWh)
6. Work done = Fs = 2400 × 10 = 24000 J (ii) m = 800 kg, h = 1500 cm = 15 m, t = 20 sec,
Power = Fv = 2400 × 2 = 4800 W g = 10 m/s2
1½ + 1½ = 3
7. (i) 2 bulbs of 40 watts for 6 hrs. W mgh
P = =
E1 bulb = 2 × 40 × 6 = 480 W = 0.48 kWh t t
(ii) E2 tubelight = 50 × 8 × 2 = 0.800 kWh 800 × 10 × 15
= = 6000 W 5
(iii) ETV = 120 × 6 = 0.720 kWh 20
Total Energy = 0.48 + 0.80 + 0.72 = 2.00 units (iii) E = 500 J, t = 20 sec
rate = ` 2.50 per unit W 500
Power, P = = = 25 W
Cost per day = 2 × 2.50 = ` 5.00 t 20
Cost of 30 days = 5.00 × 30 = ` 150 5
WORKSHEET-144
Solutions W mgh 50 × 10 × 6.75
= =
P=
t t 9
60 = 50 × 10 × 0.75
1. P= = 1 J/s = 1 Watt 1
60 = 500 × 0.75
= 375 W. 3
6. (i) The commercial unit of energy is kilowatt (kWh)
2. Work done = Energy consumed ½ hour. ½
Energy = Power × Time taken (ii) The SI unit of energy is joule.
Now, 1 kWh = 1 kW × 1 or ½
= 1000 W × 2 hour ½
= 1000 W × 1 h ½
= 2000 W-hr or 2 kW-hour or 2 kWh
= 1000 W × 3600 s ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 6
= 3600000 J = 3.6 × 10 J ½
3. P. E. = mgh ½ 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J
20 (iii)
m = 62 kg, g = 10 m/s2, h = 65 ×
= 13 m
100
Appliance Power Time Energy consumed
P. E. = 62 × 10 × 13 = 8060 J ½
P.E. 8060 4 Bulbs 50 W 6h 4 × 50 × 6 = 1200 Wh ½
P = =
t 12 3 Tube lights 40 W 8h 3 × 40 × 8 = 960 Wh ½
= 671.67 W 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 1 TV 100 W 6 h 1 × 100 × 6 = 600 Wh ½
4. (i) m = 10 kg, t = 15 s, d = 15 m. 1 Refrigerator 300 W 24 h 1 × 300 × 24 = 7200 Wh ½
W mgh 10 × 10 × 15
P = = = = 100 W. 2
t t 15 Total energy consumed = 9960 Wh = 9.960 kWh
(ii)
Potential energy from the stretched string of the Electricity bill amount = 9.960 units × ` 2.50
bow. 1 = ` 24.90 ½
5. m = 50 kg, t = 9 sec.
For 30 days = 30 × 24.90 = ` 747
height of 45 staircases = 15 × 45 = 675 = 6.75 m.
WORKSHEET-145
Solutions force is zero. This is because there is no component
of the force of gravity in the direction of
1. The work done on the object by the gravitational displacement. 3
S OLUT I ONS P-89

2. As work done = W = Fscos θ
Where, F is the force applied on the body, ‘s’ is the 1 2 2
But v2 – u2 = 2 as or, as = (v – u ) 1
displacement through which the body is moved 2
and θ is the angle between the force and the
displacement. When θ = 0°, cos θ = 1. v2
Therefore, W = energy or, s = ½
Hence, for maximum work done, the angle between 2a
the force and the displacement should be 0°. 3
v2 1
3. Let initial mass m1 = m, velocity v1 = v W = m.a. = mv2 1
Final mass m2 = 16 m, velocity v2 = ? ½ 2a 2
For the same kinetic energy (ii)
Energy = power × time
1 1
m1v12 = m2v22 ½ = 5 kw × 1 min
2 2
= 3 × 105 J ½
1 1
or, mv2 = 16 mv22 ½ Therefore, mass of water drawn in 1 min,
2 2
E 3 × 10 5
v2 m = =
∴
v22 = ½ gh 10 × 20
16
= 1.5 × 103 kg ½
v2 1
or, v2 = = v 1 Therefore, a
16 4
Mass 1.5 × 10 3
Thus, velocity should be one fourth. Volume of water = =
Density 10 3
4. (i) Energy possessed by a body by virtue of motion.
F = ma = 1.5 m3 1
W = F.s =energy ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
WORKSHEET-146
Solutions 4. Kilowatt hour (kWh) is the largest practical unit of
energy
1. Both the public bus and the car are moving with 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J
the same kinetic energy and are stopped by same Therefore, 1.8 × 107 Joule = 5 kWh. 3
retarding force.
⇒ Kinetic energy = Work done in stopping 5. (i) Power 1
watt or J/s. 1 watt is the power of an object which
= Force × Distance does work at the rate of 1 J per second. 1
Therefore, both public bus and the car will stop at (ii) Power of an object may vary. Hence, average power
the same distance. 3 is important in the case when the average power of
2. The vehicles stop when kinetic energy of both the entire process within a given time is calculated. 1
is spent in working against the force of friction Total energy consumed
Average power =
between the tyres and the road. The force of friction Total time
1
varies directly with the weight of the vehicle. The
(iii) P = mgh/t =(45 × 10 × 45 × 0.15)/9 = 375 W 1
weight of public bus is greater than the weight of a
car. 1
⇒ K.E. = Work done 1
= Force of friction × Distance ½ 6. (i) K.E. = m × v2 = 18.75 kJ = 18750 1
2
K.E.
∴ Distance travelled =
v2 =
18750 × 2 1
Force of friction
15
K.E.
= 1 v = 2500 m/s = 50 m/s 1
Weight of vehicle
P
(ii) E = = 100 W × 4h = 0.4 kWh 1
Therefore, the public bus will stop at a lesser t
distance. ½
Energy consumed by it in a day = 0.4 × 3.6 × 106 J 1
3. To bring the moving object to rest, the work done
on the object should be equal to the kinetic energy = 1.44 × 106 J
1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011]
of the moving object i.e., mv2. 3
2
qqq
CHAPTER
SECTION
14
B SOUND
TOPIC-1
Sound : Its Nature, Production, Propagation, Speed
and Reflection
WORKSHEET-147
Solutions
1. When the speed of an object exceeds the speed of (ii)
sound, it is said to travel in supersonic speed. For
example, bullets, jet crafts etc., travel in supersonic
speeds. 1
2. Longitudinal mechanical wave. 1
3. (i) The time taken by two consecutive compressions Low Pitched Sound
or rarefactions to cross a fixed point is called the 1
time period of a wave. ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011]
(ii) Speed of sound (v) = Wavelength (λ) × 5. Three features of transverse waves are :
Frequency (υ) ½ (i) The particles of the medium vibrates at right angles
v = λυ to the direction of propagation of wave.
(ii) Transverse waves travels in the form of crests and
(iii) Given, velocity, v = 339 ms–1
troughs.
Wavelength, λ = 1.5 cm (iii) They cannot travel through vacuum. 1×3=3
1.5
=m 6. (a) Longitudinal wave.
100 (b) Sound waves. 1
We know, Velocity = Wavelength × Frequency (c) If T is the time period of the wave then, 1
339 (i) after time interval T/2, the point will have a
requency = Velocity =
Therefore, F rarefaction ½
Wavelength 1.5
(ii) after time T, the point will have a compres-
100
sion. ½
339 ×100 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011]
=
1.5 7. (a)
Frequency = 22600 Hz 1 S. No. Music Noise
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] (i) Music produces a Noise is unpleasant.
pleasing effect on our
4. (a) The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency
ears and mind.
of vibration. The pitch of a sound is directly
proportional to its frequency. 1 (ii) Frequency is high Frequency is low and
(b) and produces regular has irregular waveform.
waveform.
(i)
Musical sound shows Noise shows sudden
(iii)
no sudden changes of changes in amplitude
amplitude or wave- and wavelength.
length.
3
High Pitched Sound
(b) Bats and Dolphins.
Process : SONAR. 1+1=2
S OLUT I ONS P-91

WORKSHEET-148
Solutions
S.
Longitudinal waves Transverse waves
1. The vibration of the medium that travels along No.
or parallel to the direction of the wave is called a (i) In longitudinal waves, In a transverse wave,
longitudinal wave. In a sound wave, the particles of the individual particles particles do not oscil-
the medium vibrate in the direction parallel to the of the medium move late along the line of
direction of the propagation of disturbance. Hence, in a direction parallel wave propagation, but
a sound wave is called a longitudinal wave. 1 to the direction of oscillate up and down
propagation of the about their mean posi-
2. Quality or timbre. ½+½
disturbance. tion.
(ii) Wave travels in the Wave travels in the
3. (a) (i) Amplitude ½ form of compression form of crest and
(ii) Frequency. ½ and rarefaction. trough.
(b) Ceiling of concert halls are curved so that sound, (iii) Sound waves. Light waves.
after reflection, reaches all the corners of the hall. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 3
The sound after reflection from the curved surface
spreads evenly across the width of the hall. 1 6. (i) Relationship b/w wavelength, frequency and
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] speed is v = λf 1
v 440
4. Frequency = 512 Hz, Speed of the sound = 340 m/s (ii) λ = = = 2 m 2
f 220
Since v = l u
v 340 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
l = = = 0.66 m
υ 512 7. (i) x-amplitude 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 2 (ii) y-wavelength 1
(iii) Frequency, υ = Number of oscillations / Time 1
5. Distinction between longitudinal and transverse 360
= = 3 Hz 1
waves : 2 × 60
(iv) Time period, T = 1/υ = 1/3 s 1
WORKSHEET-149
Solutions λ
(ii) 1.5 m =
1. The frequency of the vibration of a sound produced 2
by a guitar is greater than that produced by a car λ = 3 m 1
horn. Since the pitch of a sound is proportional to [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011]
its frequency, the guitar has a higher pitch than a
5. When a stone is thrown into a pond, transverse
car-horn. 1
waves are formed. 1+2=3
2. Frequency = cycles per sec = waves per sec Wavelength
Crest
20 Hertz. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1
Displacement
3. Given :
Distance between the crest and next trough = 10 cm
λ
or = 10 ½ Time
2 Trough
λ = 20 cm = 0.20 m ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]
Velocity v = u × λ
= 12 × 0.20 ½
s 20
= 2.40 m/s ½ 6. Given, v = 340 m/s t = = = 0.0588 sec
v 340
No. of vibrations = 0.0588 × 280 = 16.52 vibrations
4. (i) In two sec, the number of waves produced = 20 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 3
20
f = = 10 Hz 1
2
7. (a) Sound is produced by the vibration of objects. 1
When objects vibrate, it collides with the molecules 125 = 0+ × 10 × t2
2
in the medium. This collision produces mechanical
oscillations in the medium. Because of this, sound ∴
t = 5 s
waves are known as mechanical waves. Let t’ be the time taken by sound to reach the top
(i) Megaphones, horns, musical instruments as after splash
trumpets etc. u = 340 m/s, h = 125 m, t1 = ?
(ii) Stethoscope.
h 125
(b) Speed of sound = 340 m/s; g = 10 m/s2; u = 0; t1 = = = 0.37 s
u 340
h = 125 m; t = ?
Splash will be heard after t+t1 = (5+0.37) s = 5.37 s
1
h = ut + gt2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012] 5
2
WORKSHEET-150
Solutions 5. (i) The bowl that contains the maximum quantity
of water produces low pitch sound. 1
1 1 (ii) The bowl that contains the least quantity of water
1. As we know, f = = ½
T0.025 will produce high pitch sound. 1
1000 (iii) Frequency of sound waves determine the pitch. 1
f= = 40 Hz. ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
25
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2010] 6. No. of vibrations in 10 sec = 20
No. of vibrations in 1 sec = 20/10 = 2
2. Because velocity of sound is much more than the
Frequency = 2 Hz
velocity of car. 1
Time period = 1/u = 1/2 = 0.5 sec 2
Production of longitudinal wave in can be
3. (i) In air, the waves produced are longitudinal, produced slinky by giving a jerk.
because the particles of the medium vibrate to and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 1
fro about their mean position, with the direction of
propagation of wave. 1 Ans. (i)
(ii) In wire, the waves produced are transverse as the
particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to
the direction of propagation of wave. 1
4.
(ii)
Time
Wave shape for a low pitched

sound (less frequency)

(iii)
Time
Wave shape for a high pitched

sound (more frequency) 1½+1½+2=5
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
S OLUT I ONS P-93

WORKSHEET-151
Solutions 5. Speed = 335 m/sec
Time = 2 sec.
1. Air column in whistle vibrate more no. of fimes Distance = Speed × Time
compared to stretched drum. = 335 × 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2010] 1 = 670 m 3
2. Transverse wave – light waves or waves generated
in a plucked string. (Any one) ½ 6. (i) It is called hertz.
Longitudinal wave – Sound waves ½ Number of waves
(ii) Frequency =
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2010] Time
3. Number of vibrations in one minute = 6000 1 256

=
4
6000
Number of vibrations in one sec = = 64 Hz. 1+2=3
60
u = 100 Hz
v = 360 ms–2 7. (i)
v 360 ms-1
v = uλ ⇒ λ = = = 3.6 m
υ 100 s-1
Displacement

½+½ O Time
4. (i) Amplitude = maximum displacement = 12 cm

½ 1
(ii) Wavelength (λ) = distance between two crests ½
(ii) Compressed or rarefied 1
= 36 cm = 0.36 m
(iii) Frequency 1
(iii) Frequency (u) = 200 Hz.
(iv) v = υλ
⇒ λ = 0.36 m
399 = υ × 1.5 ½
∴ v = λv
= 0.36 × 200 υ =399/1.5 = 266 Hz ½
= 72 m/s 1 It will be audible. 1
WORKSHEET-152
Solutions (ii) It will be same. 1
1 . Fig. (b) because amplitude is larger. 1
5. (i) The stage of an auditorium has curved
background as it spreads the reflected sound to the
2. Longitudinal waves. audience. 1
3. Humming bees produce sound by vibrating their Curtains and false ceilings - to prevent echo. 1
wings which is in the audible range. In case of (ii) Sound needs a medium for transmission and it
pendulum the frequency is below 20 Hz which does cannot travel in vacuum. 1
not come in the audible range [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
4. (i) 6. υ = 400 MHz
Distance = 400 × 106 Hz ½
Speed =
Time λ = ?, v = λυ ½
λ v
v = λ = 1
T υ

1 3 × 10 8 3
v = l   = = = 0.75 m 1
T 400 × 10 6 4
v = λυ 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
TOPIC-2
Echo, Applications of Sound, Range of Hearing and
Structure of Human Ear
WORKSHEET-153
Solutions 4. Definition of echo : Echo is the repetition of sound
due to the reflection of original sound by a large
1. Reverberation is the ‘repeated reflection of sound and hard obstacle. 1
waves’ that results in persistence of sound for If speed of sound is 344 m/s and persistence of
sometime. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 1 sound is 1/10 second then,
minimum distance between the observer and the
2. Usage of ultrasound in SONAR is known as echo reflecting surface should be at least 17.2 m. 1
ranging. 1 In a small hall the distance is less than 17.2 m. 1
This method is used to determine the depth of sea, [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
to locate underwater hills, valleys, sub-marine,
icebergs, sunken ship etc. (Any one) 1 5. (i) Repeated reflection/ Reverberation is the cause
of sensation of sound due to rolling thunder. 1
(ii) 20 – 20,000 Hz. 1
3. The repeated reflection that results in the (iii) Frequency less than 20 Hz is infrasonic while
persistence of sound is called reverberation. It
greater than 20 kHz is ultrasonic. ½+½
can be reduced by covering roof and walls of
auditorium with sound absorbent materials and
seats are made of material having sound absorbing 6. (i) Waves with frequency higher than 20 kHz are
properties. 2 ultrasonic waves.
(ii) In detecting flaws or cracks in metal blocks, in clean-
Two applications of reflection of sound waves :
ing odd-shaped machines.
(i) Echo. ½ (iii) Certain moths can hear the high-frequency squeaks
(ii) In Megaphones. ½ of the bats and are able to know when a bat is flying
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] nearby. 1+2+2=5
WORKSHEET-154
Solutions (ii) Moths can hear the high-frequency squeaks of
the bat and are able to know when a bat is flying
nearby and are able to escape capture. 1
1. Between 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. 1
5. Ultrasound can be used to detect cracks and flaws

2. Ultrasound more than 20 kHz.
in metals blocks. The cracks or holes inside the
Bats send ultrasonic signals and receive it back
metal blocks, which are invisible from outside
after reflection from obstacle / prey. 2 reduces the strength of structure. Ultrasonic
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] waves are allowed to pass through the blocks
and detectors are used to detect the transmitted
3. Waves whose frequency is more than 20 kHz and
waves. If there is a small defect, the ultrasound
cannot be heard by human beings. ½
gets reflected back.
Dolphins. Detect or flaw
They use ultrasonic waves to detect fish in water.½
Ultrasonic waves are used to diagnose disease by
ultrasound scanning technique. 1+1=2
Ultrasound
Detector
4. (i) Ultrasound : Frequencies higher than 20 kHz

are called ultrasound. 1
Dolphins, bats and tortoises. (Any two) 1 Metal block 3
S OLUT I ONS P-95

6. (a) (i) Pitch : The way the brain interprets the (b) Given , Echo returned in 3 seconds.
frequency of an emitted sound is called its pitch. Speed of sound = 342 m/s
(ii) Loudness : The degree of sensation of sound
Distance travelled by sound = 342 × 3
is known as loudness. The magnitude of the
maximum disturbance in the medium on ei- = 1026 m
ther side of the mean value is called amplitude. 1026
Loudness or intensity of sound is proportional Distance of reflecting surface = = 513 m 2
2
to the square of amplitude.
(iii) Timbre : It enables us to distinguish one sound [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012]
from another having the same pitch and loud-
ness. 3
WORKSHEET-155
Solutions 5. The function of human ear 1
1. The rolling of thunder is due to the successive

reflection of the sound from a number of reflecting
Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear
surfaces such as the clouds and the land. 1
2. Speed of light is 3 × 108 m/s while the speed of
Ear drum
sound in air is 330 m/s. Hence, thunder can be seen Outer ear collects sound waves from surrounding
before it can be heard. that passes through auditory canal. When a
It is due to multiple reflections of sound from compression of the medium reaches the ear drum,
the pressure on the outside of membrane increases
reflecting surfaces like clouds and land. 1 + 1 = 2
and forces the eardrum inwards and set then into
3. Number of vibrations in 1 sec is frequency. 1 vibrations. 1
Distance between two consecutive crests or trough Middle ear enlarges these oscillations. Inner ear
converts these pressure waves into electrical
is wavelength. 1 signals.
Echo is repetition of reflection of sound due to the These signals are converged to the brain via
reflection of original sound by a large and hard auditory nerve and the brain interprets them as
obstacle. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 1 sound. 1
4. Advantage : Generally, the curved ceilings reflect
the sound and spread it evenly across the width of
6. (a) Three medical uses of ultrasound are :
the hall. 2
Curved ceiling (i) Electrocardiography
(ii) Ultrasonography.
(iii) To break small stones formed in the kidneys
into the grains. 2
(b) Distance = 2800 m
Time = 4 sec.
Velocity = ?
∴ 2d = v × t
Audience
Source of sitting
2d/t = v
sound in the hall ⇒ v = 2 × 2800/4
1 = 1400 m/sec 3
WORKSHEET-156
Solutions 2. Yes, the sound follows the same laws of reflection as
the light does, i.e.,
1. Sound travels faster in summer season than in (i) Angle of incidence (∠i) = Angle of reflection (∠r).
(ii)
The incident wave, the reflected wave and the
winter season. This is because, speed of sound normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same
increases with the increase in temperature. 3 plane. 3
3. No, two friends on the surface of the moon cannot which is very high in comparison to speed of
talk to each other. This is because moon has no sound, which is approximately 332 m/s in air. Due
atmosphere or the medium whereas the sound to this reason the flash of lightning is seen first and
needs a material medium to travel. 3 the sound of thunder is heard a little later in the
4. Transverse waves are not produced in liquids rainy season. 3
and gases. Transverse waves travel in the form of 7. No, the quality of the two notes need not be the
crests and troughs involving change in shape of same.
the medium. As liquids and gases do not possess Reason : This is because, whereas the pitch of
the elasticity of shape, hence such waves are not a note is determined solely by its frequency,
produced in liquids and gases. 3 the quality is determined by its harmonic or
5. We hear two sounds, when one hammers on the overtone. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011] 3
railway line. One through the solid, i.e. railway line,
and the other through air. As the speed of sound 8. To hear an echo, the minimum distance between
in solid is much higher than the speed in air, the the source of sound and the obstacle or reflecting
sound through solid reaches much earlier. 3 surface should be 17 metres. Since length of a room
is less than 17 metres, no echo is heard in a small
6. The speed of light in air or vacuum is 3 × 108 m/s
room. 3
WORKSHEET-157
Solutions 7. Velocity of wave = Wavelength × Frequency,
1
1. Pulse is a wave of short duration produced by a v =
T
single disturbance in a medium. 2
2. (i) The sound waves are mechanical. λ
v = λυ or, v = 2
(ii) Sound waves cannot travel through vacuum and T
travels in the form of a longitudinal wave. 1 + 1 = 2 2 × 10
8. Velocity of pulse = = 6.66 m/s 2
3. (i) The length of the tubes should be at least 50 cm. 3
(ii) Angles should be measured carefully using a 9. The distance between a crest and the next trough is
protractor. 1+1=2 half the wavelength i.e., λ/2. 2
4. The best results can be obtained by using the
10. Distance covered is four to and fro motions
combination of a narrow tube and strong source of
sound. 2 = 2 × 4 × 25 cm = 200 cm = 2 m
5. (i) The metal plate used as reflector may not be at Time = 2.8 sec.
right angles to the table top. Distance
∴ Speed of pulse =
(ii) The ends of toothpicks may not be aligned. Time
(Or any other) 1 + 1 = 2 2
6. (i) Table top should be smooth. =
2.8
(ii) Slinky or string should be of suitable length, flexible
= 0.71 m/s. 2
and elastic. 1+1=2
qqq
S OLUT I ONS P-97

CHAPTER
SECTION
15
B NATURAL RESOURCES
TOPIC-1
The Breath of Life : Air, Role of Atmosphere in
Climate Control, Movement of Air : Winds, Rain,Air
Pollution, Water : A Wonder Liquid, Water Pollution,
Mineral Riches in the Soil
WORKSHEET-158
Solutions 8. It regulates body temperature; all cellular processes
take place in water medium; digestion of food;
1. Life supporting zone where atmosphere, transportation of nutrients through blood; excretion
hydrosphere and lithosphere interact. 1 of waste. (Any three) 3
2. Plants and animals. ½+½ 9. Three reasons are :
3. Humus. 1 (i) Addition of undesirable substances like pesticides,
4. NO2 and SO2. 1+1 poisonous salts etc.
5. Lichens (ii) Removal of nutrients, depletion of oxygen.
Lichens secretes organic acids, which develops (iii) Sudden change (rise) in temperature due to hot
cracks in stones. 1+1 water released by factories. 1×3
6. Constituents of Abiotic component are : 10. (a) (i) Increased in the consumption of fossil fuel -
increases the production of pollution like CO, SO2,
(i) Soil or Lithosphere : Land (or soil) on the earth’s
NO2, CO2 etc.
crust ½
(ii) CFC has led to depletion in ozone layer, which
(ii) Water or Hydrosphere : Water that covers 75% of
results in one entry of U-V rays into earth’s
crust ½
atmosphere.
(iii) Air or Atmosphere : Blanket of gases that covers
(iii) Acid rain.
earth ½
(iv) Production of greenhouse gases. 3
The three provide support to all living organisms
which constitute biotic component of biosphere. (b) Measures :
1½ (i) Reduce consumption of fossil fuels.
7. Continuous evaporation of water. 1 (ii) Planting more trees.
Cooling of water vapour as it goes up and formation (iii) Using Isolentanes instead of CFC.
of droplets. 1 (iv) Usage of non-conventional sources of energy, e.g.,
Low temperature brings about precipitation. 1 solar, wind, tidal energy. ½×4=2
WORKSHEET-159
Solutions and water of the atmosphere condenses to form
smog. 1½
1. Lichens. 1 (ii) Inhaling this air increases incidences of allergy,
2. Lichens. 1 cancer and heart disease. (Any two)1½
3. SO2 and NO2 ½+½ 8. (i) Presence of high levels of suspended particles
like unburnt carbon particles in the atmosphere,
4. (i) Burning of fossil fuels. cause visibility to be lowered. In cold weather when
(ii) Deforestation. 1+1 water condenses out of air, this forms smog.
5. Garbage should not be thrown into water bodies, (ii) It increases the incidences of allergies, cancer and
all industrial wastes from the factories should be heart disease.
treated before releasing into river or water bodies. 2 (iii) On burning, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are
6. The fossil fuels like coal and petroleum contain formed. They dissolve in rains to give rise to acid
small amounts of nitrogen and sulphur. When rain. 1×3=3
these fossil fuels are burnt they produce different 9. (i) Biogeochemical cycles balance intake and release
oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. When these oxides of these gases. 1+1
dissolve in rain they gives rise to acid rain. 3 (ii) No atmosphere, thus cannot trap Infra Red (IR)
7. (i) Combustion of fossil fuels increases in the content radiation 1+1
of suspended particles in air (unburnt hydrocarbons (iii) Burning of coal and petroleum release oxides of N,
or carbon particles), these particles reduce visibility, C, S etc. 1
WORKSHEET-160
Solutions (ii) (a) Water occupies very large area of earth’s surface.
(b) It exists in the form of water vapour in the
1. Wells or Tube wells. 1 atmosphere.
2. It prevents sudden increase in temperature during (c) Fresh water is found frozen in the ice-caps at the
the day light hours. It slows down the escape of two poles and on snow covered mountains.
heat into outer space during the night. 1 (d) The underground water and the water in rivers,
3. (i) Increased use of vehicles run by fossil fuels. lakes and ponds is also fresh. (Any two) ½ + ½
(ii) Emission of factory waste in rivers. ½+½ 7. Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur (air pollutants)
4. Sun, water, wind. (Any two) ½+½ dissolve in rain and form HNO3 and H2SO4 making
5. (a) This is because moon has no atmosphere. the rain acidic. 1
(b) Mathura refinery pose problem to the Taj Mahal Suspended unburnt carbon particles (hydrocarbon)
due to the following reasons : cause visibility to be lowered when water condenses
(i) Acid rain during cold weather and forms smog. 1
(ii) Corrosion and pitting of marble substance. Ill-effects - allergies, respiratory problems, cancer,
1+½+½ heart disease. 1
6. (i) (a) All cellular processes take place in water 8. (i) Removal of useful components from the soil and
medium. addition of other substances, which adversely affect
(b) All reactions that take place within our body and the fertility of the soil. This kills the diversity of
within the cells occur between substances that are organisms that lives in it. 2
dissolved in water. (ii) It destroys the soil structure by killing soil
(c) Substances are also transported form one part of microorganisms that recycle nutrients in the soil. 1
the body to the other in a dissolved form. (iii) It will destroy biodiversity and cause soil erosion.
(Any two) ½ + ½ ½+½
(iv) Help in percolation of water into the deeper layers. 1
TOPIC-2
Biogeochemical Cycles—Water Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle,
Carbon Cycle, the Greenhouse Effect, Oxygen Cycle,
Ozone Layer
WORKSHEET-161
Solutions 7. (i) In the upper regions of the atmosphere, a layer of
ozone is formed, which gets depleted due to chloro-
1. Carbon dioxide. 1 fluoro carbons and creates a hole, known as ozone
2. Through carbon cycle. 1 hole. 1
3. 78%. 1 (ii) Above Antarctica over North Pole. 1
4. A part of the sunlight that falls on the earth is (iii) U-V radiation will reach the earth and cause disease
reflected back in the form of infrared light. This like cancer, reduce immunity, reduce crop yield. 1
infrared light is absorbed by the carbon dioxide 8. (i) Carbon dioxide. 1
molecules present in atmosphere. Due to increase CO2 in
atmosphere
in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, larger (ii)
Ph hes
proportion of the infrared rays is trapped by

nt
ot is
os
CO2 molecules. This phenomenon is called the

y-
greenhouse effect. 2 Organic compounds

(plants)
5. (i) (a) Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). 1
(b) Proteins. 1
Organic
(ii) Nitrogen fixing bacteria are found in root nodules compounds
(animals)
of legumes and they convert atmospheric nitrogen Carbonates
in water
Inorganic
into soluble nitrates and nitrites. 1 carbonate
Coal
(shells)
6. (i) Photosynthesis Petroleum Limestone
(ii) Denitrification. Carbon-cycle in nature

(iii) Biogeochemical cycles. 1×3=3
S OLUT I ONS P-99

WORKSHEET-162
Solutions (vi) Ultraviolet radiation enters the earth through this
hole and affects various forms of life. ½
1. Azotobacter. 1 7. A closed structure or enclosure made of glass,
2. SO2. 1 even a bell jar, could be used to function as a green
3. Nitrification. 1 house. 1
4. (i) Ozone is known to absorb harmful UV radiation. Green houses are used in regions of cold climate to
(ii) Lichens are bio indicators and sensitive to maintain proper temperature for tropical plants to
sulphur dioxide which is a major pollutant from service. 1
automobiles. The compound in them reacts with Greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane.
sulphur dioxide to form a poisonous chemical that ½+½
kills the plant itself. This is because lichens grow in 8. (i) Nitrogen fixation. 1
areas where sulphur dioxide pollution is very less, (ii) Nitrogen Cycle
e.g. in Manali and Darjeeling. Delhi has maximum Nitrogen in
automobiles and is hence highly polluted and thus
atmosphere
Nitrogen
Denitrification
lichens cannot grow in such environment. 1 + 1
fixation
5. (a) Ozone prevents harmful ultraviolet radiations to Nitrates

reach earth’s surface. 1 Protoplasm
(green plants)
(b) (i) Any change that reduces the amount of Protoplasm
oxygen dissolved has an adverse effect on aquatic (animals)
organisms. Nitrification Nitrites

(ii) Sudden change in the temperature is dangerous for Ammonification
them or affects their breeding. 1+1
Ammonia
6. CFC’s harmful effects are : Nitrification
(i) CFC’s are very stable. ½ A tm

ospher tion
ic and industrial fixa
(ii) Not degraded by any biological process. ½
(iii) Nitrification is conversion of ammonia to nitrites /
(iii) Found to persist in the atmosphere. ½ nitrates. ½+½
(iv) Reacts with the ozone layer. ½ Nitrogen fixation is conversion of atmospheric
(v) Causes hole in the ozone layer. ½ nitrogen to compounds of nitrogen. ½+½
WORKSHEET-163
Solutions (iii) Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid and
vitamins have carbon containing molecules. 1
1. Nitrogen fixing bacteria fix nitrogen in the root 6. Ozone forms a protective layer and prevents
nodules of these plants. 1 harmful rays from entering the earth’s surfaces. 1
2. They fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into U-V rays may cause skin cancer. 1
usable form. 1 Methods to control ozone layer depletion are :
3. Chloro-fluoro carbon (CFC’s). 1 (i) Do not use CFC’s.
4. (i) When stable, ozone, means Ozone which is (ii) Reduce the release of nitrogen oxides and sulphur
poisonous. Nearer to the earth, it is unstable and oxides in nature. ½+½
hence is a diatomic molecule of oxygen. 1 7. (a) Biologically nitrogen is fixed by the bacteria
(ii)
The suspended particles increases due to the living in the root nodules of leguminous plants and
unburnt carbon particles or hydrocarbons present physically fix through lightning. 2
in fossil fuels. 1 (b) (i) X = Denitrification, Y = Ammonification. 2
5. (i) Diamond, graphite. ½+½ (ii) Denitrifying bacteria convert the nitrate compounds
(ii) As CO2 in air, as carbonate and hydrogen carbonate back to nitrogen which releases into the atmosphere.
salts in minerals. ½+½ This process is called denitrification. 1
WORKSHEET-164
Solutions because the major component of air is the carbon
1.
Life can exist on any planet but the proper dioxide which mark upto 95-97% of the atmosphere
composition of air should be present there. In the while in our earth, carbon dioxide mark up to 0.03%
planets such as Mars and Venus, life doesn’t exist to 0.04%. 3
2. Since, atmosphere covering the earth and air, is a decides the flow of air towards the region of low
bad conductor of heat, so, the atmosphere keeps pressure.
the average temperature of the earth fairly constant Some other factors such as rotation of the earth and
throughout the year. It also prevents the sudden mountain region also affect the direction of the flow
increase or decrease of temperature during day or of air. 3
night. Thus the atmosphere acts like a blanket of the 4. Water is essential for the life processes because cells
Earth. 3 of the organisms contain cytoplasm which consists
3. As the sun unevenly heats the various regions on of 60-70% of water. Since, all chemical reactions
take place within the cytoplasm and between the
the earth’s surface, air expands and rises over the
molecules dissolved in water, so, all the life processes
hotter regions; and condenses and sinks over the
to occur needs water otherwise organisms will not
cooler regions. survive. 3
During daytime, air above land gets heated faster
5. The air pollutants are oxides of nitrogen, sulphur
than air above water; whereas during night, air
and lead that come from the burning of fossil fuel
above land cools faster than air above water. This like coal and petroleum. These oxides dissolve in
results in formation of regions of low and high the water vapour during cooling and condensation
pressure. process of rain and finally cause acid rain. The
Air moves from the high pressure region to the inhalation of these pollutants during breathing
low pressure region to balance the differences in causes dangerous effect on the organisms and
pressure, thereby resulting in wind formation. humans. It also increases the incidence of allergies,
Thus, the differential pressure of the atmosphere lung disease, heart disease, cancers, etc. 3
WORKSHEET-165
Solutions 4. The fertilisers and pesticides used by the farmer in
their field are poisonous. They get accumulated in
1. Lichens are commonly found on the barks of trees the plant body through the soil and finally in other
as a thin greenish-white crust. Lichens are very living organisms including human beings through
sensitive to the pollutants like sulphur dioxide. the food chain. This has an adverse effect on the
If you find the reduction in the growth of lichens health of living organisms. 3
in that area over a short period of time, you can 5. Yes, some biological organisms like lichens,
conclude that the air is contaminated with sulphur algae also influence the formation of soil. These
dioxide. 3 organisms release some substances which causes
the degradation of rocks and leads to formation
2. Yes, the availability of water decides both the
of soil. Other small plants like mosses grow on the
increased number of individuals of a species and
surfaces of rock and causes further break down of
the richness of the biodiversity. If you see the region
rocks and leads to formation of the soil. 3
or area which has sufficient water like, ponds,
6. During day time, water bodies like sea, river and
rivers, ocean wetlands, you will find that there are
many species, which consists of a lot of individual pond gets heated. This leads to the evaporation of
as compared to the dry places such as desert where water which goes into the air. As a result, the air
the number of individual of a species and diversity also gets heated and goes up carrying the water
is very low. 3 vapour with it. As the air goes up, it expands and
cools. This cooling of water vapour in the air causes
3. Some of the gases (such as carbon dioxide, CFCs,
methane, propane, etc.) trap the heat that is reflected the formation of tiny water droplets. These droplets
from the earth. So, increase in the percentage of grow bigger by the condensation and forms clouds
these gases leads to an increase in the temperature loaded with water. When the drops have grown big
of atmosphere, thereby causing global warming. 3 and heavy, they fall down in the form of rain. 3
qqq
S OLUT I ONS P-101

CHAPTER
SECTION
16
B IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
TOPIC-1
Plant and Animal Breeding, Selection for Quality
Improvement and Management
WORKSHEET-166
Solutions (b) Some of the factors for which crop variety
improvement is done are :
1. Animal husbandry is the scientific management of (i) Higher Yield : Variety improvement has been
animal livestock and includes feeding, breeding done to increase the productivity of the crop
and disease control. 1 per acre. This is very important in order to meet
2. The cattle husbandry is done mainly for two food demand for rapidly growing population.
purposes-milk and draught labour for agricultural (ii) Improved Quality : The definition of quality is
work such as tilling, irrigation and carting. 1 different for different crops e.g., baking quality
3. Red Sindhi and Sahiwal. 1 is important in wheat, protein quality in pulses,
4. (i) Improved varieties and cross-breeds have been oil quality in oil seeds and preserving qualities
developed, in fruits and vegetable.
(iii) Wider Adaptability : Varieties that can grow
(ii) Proper health and disease control have also
under any condition and can adapt themselves
improved the yield. 1+1
to various environmental conditions, help in
5. Layers are the birds, reared for egg production. stabilizing the crop production.
Limestone is added in their diet to form the shell (iv) Biotic and Abiotic Resistance : Biotic factors
of eggs. (like pathogens, insects and nematodes) and
Other example : Proteins and roughage. abiotic factors (drought, salinity, water logging,
heat, cold and frost) affect crop production a
lot. Varieties resistant to such factors are always
6. Macronutrients are nutrients required in large preferred and help in improving the crop pro-
quantity. e.g., nitrogen. duction.
(c) Two ways to control weeds :
Micronutrients are nutrients required in small
(i) Preventive methods : Proper seed bed prepa-
quantity. e.g., boron.
ration, timely sowing of crops, intercropping
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1½ + 1½ and crop rotation.
7. (a) Genetically modified crop : In this method, (ii) Chemical methods : Spraying of herbicides or
a gene that would provide the desired weedicides. e.g., Atrazine. 2, 4 - D.
characteristics is introduced into the crop. 1+2+2
WORKSHEET-167
Solutions be rich in nutrients and should have a balanced
pH for the growth of the crops.
1. A healthy animal feeds regularly and has a normal (iii) Availability of Water : Irrigation should be
posture. 1
proper for the better production of crops.
2. Worms, Liverfluke. 1 1+1+1
3. To raise domestic fowl for egg production and 6. There are three ways :
chicken meat. 1
(i) Crop Variety Improvement : This approach
4. There is good scope for fisheries in India because : aims at finding a crop variety that can give a
(i) India has 1·6 million hectares of inland water good yield variety that can produce high yield
bodies. under different conditions and can withstand
(ii) Its coastline is 7500 km long. 1+1 different situations like weather changes, soil
5. (i) Weather : Climatic conditions should be quality, water availability etc.
favourable for the growth of crops, like duration (ii) Crop Production Management : Farmers have
of sunlight, temperature, rainfall etc. to look into the financial aspect of a crop. They
(ii) Soil Quality : All plants require nutrients for have to think about the capital to invest on the
their growth. Soil acts as a medium. Soil should land and the benefits they get from it. It is the
financial condition that allows farmers to grow (iii) Biotic and Abiotic Resistance : Crop production
a particular crop. The purchasing capacity for can go down due to biotic and abiotic stresses
inputs decides cropping system and production under different situations. Varieties resistant to
practices. these stresses can improve crop production.
(iii) Crop Protection Management : Field crops are (iv) Change in Maturity Duration : The shorter the
infested by a large number of weeds, insect duration of the crop from sowing to harvesting,
pests and diseases. If they are controlled at the more economical is the variety.
correct time, it will ensure increased crop (v) Wider Adaptability : Developing varieties for
production. 1+1+1 wider adaptability will help in stabilising the
7. (i) Higher Yield : To increase the productivity of crop production under different environmental
crop per acre. conditions.
(ii) Improved Quality : Quality considerations (vi) Desirable Agronomic Characteristics :
such as baking quality, protein quality, oil Developing varieties of desired agronomic
quality and preserving quality of crop products characters helps to give higher productivity. 5
vary from crop to crop.
WORKSHEET-168
Solutions 6. While designing a shelter for cattle we must have
a shelter that is :
1. Culture fishery. 1
(i) Well ventilated,
2. Photosynthesis. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1 (ii) Protects animals from rain, heat and cold,
(iii) The floor of the cattle shed needs to be sloping
3. Potato and Rice. ½+½ so as to stay dry and facilitate cleaning.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 1 + 1
3. To raise domestic fowl for egg production and
chicken meat. 1 7. Definition of sustainable agriculture.
4. Advantages of Holstein-Friesian over the Red (i) Mixed farming
Sindhi are : (ii) Intercropping
(i) Average milk production is more.
(iii) Crop rotation (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014)
(ii) Lactation periods extend throughout the year.
1+1 Detailed Answer :
5. Animal husbandry can be defined as the science of
Sustainable agriculture is the successful
rearing, feeding, caring, breeding and utilisation of management of resources for agriculture to satisfy
animals. the changing human needs, while maintaining
Needs of improving livestock production : or enhancing the quality of environment and
(i) It is required to meet the increasing demands of conserving natural resources.
animal based goods like milk, meat, egg, leather The scientific practices that you can undertake to
etc. obtain higher yield from agriculture are :
(ii) Animal husbandry sets guidelines for proper
management and systematic approach to (i) Mixed farming
animal rearing. (ii) Intercropping
(iii) It also helps in proper utilisation of animal (iii) Crop rotation
wastes like animal dung. 1+2 (iv) Integrated farming practices 3+2
WORKSHEET-169
Solutions (ii) To increase egg and meat production, which
are highly nutritious.
1. Murrah and Mehsana. 1 (iii) To increase fish production.
2. Increased food grain production. 1 (iv) For the proper utilization of animals wastes.
3. Better and more efficient use and availability of ½×4
milk. 1
Ans. Advantages of composite fish culture :
4. Animal husbandry is essential because of the
following reasons : (i) It helps to get a variety in fish yield.
(i) To increase milk production, which (ii) Food in the pond gets evenly used up due to
automatically fulfils the need of the growing different varieties of fish having different food
population. It also increases the production of habits present in a pond.
various milk products like butter and cheese.
S OLUT I ONS P-103

(iii) Fish do not compete for food as all type of fish (iii) Vitamin A, Vitamin K. ½×6
get their kind of food. (Any two) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
Hormonal stimulation ensures the supply of pure
fish seed in desired quantities. 1+1+1 7. (i) Degradation of quality
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) (ii) Loss in weight
(iii) Poor germinability
6. (i) Indigenous breed — Aseel, (iv) Discolouration of produce.
Exotic breed — Leghorn. (v) Poor marketability. 1+1+1+1+1
(ii) Egg, chicken meat, (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013)
WORKSHEET-170
Solutions 7. The technique applied for obtaining improved
varieties of crops is called plant breeding. The prime
1. Duration of sunlight. 1
objective of plant breeding is crop improvement
2. From the month of June to October. 1 that is to improve the characteristics of plants so
3. From the month of November to April. 1 that plant is agronomically superior. Crop variety
4. Chicken C will have maximum laying output. improvement is necessary.
This is because it is exposed to moderate sunlight. (i) To increase the yield of crop production.
Moderate light intensity and duration has a (ii) To produce disease resistant crops.
favourable effect on the egg laying output of the (iii) To increase the nutrient quality of the crops.
hens. 1+1 India’s population is increasing alarmingly, so to
5. Roughage – to provide fibres. meet the ever increasing demand for food, we need
Concentrates – to provide proteins and other to improve the crop varieties for food production.
nutrients. The techniques for crop improvement involves steps
Food additives – micronutrients to promote health for selection of plants with desirable characteristics
and milk output of dairy animals. (selection), crossing them to combine all these
1+1+1 characteristics in the offsprings (hybridisation)
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) and then multiplying (breeding-conventional,
mutational, tissue culture, genetic engineering)
6. External parasite—skin disease, worm—affect these to make it available to the farmers for
stomach and intestine; Flukes—damage liver. commercial use. 1+1+3
TOPIC-2
Use of Fertilizers and Manures; Irrigation, Protection
from Pests and Diseases; Organic Farming, Types of
Farming
WORKSHEET-171
Solutions (i) The risk of complete crop failure is minimized
due to uncertain monsoon.
1. It is a farming system with minimal or no use of (ii) Higher yield is obtained with better soil
chemicals and with maximum input of organic fertility.
manures, recycled farm wastes and bio-agents with (iii) It provides work to all the members of a family
healthy cropping system. 1 throughout the year.
2. Mixed cropping is growing two or more crops (iv) By adopting exact combination in mixed
farming, a variety of produce can be obtained
simultaneously on the same piece of land. 1
to fulfill family needs. ½×4
3. It is growing two or more crops simultaneously on 5. Fresh water resources : Lakes, rivers, ponds.
the same field in a definite pattern. 1 Brackish water resources : Estuaries, lagoons,
4. Following are the main advantages of mixed creeks. 1½ + 1½
farming :
6.
Hybridization refers to crossing between 7. (a)
Biotic — insects, rodents, fungi, mites,
genetically dissimilar plants. bacteria.
Abiotic—inappropriate moisture + temperature.
This crossing may be intervarietal (i.e., between
(b) (i) degradation in quantity.
different varieties), interspecific (i.e., between (ii) loss in weight.
two different species of the same genus) or (iii) poor germinability
intergeneric hybridization (i.e., between different (iv) poor marketability
genera). (c) (i) Drying first in sunlight, then in shade.
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) 1 + 2 (ii) Fumigation. 2+2+1
WORKSHEET-172
Solutions 6. Manures contain organic matter and supply
nutrients to soil. 1
1. It is growing different crops on a piece of land in a
Kinds of manure : Green manure, compost or
pre-planned succession. 1 vermicompost. (Any two) ½ + ½
2. Insects, rodents, fungi, mites and bacteria. 1 Manure helps in enriching soil with nutrients and
3. Farm Yard Manure. 1 organic matter and thus increases soil fertility. 1
4. Growing different crops on the same field or a piece
of land in a pre-planned succession is called crop 7. Five methods by which we can increase the yield of
rotation. crops and livestock are as follows :
For crop rotation, the selection of crops depends on (i) By including better crop management like
the : mixed farming, crop and fodder yields can be
(i) Type of soil. improved.
(ii) Nutrient status. (ii) By improved varieties of seeds etc. and
cropping practices, we can improve the yield of
(iii) Availability of water through rain or irrigation.
crops which indirectly provides improved food
(iv) Length of rainy season. for livestock.
(v) Duration of crop-short or long, and (iii) By minimizing the application of fertilizers and
(vi) Availability of inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, pesticides.
manpower etc. (Any four) ½ × 4 (iv) By adopting integrated farming practices, e.g.,
5. Crop rotation : Growing of different crops on a combining agriculture with livestock.
piece of land in a pre planned succession is called (v) By promoting the usage of livestock excreta for
crop rotation. The availability of moisture and production of compost, we can supply required
irrigation facilities decides the choice of the crop nutrients through soil. 1×5
to be cultivated after one harvest. 1+1+1
WORKSHEET-173
Solutions food chains and are thus harmful to one and all.
Hence, they should be used judiciously. 2
1. (i) Compost and vermicompost.
5. All the plants require specific nutrients for their
(ii) Green manure. ½+½
2. Neem. 1 growth to increase the yield. The soil can be
3. Because of scarcity or irregular distribution of enriched by supplying these nutrients. Manure
rains. 1 is used because it helps in enriching the soil with
4. Pesticides are the chemicals that are used to control nutrients, organic matter and increasing soil
weeds, insects, rodents, fungi as well as diseases of fertility.
plants. They include weedicides, insecticides and Fertilizers are used to ensure good vegetative
fungicides. Their excessive use cause environmental growth, giving rise to healthy plants.
pollution. They reach the water resources by
This is not a correct practice because excess
leaching and affect the aquatic flora and fauna.
These harmful chemicals reach the bodies of birds, fertilizers can lead to water pollution. 1 + 1 + 1
animals and human beings through the various (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)
S OLUT I ONS P-105

6. S.No. Compost Vermi Compost 7. (i) Combination of 5 or 6 fish species in a single
(i) Manure prepared Compost which is fish pond.
from farm waste prepared by using (ii) Species are selected so that they do not
material, vegetable earthworms. compete for food. Food available in all parts of
the pond is utilized.
waste, animal
refuse, sewage This increases fish yield.
waste, domestic (iii) Hormonal Stimulation.
waste, straw etc. on (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 5
decomposition in Detailed Answer :
pits. (i) Composite fish culture is the poly culture
system in which combination of 5 or 6 fish
(ii) It takes 3-6 months It takes 1-2 months species are selected and grown in a single fish
to prepare. to prepare. bond.
(iii) Organic remains Organic remains (ii) The selection of different species of fish is done
are decomposed by are pulverized by so that they do not compete for food and the
microbes naturally. earthworms. food available in all the parts of the pond is
1+1+1 utilized. This increases the fish yield.
(iii) Hormonal stimulation.
WORKSHEET-174
Solutions 6.
Three different cropping patterns, namely mixed
cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation are
1. It reduces risk and gives some insurance against generally practised.
failure of one of the crops. 1 (i) Mixed cropping allows two or more crops to be
2. Maize-potato-sugarcane-peas. 1 sowed simultaneously in the same land. Wheat
and gram, wheat and mustard, ground nut and
3. Diseases in plants are caused by pathogens such as
sunflower etc. are some common examples of
bacteria, fungi and viruses. 1
mixed cropping. Mixed cropping also increases
4. Due to biotic factors like insects, rodents, fungi, soil fertility by maintaining microbial diversity.
mites, bacteria and abiotic factors like inappropriate In mixed cropping, crops are chosen in such
moisture and temperature in the place of storage, a way that they require different amounts of
there is degradation in quality, loss in weight, poor minerals.
germinability, discolouration of produce, all leading
(ii) Intercropping allow farmers to grow two or
to poor marketability.
more crops simultaneously in the same field in
So, preventive and control measures are used before a definite pattern. For example, cauliflower and
grains are stored for future use, which include strict chilli plants are grown together in alternating
cleansing of the produce before storage, proper rows. To ensure the maximum utilization of
drying of the produce first in sunlight and then in nutrients applied, crops are selected in such
shade and fumigations by using chemicals that kill a way that their nutrient requirements are
pests. 1+1
different. Other examples include soyabean
5. (i) The farm waste material-domestic and sewage and maize, finger millet (bajra) and cowpea
waste which is decomposed in pits is known (lobia) etc.
as compost. Compost is also prepared by (iii) Crop rotation is the practice of growing two
using earth worms to hasten the process of or more varieties of crops in the same region
decomposition of plants and animal refuse. in sequential seasons. A common example of
This is called vermicompost. crop rotation is to cultivate maize followed by
(ii) Manure helps in enriching soil with nutrients soyabean. This system also helps in preventing
and organic matter and increasing soil fertility. crops from pests and diseases. The crops
The bulk of organic matter in manure helps in selected, vary in nutrient requirements. This
improving the soil structure. 2+1 ensures complete and uniform utilization of
(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) nutrients. 1+4
WORKSHEET-175
Solutions 4. (a) Mixed cropping. ½
Advantages of mixed cropping :
1. It is a farming system with minimal use of chemicals (i) Reduces risk 1½
and maximum input of organic manures, recycled (ii) Insurance against failure of one crop
farm wastes, and bioagents with healthy cropping (iii) Gives variety in crop yield
systems. 3 (b) Fodder crops : Berseem / Oats / Sudan grass. 1
2. It is daily duration of light hours. It also affects 5. The desired traits include :
plants’ growth along with climatic conditions, (i) Number and quality of chicks : The cross bred
temperature etc. It is the duration of light required variety should produce good quality chicks in
large quantities.
by plants for doing their normal activities. 3
(ii) Dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick
3. Some methods to remove weeds are : production.
(i) Mechanical removal : Uprooting weeds, hand (iii) Summer adaptation capacity : The variety
hoeing, ploughing etc. should be adaptable to survive in high
temperature and different climatic conditions.
(ii) Preventive methods : (a) Proper seed bed
(iv) Low maintenance requirement : It is also
preparation one of the important trait desired to decrease
(b) Timely sowing of crops. investment.
(c) Inter cropping (v) Reduction in the size of the egg laying bird
with ability to utilize more fibrous cheaper diets
(d) Crop rotation. 3
formulated using agricultural by-products. 3
WORKSHEET-176
Solutions Apis cerana indica (Indian bee) and Apis dorsata.
Pasturage is the flowers available to the bees for
1. Nitrogen fixing bacteria e.g., Rhizobium is present in nectar and pollen collection.
the roots of leguminous plants. Therefore, they do
not require nitrogenous fertilizers. 3 The adequate quantity of pasturage and the kind of
flower will determine the taste of honey.
2. Green manures are used to maintain the nutrients
and fertility of the soil in the field. For this reason 2+1+1+1
farmer grows guar prior to the sowing of crop seeds 5. The following steps should be taken to improve the
as guar mulched by ploughing into the soil, works conditions of food :
as a green manure and enrich the soil by providing (i) By selecting good hybrid varieties of crop
nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil. 3 having desirable agronomic traits.
3. Canal system.
(ii) The field should be kept fertile and nutrient
Such a system receives water from rivers or from rich and it should be managed properly.
one or more reservoirs. It consists of main canals
to which are attached many branch canals. These (iii) By using high yielding variety seeds for high
branch canals are connected to distributaries. yield per acre.
Distributaries distribute water to the fields. 1 + 2 (iv) By using a beneficial cropping pattern either
4. Italian bee has high honey collection capacity, mixed cropping or crop rotation.
stings somewhat less, stays in a given beehive for (v) By improving the irrigation facilities.
long periods and breeds very well.
1+1+1+1+1
qqq
S OLUT I ONS P-107

Matter in Our Surroundings Topic-1: Matter-Solid, Liquid and Gas Characteristics of Solid, Liduid and Gas

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Matter in Our Surroundings Topic-1: Matter-Solid, Liquid and Gas Characteristics of Solid, Liduid and Gas

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CHAPTER

S OLUT I ONS P-1

S OLUT I ONS P-3

Two characteristics of particles of matter are :

S OLUT I ONS P-5

(iv) Wind speed

e.g. Sprinkling of water on the roof, water in

Solid Sublimation Gas earthen pots etc (Or any other)

S OLUT I ONS P-7

S OLUT I ONS P-9

S OLUT I ONS P-11

6. In smoke, dispersed phase is solid and dispersing

S OLUT I ONS P-13

1. By using a separating funnel. 1 Camphor + Common salt + Soil

S OLUT I ONS P-15

3. Student D will be able to prepare the colloidal 7.

1. It states that mass can neither be created nor

4. (a) (i) Calcium hydroxide ½ 2 1

S OLUT I ONS P-17

3. (i) Iron — Fe 6. (a) The number of atoms constituting a molecule is

S OLUT I ONS P-19

S OLUT I ONS P-21

y p Mass of 1.5 × 1020 molecules of methane

S OLUT I ONS P-23

4. No. of protons = Atomic number = 9 7. (i) e = 20, p = 20, n = 40 – 20 = 20, Electronic

S OLUT I ONS P-25

S OLUT I ONS P-27

1. Vacuoles.  1 S. Nuclear region of Nuclear region of

S OLUT I ONS P-29

(CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012)

of shape, size and structure. The shape, size and

S OLUT I ONS P-31

It helps in the manufacture of fat molecules

S OLUT I ONS P-33

S OLUT I ONS P-35

VESSELS- vessel elements TRACHEIDS

S OLUT I ONS P-37

3. Cuboidal epithelium. 7. (i) Complex tissues

S OLUT I ONS P-39

S. No. Striated muscles Unstriated (Smooth) muscles Cardiac muscles

S OLUT I ONS P-41

S OLUT I ONS P-43

S OLUT I ONS P-45

5. Difference between Gymnosperms and

S. No. Gymnosperms Angiosperms

3. (i) Panthera represents genus while tigris refers to

S OLUT I ONS P-47

S OLUT I ONS P-49

6. (i) Acute diseases : Diseases that last for only very

4. Virus causes encephalitis. It enters the body 7. (i) (a) Leishmania–Kala–azar

S OLUT I ONS P-51

1. HIV-AIDS is a viral disease. Viruses do not have S.No Column-I Column-II

S OLUT I ONS P-53

S OLUT I ONS P-55

2. The shortest distance moved by a body in the

S OLUT I ONS P-57

7. (a) The average speed of an object is obtained

Reason : While speeding up the final

S OLUT I ONS P-59

1. Vacuoles. 1 S. Nuclear region of Nuclear region of